WARM-UP #23FEB.13 What is the difference between

renewable and nonrenewable resources?

What are some examples of each?

EARTH’S RESOURCE

S

INQUIRY ACTIVITY In your journals, list three objects that

you are using now or objects that are around you.

Observe the objects. Try to determine which resources they might contain. List possible resources for each object.

1. How did you determine the resources that might be in each object?

2. How could you actually test each object to determine what resources it contains?

RENEWABLE A renewable resource can be

replenished over fairly short time spans such as months, years, or decadesCommon examples:

Plants and animalsNatural fibersTreesEnergy from flowing water, wind, and

the sun

NONRENEWABLE Takes millions of years to form and

accumulate. Fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas

are nonrenewable. Important metals such as iron, copper,

uranium, and gold

How does earth’s fast growing population effect the availability and demand for resources?

FOSSIL FUELS A fossil fuel is an hydrocarbon that may

be used as a source of energyThese include coal, oil, and natural gas

ACTIVITY Pick one of the nonrenewable resources

listed:CoalPetroleum and natural gasTar sandsOil shaleMineral deposits

Record in your journals how that resource forms, how we extract it, and how we use it

You will present your findings

COAL Formed when heat and pressure

transform plant material over millions of years

There are four stages of development:Peat – partially decayed plant materialBecomes lignite, a sedimentary rock often

called brown coalBecomes bituminous coalLast stage is a metamorphic rock called

anthracite or hard coal Electric power plants use more than

70% of the coal mined today.

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS Oil and gas form from the remains of

plants and animals that were buried in ancient seas

Sediment protects organic remains from oxidation decay

Over millions of years and continual sediment build up, remains transform into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas)

TAR SANDS Mixtures of clay and sand combined

with water and black, thick tar called bitumen

Resistant to flow and cannot be pumped out easily

Takes a lot of energy to refine into oil Large amount of toxic runoff

OIL SHALE Rock that contains a waxy mixture of

hydrocarbons called kerogen Mined and heated to vaporize the

kerogen Contains large amounts of minerals How might this effect its efficiency? As of now, this is a very unprofitable

solution

MINERAL DEPOSITS Ore is a useful metallic mineral that can

be mined at a profit A deposit containing a valuable mineral

is worthless if the cost of extracting it exceeds the value recoveredEx. Copper ore to even be considered it

must contain a concentration 50 times the amount

Some of the most important mineral deposits form through igneous processes and from hydrothermal solutions

FUN FACTHow big do you think the largest gold

nugget ever discovered was and where was it found?

Found in a mining region of Victoria, Australia in 1869

Weighed 210 pounds and at today’s gold prices, worth well over 1 million dollars.

Current largest gold nugget (73 pounds) is displayed in Las Vegas.

TICKET OUT THE DOOR1. What is the difference between a

renewable and nonrenewable resource?

2. What are some of the fossil fuels we discuss?

3. What is the difference between tar sands and oil shale?

4. What are some drawbacks to mining fossil fuels and other resources?

WARM-UP #24FEB.14 We live in the age of fossil fuels.

These nonrenewable resources supply nearly 90 percent of the world’s energy

Besides using fossil fuels, what are some alternative energy sources?

In your opinion what should we try and switch to?

ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES The amount of recoverable fossil fuels

may last only another 170 years In the meantime, the burning of huge

quantities will continue to damage the environment

SOLAR ENERGY The direct use of the sun’s rays to supply

heat or electricity Two advantages:

The “fuel” is free It is non-polluting

While the energy is free, what are some drawbacks to solar energy? Installation and equipment is expensiveDoesn’t work at night and not well on cloudy

days

NUCLEAR ENERGY Meets about 7 percent of the energy

demand for the US Possible through nuclear fission – the

nuclei of heavy atoms such as uranium-235 are bombarded with neutrons

The nuclei then split into smaller nuclei and emit neutrons and heat energy

Energy drives steam turbines to produce electricity

What are some drawbacks?

NUCLEAR ENERGY Drawbacks: 1st – the cost has increased 2nd – there are hazards associated with

the disposal of nuclear waste 3rd – concern over possible accidents

Three Miles IslandChernobyl

WIND ENERGY Wind energy harnesses the power of

wind to generate usable forms of energy Not a new source of energy It is estimated that in 50 to 60 years,

wind power could meet between 5 to 10 percent of the country’s demand

HYDROELECTRIC POWER The power that falling water generates,

known as hydroelectric power, drives turbines to produce electricity

5% of the country’s power Water behind a dam is a form of stored

energy Drawback:

Sediment buildupAvailable suitable sites

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Harnessed by tapping natural underground

reservoirs of steam and hot water to urn turbines and generate electricity

The steam and hot water from individual wells usually last no more than 10 to 15 years

TIDAL POWER Harnessed by constructing a dam across

the mouth of a bay with a large tidal range

The strong in-and-out flow drives turbines and electric generators

Not economical if the tidal range is less than 8 meters or if a narrow, enclosed bay isn’t available

ARTICLE ESSAY Go online and research a type of

alternative energy source Find a scientific article about that type

of renewable energy and read it I want you to write an essay on that

article including:What the article is about?How would this source get implemented?

Cost effective/actually doableWhat is your opinion?

This should be 1 page in length Cite your source

TICKET OUT THE DOOR1. What are some ways we could harness

renewable resources?2. Why will the interest in alternative

energy sources probably grow in the future?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages to using solar energy?

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WARM-UP #25FEB.15 Water, air, and land resources are

essential for life. You need clean air and water everyday. What’s more, soil provides nutrients that allow plants – the basis of our food supply – to grow.

How do people use – and sometimes misuse – these vital resources?

THE WATER PLANET Water covers 71 percent of Earth’s

surface Ocean’s functions:

Currents regulate and moderate climateVital to the water cycleHabitat for marine organisms

Each day people use fresh water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and growing food

However reserves are relatively small Less than 1% of the water on the planet

is usable fresh water

FRESHWATER POLLUTION There are two types of sources:

Point source pollutionNonpoint source pollution

Point source comes from a known and specific location, such as factory pipes

Nonpoint source does not have a specific point of origin.

NONPOINT SOURCE Runoff – the water that flows over the

land rather than seeping into the groundOften carries nonpoint source pollutionCarry waste oil from the streetsSediment from construction sitesPesticides off farm fields and lawns

Water pollution has many adverse health effects.

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

Disease organisms- bacteria viruses Organic chemicals – oil, gasoline, plastic,

pesticides Inorganic chemicals – acids, toxic metals Plant fertilizer – soluble compounds with

nitrate Sediment – soil Radioactive substances – radon, uranium Wastes that remove oxygen from water –

manure

What are the adverse effects from these types of water pollutions?

EARTH’S BLANKET OF AIR The chemical composition of the

atmosphere helps maintain life on EarthShields us from harmful solar radiation

Air pollution changes that chemical compositionFossil fuelsPower plants

GLOBAL WARMING What era or revolution has led to an

increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Industrial revolution

The increase has altered the carbon cycle and contributed to the unnatural warming of the lower atmosphere

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Air conditioners, plastic foam

LAND RESOURCES Estimated 500,000 mines in the US Mining tears up Earth’s surface and

destroyes vegetation Causes soil erosion and creates pollution Deforestation

WARM-UP #26FEB.16 Each year, Americans throw out about

30 million cell phones, 18 million computers, 8 million TV sets, and enough tires to circle the earth about 3 times

With 6 percent of the worlds population, we use about 1/3 of the world’s resources, and a produce a 1/3 of its garbage.

What are some ways to reduce garbage and create less pollution?

PROTECTING RESOURCES Conservation – is the careful use of

resources. Pollution prevention means stopping

pollution from entering the environment Between the late 1940s and 1970, many

incidents occurred that triggered public responseSevere air pollution killed hundreds and

sickened thousandsOil spills killed wild lifeOhio’s polluted Cuyahoga River caught fire

and burned for days

KEEPING WATER CLEAN AND SAFE Starting in the 1970s, the government

passed several laws:1972 – Congress passed the Clean Water Act

(CWA) Safe surface water increased from 36% to 62% in

30 years1974 – Safe Drinking Water Act

Set maximum contaminant levels for a number of pollutants

PROTECTING THE AIR 1970 – Congress passed the Clean Air

ActEstablished National Ambient Air Quality

Standards (NAAQS)Carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, sulfur

dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulatesPollutants have decreased 24%

CARING FOR LAND RESOURCES Protecting land resources involves

preventing pollution and managing land resources wiselyFarmers now use many soil conservation

practices to prevent loss of topsoil and preserve fertility. Contour plowing Strip cropping

Selective cutting conserves forest resources

Compost – is partly decomposed organic material that is used as a fertilizer.

DUMPING Since 1977, sanitary landfills have

largely replaced open dumps and old-style landfills.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 has decreased illegal dumping

The 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act mandates the cleaning up of abandoned hazardous waste sites.

Recycling – is the collecting and processing of used items so they can be made into new products

WARM-UP #27FEB.22 Nuclear Fusion (not fission)

The nuclei of smaller atoms combine and form larger nuclei

On the sun, energy is released when hydrogen nuclei combine and form helium nuclei

Can only take place at temperatures more than 15 million degrees Celsius

How could this be more beneficial than nuclear fission? Think about where we would get the hydrogen.

WARM-UP #28 FEB.23 Biomass energy - biological

material from living, or recently living organisms, can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuelSOURCES: garbage, wood, waste,

landfill gases, and alcohol fuels How might this be beneficial?