What is the Role of Social Pensions in Asia?

8/2/2019 What is the Role of Social Pensions in Asia?

1/32

LEON Xirandh [l{gr Pgrngp

Xjlu np ujg _ifg ib Pi`nlf[gdpnidp nd Lpnl9

Lrmldei Olrrngduip

Di$ 07

Ujnp {l{gr xnff oghnd o~ negdunb~ndh lde `jlrlùgrnsndh gznpundh {rinpnid$ Ujgrg np engrpnu~ ndife lhg ndìmg pw{{iru {ifn`ngp& nd`fwendh pi`nlf {gdpnidp& xnujnd Lpnl$ Nd {lru ujnp np lrgbfgùnid ib ujg {rgpgd`g ib jnhj-ndìmg& mneefg-ndìmg& lde fix-ndìmg ìwdurngp$ Pggrlfìwdurngp jlg nduriew`ge didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp& ir purgdhujgdge lde gz{ldege gznpundh{rinpnid bi`wpge id ifegr hriw{p$

Didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp lrg {lrun`wflrf~

rgfgldu ui ife lhg {igru~ lde wfdgrlonfnu~ rgewùnid nd eggfi{ndh ìwdurngp& owu lrg{iugdunlff~ l{{ri{rnlug nd ujg ìdugzu ib l rldhg ib {ifn`~ `jlffgdhgp$

Ujnp xnff {rineg ujg gm{nrn`lf ìdugzu nd xjn`j ui enp`wpp lde l{{f~ ujg mlnd bndendhp brimujg ujgirgun`lf fnugrluwrg id didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp lde {igru~ rgewùnid$ Didìdurnowuir~{gdpnidp hgdgrlug {ipnung xgfblrg gbbgùp nd rgew`ndh {igru~ lde wfdgrlonfnu~ lmidh ifegr{gi{fg lde ujgnr jiwpgjifep$ _genpurnowunid ui {iirgr hriw{p nm{rigp igrlff xgfblrg$ Lu

ujg plmg unmg& ujnp rgenpurnowunid jlp nm{fn`lunidp bir nd`gdungpujg nd`gdung ui xira ldeplg lmidh ogdgbn`nlrngplde ujg enpnd`gdungp lrnpndh brim ulz bndld`ndh$ Ujg ldlf~pnp xnffbi`wp id lppgppndh ujg pi`nlf xgfblrg gbbgùp ib didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp o~ gzlmndndh ujgmlnd urleg-ibbp gznpundh oguxggd {igru~ rgewùnid& nd`gdungp& lde {wofn` owehgup$

Ujg igrngx ib gznpundh {rlùn`g nd Lpnl pwhhgpup uxi ag~ {ifn`~ diegp lfidh l ìdundwwmib {ifn`ngp ui leergpp ife lhg {igru~ lde wfdgrlonfnu~$ Ujg bnrpu dieg `ld og biwde lriwdeujg rgflung leldulhgp ib pi`nlf lppnpuld`g lde pi`nlf {gdpnidp lp lfugrdlung l{{ril`jgpui leergpp ife lhg {igru~$ Ujnp np {lrun`wflrf~ rgfgldu ui fix-ndìmg ìwdurngp lde mneefg-ndìmg ìwdurngp xnujiwu xgff-eggfi{ge ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp lde jnhj ndbirmlfnu~$L pgìde {ifn`~ dieg `ld og biwde lriwde ujg rgflunidpjn{ lde fndap gznpundh oguxggddidìdurnowuir~ lde ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp$ Ujnp {ifn`~ dieg np gp{g`nlff~ rgfgldu ui

jnhj- lde mneefg-ndìmg ìwdurngp nd Lpnl xnuj flrhg-p`lfg ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp$ L

7[glrpid lde Xjnugjiwpg bnde ujlu pi`nlf {gdpnidp lrg ujg eimndldu {lru ib rgunrgmgdu ndìmg p~pugmp ndmld~ jnhj ndìmg ìwdurngp *[glrpid lde Xjnugjiwpg ?;;>3 >>


7/32

LEON Xirandh [l{gr 07< Olrrngduip

bi`wp id ujgpg uxi {ifn`~ diegp xnff jgf{ irhldnsg ujg enp`wppnid nd l xl~ ujlu npmldlhglofg xnujnd l pjiru {l{gr$

Ujg {l{gr np ennege lp biffixp3 Pgùnid < gzlmndgp gznpundh didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid{rinpnid nd Lpnl$ Pgùnid ? enp`wppgp ujg mlnd {ifn`~ hl{p& lde ujg iocgùngp lde egpnhd ibdidìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp$ Pgùnid 0 gz{firgp ujg mlnd urleg-ibbp gznpundh oguxggd {igru~

rgewùnid& nd`gdungp ui xira lde plg& lde ujg pnsg ib rg|wnrge owehgup$ Ujg pgùnid lrhwgpujlu ujgpg ujrgg lrg ujg ag~ {lrlmgugrp ujrixndh fnhju id ujg xgfblrg gbbgùp ibdidìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp$ Pgùnid 5 gz{firgp ujg rgflung leldulhgp ib pi`nlf lppnpuld`glde pgfb-puldendh pi`nlf {gdpnid p`jgmgp nd ulàfndh ife lhg {igru~ lde wfdgrlonfnu~$Pgùnid 7 orngbf~ enp`wppgp ujg nppwgp ndifge nd pggandh ui ìmondg didìdurnowuir~ ldeìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid {rihrlmp$ Ujg bndlf pgùnid pwmmlrnsgp ujg mlnd {indup ldeìd`fwegp$

Oiz


8/32


Nu xnff og jgf{bwf ui oghnd o~ ulandh puià ib didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid {rihrlmp nd Lpnl$ Ulofg< {rinegp pwmmlr~ ndbirmlunid id didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid {rihrlmp lde rgfluge {ifn`ngpleergppndh ife lhg {igru~ lde wfdgrlonfnu~ bir pgfgùge ìwdurngp nd Lpnl$ Ujg ìwdur~ndbirmlunid nd ujg ulofg np diu ndugdege ui og ìm{rgjgdpng1 lff urldpnunid ìwdurngp nd Lpnljlg xgff-eggfi{ge urldpbgr p`jgmgp& xjn`j nd enbbgrgdu xl~p ìgr ifegr {gi{fg& owu ibujgpg ujg ulofg idf~ nd`fwegp ndbirmlunid bir A~rh~spuld$ Lfidh pnmnflr fndgp& pggrlfìwdurngp jlg ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp xnuj xneg ìgrlhg ib ujg ifegr {i{wflunid&xjn`j nd`fweg hwlrldugge mndnmwm {gdpnidp& owu ib ujgpg idf~ Cl{ld lde ujg _g{wofn` ibAirgl lrg nd`fwege nd ujg ulofg$ Ujg ulofg np ndugdege ui ndbirm id ujg p{gùrwm ibl{{ril`jgp lei{uge lde ui pw{{iru l olpn` u~{ifih~ jnhjfnhjundh ag~ bgluwrgp ib gznpundh{rihrlmp$


9/32


8

Ulofg 7. Pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {gdpnidp birgfegrf~& xneixp& lde enplofge1{grpidp xnuj l ogfix {igru~ fndg`lre1 mldlhge lde pw{{fgmgduge o~

pulugp

Rlrngp o~ pulug owu dlunidlfgpunmlugp pwhhgpu nu ìgrp 8'-8)>:& ìmmwdnu~ pgfgùnid ldenm{fgmgdulunid1 {gi{fg lhge 78 ldeigr1 mgldp ugpuge

Bnzge dwmogr ib ogdgbn`nlrngp{gr nfflhg *


10/32


:

@iwdur~ Egpnhd @igrlhg Ogdgbnup _gbirmp

Rngu Dlm Pi`nlf {gdpnid nduriew`ge nd ?;;5&{gi{fg lhge 2; lde igr1 gfegrf~fnndh lfidg nd {iir jiwpgjifep& irxnuj p{iwpg dggendh `lrg1 gfegrf~ :;lde igr diu rg`gnndh {gdpnid irpi`nlf lffixld`g

\wlfnbn`lunid lhg np :; ~glrp1. nd bnrpu `lughir~lde 2>


11/32


Lu idg gde ib ujg {ifn`~ p{gùrwm& ìwdurngp ml~ i{u ui leergpp ife lhg ndìmg pg`wrnu~ujriwhj hgdgrlfnpu pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {rihrlmp {rinendh pw{{iru bir lff ndennewlfp ldejiwpgjifep nd {igru~& ndeg{gdegduf~ ib ujg lhg ib ogdgbn`nlrngp$ Nd ujg ulofg ujnp np ujgl{{ril`j lei{uge bir Prn Fldal& xjgrg& iwupneg ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp& ifegr {gi{fgnd {igru~ lrg ìgrge o~ pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {rihrlmp *Mljlcldlelrl lde Plmwrejn. ujlulrg i{gd ui lff hriw{p nd dgge$ Nd {rlùn`g& ifegr {gi{fg mlag w{ ujg mlcirnu~ ib ogdgbn`nlrngpib ujg [wofn` Xgfblrg Lppnpuld`g P`jgmg$ Ujnp lfpi l{{fnge ui ujg p`jgmgp wdegr ujg BngHwlrlduggp nd ujg [gi{fg(p _g{wofn` ib @jndl *[_@.& xjn`j ulrhguge {gi{fg nd dggendeg{gdegduf~ ib lhg$ Nd >> ujg Enoli {rihrlm ìgrndh ndennewlfp nd {igru~ nd wroldlrglp rgl`jge lriwde ?$5 mnffnid ogdgbn`nlrngp& ìdpnpundh mlndf~ ib ifegr lde enplofge{gi{fg$ Ujg rl{ne rnpg nd wdgm{fi~mgdu lu ujg uwrd ib ujg eg`leg mgldu ujg {rihrlmgz{ldege ui lriwde ?? mnffnid ogdgbn`nlrngp nd ?;;?$

Ujg dgzu u~{g ib {rihrlm nd`fwegp pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {rihrlmp xjn`j gz{fn`nuf~ ulrhguifegr {gi{fg& ibugd ujriwhj l pg{lrlug {rihrlm ìm{idgdu$ A~rh~spuld np l `lpg nd{indu$ Pi`nlf lppnpuld`g ìdpnpup ib uxi urldpbgr {rihrlmpl Wdnbnge Midujf~ Ogdgbnu& xjn`jnp {lne ui jiwpgjifep nd {igru~ lde xnuj `jnfergd1 lde l Midujf~ Pi`nlf Ogdgbnu& xjn`j np{lne ui p{g`nbnge `lughirngp ib {gi{fg rgìhdnsge lp bl`ndh l`wug wfdgrlonfnu~$ Ujg Midujf~

Pi`nlf Ogdgbnu ìgrp& lmidh iujgr {gi{fg& `jnfergd xnuj enplonfnungp lde ifegr {gi{fg xnujiwul {gdpnid$ U~{n`lff~& ujg Wdnbnge Midujf~ Ogdgbnu np mgldp ugpuge lde {lne bir l bnzge {grnieib unmg& xjnfg ujg Midujf~ Pi`nlf Ogdgbnu np mirg hgdgriwp& `lughirn`lf& lde {lne birgzugdege {grniep xnujiwu rgngx$

Ujg dgzu u~{g ib {rihrlm np enpundhwnpjge o~ ujg blù ujlu urldpbgrp ui ifegr {gi{fg pulde lpl pg{lrlug {rihrlm brim ujg rgpu ib pi`nlf lppnpuld`g$ Ujg~ lrg mirg {ri{grf~ rgbgrrge ui lppi`nlf {gdpnidp$ Gfnhnonfnu~ nd`fwegp l `lughirn`lf rg|wnrgmgdu& lhg ir enplonfnu~& lde l mgldpugpu$ Nd ujg ulofg& Oldhflegpj& Ndenl& ujg [jnfn{{ndgp& lde Rngu Dlm {rineg gzlm{fgp ibpgfgùng pi`nlf {gdpnid p`jgmgp$7 lde {rinegp l midujf~ urldpbgr ui lff `nunsgdp lhge 8; lde igr *ujg lhgib gdunufgmgdu xlp ndnunlff~ 87 owu xlp fixgrge nd ?;;>.$ Pgfgùng pi`nlf {gdpnidp lrg lfpillnflofg nd Dg{lf ui xneixp nd {igru~ brim lhg 2;$

Ujg {rihrlmp jlg l mndnmwm lhg ib |wlfnbn`lunid78 nd Oldhflegpj lde :; nd Rngu Dlm$ Mgldp ugpup gdpwrg ujlu idf~ ifegr {gi{fg nd {igru~ir gzurgmg {igru~ lrg gdunufge ui urldpbgrp$ Nd Ndenl& ujg gzugdpnid ib gdunufgmgdu ui lff ifegr

{gi{fg xnuj l Ogfix [igru~ Fndg `lre rgfngp id ujg ogdgbn`nlr~ pgfgùnid {ri`gpp ib ujg[wofn` Biie Enpurnowunid [rihrlm ui negdunb~ {gdpnid ogdgbn`nlrngp$ Nd Oldhflegpj& ujgnegdunbn`lunid ib ogdgbn`nlrngp np eidg o~ ìmmwdnu~ ìmmnuuggp$ Ujgpg {rihrlmp lrgpw{{iruge o~ fghnpflunid lde lrg egfngrge o~ {wofn` lhgd`ngp$

Ujg bndlf u~{g ib {rihrlm ìdpnpup ib hwlrldugge mndnmwm {gdpnidp$ Ujg~ lrg dirmlff~

ìm{idgdup ib ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp {rinendh l olpn` fggf ib ogdgbnu ui lbbnfnlugpxnuj fix ìdurnowunid egdpnu~& n$g$& xnuj pnhdnbn`ldu hl{p nd ìdurnowunidp ujriwhjiwu ujgnrxirandh fngp$ Ujg~ enbbgr brim didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp nd lp blr lp ujg~ rg|wnrgpimg ìdurnowunid rgìre& jixggr mndnmlf$ Ujg~ lrg mlndf~ bndld`ge o~ l mnz ibìdurnowunidp lde higrdmgdu pwopnengp$ Nd ìwdurngp xnuj xgff-eggfi{ge ìdurnowuir~{gdpnid p`jgmgp& pw`j lp Cl{ld lde ujg _g{wofn` ib Airgl nd ujg ulofg& hwlrlduggemndnmwm {gdpnidp ndugrlù xnuj pi`nlf {gdpnidp nd pnhdnbn`ldu xl~p$ Ujg ìdenunidp birgfnhnonfnu~& ogdgbnu fggfp& lde gdunufgmgdu {grniep ib ujg uxi u~{gp ib {gdpnid p`jgmgp dggeui og egpnhdge xnuj ìdpnegrlofg `lrg ui gdpwrg ujlu nd`gdungp bir xiragrp ui ìdurnowugrgmlnd pwbbn`ngduf~ puridh$


12/32


Nd pwmmlr~& nu np {ippnofg ui negdunb~ biwr mlnd u~{gp ib didìdurnowuir~ {rihrlmp {rinendhurldpbgrp ui ifegr {gi{fg3 hgdgrlfnpu pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {rihrlmp ìgrndh lff jiwpgjifep nd{igru~& pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {rihrlmp xnuj ld gz{fn`nu ir pg{lrlug ife lhg ìm{idgdu&pgfgùng pi`nlf {gdpnid {rihrlmp& lde `lughirn`lf didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid {rihrlmp$ Ujgu~{ifih~ np {rgpgduge nd pwmmlr~ birm nd Bnhwrg


13/32



14/32


?$ DGGEP& IOCG@UNRGP& LDE EGPNHD

Ujg mlnd iocgùng ib ujnp pgùnid np ui url`g ujg fndap ujlu gznpu oguxggd {gr`gnge {ifn`~dggep& lfugrdlung iocgùngp bir didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp& lde {rihrlm egpnhd$ Nd rgp{idpg

ui {gr`gnge {ifn`~ dggep lde hl{p& didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp `ld og lppi`nluge xnuj llrngu~ ib iocgùngp& xnuj nm{fn`lunidp bir p`jgmg egpnhd$

Leergppndh ife lhg {igru~ lde wfdgrlonfnu~ np l {rnmlr~ iocgùng nd pi`nlf {gdpnidp olpgeid pi`nlf lppnpuld`g$ Ife lhg np ìmmidf~ lppi`nluge xnuj l eg`fndg nd {riewùng `l{l`nu~$Puwengp id ujg rgflunidpjn{ oguxggd lhg lde glrdndhp& bir gzlm{fg& pwhhgpu nu jlp ldndgruge W pjl{g& pi ujlu mgld glrdndhp ib xiragrp eg`fndg uixlrep ujg gde ib ujgnr xirandhfngp$ Pggrlf {iugdunlf gz{fldlunidp bir ujnp l{{lrgdu eg`fndg nd glrdndhp lde {riewùnnu~xnuj lhg jlg oggd {wu birxlre nd ujg fnugrluwrg$ Ujg~ nd`fweg ujg nm{lù brim eg{rg`nlunid ndl`|wnrge jwmld `l{nulf igr unmg& ir ujg gbbgùp ib lhg enp`rnmndlunid nd gm{fi~mgdu ldeglrdndhp$ Did-floir ndìmg np lfpi fnagf~ ui eg`fndg nd ife lhg& lp ujg xglfuj l``wmwflugeewrndh xirandh fngp np erlxd eixd nd rgunrgmgdu$ Ujg eg`fndg nd {riewùng `l{l`nu~ lde

gm{fi~mgdu i{{iruwdnungp nd ife lhg pwhhgpup ujlu ujg {riolonfnu~ ib gz{grngd`ndh {igru~rnpgp nd flugr lhg$ Jixggr& ujg gm{nrn`lf gnegd`g id ujg ìrrgflunid oguxggd ife lhg lde{igru~ np mnzge *Olrrngduip& Hirmld& lde Jgpfi{ ?;;03 7778;.$ Nd Lpnl& rghnidlf puwengp{rinendh ìm{lrlofg lde ìdpnpugdu gpunmlugp ib ife lhg {igru~ lrg p`lr`g$

L {igru~ rgewùnid iocgùng bir pi`nlf {gdpnidp np ìdpnpugdu xnuj pi`nlf lppnpuld`gl{{ril`jgp ui pg`wrndh ndìmg nd ife lhg$ Ujnp nm{fngp ujg bnrpu ujrgg mlnd u~{gp ib ife lhgpw{{iru negdunbnge nd ujg {rgniwp pgùnid3 pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {rinpnid ui lff& pi`nlf lppnpuld`gxnuj ld ife lhg ìm{idgdu& lde pgfgùng pi`nlf {gdpnidp$ Ujg~ lff pjlrg pimg birm ibmgldp ugpu xjn`j jgf{p negdunb~ ifegr {gi{fg nd {igru~ ir gzurgmg {igru~$ Nd lff ujrgg u~{gp&ujg mlnd iocgùng ib {rinpnid np ui rgew`g {igru~ nd ife lhg$ Lp xnff og gzlmndge& {wrpwndhl {igru~ rgewùnid iocgùng ujriwhj pi`nlf {gdpnidp olpge id pi`nlf lppnpuld`g mnhju

lùwlff~ rgew`g nd`gdungp bir lùng ìdurnowuirp nd ujg xirandh {i{wflunid$ @lughirn`lfpi`nlf {gdpnidp `ld lfpi leergpp {igru~& ndpiblr lp ujg~ lppnpu lff ifegr {gi{fg nd`fwendhujipg nd {igru~& owu iujgr iocgùngp lrg fnagf~ ui eimndlug$ Brim l {igru~ rgewùnidiocgùng& urldpbgrp ui ifegr {gi{fg diu nd {igru~ lrg ndgbbgùng nd mggundh ujnp iocgùng*Ujldj Fidh lde [blw ?;;>3 0002;.$

Ldiujgr iocgùng ib didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp np ui gzugde ujg ìgrlhg ib {gdpnidp`jgmgp& xjn`j np lfpi nm{iruldu nd {rggdundh {igru~ nd ife lhg$ Nd Flund Lmgrn`l& birgzlm{fg& rlugp ib {igru~ lmidh ifegr {gi{fg lrg pnhdnbn`lduf~ fixgr nd ìwdurngp xnuj mirgìm{rgjgdpng {gdpnid ìgrlhg lde xjgrg ndeg{gdegdu fnndh lrrldhgmgdup bir ifegr{gi{fg lrg ujg dirm *Olrrngduip ?;;23 8::.$ Nd ujg ìdugzu ib Lpnl nu np ndbirmlung uiìm{lrg ujg ìgrlhg ib ìdurnowuir~ lde didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp lmidh ujgifegr {i{wflunid xnuj ujg ìgrlhg ib ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp lmidh ujg xirandh{i{wflunid$ Bnhwrg ? pwmmlrnsgp ujnp ndbirmlunid bir pggrlf Lpnld ìwdurngp$


15/32


Bnhwrg ?3 Pjlrg ib ujg [i{wflunid Loig _gunrgmgdu Lhg _g`gnndh l [gdpnidlde L`ung @idurnowuirp nd ujg Xirandh [i{wflunid *'.

; ;


16/32


lmidh ujg ifegr {i{wflunid xnff eg`fndg nd ujg bwuwrg& nd`rglpndh wfdgrlonfnu~ nd ife lhg*Blfandhjlm lde Rfl`jlduidn ?;


17/32


Bnhwrg 03 [ri-ife ir [ri-{iir9Ujg _gflung _gl`j ib Urldpbgrp

; < ? 0 5 7 2

Ojwuld

Ndenl

[_@

Mlfengp

Bncn

Fli [E_

@lmoienl

Oldhflegpj

Ndeidgpnl

Ulcnanpuld

Rldwluw

Dlwrw

Mlfl~pnl

Uidhl

Lsgrolncld

@iia Npfldep

Alsljapuld

[l{wl Dgx Hwndgl

[lanpuld

Prn Fldal

A~rh~spuld

Uwlfw

_g{ ib Airgl

Lrmgdnl

Rngu Dlm

Cl{ldMidhifnl

Dg{lf

[jnfn{{ndgp

Wsoganpuld

Mlrpjlff Np$

rluni ib ' 2;! ui ' {iir rgl`jge xnuj urldpbgrp

Elul piwr`g3 Xiie& C$ ?;;>$ L Pi`nlf [riugùnid Ndegz bir Lpnl$ _g{iru Pndhl{irg3 Jlf`rix Hriw{ Fnmnuge

Ujgrg lrg iujgr {ifn`~ hl{p lde iocgùngp xjn`j mnhju cwpunb~ ujg nduriewùnid ibdidìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp$ Pi`nlf {gdpnidp `ld og cwpunbnge nd ugrmp ib ndugrhgdgrlunidlfrgenpurnowunid& brim ~iwdhgr ui ifegr hgdgrlunidp$ Nd ujnp ìdugzu& l `lughirn`lf {gdpnideimndlugp igr lfugrdlung egpnhd i{unidp$


18/32


0$ LPPGPPNDH [IFN@^ I[UNIDP3 [IRG_U & ND@GDUNRGP&LDE OWEHGUP

L`ìrendh ui Bgfepugnd& ggr~ pi`ngu~ mwpu pifg ujg {riofgm ib pw{{irundh ujipg ndennewlfpxji ogìmg uii ife ui xira owu jlg diu mleg leg|wlug {rinpnid bir ujgnr ife lhg o~plndh xjgd ujg~ xgrg ~iwdh *Bgfepugnd :83 52::5.$ Bndendh pifwunidp ui ujnp {riofgmnp& ui l flrhg gzugdu& eg{gdegdu id ujg p{g`nbn` ìdenunidp ib {lrun`wflr pi`ngungp& ujgnr pulhgnd ujg egmihrl{jn` urldpnunid lde gìdimn` eggfi{mgdu& lde ujg dluwrg ib {rg-gznpundhndpunuwunidp$ Ujnp np ujg cwpunbn`lunid bir bi`wpndh bnrpu id ìwdur~-p{g`nbn` ìdenunidp ldendpunuwunidp$ Nu np dix unmg ui ìdpnegr orngbf~ pimg ib ujg {ifn`~ urleg-ibbp nd rgp{gù ibdidìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp lde pi`nlf {gdpnidp& xnuj ujg jgf{ ib l olpn` ldlf~un`lf brlmgxira$

0$< [igru~

Didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp ìdpnpu ib ulz-bndld`ge `lpj urldpbgrp ui ifegr {gi{fg nd dgge$ Nuxnff og lppwmge& ui oghnd xnuj& ujlu ujg mlnd iocgùng np ui rgew`g ir gfnmndlug {igru~

lmidh ifegr {gi{fg$ Nd eggfi{ndh ìwdurngp& {igru~ np dirmlff~ egbndge nd lopifwug ugrmp1ndennewlfp ir jiwpgjifep lrg plne ui og nd {igru~ nb ujgnr puldelrep ib fnndh lrg biwde ui ogogfix l mndnmwm ujrgpjife ir {igru~ fndg$ Nu np ìmmid {rlùn`g bir ìwdurngp ui pgu ujggzurgmg {igru~ fndg lu l fggf g|wnlfgdu ui ujg ìpu ib l olpn` olpagu ib biie$ Jiwpgjifeplrg nd gzurgmg {igru~ nb ujgnr ndìmg np ndpwbbn`ngdu ui pg`wrg l olpn` biie pw{{f~$ Nd leenunidui biie& l``gpp ui olpn` pgrn`gp np lfpi gppgdunlf ui pg`wrndh mndnmwm fnndh puldelrep$[igru~& lp i{{ipge ui gzurgmg {igru~& np egbndge lp ujg ìpu ib l olpn` olpagu ib hiieplde gppgdunlf pgrn`gp$ Ndennewlfp lde jiwpgjifep biwde ui og loig ujg gzurgmg {igru~fndg& owu ogfix ujg igrlff {igru~ fndg& `ld og plne ui og nd miegrlug {igru~$

Ujgrg lrg pggrlf mglpwrgp ib {igru~ nd wpg nd ujg fnugrluwrg$ Ujg mglpwrg mipu ìmmidf~wpge np ujg {igru~ jgleìwdu rlugujg {ri{irunid ib l {i{wflunid *ir hriw{. gpunmluge uiog nd {igru~ ir gzurgmg {igru~& eg{gdendh id ujg {lrun`wflr {igru~ fndg wpge$ Ujg {igru~jgleìwdu rlug np purlnhjubirxlre ui ndugr{rgu owu lp l mglpwrg ib {igru~ nu np {riofgmlun` lpnu eigp diu ulag l`ìwdu ib jix {iir {gi{fg nd {igru~ lrg$ Ujg {igru~ hl{ rlug igrìmgpujnp enpleldulhg& lp nu bi`wpgp id ujg hl{ gznpundh oguxggd ujg fnndh puldelrep ib {gi{fg nd{igru~ lde ujg {igru~ fndg$ Ujg {igru~ hl{ rlug np ìdpurwùge o~ leendh lff ujg {igru~hl{p xnujnd l {i{wflunid lde ennendh o~ ujg {i{wflunid nupgfb$ Ui gdlofg ìm{lrnpid l`rippunmg lde l`ripp ìwdurngp& ujg {igru~ hl{ np wpwlff~ rg{iruge lp l {gr`gdulhg ib ujg {igru~fndg$ Ujg {igru~ hl{ rluni np pgdpnung ui ujg eg{uj ib {igru~& owu nu eigp diu bwff~ l`ìwdubir ujg ndugdpnu~ ib {igru~ ndpiblr lp nu hngp ujg plmg xgnhju ui ggr~ %< ib {igru~ hl{&xjgujgr nu {grulndp ui l jiwpgjife nd gzurgmg {igru~ ir idg nd miegrlug {igru~$ L {igru~mglpwrg pjiwfe {grjl{p lppnhd l jnhjgr xgnhju ui ujg {igru~ hl{ ib ujg {iirgpu ìm{lrgeui ujipg cwpu ogfix ujg {igru~ fndg$ Ujg /{igru~ hl{ p|wlrge/ mglpwrg xgnhjup ujg {igru~

hl{p ib {gi{fg nd {igru~ o~ ujg {igru~ hl{p ujgmpgfgp& lde np ujgrgbirg mirg pgdpnung uiujg ndugdpnu~ ib {igru~$

Ujnp np nm{iruldu nd ujg ìdugzu ib egpnhdndh didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp$ Ui ujg gzugdu ujlu{ifn`~mlagrp lei{u ujg iocgùng ib mndnmnsndh ujg {igru~ jgleìwdu rlug& lde lppwmndhujg~ jlg l fnmnuge owehgu& ujg~ xnff og mirg gbbgùng nd l`jngndh ujnp iocgùng nb ujg~ìd`gdurlug urldpbgrp lmidh ujipg `fipgr ui ujg {igru~ fndg$ Nb& id ujg iujgr jlde& ujgnriocgùng np ui mndnmnsg ujg {igru~ hl{ rluni& nu eigp diu mluugr gr~ mw`j xji ujg~ ulrhgubir urldpbgrp lp fidh lp ogdgbn`nlrngp lrg nd {igru~ lde ujg urldpbgrp ei diu ulag ujgm xgffloig ujg {igru~ fndg$ Urldpbgrp ui ujipg loig ujg {igru~ fndg blnf ui mndnmnsg ujg {igru~hl{ rlug$ [ifn`~mlagrp ìd`grdge xnuj ujg {fnhju ib ujg {iirgpu xnff bi`wp rgpiwr`gp idmndnmnsndh ujg {igru~ hl{ p|wlrge rlug lde xnff lffi`lug ujgnr fnmnuge owehgu ui ujg gr~{iirgpu bnrpu$ Ujnp orngb enp`wppnid id {igru~ fndgp lde {igru~ mglpwrgp jnhjfnhjup ujgnm{iruld`g luul`jge ui pguundh {igru~ rgewùnid iocgùngp bir didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp$


19/32


0$? Nd`gdungp

Ulz-bndld`ge urldpbgrp ui {gi{fg nd {igru~ ìwfe jlg legrpg gbbgùp id gìdimn`nd`gdungp& xjn`j nd uwrd ìwfe hgdgrlug xgfblrg fippgp nd ld gìdim~$ Ujgpg dgge ui ogìdpnegrge uihgujgr xnuj ujg {iugdunlf xgfblrg hlndp brim {igru~ rgewùnid$ Ujgrg lrg uxi

mlnd piwr`gp ib enpnd`gdungp lrnpndh brim didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp3 ujipg lrnpndh brim ujgleenunidlf ulzgp dggege ui bndld`g {gdpnidp& lde ujipg lmidh {iugdunlf ogdgbn`nlrngp lrnpndhbrim ujg rg`gn{u ib ujg {gdpnid ogdgbnup$ Ujgpg enpnd`gdungp xnff diu og ìdpnegrge bwff~ ndujnp {l{gr&


20/32


Bnhwrg 53 [igru~ _gewùnid lde Nd`gdungp Urleg-Ibbp

^d

s l

; ^h

B*^h.

^h = Hripp ndìmg& ndìmg ogbirg ulzgp lde ogdgbnup

B*^h. = ujg bwdùnid egp`rnondh ujg enpurnowunid ib h

^d = Dgu Ndìmg& ndìmg lbugr ulzgp lde ogdgbnup

Piwr`g3 Jifsmldd& _iolfndi& lde Ulal~lml *?;;>.

Nd Bnhwrg 5& dgu ndìmg np hripp ndìmg {fwp urldpbgrp *lde ulzgp.$ Ujg 57 fndg pjixp ujgpnuwlunid xjgd urldpbgrp lrg sgri$ Ujg hripp ndìmg enpurnowunid `wrg nd ujg fixgr {ldgfpjixp ujg dwmogr ib ndennewlfp biwde lu enbbgrgdu fggfp ib ndìmg lde jlp ujg u~{n`lffihdirmlf enpurnowunid$ Lppwmg ujg higrdmgdu eg`negp ui {rineg l urldpbgr ui lffndennewlfp ogfix ujg {igru~ fndg lu s& g|wnlfgdu ui ujg {igru~ hl{& ujg grun`lf enbbgrgd`g npoguxggd sllde ujg 57 fndg$ Ujg {igru~ hl{ np sl;& xjn`j np lfpi ujg owehgu dggege ui

grlen`lug {igru~$

L urldpbgr {rihrlm ib ujnp u~{g xnff hgdgrlug xgfblrg hlndp& gp{g`nlff~ nb bndld`ge brimulzlunid ib ujg oguugr-ibb& lde lppwmndh enmndnpjndh mlrhndlf wunfnu~ brim ndìmg$ Nu xnff lfpihgdgrlug xira enpnd`gdungp lmidh ndennewlfp nd {igru~$ Pguundh l pi`nlf {gdpnid lu snm{fngp ujlu ndennewlfp xnuj dgu ndìmg ogfix s xiwfe bl`g l


21/32


gz{gdenuwrg$ Pgìdef~& ujg nd`rglpg nd ujg didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp owehgu ui bndld`g ujgul{gr xnff rgpwfu nd leenunidlf enpnd`gdung gbbgùp bir ulz{l~grp$

Ujg urleg-ibbp negdunbnge xnuj ujg jgf{ ib Bnhwrg 5 l{{f~ xnuj mienbn`lunidp ui lfugrdlungegpnhdp ib didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp$ Pguundh l urldpbgr g|wnlfgdu ui ujg {igru~ hl{ birgl`j ifegr {grpid xiwfe egmlde ndbirmlunid xjn`j np ibugd enbbn`wfu ui ìffgù lde np ìpuf~ ui

ldlf~sg& gp{g`nlff~ lp ndìmg np pwocgù ui rg{irundh lde mglpwrgmgdu grrirp$ Nd ujg `lpg ibifegr {gi{fg fnndh xnuj ujgnr gzugdege blmnfngp& ujg wdnu ib lppgppmgdu np ujg jiwpgjife& lpi{{ipge ui ujg ndennewlf$ Ujgrg np ìdpnegrlofg engrpnu~ nd ujg {rlùn`lf l{{ril`jgp ui ujgnegdunbn`lunid ib jiwpgjifep o~ egfngr~ lhgd`ngp l`ripp ujg xirfe *pgg l enp`wppnid id ujnpnppwg nd pgùnid 5.$ L higrdmgdu xnuj xglagr lemndnpurlung `l{l`nu~ xiwfe i{u bir l bnzgeurldpbgr ndpugle$ L urldpbgr g|wnlfgdu ui ujg {igru~ fndg ìwfe og pjixd nd Bnhwrg 5 o~ l fndgpulrundh brim s lde {lrlffgf ui ujg 57 fndg$ Ujg plmg urleg-ibbp l{{f~ nd ujnp `lpg$ Lhigrdmgdu nd l fix-ndìmg ìwdur~ xnuj gr~ fnmnuge rgpiwr`gp xiwfe {riolof~ i{u bir lbnzge urldpbgr g|wnlfgdu ui l brlùnid ib ujg {igru~ fndg *pgg ulofg bir gzlm{fgp.$ Ujnp `ld ogpjixd nd Bnhwrg 5 o~ l fndg pulrundh lu pimg {indu oguxggd ;lde s& lde {lrlffgf ui ujg 57fndg$ Pimg ib ujg enpnd`gdung gbbgùp lrg mndnmnsge ìm{lrge ui ujg `lughirn`lf {gdpnid ndujg {rgniwp gzlm{fg& gp{g`nlff~ lp l pmlffgr {ri{irunid ib ujg pi`nlf {gdpnid owehgu p{nffp

igr ui ujg did-{iir$ Owu ujnp np lu ujg ìpu ib pmlffgr xgfblrg hlndp& lp mld~ ifegr {gi{fgxnff ìdundwg ui jlg puldelrep ib fnndh ogfix ujg {igru~ fndg& ggd lbugr rg`gn{u ib lurldpbgr$

Nd pwmmlr~& ujg `jlffgdhgp ndifge nd egpnhdndh didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp lde pi`nlf{gdpnidp lrg ui ei xnuj bndendh ujg l{{ri{rnlug ìmondlunid ib xgfblrg hlndp brim {igru~rgewùnid& xjnfpu mndnmnsndh ujg legrpg gbbgùp id ujg nd`gdungp ib ulz{l~grp ldeogdgbn`nlrngp$ Pgùnid 5 gzlmndgp ujgpg urleg-ibbp bir ìwdurngp xnuj nd`n{ngdu ìdurnowuir~{gdpnid {rihrlmp& xjnfg ujg `lpg ib ìwdurngp xnuj xgff-eggfi{ge ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp`jgmgp np ìgrge nd pgùnid 7$

5$ PI@NLF [GDPNIDP LDE PI@NLF LPPNPULD@GHripj lde Fgnug *?;;>3


22/32


ujgmpgfgp gdìwrlhg ifegr {gi{fg ui pgga pg{lrlug fnndh lrrldhgmgdup lde orgla w{pw{{iru dguxirap$ Ujgrg np lfpi ujg {indu ujlu ndìmg urldpbgrp ui ifegr {gi{fg mnhju diu oggbbgùng o~ ujgmpgfgp ui pg`wrg l``gpp ui olpn` pgrn`gp ir pw{{iru$

Nd {rlùn`g& pi`nlf lppnpuld`g {rihrlmp ibugd enp`rnmndlug lhlndpu ifegr {gi{fg$ Ujnp np{lrun`wflrf~ ujg `lpg nd {igru~ rgewùnid {rihrlmp xnuj l eggfi{mgdu irngdulunid$ Ujg

Dlunidlf Gm{fi~mgdu Hwlrldugg P`jgmg nd Ndenl& bir gzlm{fg& {rinegp .$

Ujgrg lrg nm{iruldu ndpnhjup id ujnp nppwg gmgrhndh brim ujg ujgirgun`lf fnugrluwrg idurldpbgrp lde nd`gdungp$ Lagrfib *8:3 :. egmidpurlugp ujlu& nd l pnuwlunid nd xjn`j{igru~ np puridhf~ lppi`nluge xnuj l {lrun`wflr `lughir~ ib {gi{fg nd l {i{wflunid&

`lughirn`lf urldpbgrp {rig mirg gbbn`ngdu nd ugrmp ib mndnmnsndh ujg enpuirunidp ui ujg ulzpurwùwrg lde {rinendh jnhjgr fggfp ib ogdgbnu$ Gzugdendh ujnp lrhwmgdu ui didìdurnowuir~p`jgmgp& ujg pwhhgpunid np ujlu /ulhhndh/ ifegr {gi{fg xnujnd ujg hgdgrlf {i{wflunid hriw{mnhju {rig ui og l oguugr i{unid ujld hgdgrlfnpu pi`nlf lppnpuld`g$ Ulag l j~{iujgun`lfpnuwlunid nd xjn`j ìd`grdp xnuj ujg nd`gdung gbbgùp ib lppnpuld`g {grpwleg {ifn`~mlagrp uirgew`g ui l mndnmwm ujg fggf ib urldpbgrp ui jiwpgjifep nd {igru~$ Jixggr& xnujnd ujluhriw{ ujgrg np l flrhg pwohriw{ ib ifegr {gi{fg bir xjim ujg {iugdunlf enpnd`gdungp ui xiralrg pmlff& rgflung ui ujg pnuwlunid ib {iir jiwpgjifep xnuj lewfup ib xirandh lhg& lde ujg{iugdunlf enpnd`gdungp ui plg bir ife lhg lrg ìdpnegrge fgpp rgfgldu$ Ujgrg mnhju og l`lpg bir pg{lrlundh iwu ifegr {gi{fg brim jiwpgjifep xnuj lewfup ib xirandh lhg xnujnd ujgpi`nlf lppnpuld`g p`jgmg$ Ujnp mnhju mlag nu {ippnofg ui rlnpg ogdgbnu fggfp ui ifegr {gi{fgnd {igru~ xnujiwu leenunidlf enpnd`gdung gbbgùp$


23/32


{gi{fg xnuj l `lughirn`lf {gdpnid nd ìdenunidp xjgrg ife lhg np `fipgf~ ìrrgfluge xnuj{igru~& lde lfpi nd l ìdugzu nd xjn`j ifegr {gi{fg lrg diu gz{gùge ui xira$ Lp jlp oggdenp`wppge& ife lhg lde {igru~ lrg diu lfxl~p ìrrgfluge nd eggfi{ndh ìwdurngp& lfujiwhjujnp mnhju nupgfb og l ìdpg|wgd`g ib ujg purgdhuj ib {gdpnid {rinpnid$ Lde og`lwpg pi`nlf{gdpnidp nd eggfi{ndh ìwdurngp flrhgf~ flà ndlùnnu~ ugpup bir gfnhnonfnu~& ujg legrpg floirpw{{f~ gbbgùp xnff og eixd ui ndìmg gbbgùp$

Bgfepugnd *:83 52::5. ìdpnegrge ujg xgfblrg gbbgùp ib `lughirn`lf grpwp mgldp ugpugepi`nlf {gdpnidp$ Jnp mlnd ìd`fwpnid np ujlu mgldp ugpuge pi`nlf {gdpnidp eimndlug& owu`lughirn`lf {rihrlmp xiwfe hgdgrlug jnhjgr xgfblrg nd uxi pnuwlunidp$ Bnrpuf~& xjgrg l mgldpugpuge pi`nlf {gdpnid ndew`gp l flrhg dwmogr ib xiragrp xji iujgrxnpg mnhju og lofg uiplg bir ujgnr rgunrgmgdu ui pui{ plndh lde ndpugle rgf~ id ujg pi`nlf {gdpnid$ Ujnp xiwfe ogujg `lpg nb ujg enpurnowunid ib ndìmg jlp l p{nag cwpu loig ujg mgldp ugpu ujrgpjife birgdunufgmgdu& g$h$& ujgrg lrg flrhg dwmogrp ib xiragrp xnuj plndhp pwbbn`ngdu ui pw{{irupuldelrep ib fnndh nd rgunrgmgdu cwpu loig ujg {igru~ fndg$ Ujg pgìde `lpg jlp ui ei xnujpnuwlunidp nd xjn`j ujg mgldp ugpuge pi`nlf {gdpnidp dgge ui og pgu lu l gr~ fix fggf uipwpulnd nd`gdungp ui xira lde plg$ Fix {gdpnid ogdgbnup mnhju og lppi`nluge xnuj xgfblrgfippgp lrnpndh brim ujg eg{rnlunid ib pi`nlf {gdpnidgrp hrglugr ujld ujg xgfblrg fippgp brim

legrpg nd`gdungp ui xira lde plg$ Nd ujgpg `nr`wmpuld`gp& `lughirn`lf {gdpnidp egfngrjnhjgr fggfp ib xgfblrg$

Nd ujg ìdugzu ib eggfi{ndh ìwdurngp xnuj fnmnuge rgpiwr`gp& ìdpnegrlunid dggep ui oghngd ui ujg pnsg ib ujg owehgup rg|wnrge& gp{g`nlff~ xjgrg ujg nd`negd`g lde eg{uj ib{igru~ lrg pnhdnbn`ldu& lde xjgrg rgpiwr`gp ui lppnpu ifegr hriw{p ìm{gug xnuj rgpiwr`gpui pw{{iru iujgr lhg hriw{p$ Nu np lfpi nm{iruldu ui fiia lu ujg `jldhgp nd ujg owehgu igrunmg$ [lfl`nip lde Pfw`j~dpa~ *?;;2. {rineg gpunmlugp ib owehgu fggfp rg|wnrge ui bndld`gl `lughirn`lf {gdpnid ib


24/32


Bnhwrg 73 Owehgu Gpunmlugp ib l @lughirn`lf [gdpnid lp ' ib HE[

Ogdgbnu ib


25/32


ìwdurngp pw`j lp ujg _g{wofn` ib Airgl lde Mlfl~pnl np miunluge o~ ujg dgge ui gz{ldeujg ìgrlhg ib {gdpnid {rinpnid lmidh ifegr {gi{fg& nd `nr`wmpuld`gp xjgrg `jldhgp ndujg floir mlragu lde)ir rl{ne {i{wflunid lhgndh fnmnu ujg gz{ldpnid ib ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp`jgmgp *Lpjgr ?;.$ Jgrg& ujg urleg-ibbp oguxggd {igru~ rgewùnid& nd`gdungp&lde bnp`lf ìpu rgìmmgde rgulndndh puridh nd`gdungp bir xiragrp ui ìdurnowug ui pi`nlfndpwrld`g p`jgmgp$

Ld gdur~ {indu ndui ujnp pgu ib nppwgp np ui ìdpnegr ujg ogjlnirlf rgp{idpgp ui ujgnm{fgmgdulunid ib l pi`nlf {gdpnid brim xiragrp xji lrg lofg ui mlag ujgnr ixdlrrldhgmgdup bir ife lhg ujriwhj ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp$ Rlfep-[rngui *?;;:.eggfi{p l miegf ib ìdurnowunid egdpnu~ bir ujg /mneefg `flppgp/ xjn`j np gr~ jgf{bwf birgz{firndh ujg nm{fn`lunidp bfixndh brim ujg nduriewùnid ib l pi`nlf {gdpnid nd ìdugzup xjgrgxgff-eggfi{ge ìdurnowuir~ {rinpnid np nd {fl`g$ Nd ujg miegf& xiragrp {gdpnid ogdgbnup lrgegugrmndge o~ ujg egdpnu~ ib ujgnr ìdurnowunid igr ujgnr xirandh fngp& mglpwrge lp ujg{ri{irunid ib ujgnr xirandh fngp bir xjn`j ujg~ lrg lofg ui mlag ìdurnowunidp ui l {gdpnidp`jgmg$

Ujg miegf lppwmgp l xiragr `ld mldn{wflug jnp ir jgr ìdurnowunid egdpnu~ o~ mindh brim

ìgrge ui did-ìgrge gm{fi~mgdu *pl~ birmlf ui ndbirmlf gm{fi~mgdu.$ Nd did-ìgrgegm{fi~mgdu& xlhgp ogbirg {l~riff ìdurnowunidp lrg fixgr ujld nd ìgrge gm{fi~mgdu& ewgnd {lru ui enbbgrgd`gp nd {riewùnnu~ oguxggd ujg uxi pgùirp& owu lfpi ui ujg blù ujlu {l~riffulzgp lrg pwourlùge nd ìgrge gm{fi~mgdu$ Ui pnm{fnb~ ujg mlnd {lrlmgugrp ib ujg miegf&îl np ulagd ui nden`lug ndìmg nd ife lhg& lde ^x ui nden`lug ndìmg ewrndh l {grpidpxirandh fnbg$ Nd Bnhwrg 2& ujg pghmgdu ~-~rg{rgpgdup ujg urleg-ibbp bir ujg xiragr1 ujg pfi{gib ~-~rgbfgùp ujg rlug ib rguwrd id {gdpnid ìdurnowunidp$


26/32


Bnhwrg 23 Didìdurnowuir~ [gdpnidp lde @idurnowunid Egdpnu~

îl np ndìmg nd ife lhg

^x np ndìmg xjnfg nd xira

~-~ rg{rgpgdup bglpnofg urleg-ibbp oguxggd îl lde ^x

^x.$


27/32


Iujgr egpnhd bgluwrgp `ld og nm{iruldu$ Pguundh ujg lhg ib gfnhnonfnu~ bir pi`nlf {gdpnidpjnhjgr ujld bir ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp mnhju xira ui purgdhujgd ìdurnowunid nd`gdungp$Pguundh ujg mndnmwm ogdgbnu fggf bir ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp jnhjgr ujld ujg fggf birdidìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp xiwfe lfpi jgf{ ui purgdhujgd ìdurnowunid nd`gdungp$ Ujg w{pjiuib ujnp enp`wppnid np ujlu ujg ndughrlunid ib ìdurnowuir~ lde didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp npenbbn`wfu ui l`jngg$ Ujgpg egpnhd bgluwrgp mnhju og enbbn`wfu ui pwpulnd {ifnun`lff~$?0

Pimg ìwdurngp pgu l flug lhg ib gdunufgmgdu bir `lughirn`lf pi`nlf {gdpnidp nd ld gbbiru uinm{rig nd`gdungp lde)ir rgew`g owehgu lffi`lunidp$ Dg{lf np l `lpg nd {indu$ Ujgìrrgflunid oguxggd ndìmg lde xglfuj id ujg idg jlde& lde fidhgnu~ id ujg iujgr&pwhhgpup ujgrg lrg nm{fn`lunidp brim lei{undh l flug lhg ib gdunufgmgdu bir {igru~ rgewùnidgbbgùngdgpp lde jirnsidulf g|wnu~$ Ui ujg gzugdu ujlu xglfujngr {gi{fg fng fidhgr& nu biffixpujlu ujg~ jlg ld lùwlrnlff~ hrglugr {riolonfnu~ ib ìffgùndh ujgnr pi`nlf {gdpnid& lde xnfferlx rgflungf~ flrhgr ogdgbnup brim ujg p`jgmg ujld {iirgr {gi{fg$ L puwe~ ib fidhnuwendlfpwrg~p bir uxi Lpnld ìwdurngp {rinegp pimg ìdbnrmlunid ib ujnp {indu& lfujiwhj nu np gr~enbbn`wfu ui hgu l pgdpg ib ujg pnsg ib ujg fnagf~ gbbgùp *

Oldgrcgg lde Ewbfi ?;;8.$ Bnhwrg 8nffwpurlugp ujnp {indu bir Rngu Dlm lde Ndeidgpnl$ Nu pjixp l eg`fndndh rlug ib mirulfnu~ lmidhifegr {gi{fg nd oguugr-ibb jiwpgjifep& gp{g`nlff~ nd rwrlf lrglp$

?0Orlsnfp didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmg& Ogdgbnli eg [rgpulli @idundwlel *O[@.& ndnunlff~ jle l mndnmwm

lhg ib gdunufgmgdu pgu lu 28& xjnfg ujg ìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp lhg ib gfnhnonfnu~ xlp 27& owu pwopg|wgduhigrdmgdup fixgrge ujg lhg ib gdunufgmgdu bir ujg didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmg ui 27 nd ld gbbiru ui rgew`g ife lhg{igru~$


28/32


Bnhwrg 83 Nd`img-Mirulfnu~ Hrlengdu Rngu Dlm lde Ndeidgpnl

Brl`unid ib rgp{idegdup igr 7; nd >0 xji enge o~ >8

;$


29/32


pgfgùng ir mgldp ugpuge pi`nlf {gdpnidp& lde `lughirn`lf pi`nlf {gdpnidp$ L bnbuj u~{g&mndnmwm {gdpnid hwlrlduggp xnujnd ìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp& xlp diu ìdpnegrge& gz`g{u birnup fndap xnuj didìdurnowuir~ pi`nlf {gdpnidp$

Ujg {l{gr ujgd ìdpnegrge ujg rgflunidpjn{ oguxggd {ifn`~ dggep& ujg iocgùngp ibdidìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp& lde {rihrlm egpnhd$ Didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp `ld leergpp l

lrngu~ ib {ifn`~ dggep& nd`fwendh ife lhg {igru~ rgewùnid& ujg gzugdpnid ib {gdpnidp`jgmgp ìgrlhg& rl{ne {i{wflunid lhgndh& lde ujg nm{lù ib mnhrlunid lde hfiolfnslunidid ifegr {gi{fg$ Ujg enp`wppnid bi`wpge id ujg rgflunidpjn{ oguxggd {igru~ rgewùnid ldeìgrlhg gzugdpnid iocgùngp$ Nu negdunbnge lrglp ib igrfl{ lp xgff lp {iugdunlf ìdbfnù ibiocgùngp$ Ujg~ jgf{ gz{flnd ujg engrpnu~ nd {ifn`ngp leergppndh ife lhg wfdgrlonfnu~ nd Lpnl$

Pgùnid 0 luugm{uge ld lppgppmgdu ib ujg pi`nlf xgfblrg nm{lù ib lfugrdlung {ifn`~ i{unidp$Ujg l{{ril`j lei{uge xlp ui bi`wp id ujrgg ag~ {lrlmgugrp ib pi`nlf {gdpnidp3 {igru~rgewùnid& nd`gdungp& lde owehgup$ Ujg ldlf~pnp bi`wpge id uxi ag~ {ifn`~ diegp3 ujgìm{lrlung leldulhg ib pi`nlf lppnpuld`g lde pi`nlf {gdpnidp& lde ujg fndap oguxggddidìdurnowuir~ lde ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp$ Ujg bnrpu {ifn`~ dieg np rgfgldu ui fix-lde mneefg-ndìmg ìwdurngp xnuj nd`n{ngdu ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp$ Ujg pgìde {ifn`~

dieg rgbfgùp ujg pnuwlunid ib mneefg- lde jnhj-ndìmg ìwdurngp xnuj xgff-eggfi{geìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid p`jgmgp$

Pi`nlf lppnpuld`g urldpbgrp lde pgfb-puldendh pi`nlf {gdpnidp {rineg ìm{gundh i{unidp$ Ndujgir~& hgdgrlfnpu pi`nlf lppnpuld`g& nb xgff egpnhdge lde nm{fgmgduge& ìwfe {rineg ldgbbgùng mgldp ib leergppndh lhhrghlug {igru~& nd`fwendh ife lhg {igru~$ Id {l{gr&hgdgrlfnpu pi`nlf lppnpuld`g `ld gdpwrg jirnsidulf gbbn`ngd`~ lde blnrdgpp& lp ld~ {wofn`pw{{iru ui igrìmg {igru~ np {rinege ui lff$ Nd {rlùn`g& jixggr& hgdgrlfnpu pi`nlflppnpuld`g ndpunuwunidp ugde ui enp`rnmndlug lhlndpu ifegr {gi{fg ujriwhj nm{fn`nu ir gz{fn`nulhg rgpurnùnidp$ Pw{{iru ui ifegr hriw{p {rinege ujriwhj p{g`nlf pi`nlf lppnpuld`gìm{idgdup bi`wpge id lhg `ld jlg leldulhgp$ Pg{lrlundh iwu ifegr {gi{fg `ld gdlofg{ifn`~mlagrp ui {rineg l jnhjgr fggf ib pw{{iru xnuj l rgew`ge nm{lù id nd`gdungp$Eg{gdendh id egpnhd& pgfgùng pi`nlf {gdpnidp ugde ui hgdgrlug pnmnflr iwuìmgp$@lughirn`lf pi`nlf {gdpnidp `ld og gbbgùng nd leergppndh ife lhg {igru~ owu rg|wnrgpnhdnbn`lduf~ jnhjgr owehgu lffi`lunidp$ Ujg orile ìd`fwpnid brim ujg ujgirgun`lf fnugrluwrg npujlu pgfgùng pi`nlf {gdpnidp `ld og mirg gbbgùng ujld `lughirn`lf {gdpnidp& owu ujgrg lrg`nr`wmpuld`gp nd xjn`j `lughirn`lf {gdpnidp lrg {rgbgrlofg$

@imondndh didìdurnowuir~ lde ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnid {rihrlmp rg|wnrgp ìdpnegrlofg `lrg ndmlndulndndh ìdurnowunid nd`gdungp$ Nd ujg {rgpgd`g ib xgff-eggfi{ge ìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp`jgmgp& hgdgriwp pi`nlf {gdpnidp `ld rgew`g ìdurnowunid nd`gdungp& gp{g`nlff~ lmidhfix-ndìmg xiragrp$ _gew`ndh ujg hgdgripnu~ ib {gdpnid ogdgbnup lde)ir rlnpndh ujg lhg ibgdunufgmgdu nd didìdurnowuir~ {gdpnidp mnhju jgf{ purgdhujgd ìdurnowunid nd`gdungp& owu ndujg {ri`gpp hlndp nd pi`nlf xgfblrg lrg pnhdnbn`lduf~ rgew`ge$ Ujg lhgxglfuj hrlengdumlagp nu {riofgmlun` ui rgf~ id l flug lhg ib gdunufgmgdu bir pi`nlf {gdpnidp& xjgujgr

pgfgùng ir `lughirn`lf$ Nd `lughirn`lf pi`nlf {gdpnidp& ujg xglfuj~ jlg ld lùwlrnlff~jnhjgr {riolonfnu~ ib erlxndh ogdgbnup ujld fix-ndìmg hriw{p$

Didìdurnowuir~ p`jgmgp `ld lfpi jgf{ leergpp iujgr {ifn`~ `jlffgdhgp nd Lpnl& nd`fwendhrl{ne {i{wflunid lhgndh lde rl{ne gìdimn` urldpbirmlunid$ Ujg mlnd ìd`fwpnid brim ujgenp`wppnid nd ujnp {l{gr np ujlu pggrlf {ifn`~ i{unidp lrg llnflofg lde ujg~ dgge ui ogìdpnegrge `lrgbwff~ nd ujg ìdugzu ib ìwdur~-p{g`nbn` ìdenunidp lde gznpundh ndpunuwunidp$_gpglr`j lde elul id ujg xgff-ogndh ib ifegr hriw{p& uihgujgr xnuj ld lppgppmgdu ib ujg{ifnun`lf lde {ifnun`lf gìdim~ blùirp bl`nfnulundh ir ìdpurlndndh {ifn`~& xnff og gppgdunlf uiujg pw``gpp ib ìwdur~ lde rghnidlf purlughngp$


30/32


?:

_GBG_GD@GP

Lagrfib& H$ L$ 8:$ Ujg g`idimn`p ib /ulhhndh/ lp l{{fnge ui i{unmlf ulz& xgfblrg {rihrlmp&lde mld{ixgr {flddndh$ Lmgrn`ld G`idimn` _gngx2:*


31/32


?>

@lrlfji& N$ ?;;;$ Gfegrf~ Ximgd lde ujgnr Fnndh Lrrldhgmgdup$ Mnmgi$ @lmornehg& ML3 MNU$

& ge$ ?;;:$ Ife-lhg ogdgbnup lde ujg floiwr pw{{f~ ib rwrlf gfegrf~ nd Orlsnf$ Ciwrdlf ibEggfi{mgdu Gìdimn`p:23 52$

Ewuul& [$& P$ Jixgp& lde _$ Mwrhln$ ?;$ @fipndh ujg @igrlhg Hl{$ Ujg rifg ibpi`nlf {gdpnidp lde iujgr rgunrgmgdu ndìmg urldpbgrp$ Xlpjndhuid& E@3 Xirfe Olda$

Cgdpgd& _$ ?;;5$ Ei {rnlug urldpbgrp (enp{fl`g( ujg ogdgbnup ib {wofn` urldpbgrp9 Gnegd`g brimPiwuj Lbrn`l$ Ciwrdlf ib [wofn` Gìdimn`p::*


32/32


[glrpid& M$& lde G$ Xjnugjiwpg$ ?;;>$ Pi`nlf {gdpnidp nd jnhj-ndìmg ìwdurngp$ Nd @fipndh ujg@igrlhg Hl{$ Ujg _ifg ib Pi`nlf [gdpnidp lde Iujgr _gunrgmgdu Ndìmg Urldpbgrp&genuge o~ _$ Jifsmld& E$ _iolfndi& lde D$ Ulal~lml$ Xlpjndhuid& E@3 Xirfe Olda$

[ipgf& E$& C$ L$ Blnrowrd& lde B$ Fwde$ ?;;5$ Floiwr mnhrlunid lde jiwpgjifep3 Lrgìdpnegrlunid ib ujg gbbgùp ib ujg pi`nlf {gdpnid id floiwr pw{{f~ nd Piwuj Lbrn`l$

Gìdimn` Miegffndh?03 :0270$_ibmld& _$& F$ Fw``jguun& lde H$ Iwrgdp$ ?;;:$ [gdpnid p~pugmp nd Flund Lmgrn`l3 ìd`g{up

lde mglpwrgmgdup ib ìgrlhg$ Pi`nlf [riugùnid Enp`wppnid [l{gr;2

Documents

What is the Role of Social Pensions in Asia?