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What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture Key Technologies of Mobile Computing Applications

What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

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What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture Key Technologies of Mobile Computing Applications. Mobile Communication Systems Architecture. PSTN & PLMN PCS Basic Architecture Cellular Wireless Communication. PSTN & PLMN. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture Key Technologies of Mobile Computing Applications

Page 2: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

PSTN & PLMN PCS Basic Architecture Cellular Wireless Communication

Page 3: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

PSTN & PLMN

公眾電話交換網路 (Public Switched Telephone

Network, PSTN)陸地行動電話網路 (Public Land Mobile

Network, PLMN)

Page 4: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

PSTN

1876年由貝爾發明的電話開始建立用於全球語音通信的電路交換網路 (circuit-

switched telephone)主要由交換系統和傳輸系統兩大部分組成

交換系統的主要設備電話交換機

傳輸系統的主要設備傳輸設備 (如 SDH-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)線纜 (如銅線,光纖 )

Page 5: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

採用分級制管理國際長途網路 (international)國內長途網 (long distance)本地網 (local)

PSTN中使用的技術標準由國際電信聯盟 (ITU)規定採用 E.163/E.164 (known as telephone

numbers)進行編址 (addressing)為固接式電話網路 (fixed telephone)

如家用電話與公用電話, e.g.中華電信公司

Page 6: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

電話撥接播出電話→經由電話線→連到電信公司的交換機

(switch)進行轉接→轉到對方的有線電話線路

subscriber loop從電話連到最近交換機 ( 稱為 central office或

end office)的線路 trunk

電信公司內部交換機間的連線

Page 7: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Trunk:在台灣,交換機間的電話連線 (橘色圓圈 )都已數位化,使用 SS7做為傳送控制訊號的機制,與傳送語音的 trunk有不同的路徑

Page 8: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

PLMN

PLMN is a network that is established and operated by an administration or by a Recognized Operating Agency (ROA) for the specific purpose of providing land mobile telecommunications services to the public

Access to PLMN services is achieved by means of an air interface involving radio communications between mobile phones or other wireless enabled user equipment and land based radio transmitters or radio base stations

Page 9: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

PLMNs interconnect with other PLMNs and Public switched telephone networks (PSTN) for telephone communications or with internet service providers for data and internet access

通話屬於同一 PLMN的兩支手機,會在自己的 PLMN中通話

若一端為遠傳手機,另一端為中華電信的固接式電話,則須兩家電信公司合作,以接通電話

Page 10: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

同一家電信業者的服務區域 PLMN(以 GSM為例 )

Page 11: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 12: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 13: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

PCS基本架構無線電網路 (Radio Network)有線傳輸網路 (Wireline Transport Network)

Page 14: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

PCS基本網路架構

Page 15: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

無線電網路 (Radio Network)手機

不同系統使用不同名稱 AMPS: mobile phone Wireless Local Loop: subscriber unit PACS等低階系統: portable GSM: mobile station

用戶使用手機與個人通訊網路的基地台 (Base Station, BS)聯繫

Page 16: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

個人通訊網路系統維護和偵錯可以遠距無線方式監控手機狀況

基地台其所發射無線電波的涵蓋範圍 (coverage)稱為細胞

(cell)某些 PCS系統,如 GSM和 PACS,其基地台系統是由控制台 (controller)和無線電發射與接收(transceiver)設備組成

Page 17: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 18: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 19: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Antenna

Page 20: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Antenna

Page 21: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Base Station

Page 22: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 23: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 24: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

控制台與交換機相接的部份 GSM的控制台

稱為基站控制台 (Base Station Controller, BSC) PACS的控制台

稱為無線電基地台控制單元 (Radio Port Control Unit, RPCU)

基地台與骨幹網路間以有線 (wireline)傳輸專線或微波 (microwave)專線相連

Page 25: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

有線傳輸網路(Wireline Transport Network)

行動交換中心 (Mobile Switching Center,MSC)一種特別為行動通訊應用而設計的交換機系統行動交換中心可由一般交換機改裝

元件間的運作基地台連線到行動交換中心行動交換中心與 PSTN銜接,提供 PCS用戶與 PSTN用戶間的通訊服務

行動資料庫 (mobility database)與行動交換中心溝通來追蹤行動台的位置

Page 26: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

蜂巢式無線通訊(Wireless Cellular Communication)

傳統式無線電話每通無線電話會佔用整個頻率由高功率的收發器負責訊號的傳送與接收在有效半徑約 80公里 (約 2 萬平方公里 ) 的面積中,僅容許 25個頻道

Page 27: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 28: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

蜂巢式無線通訊 (cellular radio)多個低功率 ( 功率低於 100W) 的發射機取代原本一個高功率的發射機

以正六邊形的蜂巢單元 (cellular cell)組成無線小區,無線小區相鄰接,構成整個面狀服務區

每個細胞包含發射機 ( 低功率 ) 、接收機和控制單元相鄰細胞為避免發生相互干擾或串音 (crosstalk)現象,相鄰細胞會指配不同的頻率

Page 29: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 30: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

當行動電話經過此網路時會被配置一個頻道每個蜂巢式單元均擁有低功率傳送器,只要相鄰單元使用不同頻率就不會互相干擾

不相鄰單元可分配相同頻帶,因低功率傳送器所能傳送的距離有限,不會干擾到非相鄰地區

優點極有效率的行動電話系統可利用最小頻寬服務大量用戶訊號穩定、不易斷訊

Page 31: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

細胞 (cell)概念若干 (K) 細胞組成一個叢集 (cluster)同一 cluster中的 cell 使用不同頻率對 K-cell cluster,每個 cell可用的頻率數目相同,假定此系統分配到的全部頻率數為N ,則每個 cell分配到 N/K個頻率

例如: AMPS系統中 N=395則 K=7為可以提供足夠的隔離使用相同頻率的最小樣式,這也意味著平均每個細胞最多只能分配到 57個頻率

Page 32: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

位在各個 cluster中相同位置 ( 例如同在左上方 )的cells使用相同頻道

K 的數目越大,同頻率的微細胞距離相隔越遠頻率重複使用 (frequency reuse)

因彼此間距離很遠,雖使用相同頻率但不會互相干擾

Page 33: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

增加系統容量的方法增加新的頻道數目

一個系統在一個地區架設完成後,開始時並未使用全部頻道,因此當使用者成長時,系統可隨時加入新的頻道以供使用

頻率借用 在一些簡單的狀況中,被阻塞的細胞可使用相鄰細胞的頻率,所以頻率可以動態地指定到不同的細胞中

Page 34: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

細胞分向將細胞區分成一些廣角的扇形區域,每個扇形區域擁有一組特定頻道,一般是每個細胞被切個成3 至 6 個扇形區域

每個扇形區域指配該細胞中之一組不同的頻道,同時基地台的每個扇形區域上有一個指向性天線做傳輸信號之用

Page 35: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 36: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

細胞分割 當某一細胞服務區的話務量不斷成長到一定數量,導致細胞頻道數提供的服務品質無法維持原有的標準,該細胞就必須進行細胞分割

每次減少細胞大小時,伴隨著基地台和行動單元也必須減少發射功率

當細胞愈來愈小時,換手 (hand off)的動作也相對的愈來愈頻繁

分割細胞以提供更大容量時,半徑依比例 F 減少時,會以 F2的比例減少涵蓋的區域和增加基地台的數目

當細胞變得很小時 ( 微細胞 ) ,天線會由較高的建築物或山丘的頂端,搬移到建築物頂端或大型建築物的一面牆上,最後則是到了街燈柱上

微細胞在擁塞地區的街道、高速公路及大型建築物的內部尤其有用

Page 37: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 38: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Cell sizes macro-cellular: 1-30km micro-cellular: 200-2000m pico-cellular: 4-200m femto-cellular: in residential or small business

environments

Page 39: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

註:Macrocell

Provides the main coverage in a mobile network

The antennas for macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and other existing structures

Must be positioned at a height that is not obstructed by surrounding buildings and terrain

Base stations have a typical power output of tens of watts

Communicate with phones up to about 35 kilometres (22 miles) distance

Page 40: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

註:Microcell

Provide infill radio coverage and additional capacity where there are high numbers of users within macrocells

The antennas for microcells are mounted at street level, typically on the external walls of existing structures, lamp posts and other street furniture

The antennas are smaller than macro cell antennas and, when mounted on existing structures, often blend in with building features to minimize visual impact

Page 41: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Typically, microcells provide radio coverage across smaller distances and are placed 300m-1000m apart

They have lower outputs than macrocells, usually a few watts

Page 42: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

註: Picocell

Provides more localized coverage than a microcell

Normally found inside buildings where coverage is poor or where there are a high number of users airport terminals train stations shopping centers

Page 43: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

註: Femtocell

Originally known as an Access Point Base Station

A small cellular base station, typically designed for use in residential or small business environments

Connects to the service provider’s network via broadband (such as DSL or cable); current designs typically support 2 to 5 mobile phones in a residential setting

Allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable

Page 44: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Incorporates the functionality of a typical base station but extends it to allow a simpler, self contained deployment; for example, a UMTS femtocell containing a Node B, RNC and GSN with Ethernet for backhaul

Page 45: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 46: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Hierarchical Cell Structure

Page 47: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Hierarchical cell structure an operator can tailor-fit capacity to match traffic

demands, and use the available frequency spectrum more efficiently

mobile terminals moving at high speed are directed to macrocells

hot spots with mobile terminals moving at low speed are covered by small cells (microcells and picocells)

Page 48: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 49: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 50: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Cluster Size and Frequency Re-use Distance

Geometry of a hexagon (with cell radius 1R) Surface area (SR) is 6R2 × =

Page 51: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Honeycomb (hexagonal) cell structure Cluster

set of different frequencies used in group of cells cluster is repeated by linear shift

i steps along one direction j steps in the other direction

Page 52: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture
Page 53: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Distance between adjacent cell centers= × cell radius = R

Reuse distance (D) distance between the centers of two

co-channel cells D = =

where = -½

餘弦定理

D

i j

Page 54: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Cluster radius (Rc) = = R

Page 55: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Cluster size (K) number of channels needed for (i,j) grid K is proportional to surface area of cluster

Surface area of one hexagonal cell is

Page 56: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Surface area of a (hexagonal) cluster of K cells is

Combining these two expressions gives

SR = surface area of cellRC = cluster radiusR = cell radius

Page 57: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Possible cluster sizeswe have seen

and also

thusK = i2 + j2 + ij

with integer i and j

Page 58: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

Frequency re-use distance (D) is based on the cluster size (K):

K = i2 + ij + j2

K = 22 + 2*1 + 12

K = 4 + 2 + 1

K = 7

D = 3K * R

D = 4.58R

i

j

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

35

6

7

D

R

Page 59: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

CELL STRUCTURE FOR K = 7

Page 60: What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

1

11

1

2 2

22

3

3

3

3

4

4 4

45

5 5

5

6

6 6

6

7

7

7

7

8 8

889

99

9

10

1010

10

1111

1111

1212

12 12

CELL STRUCTURE FOR K = 12