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What island did Napoleon come from?
• Corsica
How did Napoleon benefit from the French Rev.?
• nationalism, military mobilization
What document gave him this power?
• Constitution of Year VIII
What was his title when he first took over the government? How
much power did it give him?
• First Consul, pretty much absolute
Name two parts of the Napoleonic Code.
• civic equality, no guilds, promotion based on merit, end to social hierarchy, religious tolerance
What two groups supported his rise to power?
• bourgeoisie & land owning peasants
Name two things he did to squelch his domestic opposition.
• Centralize government, execution, give them high government posts (with little power), secret police
What did Napoleon sell to the U.S. in 1803 because he needed
cash for war? What U.S. president bought it from him?
• Louisiana, Jefferson
What defeat in 1805 convinced Napoleon to turn East in search
of territory?
• Trafalgar (the British & Lord Nelson)
Who formed the Quadruple Alliance against him?
• GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia
What foreign minister from Austria comes to the fore at the
COV?
• Metternich
What treaty and 2 battles were key in giving Napoleon control
of Europe?
• Austerlitz (Austria), Jena (Prussia), and the Treaty of Tilsit with Russia
What did he declare in the Berlin Decrees?
• start of Cont. system, no trade with GB
Who supported the Spanish Guerillas against Napoleon?
• RC Church & GB (Wellington)
How was the war with Spain a major problem for Napoleon?
• slow drain on resources
At what time was he at his territorial peak? What basic area
did he control at this time?
• 1810-11, the majority of continental Europe
Who was the Czar of Russia at the time of Napoleon? Name 2
areas where he clashed w/ Napoleon.
• Alexander I; Grand Duchy of Warsaw, possible marriage to his daughter, restrictions of Continental System
What strategy did the Russians use to defeat Napoleon after his
invasion in 1812?
• Scorched earth (destroy everything useful & back up)
Who rallied to attack Napoleon from the east in 1813-14? From
the west?
• East: Austria, Prussia & Russia; West: Great Britain
Where was his final military defeat? What general led the
opposition?
• Waterloo, Wellington (from GB)
What was his reorganization of the German states called?
• Confederation of the Rhine
How did he bring an end to the Ancien Regime?
• spread ideals of Rev. across Europe
What was the goal of the Continental System?
• Economic defeat of GB
Name two things that led to the downfall of the Continental
System.
• desire for luxury goods, British blockade, lack of unity behind Napoleon, desire to trade with GB
What were the 2 primary goals of the Congress of Vienna?
• Make sure that no one state ever dominated again
What two places did Napoleon wind up in exile?
• Elba & St. Helena
What were the two main impacts of the 100 Days?
• peace tougher for France, kept A,GB & F from fighting with P & R
Name 2 reasons he bit the dust in Russia.
• cold, starvation, scorched earth, won’t give him big battle
What was the Holy Alliance?
• Alexander’s idea that the great powers should bind together and commit to Christian ideals to maintain peace in Europe
Where was “Napoleon a Muslim”? What does this show
about his feelings toward religion?
• Egypt, it’s a matter of convenience (he has no 1 strong set of religious views)
Name the British minister who came up with a peace plan prior to the COV and two parts of his
plan
• Castlereagh, Bourbons, buffer states, Quad Alliance
What movement started in Germany in response to
Napoleon & the FR?
• German Nationalism
What effect does Napoleon have on the political power of the
Church?
• greatly diminishes it
What type of government was favored by the Congress of
Vienna?
• Legitimate Monarchy
How does the COV attempt to isolate France?
• sets up buffer states around it (Netherlands, Swiss Confed., Sardinia, etc.)
How does the COV deal with the Confederation of the Rhine?
• Turns it into Germanic Confederation, and Germany remains dissolute (not unified)
What “question” almost pushes the Quadruple Alliance into war with each other during the COV?
• Polish-Saxon question
In what two areas did romanticism flourish? Why?
• Germany and GB, most impacted by actions of Napoleon
What is the volksgeist?
• spirit of the German people
What period of history did many romantics look to for inspiration?
How can this be seen in their architecture?
• Middle Ages, gothic revival
What religious movement best captured the spirit of
Romanticism?
• Methodism (John Wesley)
What was Hegel’s view of the ongoing pattern of history?
• Thesis vs. anti-Thesis = Synthesis (which becomes the new thesis)
What was Goethe’s message about knowledge & religion in
Faust?
• The pursuit of knowledge and a lack of faith can only lead you to the Devil
What did Kant argue proved the existence of God?
• The basic moral imperative in all human beings
How did Rousseau serve as a bridge between the
enlightenment and the romantic era?
• Emphasis on emotion and total experience in human education
Why did the Romantics reject the classics?
• Because they rejected the idea that humans remain basically the same over time
Identify at least three English romantic poets.
• Keats, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Johnson
Name 3 things Nationalists use to define nations
• language, ethnicity, history, culture
What kind of people did liberals tend to be?
• Wealthy, educated & excluded
Who did liberals want to deny representation to? Why?
• lower classes, unfit for rep (nothing special about them)
What country eventually met reform with accommodation
instead of repression? What’s the best example of this?
• Great Britain, Great Reform Bill of 1832
Name the two major goals of Earl Grey’s reform government.
• no more rotten boroughs and increase suffrage
Who were the two main architects of the Congress of
Vienna?
• Castleragh & Metternich
Who went into Spain to crush their rev.?
• France
What did the Act of Union do in 1800?
• Placed Ireland under British rule and allowed them representation in Parliament
How did many Tories respond to it?
• Didn’t like it, Wellington bails out
What two things did the Belgians get their inspiration for revolt
from?
• French Rev. of 1830 & the Opera
Who was given control of Belgium at the Congress of Vienna? Why was Belgium
“allowed” to revolt?
• the Netherlands, powers too preoccupied/ambivalent to stop it
Why did the Great Powers decide to support the Greek Revolution?
• Further weaken the Ottoman Empire
Why was the Great Reform Bill of 1832 such a success?
• revolution unnecessary, kept institutions, brought economic interests into line with political interests
Why was Metternich so concerned about the revolt in the
2 Sicilies?
• He wanted that area as a buffer zone
What did the Catholic Emancipation Act do?
• allowed RC’s to serve in Parliament
What did the Protocol of Troppau do?
• Gave the Great Powers permission to intervene in revolutions “for the good of Europe”
What kind of people were the biggest proponents of
Nationalism?
• writers & historians
What kind of people were usually conservatives?
• aristocratic monarchists
What time would the Conservatives liked to return to?
• Pre-French Rev. Europe
Name 3 ideals the Liberals took from the Enlightenment.
• Free press, religious tolerance, equality before the law, unrestricted economy
How did conservatives view Constitutions?
• worse than the plague
What kind of people led the revolutions in Latin America?
Where did they get their inspiration?
• Creole Elite, American Rev & Napoleon
Who gained the most economically from the
revolutions in LA?
• Great Britain
Who took over for Castleragh & kept GB from intervening in the
Spanish Revolution?
• Canning
Who did the Decembrists want to be Tsar? Were they more liberal
or conservative?
• Constantine, liberal
Identify two characteristics of the reign of Nicholas I.
• Repressive, gendarme of Europe, Official Nationality protects from corruption of West
What king was ousted in the July Revolution? What did he do to
provoke revolution?
• Charles X, ousted liberal ministry – issued 4 (July) ordinances
What class ousted him?
• Bourgeoisie, with force provided by the working class
Who backed the independent Serbs against the Austrians?
• Russia
What was the purpose of the Six Acts?
• Make it easier to repress the reform demanders in GB
Who were the Burchenshaften?
• Student Nationalist groups in Germany
What happened to them?
• banned by Metternich & Carlsbad Decrees
Which Karl was bad & became a martyr?
• Karl Sand for killing the conservative playwright
What was the basic idea of the Concert of Europe?
• Great Powers would get together to solve problems
What problems led to calls for reform in GB after 1815?
• Hunger & Unemployment
What country/statesman had the most to lose from Nationalism?
• Austria (Metternich)
Name 2 reasons why GB was able to maintain industrial
dominance.
• foreign markets, quality of goods, strong navy, coal & iron
Name 2 factors that contributed to the rise of the proletariat.
• wage labor market, end of guilds, no longer controlled means of production
Name 2 examples of the poor working conditions women faced
in the early 1800s.
• sexual harassment, wage discrimination, unsafe machinery
Name 2 things that happened to the family as a result of
industrialization.
• mother provides domestic support, less time together, just unit of consumption
What did the Factory Act of 1833 do?
• limited child labor to 9 hrs/day, must be 9, 2 hrs. of ed.
What led to division of labor by making things in uniform sizes?
• confection system (uniform sizes)
Name 3 probs. that were evident across Europe in 1848.
• hunger, unemployment, city strife, conservative oppression
What action was intended to help feed the poor in Ireland but led to
more free grain trade?
• Repeal of the Corn Laws
What is the primary basis for classical economic thought?
• the free market (Laissez Faire)
Who thought the population would eventually outstrip the
food supply?
• Malthus
Whose Iron Law of Wages justified low wages? What else
did this justify?
• Ricardo, opposition to labor unions who push for high wages
Who pushed the concept of utility combined with reason?
• Bentham
What did Europeans use as a model for prison reform?
• prisons in U.S. (Philadelphia system)
What was the driving force behind the creation of the modern
urban police force?
• Rising crime and the desire of the MC for order
Who was the pioneer of socialism? Who did he believe
should control the means of production?
• Saint Simon, industrial and intellectual elites
Who thought he could successfully build utopias based
on textile manufacturing? Where did he succeed? Fail?
• Owen, Scotland & Indiana
What was Marx’s major work?
• Communist Manifesto
Name 4 parts of the Charter.
• universal suff, salaries for Commons, no prop. req., annual elections, equal districts
What did Marx feel was necessary to reorganize society? Would this entity be permanent?
• Dictatorship of the proletariat, no
Who was Marx’s chief cohort? What did they believe was the main purpose of the modern
state?
• Engels, committee that allowed the ownership class to exploit the workers
What did Marx believe would be the culminating event of history?
• clash between P & B, leading to a society without oppression
What did the anarchists want? Why?
• end to ind. & Gov’t, because ind. & gov’t limit freedom in people’s lives
What were 3 general causes of the Revs. of 1848?
• Hunger (bad harvests), unemployment, poor living & working conditions, political oppression
How many separate revolts took place in 1848? Which was the
first major uprising?
• Over 50, the February Revolution in France
What was the chief cause of the start of the February French Rev.
of 1848?
• Repression by Louis Phillippe (banning the banquets)
Why did the poor flood into Paris as soon as the Rev. began?
• To work in the workshops
What was the first example of class warfare? Who were the two
groups involved?
• June Days of the French Rev. of 1848, the radical working poor and the French Army
What was the main thing that helped Louis Napoleon get
elected?
• name recognition & desire for order
Who led the revolt in Vienna? What major figure fled at the
start of their uprising?
• academic legions (student nationalists), Metternich
The Magyars blew it because they ______ when they tried to
rebel against the Austrians.
• annexed Romania, Croatia & Serbia (treated others like the Austrians had treated them)
How did rulers all over the Germanic Confederation respond to the uprisings by workers and
peasants in 1848?
• Made concessions, promised constitutions, and sent reps to the Frankfurt Parliament
What kind of people were in the Frankfurt Parliament? What was
their chief task?
• liberals, write a cons. for united Germany
Why did the members of the Frankfurt Parliament fail?
• Too liberal (ignored Conservatives & workers) and too slow
What group did Guiseppe Mazzini lead? What did the
group want?
• Young Italy, a united Italy with a republican government
How did the Pope respond to the declaration of a Roman
Republic?
• He fled, was not as liberal as he claimed to be
Who goes in to Italy to squash revolt & put the Pope back?
• France & Louis Napoleon
What two Great Powers fought Russia in the Crimean War? What 2
powers stayed neutral?
• France & GB, Prussia & Austria
What were the Russians’ goals in the Crimean War?
• Protect the Xians in Ottoman Empire, territorial gains (WWPs)
What impact did the Crimean war have on the Concert of Europe?
• Ended it (broke up order of COV)
What impact did this break up have on Germany & Italy?
• Allowed for their unification (since powers couldn’t unite against it)
Why was Piedmont the natural place for Italian unification to start?
• most independent & industrial
What did Cavour think was the key to unification of Italy?
• Economic strength that would make Italy a viable state and a monarchy
Which “romantic republican” founded the Young Italian Society?
What was their goal?
• Guiseppe Mazzini, a unified Italy with a republican gov’t
Why did the Pope resist Italian unification?
• wanted to keep the independence of the Papal States (which were under his control)
Who did Cavour secure help from in Piedmont’s fight against Austria?
• Napoleon III (France)
What priorities did Garibaldi demonstrate when he turned over
Southern Italy to Cavour?
• nationalism over republicanism
Who was the first king of a united Italy?
• Victor Emmanuel (of Piedmont)
What state was sick of being second to Austria in Germany? Who was
it’s chief minister in 1862?
• Prussia, Otto von Bismarck
Bismarck wanted unification by ____ & ____, which symbolized
what?
• blood & iron, war & industrial strength
What was the first “war of German unification” & what was at stake?
• Danish War (1864), Holstein & Schleswig
How did Bismarck use the Danish war to deal with Austria?
• Conflict over spoils of war leads to Austro-Prussian War in 1866
What document played on French fears & started the Franco-Prussian
War? What did the French fear?
• Ems Dispatch, a Hohenzollern king of Spain (Germans on both sides)
Name 2 key outcomes of the Franco-Prussian War.
• end of Nap III (start of 3rd Rep.), finalizes Ger. Uni. (southern states), new mil. tactics
How did Bismarck, a conservative, overcame the Ger. Libs.?
• Using cons. Institutions (e.g. army), F-P war, N. Ger. Confed.
What forced Napoleon III to be more liberal at home?
• foreign policy failures (Italy & Mexico)
Describe the politics of the Paris Commune relative to the French provinces. What was the Paris Commune pushing for in 1871?
• More radical, a radical French republic
What group lay siege to Paris to remove the Commune from power?
What did Marxists call this?
• French Army under orders of NA, class warfare
Why did French Monarchists in the NA fail to establish a monarchy?
• Couldn’t find a king (Bourbon refused)
What was the Dreyfus Affair?
• Jewish French Army captain unjustly accused of spying for Germany
Name two key outcomes of the Dreyfus Affair.
• cleared way for 3rd Rep., embarrassed Conservs., demonstrated anti-Semitism of the era
What were 3 chief characteristics of Austria in 1860? Why did these
characteristics conflict with the rest of Europe?
• dynastic, absolutist & agrarian, rest of Europe was becoming more industrial and democratic
What forced the Hapsburgs to deal with the Magyars in 1867?
• no support from Russia, loss in A-P war
Name two characteristics of the Dual Monarchy of A-H.
• one king, separate legislatures, separate countries, some common ministers, common foreign policy & defense
what area were Austria & Russia rivals for influence in the late 1800s? What major event will this lead to?
• The Balkans, World War I
How did the other nats. in the Austrian emp react to the Dual
Monarchy? Which nat. was most outspoken for equality?
• Wanted similar deal, Czechs
What were the three chief areas of Alex II’s reforms?
• army, serfs, government/judicial
Describe the cycle that Alex II’s reforms started.
• reform revolutionary activity repression
How did “Land & Freedom” try to start a revolution in Russia in the
early 1870’s? What offshoot group assassinated Alex II?
• educating the peasants, People’s Will
What did Alex III do to step up repression?
• secret police, censorship, repeal reforms
Name 2 ways Gladstone opened up traditionally Aristocratic Institutions.
• CS exams, no ang. reqs. @ Ox. & Cam., can’t buy commissions, secret ballot
Why did Disraeli, a conservative, allow the expansion of suffrage in
1867?
• Thought new voters would vote conservative
What did many Irish landlords do with their peasants during the Potato
famine?
• evicted them & shipped them to the U.S.
What were the two major problems that faced the Irish in the 1800s?
What PM first tried to address these?
• English Prot. landlords & tithes to Church of Ireland, Gladstone
Who traditionally opposed Irish Home Rule? Why?
• The Conservatives, represented the Anglican Church & the interests of the landlords
Why did Northern Ireland remain under the control of GB?
• it had a Protestant majority (Ulstermen)
Name two things that use the internal combustion engine.
• cars, subs, planes
Name the industries associated with the 2nd ind rev.
• steel, chemicals, oil
Name 2 reasons why cities were restructured in the late 1800s.
• health, troop movement, centers for commerce, etc, housing reform
What created a real interest in public health?
• MC fear of cholera, new understanding of disease
What things helped create new jobs for women in the late
1800s?
• corps, burs, new tech.
What was the goal of the 2nd International?
• unify soc. parties & unions
What is parliamentary socialism?
• working within assembly to make change
Name 2 things MC women in the late 1800’s were expected to do.
• provide home of virtue, lead family’s religious life, consumer
What were the 2 primary concerns of early unions?
• wages & working conditions
What issues made it hard for women to unify in their struggle
for equal rights?
• class issues, national interests, differences over tactics
What country took the lead in social reform?
• GB
How did Nicholas II respond to the December Revolution?
• October Manifesto
What did the Oct. Manifesto call for?
• democratic gov’t
What made Marxism the main brand of socialism in the 1870s?
• 1st International
Why did revisionists like Bernstein believe revolts would never happen in Ger. & France?
• stock ownership, broader franchise, improved standard of living (conditions are just getting too good for revolution)
What were the two principles of Bolshevism?
• dual revolution and elite revolutionary force
Name 2 problems with Russian industrialization.
• inefficient farming, profits leaving, small WC, bad conditions
How did Bismarck respond to failed repression of the GSPD?
• Social reforms (insurance & pensions)
Name two “invisible exports”
• insurance, shipping, capital
Name 2 barriers women faced to the professional world.
• expectations, lack of ed, hostility & bigotry
Who were political feminists often associated with?
• socialists
Who were the Fabians?
• British intellectual non-Marxist socialists
Who insisted on an elite revolutionary force?
• Lenin
What did the middle classes do after the Revs. of 1848?
• moved to protect their gains
Who was in charge of Russian industrialization in the late 19th
Cent.?
• Witte
What improvements were made to cut down on cholera?
• sewers & water systems, eliminate slaughterhouses
What was the Eiffel tower a symbol of?
• France’s industrial strength (Liberalism)
How did new explosives impact travel?
• RR Tunnels through Mtn. ranges
Women were paid less because____
• “didn’t need to support self”, lower skilled work
What development left owners with less risk and put casual workers closer to poverty?
• sweatshops
Name two components of Russian anti-Semitism.
• pogroms, internal passports, living restrictions, censorship, limited jobs & educ.
What did the educational revolution of the late 1800s help
people break free from?
• intellectual surroundings
Give an examples of the clash between Church and state in the
late 1800s.
• Ger’s Kulturkampf, GB over education, Fr. 3rd Rep vs. RC Church
Who’s philosophy marked a departure from rationalism?
• Frederich Nietzsche
Name two types of intellectuals that are challenging the Church
in the late 1800s.
• historians (evidence of JC), scientists (creation), soc. scientists (religion is a natural phenom)
What kinds of things did Freud say might cause psychological
problems?
• childhood experiences, excessive repression, exposure to Kilmer
How has Freud’s thinking affected our modern world?
• Changed the way we view things, events, and most importantly people
What did Nietzsche insist man must do to achieve greatness?
• follow his instincts and pursue ecstasy
What did Nietzsche claim Christianity and Democracy had
done to man?
• made him meek and mediocre
What did Weber claim was the most significant development of
the 19th Cent.?
• Bureaucratization
What did Weber believe that this had provided for each individual?
• a role in society
How did realists depict the world?
• harsh reality of it, no dreams or illusions allowed, emptiness of the bourgeoisie
What did impressionists attempt to depict?
• their full impression of the scene (sight, sound, emotion, light, etc.)
What did the modernists try to break free from?
• traditional models for art, music, literature, etc.
What is social Darwinism?
• belief in “survival of the fittest” in the social world - those who suffer do so because they are weak
Identify three reasons for New Imperialism.
• nationalism, industrialism, belief in cultural superiority, spread religion
In what continent was this new imperialism most evident?
• Africa
Identify at least two of the big trends leading to WWI.
• industrial arms race, colonial rivalry, nationalism, alliances
What two nations started the colonization of Africa? What
part?
• GB & France, northern sections
What was GB’s goal in Africa?
• Cape to Cairo
Why was China ripe for forced trade in the 1800s?
• internal turmoil
What was the worst example of European exploitation in Africa?
• King Leopold in the Congo
What were the only two parts of Africa not colonized by 1900?
• Ethiopia and Liberia
What were the two clashes in Africa that fed animosity against
GB?
• Fashoda Crisis and the Boer War
What was the U.S. policy for trade in China?
• Open Door Policy
What British settlement came out of this policy?
• Hong Kong
Why was trade with China so important to the Europeans?
• Chinese goods were in high demand in Europe
What was the Chinese rebellion in response to the Open Door
Policy?
• Boxer Rebellion
What were the two examples of economically successful colonies
in the 1800s?
• Dutch Indonesia and British India
What two countries were huge colonial rivals in the Middle East
and Asia?
• GB & Russia
How did the British “accidentally” introduce
nationalism & liberal ideas in India?
• Educating them in English in the Western fashion
What was Bismarck’s primary foreign policy goal?
• avoid 2 front conflict
What was the root of the tension between A-H & Russia?
• territorial interests in the Balkans
Why does France ultimately make an alliance with Russia?
• lots of $ invested in Russian industry
Why does Germany antagonize GB in the early 1900s?
• to make themselves look powerful so GB will want to ally with them
Who does GB make the Entente Cordial with in 1904?
• France
In 1914, who belonged to the Triple Alliance?
• Italy, Germany, A-H
In 1914, Who belonged to the Triple Entente?
• GB, France & Russia
What event triggered war between these two alliances?
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Who came in to back A-H? Serbia?
• Germany and Russia
What were the basics of the Schlieffen Plan?
• swing through France with strong right, defeating them quickly then beating the Russians
Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? What did this lead to?
• weak right, digging trenches on Western Front
What were the two major actions on the Western Front in 1916?
• German attack on Verdun, Allied offensive at Somme
How successful were these actions?
• not at all
What were the Allies trying to accomplish at Galipoli?
• break through & reestablish connection with Russia
Identify three weapons that were used first in WWI.
• machine guns, tanks, airplanes, submarines, poison gas
What is a war of attrition?
• you try to win by wearing down the other side
Identify at least 4 causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
• reform-revolt-repress, industrialism, Nicky’s a weenie, Rev. of 1905, Crimea, R-J War, Duma-Duma-Duma
Who took control in the March Revolution?
• liberals/cadets (Provisional Gov’t lead by Kerensky)
Who snuck Lenin back into Russia?
• Germans
What brought the U.S. into the war?
• Zimmerman Telegram & sinking of the Lusitania
What did the Germans do after the Bolsheviks surrendered?
• Launched an all out attack on the Western Front
What allowed the British and French to hold off this assault?
• help from the U.S.
How did the Germans try to counter the British blockade?
• with the U-Boat (unterseebooten)
What was Kerensky (and the provisional gov’t)’s biggest
mistake?
• staying in the war vs. Germany
What did the treaty of Brest-Litovsk give the Germans?
• lots of land & an indemnity
Why did the Bolsheviks have to sign this treaty?
• needed to get out of war & focus on keeping control
Who was the political leader of the Bolsheviks? Military Leader?
• Lenin, Trotsky
Identify three political factions in Russia at the time of the
Revolution.
• Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries, Cadets, Czarists
Why did Ludendorff surrender before the Allies reached
Germany?
• wanted mild peace according to 14 Points
Identify three of Wilson’s 14 Points.
• free seas, self determination, open diplomacy, League of Nations, “Peace Without Victory”
What two major nations were excluded from the Paris
Settlement?
• USSR, Germany
Identify 4 ways that the Treaty of Versailles was hard on Germany.
• blame for war, huge reparations, Alsace-Lorraine, small army, dictated, demil-Rhineland
What did the T of V do to A-H?
• split it into 6 states, made it a nationalist & economic mess
What did Wilson cash in his idealism for?
• League of Nations
Why is WWI truly an end to the old order?
• all old monarchies no longer exist (A-H & Russia)
Why did trench warfare suck? (list at least three reasons)
• machine guns, trench foot, boredom, shell shock, rats, barbed wire
What law allowed RCs to serve in Parliament in 1829?
• Catholic Emancipation Act
What party supported Irish Home Rule through the late 1800s &
early 1900s?
• Liberals
When was the Home Rule Bill eventually passed? What delayed
its implementation?
• 1912, WWI
What two groups, one political & one military, emerged to lead the Irish Nationalist movement after
the Easter Rebellion of 1916?
• Sinn Fein and the IRA
What immediately followed the Irish Declaration of
Independence in 1919?
• Guerilla war between the IRA & the British?
Identify two critical ways Ulster is set apart from the rest of
Ireland. What do we commonly call Ulster now?
• Protestant majority & economically prosperous, Northern Ireland
What issue separated the moderates and the radicals during
the Irish Civil War?
• an oath of allegiance to the crown
Name 2 things that squash Wilson’s vision for peace.
• Natty, economics, & conservatism
Who most wanted the Treaty of Versailles enforced? Why?
• France, most damaged & all alone vs. Ger.
Where did new industrial comp. come from after WWI?
• U.S. & Japan
Name 2 groups who fought the Reds in the Russian Civil War.
• Whites (Cadets), peasants, allies
Name 2 parts of War Communism.
• Cheka, seize banks, grain, industry, transport
What was Lenin’s solution to the economic problems the
Communists faced after the Russian Civil War?
• New Economic Policy (NEP)
What did the NEP allow peasants to do?
• sell grain
What impact did the NEP have on the communist party?
• split it
Lenins death led to a power struggle between whom? Who
was the victor?
• Stalin & Trotsky, Stalin
What was the main threat that fascist regimes responded to?
• spread of communism
What do fascist rulers insist the individual must put before
everything?
• the State
How did Muss. become Prime Minister?
• appointed by king after Black Shirts march on Rome
What two things did France do immediately after WWI to secure
themselves?
• Enforce T of V & East Alliances (C, R & Y)
What did France do in 1923 when Ger. fell behind on reps.?
• occupied Ruhr
How did this impact the Ger. economy?
• huge inflation, some unemployment
Describe the economy in GB after WWI.
• sluggish
How did the British working class respond to the 1926 cut in
wages forced by the return to the gold std.?
• General Strike of 1926
What is the issue of contention in the Irish Civil War?
• oath of allegiance
What group of states was supposed to get self
determination after WWI?
• the successor states
Out of which three former empires were the successor states
composed?
• Germany, A-H, & Russia
Which was the only successful one?
• Czechoslovakia
Which state wanted to unify with Ger.?
• Austria
How were political parties formed in the Balkans?
• along ethnic lines
Name 1 flaw of the Weimar Cons..
• small party representation & dictatorial powers
Name 2 parts of the Nazi Party Platform.
• repudiation of T of V, unification of Aust & Ger., eradication of Jews, agrarian reform, confiscation of war profits, etc.
What was the first attempted takeover by the Nazi Party?
• Beer Hall Putsch (Munich, 1923)
What two things helped reconstruct the Weimar Republic
between 1925-1929?
• Dawes Plan & Locarno agreements
What did the Dawes Plan do?
• restructured rep pay back (tied to Ger. economy)
Name 2 of the key causes of the Great Depression.
• Crisis in currency & investments, commodities crisis, lack of leadership
How did the crash of ‘29 affect U.S. investment in Europe?
• stopped it
Why couldn’t farmers pay their debts in the ‘20s?
• glut of ag. goods in market
How did most European gov’ts respond to the GD?
• cut spending, wage & price controls
Who did the Popular Front in France oppose?
• right wingers (fascists)
Who rose to power in response to the GD in Ger.? Who did they
use as scapegoats?
• Nazis, Jews and Communists
What did the clash between von Papen & Schleicher allow to
happen?
• Hitler becoming chancellor
What did Hitler blame on the Communists & use as an excuse
to expand his power?
• Reichstag Fire
What act of terror made the Nazi anti-Semitic program a clear
reality?
• Kristallnacht
What was the name of Hitler’s elite secret police force? Who
led it?
• SS, Himmler
What kinds of propaganda were used by the Nazis? Who was their minister of propaganda?
• marches, rallies, radio, print; Joseph Goebbels
What was the Nazis’ economic policy?
• Gear all production toward strong military state
What happened to the rights of organized labor in Germany &
Italy?
• What rights?, they were taken away
What two organizations did the Italian Fascists use to control the
economy?
• corporations & syndicates
What instrument guided the Soviet economy between 1927 &
1942?
• the Five Year Plans
What did these plans call for?
• rapid industrialization w/ specific goals for production
How did the plans expect to pay for these increases?
• grain exports from collectivized farms
What class strongly opposed collectivized farming?
• kulaks
What was done to those who opposed?
• death or imprisonment
How much did Soviet industrial production increase between
1928 & 1940?
• 400%
What was the cost of this industrialization?
• millions of deaths, lack of economic equality, years of self denial
What is the Cult of Personality?
• worship of the ruler who embodies the greatness of the state
What was Stalin’s goal in the great Purges?
• eliminate all opposition w/in the Party (old Bolsheviks)
Who would replace these people?
• new faces loyal only to him
At what point before WWII did Hitler say he was “done” adding
territory?
• after Sudetenland
Where did Hitler look for territory after Czech.?
• Poland
What treaty gauranteed his security on the eastern front?
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor?
• the U.S cut off shipments of oil
Where was there a great deal of island hopping?
• Pacific Theater
What was the goal of Operation Barbarossa?
• take the USSR before winter
What delayed its start?
• having to go bail out Mussolini
What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?
• D-Day/Op. Overlord
What were Truman’s two main options to defeat Japan?
• invasion or A-Bomb
What was the Vichy government?
• controlled non-occupied France during WWII
What event led to hardships on the German homefront?
• failure of Barbarossa
At what point before WWII did Hitler say he was “done” adding
territory?
• after Sudetenland
Where did Hitler look for territory after Czech.?
• Poland
What treaty gauranteed his security on the eastern front?
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Why did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor?
• the U.S cut off shipments of oil
Where was there a great deal of island hopping?
• Pacific Theater
What was the goal of Operation Barbarossa?
• take the USSR before winter
What delayed its start?
• having to go bail out Mussolini
What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?
• D-Day/Op. Overlord
What were Truman’s two main options to defeat Japan?
• invasion or A-Bomb
What was the Vichy government?
• controlled non-occupied France during WWII
What event led to hardships on the German homefront?
• failure of Barbarossa
Name the last two big peace conferences.
• Yalta & Potsdam
How was Germany divided after WWII?
• 4 zones, one each for US, GB, Fr., USSR
How did the U.S. respond to the 1948 blockade of West Berlin?
• Airlift
What divided eastern & western Europe after WWII?
• iron curtain
What did Stalin call his plans for modernizing the USSR?
• 5 year plans
Name two things Khruschev did to lessen Stalin’s influence.
• some freedoms, ag reform, more consumer goods, Secret Speech
How did the Soviets respond to the 1968 uprising in Cz.?
• sent in troops
Who led Vietnamese resistance to French control?
• Ho Chi Minh
What movement led to independence for Poland in
1989?
• solidarity
Name the 2 people that created a desire for buffer states in the
USSR.
• Napoleon & Adolf
What slowed UN actions after WWII?
• Soviet veto on the Security Council
What provided US aid to European nations to keep them
free from Communism?
• Marshall Plan
What were the two main treaty organizations of the Cold War?
• NATO & Warsaw Pact
What was the basic idea of the Truman Doctrine?
• containment of Communism
Name two of the Crises of 1956.
• Suez, Poland, Hungary
What organization was opposed to peace between Israel & Egypt?
• PLO
How did the U.S. respond to Sputnik?
• space raceola
Who’s set of major reforms brought an end to the USSR?
• Gorbachev
What were deGaulle’s priorities?
• hostility to U.S. & GB, nukes, tension w/ NATO
Which half did the US back in both Vietnam & Korea?
• south
What were the two parts of Gorbachev’s reforms?
• perestroika and glasnost
How did the satellite states respond to the weakness of the
USSR in 1989?
• “revolted” for independence
Identify four areas that “revolted” in 1989.
• Poland, E Ger., Czech., Romania, Hungary,
Who will back the State of Israel right from the beginning?
• the U.S. & western Europe
What were the three possible ways Europe could be unified?
Which was most likely?
• political, military, economic
Give two examples of student protest in Europe in 1968.
• Prague and Paris
What has the focus of European feminism been for the last 60
years?
• social & workplace equality
Who led the movement for Indian independence?
• Mohandas Gandhi
What agreement will start to lessen tension between Israel &
Egypt?
• Camp David Accords
What is the basic nature of the problem in the former
Yugoslavia?
• many different ethnic/religious groups
• discrimination outside common areas
Where is the current conflict there?
• Kosovo/Serbia
Give two examples of Americanization.
• McDonalds, English, Levis, etc.
What impact did decolonization have on em/immigration?
• former colonizers & colonial subjects go to Europe
How did existentialists think humans should get their values?
• determine their own
