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1Confidential Confidential –– Do Not Do Not DistributeDistribute
What is Dimming?What is Dimming?
Project UpdateProject Update Daniel Marcus Kathryn SweateryN. NarendranEdward Bear
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Jean Paul Freyssinier
© 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
2
Please Note…
• The information contained in this presentationThe information contained in this presentation is preliminary and still under investigation. Please do not circulate.
• Once the research is finalized, we will submit reports or documents and provide an electronic copy to you.
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Introduction 3
• No formal definition of dimming– Universally understood as the ability of a light source to– Universally understood as the ability of a light source to change in light output between fully on and a minimum value
– Incandescent lamps: dim to zero– Linear fluorescent lamps: could dim to 1%
• Dimming modes: continuous or step– Purpose of dimming: ambiance, energy savingsp g , gy g
• Objective: Identify parameters that create a precise definition of dimmingprecise definition of dimming
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Background 4
• LRC research focused onEvaluating dimmers/lamps under NEMA SSL 6– Evaluating dimmers/lamps under NEMA SSL‐6
• Electrical characteristics• Dimming profileDimming profile• Flicker
– Conducting human factors research to understandConducting human factors research to understand consumer requirements
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Literature review 5
• IES Lighting Handbook (2000) identifies the following issues with dimmingfollowing issues with dimming– Dimming is contextual: absolute light levels, color shiftshift• Conference room: reading vs. audiovisual presentation• Color shift may be desirable in hospitality applicationsColor shift may be desirable in hospitality applications
– May be desirable and expected from incandescent lamps– Not desirable from fluorescent lamps
– No flicker– No audible sound
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Literature Review 6
Human Factors Photometric Electrical
Dimming Characteristics Identified in NEMA SSL-6
• Dimming profile• Dead travel
• Maximum light output
l h
• Inrush current• RMS current
• Monotonic dimming
• Audible noise
• Minimum light output
• Color shift
• Voltage ring up• Current ring up• Pop on phase angle
• Light level turn on compared to set light level
p p g• Turn on time• Turn off voltage• Current crest factor• Flicker • Current crest factor• Efficiency
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Study FocusSelected Parameters to Define Dimming
7
Selected Parameters to Define Dimming
1. Minimum light levelg2. Dimming profile
2.1. Dimming curve2.1. Dimming curve2.2 Dead travel2.3 Monotonic dimming3 o oto c d g
3. Flicker4 Audible noise4. Audible noise5. Maximum light level
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1. Minimum Light LevelExperimental Design
8
Experimental Design
• Reading task (1) lamp in LabViewead g as– “Please let me know when the light
level reaches the minimum acceptable level where you can still
( ) ppendant control
acceptable level where you can still search for names and numbers in the white pages.”
6 Subjects (2 female), age 22-31 (average age 26)
• Ambiance setting task– “Please let me know when the light
level reaches the minimum acceptable level that you would dim to make the room relaxing and
f t bl ”Task: white
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comfortable.” pages
© 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1. Minimum Light LevelResults
9
Results
20%
25%
Level
Visual Task: Min. Acceptable Light Level
25 lx
30 lx
35 lx
Lig
ht
Visual Task: Min. Acceptable Light Level
5%
10%
15%
elative Min. L
5 lx
10 lx
15 lx
20 lx
25 lx
bsol
ute
Min
. LL
evel
0%0 lx 50 lx 100 lx 150 lx 200 lx 250 lx
Re
Maximum Illuminance
Ambient: Min. Acceptable Light Level
0 lx0 lx 50 lx 100 lx 150 lx 200 lx 250 lx
Ab
Maximum Illuminance
Ambient: Min. Acceptable Light Level
10%
15%
20%
Min. Level
Ambient: Min. Acceptable Light Level
8 l10 lx12 lx14 lx16 lx18 lx
Min
. Lig
ht
evel
0%
5%
10%
0 lx 50 lx 100 lx 150 lx 200 lx 250 lx
Relative M
0 lx2 lx4 lx6 lx8 lx
0 lx 50 lx 100 lx 150 lx 200 lx 250 lx
Abs
olut
e Le
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Maximum IlluminanceMaximum Illuminance
1. Minimum Light LevelCFL samples
10
CFL samples
80%90%100%
Outpu
t
40%50%60%70%80%
Max Light O Dimmer 1
Dimmer 2Dimmer 3
10%20%30%40%
ercent of M
Dimmer 3Dimmer 4Dimmer 5Di 6
0%0%
CFL A CFL B CFL C CFL D CFL E CFL F
Pe
Lamp
Dimmer 6
19 (53%) combinations dim below 50%13 (36%) combinations dim below 25%10 (28%) combinations dim below 10%
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10 (28%) combinations dim below 10%
1. Minimum Light LevelLED samples
11
LED samples
80%90%100%
utpu
t
50%60%70%80%
Max Light O Dimmer 1
Dimmer 2Dimmer 3
10%20%30%40%
ercent of M
Dimmer 3Dimmer 4Dimmer 5
0%10%
LED A LED B LED C LED D LED E LED F
Pe
Lamp
Dimmer 6
p
22 (61%) combinations dim below 50%19 (53%) combinations dim below 25%17 (47%) combinations dim below 10%
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17 (47%) combinations dim below 10%
2.1. Dimming CurveExperimental Design
12
Experimental Design
• Subjects were asked if (1) lamp in LabViewSubjects were asked if the light level of each presentation matched
(1) lamp in pendant
LabViewcontrol
their expectations of the light level (in
t) t t d b 6 Subjects (2 female)percent) as stated by the experimenter.
6 Subjects (2 female), age 22-31 (average age
26)
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2.1. Dimming CurveResults
13
ResultsExperiments verified the square law curve for brightness perceptionperception (n=15)
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2.1. Dimming CurveResults
14
5
Results
90
100Dimming Profiles for Subject Evaluation
Curve 1*Curve 2*Subjective Curve
Average Subject Ratings(n=15)
2345
70
80
90
erce
nt (%
)
Subjective Curve
1012
40
50
60
ve L
ight
Out
put,
Pe
Curve 1 Curve 2
Subj.Curve
‐4‐3‐2‐1
10
20
30
Rel
ativ
‐5‐4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
Dimmer Travel, Percent (%)
*Curves 1 and 2, while based upon the NEMA
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pboundary curves, are notactually the NEMA curves
2.1. Dimming Curve 15
M d di i f 5 LED/di bi ti
100
Dimmer Travel vs. Light OutputLEDs on Dimmer 2
Power Law
Measured dimming curves of 5 LED/dimmer combinations
70
80
90
(%)
LED ALED BLED CLED DLED EIncandescent Lamp
50
60
d Li
ght O
utpu
t
20
30
40
Mea
sure
d
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
10
User Perception (Dimmer Travel, %)
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2.1. Dimming Curve 16
M d di i f 3 CFL/di bi ti
100
Dimmer Travel vs. Light OutputCFLs on Dimmer 1
Power Law
Measured dimming curves of 3 CFL/dimmer combinations
70
80
90
(%)
CFL ACFL DCFL EIncandescent Lamp
50
60
d Li
ght O
utpu
t
20
30
40
Mea
sure
d
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
10
User Perception (Dimmer Travel, %)
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2.1 Dead Travel 17
90
100
Dim Up: 0 to 100%Dim Down: 100 to 0%
Dead travel occurs when the
60
70
80
Out
put (
%)
occurs when the actuator of the dimmer changes
l hil th
30
40
50at
ive
Ligh
t Ovalue while the light output does not.
10
20
30
Rel
a
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
Dimmer Travel (%)
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2.1 Dead Travel 18
Dead Travel at Bottom of Dimming Profile
90
100• Dimming profiles with various levels of dead travel were
Dead Travel at Bottom of Dimming Profile
t (%
)60
70
80
|_________________|20%
|____________________________|30%
of dead travel were assessed by subjects.
ut, P
erce
nt
40
50 |_____|5%|_________|10%
• None• Top of Profile ig
ht O
utpu
20
30– 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%
• Middle of Profile• 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% R
elat
ive
Li
0 20 40 60 80 1000
10
Di T l P t (%)
5%, 10%, 20%, 30%
• Bottom of Profile– 10%, 20%, 30%
Dimmer Travel, Percent (%)
R
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( )
2.1 Dead Travel 19
• Dimming profiles with various levels of dead travel wereof dead travel were assessed by subjects.
• None• Top of Profile Subject Dimmer
– 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%
• Middle of Profile• 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%5%, 10%, 20%, 30%
• Bottom of Profile– 10%, 20%, 30%
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2.1 Dead TravelResults
20
Results"Did you notice dead travel in the dimming
profile?"
80%90%100%
es' (%)
profile?
40%50%60%70%
onding
'Ye
Top of ProfileMiddl f P fil
10%20%30%40%
ects Respo Middle of Profile
Bottom of Profile
0%5% 10% 20% 30%Su
bje
Percent Dead Travel
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2.1 Dead TravelResults
21
Results
3
“How distracting was the dead travel?”Extremely Distracting
2
2.5
ating
Top of Profile
Middle of Profile
B f P fil
y g
Very Distracting
1
1.5
2
raction Ra Bottom of Profile Very Distracting
h
0.5
1
Distr Somewhat Distracting
05% 10% 20% 30%
Percent Dead Travel
Not at All Distracting
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2.2 Monotonic Dimming 22
80
90
100
%)
Dim Up: 0 to 100%Dim Down: 100 to 0%
Clear tolerance levels are needed
50
60
70
ght O
utpu
t (%
for ‘non‐monotonic dimming’
20
30
40
Rel
ativ
e Li
g
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
10
Dimmer Travel (%)
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2.2 Monotonic Dimming 23
90
100Noticeable Change in Brightness
Square Law CurveNoticeable Brightness Difference, HighNoticeable Brightness Difference Low
Clear tolerance levels are needed
70
80
rcen
t (%
)
Noticeable Brightness Difference, LowHigh cubic trendlineLow cubic trendline
for ‘non‐monotonic dimming’
40
50
60
ight
Out
put,
Per
20
30
40
Rel
ativ
e L
0 20 40 60 80 1000
10
Dimmer Travel, Percent (%)
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3. Flicker 24
• Detection and acceptability of stroboscopic effects (above 100 Hz) can now be modeledeffects (above 100 Hz) can now be modeled (Bullough et al. 2012)
• What’s needed• What’s needed:– A method to distinguish between high frequency and low frequency light output signalslow frequency light output signals
– A model to evaluate frequencies below 100 HzLi i ‘ bl ’ i bl fli k– Limits on ‘acceptable’ perceivable flicker
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25
Rated Acceptability of Stroboscopic Effects: Was it acceptable?
25100% flicker
40%
60%
80%
100%
. lig
ht o
utpu
t
Effects: Was it acceptable?0%
20%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
rel. time
rel.
54% flicker
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
rel.
light
out
put
rel. time
25% flicker
60%
80%
100%
ght o
utpu
t
0%
20%
40%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
rel. time
rel.
lig
5% flicker
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
rel.
light
out
put
Bullough et al. (Bullough et al. (2012 in press)2012 in press)http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/flicker.asp
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
rel. time
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4. Audible Noise 26
• Specific methodology requiredNEMA SSL 6 uses dBA with no test procedure– NEMA SSL‐6 uses dBA with no test procedure requirements
• Methodology standards (examples):• Methodology standards (examples):– ISO 532:1975ISO 9296 1998– ISO 9296:1998
– ISO 7779:2010
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5. Maximum Light Level 27
max(%) dim(max)AC
• A dimmer/lamp combination should have a light output within X% of the lamp’s output when operated without lamp s output when operated without a dimmer.
Maximum Light Output Relative to Lamp on 120VAC
70%
80%
90%
100%
tput (%
)
30%
40%
50%
60%
ve Light Out DIM 1
DIM 2
DIM 3
DIM 4
0%
10%
20%
LED A LED B LED C LED D LED E LED F
Relativ DIM 5
DIM 6
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Lamp
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Recommends Draft Definition of Dimming1. Minimum light level
28
g– 10% of maximum light level
2. Dimming profile– Within a defined tolerance of initial profile (Figure 1)– No more than 10% dead dimmer travel anywhere in dimming profile– Monotonic dimming, within a defined tolerance of inverse change in
intensity over a dimmer travel period < 10% of dimming profile (Figure 2)
200
225
Noticable Variation in Brightness
Noticable brighness change above curveSubject preferred dimming profileNoticable brightness change below curveHigh TrendlineLow Trendline
200
225
Noticable Variation in Brightness
Noticable brighness change above curveSubject preferred dimming profileNoticable brightness change below curveHigh TrendlineLow Trendline
100
125
150
175
olut
e Li
ght O
utpu
t (Lu
x)
100
125
150
175
solu
te L
ight
Out
put (
Lux)
Figu
re 1
Figu
re 2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
25
50
75 Abs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
25
50
75 Abs
F F
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0 0 0 30 0 50 60 0 80 90 00Percent Dimmer Travel (%) Percent Dimmer Travel (%)
Recommends Draft Definition of Dimming 29
3. Flicker– No flicker below 100 Hz; < 25% flicker above 100 Hz.
4. Audible Noise– Maximum limit to be determined for audible noise; update methodology.
5. Maximum light levelN l th 90% f i h t d– No less than 90% of maximum when operated on constant AC voltage
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Acknowledgments 30
FAA
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U.S. EPA
31
Questions/DiscussionQuestions/Discussion
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