What is the safest means of transportation? - … · What is the safest means of transportation? ... performance or flight characteristics ... if a military-owned commercial jet transport

What is the safest means of transportation? An overview of online resources and what to make of them

Rudy Pont 13-December-2013

What is the safest means of transportation?

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Table of contents About me ................................................................................................................................................. 2

What is the safest means of transportation? .......................................................................................... 2

Aviation Safety - Worldwide .................................................................................................................... 3

ICAO ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

Accident definition .......................................................................................................................... 3

Actual figures ................................................................................................................................... 3

IATA ..................................................................................................................................................... 5


Hull loss definition ........................................................................................................................... 5

Actual figures ................................................................................................................................... 5

GSIE Harmonized Accident Rate .......................................................................................................... 6

Boeing statistical sumary ..................................................................................................................... 7

Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 7


Actual figures ................................................................................................................................... 8

Aviation Safety Network .................................................................................................................... 10

Accident definition ........................................................................................................................ 10

Actual figures ................................................................................................................................. 10

Ascend - FlightGlobal ......................................................................................................................... 11

EASA .................................................................................................................................................. 12

Aviation Safety – Europe ....................................................................................................................... 13

Conclusion on Aviation Safety ............................................................................................................... 14

Road safety ............................................................................................................................................ 15

United States/Global ......................................................................................................................... 15

Europe ............................................................................................................................................... 15

Pedestrians, cyclists and users of motorized two-wheelers ................................................................. 16

Railroad safety ....................................................................................................................................... 16

Maritime safety ..................................................................................................................................... 16

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 17

Appendix: Infographics on global road safety 2013 (WHO) .................................................................. 18

References ............................................................................................................................................. 19

List of figures ......................................................................................................................................... 21


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About me Acting as a Flight Safety Officer for Thomas Cook Airlines (Belgium), I have

been involved in aviation safety since 2007. Combining my duties as an A320

First Officer with safety management gives me a unique insight in everyday

safety issues. In order to keep up-to-date with the latest industry trends, I try

to participate as much as possible in conferences, seminars, and other safety

relevant meetings.

Because EASA has set the deadline for Safety Management Systems (SMS) implementation to end of

October 2014, we are currently writing a Safety Management Manual (SMM), training people and

putting everything in place to achieve an effective SMS. Every now and then, some interesting

questions pop up during these training sessions. This paper is part of a collection which intends to

provide more elaborate answers and additional references to these questions.

What is the safest means of transportation? If you google this question, you probably end up with something like this:

“Flying is considered as the safest form of transport due to the fact that airplane accidents are less

frequent. Statistics show that it is about twice as safe as train and six times safer than car

transportation. However, when airplane accidents occur there is usually high fatalities.” (Ask.com,

2013)

Unfortunately only a few of the article I found made actual references to factual data or relevant

publications. So let’s try to find them ourselves.


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Aviation Safety - Worldwide

ICAO

The first slide of our SMS training course is all about image and perception. Despite

the extensive coverage of aircraft accidents, most people are still convinced that

aviation remains the safest way to travel. But do the facts support this dogma?

First of all let us take a look at the global level. Each year the International Civil

Aviation Organization (ICAO) publishes an annual Safety Report. This report takes into account all

accidents as defined by ICAO Annex 13.

Accident definition

An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any

person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have

disembarked, in which:

a. a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:

- being in the aircraft, or

- direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become

detached from the aircraft, or

- direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-

inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding

outside the areas normally available to the passengers and crew; or

b. the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which: — adversely affects the structural

strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and — would normally require

major repair or replacement of the affected component, except for engine failure or damage,

when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings or accessories; or for damage limited

to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tires, brakes, fairings, small dents or puncture holes in the

aircraft skin; or

c. the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.

Note 1.— For statistical uniformity only, an injury resulting in death within thirty days of the date of

the accident is classified as a fatal injury by ICAO.

Note 2.— An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search has been terminated and the

wreckage has not been located. (ICAO, 2001)

Actual figures

“The air transport system carried approximately 2.9 billion passengers in 2012, up 5 per cent since

2011. (…) The number of accidents (as defined in ICAO Annex 13) decreased by 21 per cent and the

global accident rate involving scheduled commercial operations for 2012 has decreased significantly

to 3.2 accidents per million departures. Compared to 2011, the number of fatalities decreased by 10

per cent making 2012 the safest year with regard to fatalities since 2004.” (ICAO, 2013)


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Figure 1: ICAO Accident Records 2006-2012

You don’t need to have an IQ exceeding 130 to realize that flying isn’t equally safe throughout the

world. There are large variations between regions. While Africa accounted for only 5 per cent of total

accidents, 45 per cent of all fatalities occurred in that region. Keep in mind though that with a such a

good safety record in 2012 – only 9 fatal accidents worldwide! – statistics are easily distorted.

Figure 2: ICAO Accident statistics and rates 2012


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IATA

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) uses a different definition of

what they consider to be an accident. Excluding business aviation, training and

test flights they focus on the actual (non-)scheduled civil air transport, the

calculated accident rate is only a fraction of ICAO’s number.

Accident definition

IATA defines an accident as an event where ALL of the following criteria are satisfied:

- Person(s) have boarded the aircraft with the intention of flight (either flight crew or passengers).

- The intention of the flight is limited to normal commercial aviation activities, specifically

scheduled/charter passenger or cargo service. Executive jet operations, training,

maintenance/test flights are all excluded.

- The aircraft is multi-engine, turbine powered, and has a certificated Maximum Take-Off Weight

(MTOW) of at least 5,700KG (12,540 lbs) for Turboprops and 15,000KG (33,000 lbs) for Jets.

- The aircraft has sustained major structural damage exceeding $ 1 million or 10% of the aircraft's

hull reserve value, whichever is lower, or has been declared a hull loss. (IATA, 2013)

Hull loss definition

- A hull loss is an accident in which the aircraft is destroyed

or substantially damaged and is not subsequently

repaired for whatever reason including a financial

decision of the owner. (IATA, 2013)

Actual figures

As of 31 December 2012, the industry rate is lower compared to 2011 (0.20 vs. 0.37)

- 1 Western-built jet hull loss accident per 5 million flights (2012) vs. 1 per 2.7 million flights (2011)

- According to the 2012 industry rate, if you were to take a flight every day, odds are you could go

more 13,500 years without an accident (IATA, 2013)

Table 1: IATA fatal acident rate (2006-2012)

Figure 3: Western-built jet hull-loss rate per million sectors (2002-2012)


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GSIE Harmonized Accident Rate

So what is it now? 3,2 (ICAO) or 0,2 (IATA) per million departures? Well apparently the people at

ICAO and IATA agreed that it would be nice to have a single number for the worldwide aviation

accident rate per year.

In the spirit of promoting aviation safety, the Department of Transportation (DOT) of the United

States, the Commission of the European Union, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and

ICAO signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on a Global Safety Information Exchange

(GSIE) on 28 September 2010 during the 37th Session of the ICAO Assembly. (…)The GSIE developed a

harmonized accident rate beginning in 2011. This was accomplished through close cooperation

between ICAO and IATA to align accident definitions, criteria and analysis methods used to calculate

the harmonized rate, which is considered a key safety indicator for commercial aviation operations

worldwide. (ICAO, 2013)

Note: Unfortunately I didn’t find what actual definitions are used.

Figure 4: GSIE Harmonized accident rate 2012

Conclusion: as expected the GSIE working group ended up somewhere in the middle at 2,4 accidents

per million departures.


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Boeing statistical sumary

As if having 3 numbers isn’t enough, the Boeing company also publishes a

renowned report. They tried to have their definition in line with ICAO and the US

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Boeing only takes into-account

Western built jet aircraft (see list below) and focusses on a 10 year period (2003-

2012) i.s.o. a yearly rate and distinguishes US and Canadian operators from the rest of the world.

Scope

The accident statistics presented in this summary are confined to worldwide commercial jet airplanes

that are heavier than 60,000 pounds maximum gross weight. Within that set of airplanes, there are

two groups excluded:

1) Airplanes manufactured in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) or the Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics (USSR) are excluded because of the lack of operational data; and

2) Commercial airplanes operated in military service. (However, if a military-owned commercial jet

transport is used for civilian commercial service, those data will be included in this summary.)

The following airplanes are included in the statistics:

707/720 717 A300 BAe 146 F-28 Concorde Comet 4

727 DC-8 A300-600 Avro RJ-70/-85/-100 F-70 L-1011 Trident

737 DC-9 A310 CRJ-700/-900/-1000 F-100 BAC 1-11 Caravelle

747 DC-10/MD-10 A320/321/319/318 EMB-170/-175 Mercure

757 MD-11 A330 EMB-190/-195 CV-880/-990

767 MD-80/-90 A340 VC-10

777 A380

787

Accident definition

An occurrence associated with the operation of an airplane that takes place between the time any

person boards the airplane with the intention of flight and such time as all such persons have

disembarked, in which:

a. The airplane sustains substantial damage, or

b. The airplane is missing or is completely inaccessible, or

c. Death or serious injury results from:

– Being in the airplane, or

– Direct contact with the airplane or anything attached thereto, or

– Direct exposure to jet blast.

Excluding:

- Fatal and nonfatal injuries from natural causes, and

- Fatal and nonfatal self-infl icted injuries or injuries infl icted by other persons, and


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- Fatal and nonfatal injuries of stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the

passengers and crew, and

- Nonfatal injuries resulting from atmospheric turbulence, normal maneuvering, loose objects,

boarding, disembarking, evacuation, and maintenance and servicing, and

- Nonfatal injuries to persons not aboard the airplane.

The following occurrences are not considered airplane accidents – those that are the result of

experimental test flights or the result of a hostile action, including sabotage, hijacking, terrorism, and

military action.

Note: (…) This publication excludes events that result in nonfatal injuries from atmospheric

turbulence, normal maneuvering, etc.; nonfatal injuries to persons not aboard the airplane; and any

events that result from an experimental test flight or from hostile action, such as sabotage, hijacking,

terrorism, and military action.

Actual figures

Compared to the all-time low of 2012 found by IATA (combined fatal and hull loss accidents) of 0,2

accidents per million flights. According to Boeing, the global 10 year average (2003-2012) appears to

be 0,35 (fatal) and 0,82 (hull loss) per million flights.

Figure 5: 10-Year Accident Rates by Type of Operation (Boeing)


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Figure 6: Accident Rates and Onboard fatalities by Year 1959-2012 (Boeing)

Boeing also presents figures by flight phase. With the rise in runway excursions and loss of control In

Flight (LOC-I) over the last years it comes as no surprise that the majority of the accidents (41% of

fatal accidents and 33% of on-board fatalities) happens during final approach and landing.

Figure 7: Fatal Accidents and Onboard Fatalities by Phase of Flight 2003-2012 (Boeing)


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Aviation Safety Network

The last resource I want to mention is the Aviation Safety Network (ASN). Although not an official

authority, this database is considered a trustworthy source of information. Most of the information

contained on the ASN is based on information from official sources (authorities, safety boards).

Sources used as a basis for the accident database are aircraft production lists, ICAO Aircraft Accident

Digests since 1952, and NTSB, TSB etc. For a specific list of publications used, check out the

references list. (Aviation Safety Network, 2013)

Accident definition

ASN uses the ICAO Annex 13 definition (see page 3), but excludes corporate jets and takes into

account only 14+ seat aircraft.

Actual figures

Most of the time we are speaking in terms of rates i.e. number of accidents divided by number of

flights. This is logical, because absolute figures don’t mean a lot. However it is interesting to see that

there is a distinct downward trend during the last 20 years.

Figure 8: Fatal airliner (14+ passengers) hull-loss accidents (ASN)

http://aviation-safety.net/database/ref.php


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Ascend - FlightGlobal

Another popular resource is Flight International Magazine. In their January 15th edition of 2013 they

quote: “Flight International figures show there were 21 fatal airline accidents in 2012, resulting in

425 fatalities. (…) Flight International’s comprehensive statistical methodology produces figures that

vary slightly from other stories even if they tell the same story. They take into account all fatal airline

accidents that involve Wester or Eastern-built aircraft, and also include aircraft of all weights, sizes

and engine types, in both passenger and non-passenger airline operations.” (Learmount, 2013)

Figure 9: Flights per fatal accident 1992-2012 (FlightGlobal - Ascend)

“2012 was another good year for safety, with the fatal accident rate dropping from one to 1,4 million

flights overall in 2011 to one per 2,3 million flights in 2012. [=0,43 per 106]” (Learmount, 2013)

Figure 10: World airline fatala accidents and fatalities 2003-2013 (FlightGlobal Ascend)


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EASA

Although EASA focusses on European matters, Chapter 2 of their EASA Annual Safety

Review provides information on the worldwide fatal accident rate for aeroplanes with a

maximum take-off mass above 2,250 kg, engaged in scheduled passenger or cargo

operations. Acts of unlawful interference are not included in these figures. (EASA, 2013)

Figure 11: Nr/Rate per 10 million flights of sched. pax and cargo fatal accidents worldwide per year 1993-2012 (EASA)

Figure 12: Global distribution of fatal accidents worldwide 1993-2012 (EASA)


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Aviation Safety – Europe Now that we have taken a look at the global picture, let’s have a closer look at Europe. EASA’s annual

Safety Review 2012 mentions: “For Commercial Air Transport Aeroplanes between 2001 and 2010

there was an average of 25 accidents per year, including 3 fatal accidents per year. In 2012 there

were 34 accidents, of which 1 was fatal. The fatality occurred when a ground operator was killed

during aircraft loading. The most common type of accident is an ‘abnormal runway contact’ while the

most common type of fatal accident is a loss of control in flight’.” The report also states that 910

million passengers were carried in Europe. (EASA, 2013)

Figure 13: Total # Accidents, Fatal accidents & Fatalities for EASA MS Operated Aeroplanes MTOM>2250kg (EASA)

Figure 14: Rate of Fatal accidents in EASA MS and 3rd country sched. passenger ops MTOM>2250kg 2003-2012 (EASA)


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Conclusion on Aviation Safety The table below lists all data covered in this paper. If you want to know what the exact global

accident rate is, take your pick. Nearly every source uses its own definition, causing the accident

rates to vary with a factor 10!

If you are looking for a truly global overview: take ICAO or GSIE. If you are interested only in

Western-built aircraft, consider using the Boeing statistical summary. The IATA definition doesn’t

mention what aircraft types are included, however the report text states: “1 Western-built jet hull

loss accident per 5 million flights (2012)” (IATA, 2013) which could explain the low figure.

# Accidents

(2012)

# Fatalities

(2012)

Accident Rate

Accident Rate

per million flights

accident per # flights

ICAO Scheduled commercial flights Annex 13: a) ≥1 fatality or serious injury (incl. jet blast) b) damage requiring major repair (no engine failure) c) a/c missing or completely inaccessible

99 372 3,2 312.500

IATA IATA definition (Western built jets only?) - Scheduled/charter passenger or cargo service - Multi-engine, turbine powered - MTOM>5700kg (turbo-prop) & >15000kg (jet) - Major damage (>1 million or 10% hull value) or hull loss

75 0,2 5.000.000

GSIE Harmonized accident rate

91 2,4 416.667

Boeing Annex 13, but only Western-built a/c (see list)

0,3 3.333.333

ASN Annex 13, fatal airliners (14+ passengers) hull loss accidents

23 475

Ascend Fatal accidents - Western/Eastern-built a/c, all weights, sizes and engine types (14+ seats) - both passenger and non-passenger airline operations

21 425 0,43 2.300.000

EASA ?

22 1,00 1.000.000

Table 2: Summary of Accident & Fatality Rate 2012


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Road safety

United States/Global

Figure 15: Fatalities and Rate per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled by Year 2011 (US DOT)

“(…), the NSC reported that the odds of dying in a car accident in the US over a lifetime was about one

in 83. While the number of global vehicle passengers and drivers may not be known, the World Health

Organization estimates that 1.2 million people die each year in road traffic accidents (roughly half of

which are pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists). So even though we drive more than we fly, it seems

that there is basis for the claim that on the road is more dangerous than up in the air.” (Sood, 2012)

Europe

I have created the table below, based on the data found in the EU Transport Commission statistical

pocketbook ed. 2013. Based solely on fatalities and population, living in Europe it appears as if flying

is 6000 times safer than getting on the road and 8 times safer than taking a train. On the other hand

the average European spends a lot more time in his car, than on an airplane. (Levitt & Dubner, 2013)

Accident statistics (2011) EU-27

(Europe)

Rate per million

nationals Belgium

Rate per million

nationals

Road Fatalities 30.268 60 858 78

Road accidents (personal injury) 1.115.406 2223 42.050 3809

Railway Fatalities 38 0,08 0 0

Air Fatalities (EU-27 Operators, MTOW>5700kg) 6 0,01 Table 3: Accident statistics 2011 (EU Transport Commission)

Mode of transportation (EU-27)

billion pkm (EU-27)

# Fatalities Fatlity Rate

per 100 billion pkm

Passenger cars 4.822 215 4,5

Powered two-wheelers 123 86 69,9

Buses & coaches 512 0 0,0

Railways 407 38 9,3

Tram & metro 93 Intra-EU Air Transport 575 0 0,0

Table 4: Fatality Rate per 100 billion pkm (EU Transport Commission)


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Since there were apparently no (reported) fatalities on buses and coaches in 2011, choosing a bus or

airplane would have been the best option. On the other hand, I would consider selling that motor

bike.

Figure 16: Top 10 causes of death (source: WHO)

Pedestrians, cyclists and users of motorized two-wheelers “Compared to plane and train disasters, street vehicle accidents more often involve bystanders. WHO

reports that nearly half of the fatalities in road accidents are "pedestrians, cyclists and users of

motorized two-wheelers." (World Health Organization, 2013)

Railroad safety “The statistics on worldwide rail travel aren’t consistent, and the majority of the available data covers

Europe. The Economist reported that, in 2011, 1,239 people were killed in over 2,300 railway

accidents in the European Union. (…) Based on data from the National Safety Council, the New York

Times calculated that the lifetime risk of an American dying in a train crash was one in 156,169.” (CBC

News, 2013)

Maritime safety “While cruises are more optional than planes and vehicle when travelling, the odds of dying are

nearly as slim as flying. As for cruise ships, the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), an

association of cruise lines, said that from 2005 to 2011 only 16 people died in cruise accidents, out of

100 million passengers, putting the odds of death over that period at one in 6.25 million. But the

Costa Concordia disaster doubled that fatality number in the early days of 2012.


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However, a new report by Reuters questions the validity of any cruise safety statistics because there is

no public database on cruise line accidents. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO), which

provides regulations for cruise ships, does not keep complete records of marine casualties but

recorded fewer than 300 incidents since 2000, while the independent website CruiseJunkie, run by

sociology professor Ross Klein of Memorial University Newfoundland, has published reports of 644

incidents in the same period.” (Sood, 2012)

I apologize for not digging deeper into the topic of maritime safety, but I consider maritime transport

less important in the scope of this question. Apart from ferry shuttle services, I consider cruise ships

a non-essential mode of transport.

Conclusion It seems to be quite difficult to find accurate comparisons between the different means of

transportation. Some guidelines:

- The scope of the data should be restricted to a specific region (e.g. USA, Europe,…)

- Make sure your data cover the same period, since there can be large differences in rate

(especially with the historically low rates in aviation nowadays)

- Specify what you are looking for: # fatalities per passenger per km, # fatal accidents per capita

per year, # fatalities per hour of travel,…

- Consider the base data: only Western-built jets, MTOM>5700kg, include/exclude truck drivers,…

- Check you references: use data from official organizations (NSC, EASA, ICAO,…)

Instead of trying to setup my own definitions - for which I would almost certainly lack data – I will list

some verified facts which can hopefully answer the question on the safest means of transportation:

“According to the NSC, in 2010 there were 0.50 deaths per 100 million passenger miles (cars). The

death rate for buses was 0.05 and passenger trains 0.02, while no one died in scheduled airline travel

during that period.” (MSN News, 2013)

Figure 17: US Fatalities per 100 million passenger miles

“On a per passenger mile basis, you're over seventy times likelier to die driving a car.” (Yglesias, 2013)

“In the last five years, the death risk for passengers in the United States has been one in 45 million

flights, according to Arnold Barnett, a professor of statistics at M.I.T. In other words, flying has

become so reliable that a traveler could fly every day for an average of 123,000 years before being in

a fatal crash, he said.” (Mouawad & Drew, 2013)


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Appendix: Infographics on global road safety 2013 (WHO)


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References Ask.com. (2013, December 13). What Is the Safest Form of Transport? Retrieved from Ask.com:

http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-the-safest-form-of-transport

Aviation Safety Network. (2013, December 13). Aviation-safety.net - References. Retrieved from ASN:

http://aviation-safety.net/database/ref.php

Boeing. (2013). Statistical summary of commercial jet airplane accidents 1959-2012. Seattle: Boeing.

CBC News. (2013, August 1). Is it safer to fly, drive or take the train? Retrieved from CBC news:

http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/is-it-safer-to-fly-drive-or-take-the-train-1.1409337

EASA. (2013). Annual Safety Review 2012. Cologne: EASA.

EU. (2013). EU Transport in Figures, statistical pocketbook 2013. Brussels: European Union.

Highland, J. (2011, Aug 03). What's the Safest Mode of Transportation? Retrieved Dec 13, 2013, from

Yahoo.com: http://voices.yahoo.com/whats-safest-mode-transportation-8910789.html

IATA. (2013). 2012 Aviation Safety Performance. Geneva: IATA.

IATA. (2013). Annual Review 2013. Geneva: IATA.

ICAO. (2001). Annex 13: Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation, 9th ed. Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO. (2013). 2013 Safety Report. Montreal, Canada: ICAO.

Learmount, D. (2013). A very good year for safety. Flight International Magazine ed. 15-Jan-2013.

Levitt & Dubner. (2013, December 14). Freakonomics : A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side

of Everything. Retrieved from About.com - Contemporary literature:

http://contemporarylit.about.com/od/socialsciences/fr/freakonomics.htm

Mouawad, J., & Drew, C. (2013, February 11). Airline Industry at Its Safest Since the Dawn of the Jet

Age. Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/business/2012-

was-the-safest-year-for-airlines-globally-since-1945.html

MSN News. (2013, July 26). Despite recent accidents, airplane travel still safest. Retrieved from MSN

News: http://news.msn.com/us/despite-recent-accidents-airplane-travel-still-safest

Sood, S. (2012, January 27). What is the safest mode of travel? Retrieved December 2013, 13, from

BBC.com Travel Wise: http://www.bbc.com/travel/blog/20120127-travelwise-what-is-the-

safest-mode-of-travel

US DOT - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (2013). Traffic Safety Facts 2012

(DOT HS 811 856). Washington DC: US DOT.

Wikipedia. (2013, December 14). Aviation Safety. Retrieved from Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_safety#Statistics

World Health Organization. (2013). Who.int - Infographics on global road safety 2013. Retrieved

December 13, 2013, from World Health Organization:


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http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/facts/en/index.ht

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Yglesias, M. (2013, July 6). Passenger Airplanes Are Amazingly Safe. Retrieved from Slate.com:

http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/07/06/passenger_airplanes_are_amazingly_s

afe.html


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List of figures Figure 1: ICAO Accident Records 2006-2012 ........................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: ICAO Accident statistics and rates 2012 ................................................................................... 4

Figure 3: Western-built jet hull-loss rate per million sectors (2002-2012) ............................................ 5

Figure 4: GSIE Harmonized accident rate 2012 ....................................................................................... 6

Figure 5: 10-Year Accident Rates by Type of Operation (Boeing) ........................................................... 8

Figure 6: Accident Rates and Onboard fatalities by Year 1959-2012 (Boeing) ....................................... 9

Figure 7: Fatal Accidents and Onboard Fatalities by Phase of Flight 2003-2012 (Boeing)...................... 9

Figure 8: Fatal airliner (14+ passengers) hull-loss accidents (ASN) ....................................................... 10

Figure 9: Flights per fatal accident 1992-2012 (FlightGlobal - Ascend) ................................................ 11

Figure 10: World airline fatala accidents and fatalities 2003-2013 (FlightGlobal Ascend) ................... 11

Figure 11: Nr/Rate per 10 million flights of sched. pax and cargo fatal accidents worldwide per year

1993-2012 (EASA) ................................................................................................................ 12

Figure 12: Global distribution of fatal accidents worldwide 1993-2012 (EASA) ................................... 12

Figure 13: Total # Accidents, Fatal accidents & Fatalities for EASA MS Operated Aeroplanes

MTOM>2250kg (EASA) ........................................................................................................ 13

Figure 14: Rate of Fatal accidents in EASA MS and 3rd country sched. passenger ops MTOM>2250kg

2003-2012 (EASA) ................................................................................................................ 13

Figure 15: Fatalities and Rate per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled by Year 2011 (US DOT) ............ 15

Figure 16: Top 10 causes of death (source: WHO) ................................................................................ 16

Figure 17: US Fatalities per 100 million passenger miles ...................................................................... 17

Index ICAO Annex 13 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ..................................................................................... 3 Safety Management Manual (SMM) ....................................................................................................... 2 Safety Management Systems .................................................................................................................. 2

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