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CLIMATE CHANGE SOLUTIONS 2009 CapandTrade vs. Carbon Fees By Laurie Williams and Allan Zabel

What is Cap-And-Trade?

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Page 1: What is Cap-And-Trade?

CLIMATE CHANGE SOLUTIONS2009

Cap‐and‐Tradevs.

Carbon Fees

By Laurie Williams and Allan Zabel

Page 2: What is Cap-And-Trade?

Education and Work Experience• Laurie  ‐ B.A. Yale University, 

J.D. UC Berkeley• Allan – B.A. UC Santa Cruz, 

J.D. UC Berkeley• Environmental Enforcement 

Attorneys for 20+ years at US EPA Region IX, San Francisco

• Allan has worked extensively on Cap‐and‐Trade issues.

Disclaimer –Our presentation does not reflect US EPA or U.S. government position

Speaking as Parents and Citizens   www.carbonfees.org

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How Urgent is Climate Change?

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The Biggest Obstacle ‐Clean Energy is Not Competitive

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What is Cap‐And‐Trade?

• Cap on Emissions from Covered Sources• Set Number of Emissions Credits• Declines Annually • Until Reaching Environmental Goal

• Trade – Credits Can be Bought and Sold

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What Is the Acid Rain Program?

• “Poster Child” for Cap‐and‐Trade• Existing Coal‐Fired Power Plants • Burning Coal with SO2 = Acid Rain• Acid Rain killed fish and forests• Highly Accurate Emission Measurements• Needed Reductions in SO2 Emissions

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What the Acid Rain Program Accomplished

• 43% Reduction in SO2 Emission in 12 Years• Fuel Switch:  Low‐Sulfur Western Coal substituted for High‐Sulfur Eastern Coal

• Little New Infrastructure or Innovation– A Few New Rail Lines,– Minor Burner Modifications– Slightly more efficient scrubbers (90 vs 99%)

• Declining Cap Worked – “Proof of Concept”

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How is Climate Change Different from Acid Rain?

• Need for New Clean Energy Revolution• Massive New Infrastructure• Extensive Innovation• Complexity (not a simple fuel switch)

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Too Many Credits Given Out

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Inaccurate Measurement

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Outside Offsets

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Outside Offsets –An Interactive Set of Problems

• Inaccurate Measurement• Unenforceability• Additionality• Fraud

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CAP AND TRADE – OTHER PROBLEMS

• Gaming (counterproductive costs)• Price Volatility – Lack of Clean Energy Investment 

• Market Failure – Suspension or Safe Harbor

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Summary –Cap‐and‐Trade Weaknesses

• Deception – Shows progress while allowing degradation

• Unproductive Costs – Huge Bureaucracy, Offset Profiteers and Market Manipulation 

• Delay  in Clean Energy Investments

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What are Carbon Fees?  

1. Market Mechanism – Raise price of Fossil Fuels above Clean Energy.

2. Gradually phased – Example 10 years3. Point of extraction or importation – IRS4. Carbon Fees Trust Fund – Rebate

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What is 100% Monthly Rebate?

• Monthly Payments• Equal Payments to all Adults• Less for Children• Regional Adjustments• Cushions Impact

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Carbon Fees’ Impact on Conservation and Clean Energy Investment?

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Why Will Clean Energy Prices Fall?

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Have We Used Fees To Cut Emissions Before?

• Yes ‐ a U.S. Tax on Ozone‐Depleting Substances, “CFCs”

• Required Substitutes Not Modification of Existing Facilities

• Substitutes were More Expensive but Available

• 37% Reduction in First Year of the Tax 

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What are Other Critical Measures?

• Ban on New Coal‐Fired Power Plants• Efficient Energy Superhighway• Carbon‐Fee‐Equivalent Tariffs• Energy Efficiency Standards• Green Job Training

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Who Else Supports Carbon Fees

• Environmental Justice Groups• James Hansen ‐ NASA• Al Gore – supports price on carbon• Mayor Bloomberg of N.Y.• Many Economists (e.g. Greg Mankiw of Harvard)• Former EPA Administrator Ruckleshaus• ExxonMobil CEO Tillerson (trojan horse?)• Carbon Tax Center in New York • Many Newspapers – NY Times, Detroit Free Press, 

Chicago Tribune, Christian Science Monitor

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Summary of Benefits of Carbon Fees• Rapid Transition to Clean Energy ‐ Clear Price Signal → Shift in Investment

• Cushions the Impact of Transition• Fair and Affordable for Everyone• Encourages Conservation• Little Government Funding• Cleaner Air• Energy Independence (No Foreign Oil Needed)• Global Leadership in Clean Energy 

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What Can You Do To Make It Happen?• Write to the Whitehouse (http://www.whitehouse.gov/contact/)

• Write to your other Elected Officials (http://www.beavoter.org/congressorg/home/)

• Write to 60 Minutes ([email protected]) &The Oprah Winfrey Show (https://www.oprah.com/plugform.jsp?plugId=220) – Ask for a show on this topic!

• Talk to Friends, Family, Neighbors and Colleagues• Keep in touch with us –www.carbonfees.org; [email protected]; (510) 390‐4224

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Why the Waxman‐Markey Climate & Energy Bill(HR 2454)Won’t Work

• Cap‐and‐Trade with Weak Goals – inconsistent with needed reductions (aims for 3‐4% reductions from 1990 vs. 25%‐40% recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).

• Un‐provable Offsets – 2‐Billion Metric Tons per year of un‐provable offsets (can be used to meet all required reductions in “capped” sector until 2026; U.S. General Accountability Office agrees cannot be verified)

• New Coal‐Fired Power Plants without carbon sequestration• Strips EPA of ability to regulate CO2 as criteria pollutant at “capped” 

facilities (our largest CO2 sources)• Clean Energy – Won’t correct Fossil Fuel’s competitive price advantage 

over clean energy• International Negotiations ‐ Undermines U.S. ability to participate