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W H A T IS NATO ?
Ask most people about NATO and immediately they wi l l picture a group of nations co-operat ing for the purpose of mutual defence. But NATO is more than a mil itary alliance. In addit ion to poli t ical and economic co-operat ion it is playing a vital rôle in providing help to the international scientif ic community. Realizing that the effectiveness of the All iance could not be assured solely by armed strength, the framers of the North At lant ic Treaty provided for collaborative approaches in non-mil i tary fields. In order to pursue these broader goals, Foreign Ministers Lange (Norway), Mart ino (Italy), and Pearson (Canada) recommended in their report on "Non-Mi l i tary Co-operation in NATO", that NATO promote science and technology by support ing co-operation between scientists in the member countries.
Established in 1958, the Science Committee comprises dist inguished scientists appointed by their countries. The Science Committee, through its Chair-man, advises the North At lant ic Council on problems of science and technology of concern to the All iance; it implements Council decisions relative to science and decides the pol icy of its various scientif ic programmes. The scienti f ic programmes are administered by a small professional staff, who are advised by expert panels.
TWENTY YEARS OF NATO SCIENCE
Through its scientif ic programmes, designed to promote scientif ic co-operat ion wi th in the Atlantic All iance, NATO is making a unique investment in the future of humanity and playing an important rôle in Man's constant endeavour to extend the l imits of his under-standing of himself and his environment.
PUBLICATIONS The Science Committee has encouraged the organizers of its
activities to publish the results of their Symposia, Institutes and Conferences. /Is a result, some 650 scientific books have been published in the twenty years since the Science Committee was established in 1958, many of which have become regarded as the standard texts in advanced fields.
NATO and SCIENCE
I l
SPECIAL PROGRAMMES
The Science Commi t tee has ident i f ied a f ew areas of h igh scient i f ic pr ior i ty and urgent concern for special encouragement , each of wh i ch is entrusted to a Special Programme Panel of experts. These Panels recommend and suppor t catalyt ic act ion to enable the scient i f ic commun i t y to deal more ef fect ively w i t h some of the global problems n o w fac ing mankind.
A variety of mechanisms - grants for co-operat ive research, expert meet ings, conferences, study visits, etc. - has been used to st imulate greater inter-nat ional act iv i ty in se lected areas. Current ly these are :
Air-Sea Interaction : Studies of the complex exchanges of heat,matter and mechanical energy at the interface of the lower level of the atmosphere and the upper layer of the ocean will provide a basis for improved weather forecasting and better understanding of long-term climatological variations.
Materials Science : Studies aimed at the development of novel materials for emerging needs, such as computer communications and bio-materials for medicine, and conservation of scarce mineral and energy resources through the more efficient use of abundant materials, and better processing technologies.
Marine Sciences : Investigation of the physical, chemical and biological processes for improved understanding of resource potential of the world's oceans.
Eco-Sciences : Studies of the interrelated phenomena which occur in ecological systems, both naturally and due to the activi-ties of man, provide the essential background knowledge for management decisions that have impact on the environment.
Systems Science : Interdisciplinary studies aimed at understanding complex social, economic, environmental and technological systems which will provide a more satisfactory basis for decision-making in problem areas such as manpower planning, urban transportation and natural resource management.
Human Factors : Better understanding of individual and group behaviour through studies in the areas of social and clinical psychology, quality of life, biological mechanisms of behaviour, personality, which may provide insights into Man's relationship to his changing urban and rural environment.
Advanced Study Institutes
One of the most successful activities of the NATO Science Committee is the Advanced Study Institutes Pro-gramme. These institutes make a major contribution to the spread of Advanced knowledge and the forging of human and professional links between scientists of different countries. Over 800 Advanced Study Institutes have been attended by more than 60,000 scientists since the establishment of the programme.
An advanced Study Institute is a high-level teaching activity of two to four weeks' duration, usually held in the summer, at which a carefully defined subject is presented in a systematic and coherently structure programme. Subjects are treated in considerable depth by lecturers eminent in their field, directed towards an audience of approximately post-doctoral level. This does not necessarily exclude post-graduate students, and it may well include senior scientists of notable achievement in the subject of the Institute, or in related fields.
GENERAL PROGRAMMES
Over the years, the Science Committee has supported endeavours in almost all fields of science, stressing scientific education at advanced levels, collaborative research between scientists in Alliance countries, and the exchange of information. It has supported initiatives in these areas, through pro-grammes of research grants, fellowships and advanced study institutes.
Science Fellowships
To solve the increasing problems of complexity created by our dynamic society, there must be a con-tinuous f low of better and better trained scientists. At the same time, established scientists must be given opportunities to further and renew their specialized education and techniques
These objectives are best achieved if scientists are sent to laboratories and institutions where advanced knowledge is available and where they can be exposed to different scientific and human environments whi le furthering their training or engaging in research.
T I T U L A I R E S D E B O U R S E S D E R E C H E R C H E S C I E N T I F I Q U E O T A N 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 6 N o m b r e d e bou rs i e r s r e ç u s par c h a q u e p a y s
N A T O S C I E N C E F E L L O W S 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 6 N u m b e r of f e l l o w s r e c e i v e d by e a c h count ry
To satisfy these needs NATO Science Fellowships encourage the exchange of post-graduate and post-doctoral students, and, where possible, senior research staff in ins-t i tut ions in a country other than their own. Since the start of the Science Fellowships Programme over 12,000 scientists have bene-f i ted from it.
RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAMME F R E Q U E N C Y O F C O - O P E R A T I O N B E T W E E N T H E M E M B E R C O U N T R I E S I N A T Y P I C A L Y E A R
ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES PROGRAMME N A T I O N A L D I S T R I B U T I O N O F P A R T I C I P A N T S I N A T Y P I C A L Y E A R
THE FIGURES APPEARING IN THE BOXES SHOW THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS IN WHICH SCIENTISTS OF THAT COUNTRY ARE INVOLVED THE SIZE OF THE BOX IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS.
THE TICKNESS OF THE CONNECTING LINES IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS OEVELOPED IN COLLABORATION BY THE SCIENTISTS OF THE TWO CONNECTED COUNTRIES THE FIGURES ON THE CONNECTING LINES SHOW THE NUMBER OF COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS. TOTAL PARTICIPATION : 4,045
Science Committee Conferences In order to supplement the Science Com-
mittee's own capability wi th the very best collective talent available in specific areas, one or two special conferences on research frontier fields are organized each year. Recent conferences have dealt wi th topics such as : Software Engineering. Efficient Energy Util ization, Thermal Energy Storage, Eco-Toxicology.
Research Grants NATO Research Grants are unique in that they
are designed to stimulate, encourage and facilitate co-operative research carried out by scientists working in different member countries of the Alliance. Experience indicates that collaboration between two or more research groups in projects sponsored by the Pro-gramme has led to cross-ferti l ization of ideas and research contributions far greater than the sum of the separate rationally-supported efforts of the collabor-ating research groups.
Almost all f ields of science are eligible for support, wi th emphasis on fundamental aspects rather than applications. The Programme has funded some 1,500 projects, al lowing over 6,000 scientists from different NATO countries to work together; it has also resulted in several thousand articles being published in scientific journals.
Senior Scientists Programme Every year the Science Committee provides
funds to enable a few outstanding scientists to give lectures or take a lead in developing research program-mes in other NATO countries. The subjects are normally in new fields of science not widely represented in the scientific literature.
A D V A N C E D
S T U D Y
I N S T I T U T E S
Advanced Study Institutes
One of the most successful activities of the NATO Science Committee is the Advanced Study Institutes Pro-gramme. These institutes make a major contribution to the spread of Advanced knowledge and the forging of human and professional links between scientists of different countries. Over 800 Advanced Study Institutes have been attended by more than 60,000 scientists since the establishment of the programme.
An advanced Study Institute is a high-level teaching activity of two to four weeks' duration, usually held in the summer, at which a carefully defined subject is presented in a systematic and coherently structure programme. Subjects are treated in considerable depth by lecturers eminent in their field, directed towards an audience of approximately post-doctoral level. This does not necessarily exclude post-graduate students, and it may well include senior scientists of notable achievement in the subject of the Institute, or in related fields.
GENERAL PROGRAMMES
Over the years, the Science Committee has supported endeavours in almost all fields of science, stressing scientific education at advanced levels, collaborative research between scientists in Alliance countries, and the exchange of information. It has supported initiatives in these areas, through pro-grammes of research grants, fellowships and advanced study institutes.
Science Fellowships
To solve the increasing problems of complexity created by our dynamic society, there must be a con-tinuous f low of better and better trained scientists. At the same time, established scientists must be given opportunities to further and renew their specialized education and techniques
These objectives are best achieved if scientists are sent to laboratories and institutions where advanced knowledge is available and where they can be exposed to different scientific and human environments whi le furthering their training or engaging in research.
T I T U L A I R E S D E B O U R S E S D E R E C H E R C H E S C I E N T I F I Q U E O T A N 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 6 N o m b r e d e bou rs i e r s r e ç u s par c h a q u e p a y s
N A T O S C I E N C E F E L L O W S 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 6 N u m b e r of f e l l o w s r e c e i v e d by e a c h count ry
To satisfy these needs NATO Science Fellowships encourage the exchange of post-graduate and post-doctoral students, and, where possible, senior research staff in ins-t i tut ions in a country other than their own. Since the start of the Science Fellowships Programme over 12,000 scientists have bene-f i ted from it.
RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAMME F R E Q U E N C Y O F C O - O P E R A T I O N B E T W E E N T H E M E M B E R C O U N T R I E S I N A T Y P I C A L Y E A R
ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES PROGRAMME N A T I O N A L D I S T R I B U T I O N O F P A R T I C I P A N T S I N A T Y P I C A L Y E A R
THE FIGURES APPEARING IN THE BOXES SHOW THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS IN WHICH SCIENTISTS OF THAT COUNTRY ARE INVOLVED THE SIZE OF THE BOX IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS.
THE TICKNESS OF THE CONNECTING LINES IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS OEVELOPED IN COLLABORATION BY THE SCIENTISTS OF THE TWO CONNECTED COUNTRIES THE FIGURES ON THE CONNECTING LINES SHOW THE NUMBER OF COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS. TOTAL PARTICIPATION : 4,045
Science Committee Conferences In order to supplement the Science Com-
mittee's own capability wi th the very best collective talent available in specific areas, one or two special conferences on research frontier fields are organized each year. Recent conferences have dealt wi th topics such as : Software Engineering. Efficient Energy Util ization, Thermal Energy Storage, Eco-Toxicology.
Research Grants NATO Research Grants are unique in that they
are designed to stimulate, encourage and facilitate co-operative research carried out by scientists working in different member countries of the Alliance. Experience indicates that collaboration between two or more research groups in projects sponsored by the Pro-gramme has led to cross-ferti l ization of ideas and research contributions far greater than the sum of the separate rationally-supported efforts of the collabor-ating research groups.
Almost all f ields of science are eligible for support, wi th emphasis on fundamental aspects rather than applications. The Programme has funded some 1,500 projects, al lowing over 6,000 scientists from different NATO countries to work together; it has also resulted in several thousand articles being published in scientific journals.
Senior Scientists Programme Every year the Science Committee provides
funds to enable a few outstanding scientists to give lectures or take a lead in developing research program-mes in other NATO countries. The subjects are normally in new fields of science not widely represented in the scientific literature.
A D V A N C E D
S T U D Y
I N S T I T U T E S
