What is Life?. Living Things What are the requirements to be called a living thing? Sometimes nonliving things have some living characteristics, Must

What is Life?What is Life?

Living ThingsLiving Things

What are the requirements to be called a living thing?Sometimes nonliving things have some living characteristics,Must have ALL characteristics to be considered living

The Characteristics of Life The Characteristics of Life

Living and nonliving things share common characteristics, such as being composed of atoms, the smallest units of natural substances.

1. Cellular Organization1. Cellular Organization

All Living things are composed of cells

2. Reproduction2. Reproduction All living things reproduce Every living things goal is to…

Pass on its genes Essential for the continuation of the species

3. Grow and Develop3. Grow and Develop

Goes along with reproduction Must go from egg to breeding adult to be able to

pass on genes Goes through stages

4. Homeostasis4. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment Regulation of

Body temperaturewatervitaminsfoodenergyminerals

5. Metabolism5. Metabolism

All living things use energy Ability to break down food for use to make

energy “Respiration”

Taking a food molecule with oxygen and making energy and carbon dioxideFood + O2 = ATP (energy) + CO2

6. Heredity6. Heredity

All living things contain genetic information in DNA

The transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring is heredity

Other characteristic that living things show Other characteristic that living things show

Complexity Movement Sensitivity Adaptation Death

The Human Body:

An Orientation

The Human Body:

An Orientation

The Human Body – An The Human Body – An OrientationOrientation

• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy

• Large structures

• Easily observable

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

• Microscopic Anatomy

• Very small structures

• Can only be viewed with a microscope

Life’s OrganizationLife’s Organization

Life is organized on many levels.Atoms and molecules are nonliving materials from which all of nature is built. Cells are organized into increasingly complex levels: tissues >>> organs >>> organ systems >>> organisms. Organisms, in turn, form populations >>> communities >>> ecosystems >>> biosphere.

Levels of Organization in NatureLevels of Organization in Nature

Levels of Organization in NatureLevels of Organization in Nature

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

• Integumentary

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors


• Skeletal

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores minerals


• Muscular

• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat


• Nervous

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands


• Endocrine

• Secretes regulatory hormones

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism


• Cardiovascular

• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Nutrients

• Wastes


• Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity


• Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide


• Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material


• Urinary

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

•Water

• Electrolytes


• Reproductive

• Production of offspring

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

• Anatomical position- body erect with feet parallel and arms at sides with palms forward.

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

• Superior- toward head

• Inferior- toward feet

• Anterior- toward front

• Posterior- toward back

• Medial- toward midline

• Lateral- away from midline

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

• Intermediate- between a medial and lateral structure

• Proximal- closer to attachment

• Distal- farther from attachment

• Superficial- toward surface

• Deep- away from surface

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks• Anterior

• abdominal- body trunk below the ribs

• axillary- armpit

• brachial- arm

• buccal- cheek


• carpal- wrist

• cervical- neck

• coxal- hip

• digital- fingers & toes

• femoral- thigh


• nasal- nose

• oral- mouth

• orbital- eye cavity

• patellar- front of knee

• pelvic- area in front of pelvis

• sternal- breastbone


• tarsal- ankle

• thoracic- chest

• umbilical- navel

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks• Posterior

• cephalic- head

• deltoid- curve of shoulder

• gluteal- buttock

• occipital- posterior surface of head

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

• Posterior

• sacral- posterior surface between hips

• scapular- shoulder blade

• vertebral- spinal column

Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections• A section is a cut through the

body or an organ along an imaginary line called a plane.

• Sagittal Section- lengthwise, divides the body into left and right parts.

• Midsagittal/Median Section: when both sides are equal in size.

Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections

• Frontal Section / Coronal Section- lengthwise, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

• Transverse Section / Cross Section- horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Body PlanesBody Planes

Figure 1.6

Body CavitiesBody Cavities•Dorsal Body Cavity

•Cranial and Spinal cavities.

•Ventral Body Cavity

•Thoracic Cavity

•Diaphragm- thin muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

•Abdominopelvic Cavity

•Abdominal Cavity

•Pelvic Cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Documents

What is Life?. Living Things What are the requirements to be called a living thing? Sometimes nonliving things have some living characteristics, Must