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1/23/12 1 What is Music? A quick survey of musical elements based upon music from around the world 19 th Century Germany considered this music: Beethoven’s 9 th Symphony hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoalPlPdMU 21 Century Teens consider this music: OverKill “Power Surge” hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SH_h2xYkjb0 Many Japanese consider this music: Japanese Gagaku Music (oldest form of Japanese Classical Music) hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OA8HFUNfIk 1950’s Avant Garde Americans consider this music John Cage 4’33’’ (in three movements) hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN2zcLBr_VM Music is HIP (Human inteneon and percepeon) An expression and performance of sound interpreted by the composer, performer and listener to be an aresec expression. Sounds that communicate thought, ideas or concepts that the performer and listener understand and appreciate Most ogen, the sounds are generated by people, not nature (though some may argue that nature provides it own music.)

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1/23/12  

1  

What  is  Music?  

A  quick  survey  of  musical  elements  based  upon  music  from  around  the  

world  

19th  Century  Germany  considered  this  music:  

Beethoven’s  9th  Symphony  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-­‐eoalPlPdMU  

21  Century  Teens  consider  this  music:  

OverKill  “Power  Surge”  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SH_h2xYkjb0  

Many  Japanese  consider  this  music:  

Japanese  Gagaku  Music  (oldest  form  of  Japanese  Classical  Music)  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OA8HFUNfIk  

1950’s  Avant  Garde  Americans  consider  this  music  

John  Cage  4’33’’  (in  three  movements)  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN2zcLBr_VM  

Music  is  HIP  (Human  inteneon  and  percepeon)  

An  expression  and  performance  of  sound  interpreted  by  the  composer,  performer  and  listener  to  be  an  aresec  expression.  

Sounds  that  communicate  thought,  ideas  or  concepts  that  the  performer  and  listener  understand  and  appreciate  

Most  ogen,  the  sounds  are  generated  by  people,  not  nature  (though  some  may  argue  that  nature  provides  it  own  music.)  

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2  

What  is  common  to  these  examples?  

Japanese  Taiko  Ensemble  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6w7jA9urX4  

What  is  common  to  these  examples?  

Djembe  Master  Bolokada  Conde  Djembe  Drums  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qu_-­‐htNFTb0  

What  is  common  to  these  examples?  

Japanese  Taiko  Ensemble  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6w7jA9urX4  

What  do  these  examples  have  in  common?  

 Sounds  and  Silence  

A  pulse  that  the  musicians  and  audience  feel  as  a  speed  or  tempo  

What  do  these  examples  have  in  common?  

When  combined  together,    

These  three  result  in  the  first  element  of  music:  

Rhythm  

Rhythm  controls  the  start,  end  and  duraeon  of  sound  

When  does  the  music  begin?  

American  Tradional  Song  “Old  1812”  with  Drum  Cadence  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKv-­‐V9klz3E  

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3  

Another  element  in  music  is  Pitch   Another  element  in  music  is  Pitch  

•  Pitches  are  sounds  that  can  be  sung  •  Pitches  usually  have  note  names  

•  Pitches  ogen  belong  to  a  ‘scale’  or  a  group  of  pitches  

•  Pitches  generally  have  a  frequency  •  Pitches  are  used  for  melodies  and  chordal  accompaniment  

•  Pitches  are  usually  played  in  rhythms  

What  makes  this  music?  

Gregorian  Chant  (Advocatam)  Llibre  Vermell  de  Montserrat  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HEKhr002Ts  

What  makes  this  music?  

Chinese  Chant  -­‐  "The  bird  seeketh  its  nest”  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuJS-­‐8MLO4c  

Melody  is  King!  A  series  of  pitches  always  creates  a  

melody  

•  If  a  vocalist  sings  or  an  instrument  plays  a  series  of  pitches,  we  always  interpret  the  sound  as  a  melody.  

•  Melodies  are  ogen  played  in  ‘Unison’,  where  many  voices  or  instruments  play  the  same  notes  

•  Melodies  are  ogen  accompanied  by  others  musical  sounds.  These  sounds  are  the  ‘Accompaniment’  and  support  the  melody  

•  Melodies  someemes  play  with  other  melodies  –  this  is  called  ‘Counterpoint.’  

Accompaniment  

•  Accompaniment  –  sounds  that  are  subordinate  to  the  melody  

•  Help  keep  the  beat  •  Help  establish  pitch  center  •  Add  harmony  

•  Add  ‘counter-­‐melodies’  or  secondary  melodic  lines    

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4  

What  is  the  accompaniment?  

Adjoa  Skinner  African  Drum  Jam  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMWvWpqshOc  

Accompaniment  

•  Here  is  an  example  of  an  orchestra  accompanying  a  choir.  The  melody  is  ‘on  top’,  sung  by  women;  the  men  sing  harmonies  

•  The  Orchestra  provide  harmonic  and  rhythmic  accompaniment  

Beethoven’s  9th  Symphony  “Ode  to  Joy”  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kG16pfDZ3CM  

Counterpoint:  Melodies  that  support  each  other  

•  Music  of  the  Western  world  differs  from  the  East  by  its  us  of  many  independent  melodies  

•  The  independence  of  these  melodies  keeps  them  from  being  simple  ‘accompaniment’  

•  Each  melody  is  just  as  important  as  the  others,  so  there  is  no  ‘central’  melody.  

•  Performers  may  adjust  their  volume  or  tone  so  they  keep  out  of  each  other’s  way  

Counterpoint  

•  Here  is  an  example  of  vocal  counterpoint  

 Pierre  Passereau  (c.1509-­‐c.1547)  Il  est  bel  et  bon  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOQR7u6mawk  

Counterpoint  

•  Here  is  an  example  of  instrumental  counterpoint  

J.S.  Bach  Fugue  #2  in  C  minor:  

hGp://www2.nau.edu/tas3/wtc/i02.html  

Accompaniment  contributes  to  musical  texture  

Texture  may  be  idenefied  as    Thick  or  thin;  simple  or  complex    monophonic  or  polyphonic    countrapuntal  or  homophonic    imitaeve    rhythmic  

and  other  terms  that  describe  the  overall  sound  of  the  music.  

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5  

Let’s  idenefy  the  elements  in  this  example  

 E.  Y.  HARBURG  &  HAROLD  ARLEN  “Somewhere  of  the  Rainbow”  

hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWNoiVrJDsE  

Let’s  idenefy  the  elements  in  this  example  

This  example  has:  

• Rhythm  –  the  melody  starts  and  stops  according  to  a  pulse  

• Pitches  –  the  opening  two  notes  are  an  octave  apart  

• A  single  melody  

• No  accompaniment  

• Monophonic  texture  

• Thin  texture  

Let’s  idenefy  the  elements  in  this  example  

 Pierre  Passereau  (c.1509-­‐c.1547)  Il  est  bel  et  bon  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOQR7u6mawk  

Let’s  idenefy  the  elements  in  this  example  

This  example  has:  

• Rhythm  –  fast  tempo  

• Pitches  (Dorian  mode–  7    pitches)  

• Four  Melodies  

• Contrapuntal  

• Imitaeve  texture  

• Thick  texture  –  no  instruments  

What  makes  a  drum  solo  music?  

Buddy  Rich  drum  solo  hGp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgaD54YcXpA  

What  makes  a  drum  solo  music?  

Rhythms  –  alternaeng  sounds  and  silence  

HIP  –  Human  inteneon  and  percepeon  

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6  

Elements  of  music  (Which  one  is  really  necessary?)  

•  Rhythms  –  Gming  of  sounds  and  silence  •  Pitch  –  sounds  that  can  be  sung  •  Melody  –  a  series  of  pitches  in  rhythm;  ogen  on  the  top  of  the  music  

•  Texture  •  Accompaniment  –    – Rhythmic  paGerns  played  by  percussion  – Supporeng  notes  as  chords  or  other  melodies  –  Imitaeve  or  contrapuntal