What makes a Transmission Grid Smart ?

Aty EdrisSenior Director

aedris@qunta-technology.com

ELECTRICITY is Fundamental to our Civilization

• Conveys both Energy and Information

• Delivers Energy to the user with no emission at the point of use

• Provides an increasing array of innovative products and services

Key Characteristics of a Smart-Grid

• Self-healing, Grid rapidly detects, analyzes, responds, and restores

• Empowers and incorporates the consumers, Ability to incorporate consumer equipment and behavior in grid design and operation

• Tolerant of attack, Grid mitigates and resilient to physical

Edris

• Tolerant of attack, Grid mitigates and resilient to physical and cyber attacks

• Provide power quality needed by 21st-century users, Grid provides quality power consistent with consumers and industry needs

• Accommodates wide variety of supply and demand, Grid accommodates variety of resources (including demand response, combined heat and power, wind, photovoltaic, and end-use efficiency

• Fully enables and is supported by competitive markets

Smart Electricity- Vision Statement

Electricity is the most versatile and widely used form of energy, global demand is growing continuously. Generation of electrical energy is currently the largest single source of carbon dioxide emissions, making a

significant contribution to climate change. To mitigate the consequences of climate change, the current electrical system needs to undergo significant adjustments

Any adjustments to electrical system must meet four requirements:

Capacity: Satisfying increasingly demand for electrical energy

Reliability: Satisfying quality and reliability/availability of electricity

Efficiency: From production and transport to consumption of electricity, energy has to be saved

Sustainability: Integration of low carbon energy sources

Smart Grid – Road-map Ideas Describing what Makes a Grid Smart

“Auto-balancing, self-monitoring power grid that accepts any source offuell (coal, sun, wind) and transforms it into a consumer’s end use (heat, light,

warm water) with minimal human intervention.”

“A system that will allow society to optimize the use of renewable energy

sources and minimize our collective environmental footprint.”

Innovative Technologies are the Keys

sources and minimize our collective environmental footprint.”

“It is a grid that has the ability to sense when a part of its system is

overloaded and reroute power to reduce that overload and prevent a

potential outage situation.”

“A grid that enables real-time communication between the consumer and

the utility, allowing the consumer to optimize energy usage based on

environmental and/or price preferences.”

Smart Grid

DEFINITION ?

Could be defined as:

Smart Technological Ideas and concepts

Could be defined as:

An integrated array of technologies, devices and

systems that provide and utilize digital information,

communications and controls to optimize the

efficient, reliable, safe and secure delivery of

electricity.

Smart Transmission Technology-Based Ideas and Concepts

� Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Technology

� High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Technology

� Grid Shock Absorber Concept

Smart Transmission

Grid

� Grid Shock Absorber Concept

� Dynamic Thermal Ratings Technology

� Reactive Power Management Concept

� Synchrophasor Technology�

�

Thomas Edison DC

Nikola Tesla AC

P = V 1 V 2 s in ( δδδδ 1 - δδδδ 2 )1

X

V 1 δδδδ 1 V 2 δδδδ 2P

T ra n s m is s io n L in e X

FACTS Technology

Electricity flows passively

Smart control of Electricity flows

Gate Turn Off

Power SwitchesSmart

IdeaSmart control of Electricity flows Power Switches

Converter 2(series)

Transmission lineto Big Sandy

V21

P

Inez 138kV bus

conv1conv1Q P

Converter 1(shunt)

conv2Q

conv2P

Q

V1

V2dc

ParameterSettings

Internal converter control

Shunttransformer

AC

+ V

Transmission line

Converter 1 (shunt)

AC

Seriestransformer

Converter 2 (series)

IVpq

V1 V’1

Ish

Ish

VpqRef

V’1

V1

IqRef

I

Vdc

System variables:

P,Q,V1,V’1, etc.System operation control

Gate signals

Breaker P

Q

dc

ParameterSettings

Internal converter control

Shunttransformer

AC

+ V

Transmission line

Converter 1 (shunt)

AC

Seriestransformer

Converter 2 (series)

IVpq

V1 V’1

Ish

Ish

VpqRef

V’1

V1

IqRef

I

Vdc

System variables:

P,Q,V1,V’1, etc.System operation control

Gate signals

Breaker P

Q

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

GTO

IGBT

ETO

Idea

Converter-based Controllers

Smarter (Converter-Based Technology)

•Superior performance

•Versatile functionality

Smarter Power Electronics-based

Dynamic Voltage Support

Thyristor switched and/orcontrolled capacitors/reactors

Smart (Thyristor-Based Technology)

•Smaller footprint

•Limited performance

•Limited functionality

•Large footprint

Example of Field Application of

Converter-Based Technology

Relieving Major Transmission Bottleneck

LV1

CoopersCorners

line

LV2

BR11

TR-SE1

MOD-1 CS-1 MOD-2 CS-2 MOD-3 MOD-4 MOD-5 MOD-6

Marcy Bus

TR-SH

New Scotland

line BR12

TR-SE2

ThyristorBypass #2

M

M

SWDC1

M

M

Thyristor

Bypass #1

M M M

Transmission bottleneckat Marcy Substation 2x 100 MVA Convertible

Static Compensator-

a smart solution

NYPA’s Marcy Convertible Static Compensator

“Smart Technology” Relieving Transmission Bottlenecks

Relief of major transmission bottleneck

Strong dynamic voltage support at Marcy has resulted in

increase of transmission capacity increase of transmission capacity

by about 200 MW, approximately

enough power for about 200,000 homes.

Introduction of unprecedented

“Smart” controllability and

flexibility in transmission grids

HVDC Converter StationUp to 6400 MW

HVDC Converter StationUp to 6400 MW

Overhead LinesTwo conductors

Alt.Submarine cables

HVDC Transmission Technology

Submarine cables

Thyristor Thyristor

AC versus HVDC – Right of Way

Comparison of Towers for 800 kV AC Line a) and ���� 500 kV DC Line b), at same Transmission Capacity

3000 MW

Edris

AC DC

High Temperature Superconductors for the Grid

Two Smart HVDC TechnologiesHVDC Classic – VSC HVDC (PLUS/LIGHT)

HVDC Classic HVDC PLUS/LIGHTHVDC Classic HVDC PLUS/LIGHT

Line-commutated Self-commutated

current-sourced Converter voltage-sourced Converter

Thyristor with turn-on Capability Semiconductor Switches with turn-on

only and turn-off Capability, e.g. IGBTs

VSC Back-to-Back ConceptHVDC Light/HVDC Plus Technology

B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

Smart

Idea

Transmission line

L

V0

Vd c

ITransformer

inductance

DC

capacitor

Voltage

Sourced

Inverter

Voltage

sourced

inverter

Transformer

inductance

VL

V0

DC

capacitor

Vd c

Transmission line

I

Transmission line

L

V0

Vd c

ITransformer

inductance

DC

capacitor

Voltage

Sourced

Inverter

Voltage

sourced

inverter

Transformer

inductance

VL

V0

DC

capacitor

Vd c

Transmission line

I

Segmentation with Grid Shock AbsorbersProof of Concept (US Eastern Interconnection)

E

Ontario

D

Hydro

QuebecA

New

England

A

B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

B

New York

C

Outside World

PJM

B D

C

B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

Eastern InterconnectionVoltage supported buses

Segmentation with Grid Shock Absorbers

Proof of Concept (US Eastern Interconnection)

2003 Blackout

Lights on

The benefits of HVDC and FACTS

� Increased transmission capacity

� Improved flexibility and controllability of transmission grid

“HVDC and FACTS” have the ability to help in rerouting power to eliminate

transmission bottlenecks and prevent a potential of cascading outagessituation.”

Smart Transmission Grid

� Bulk power transmission in the GW range over distances of 1,000 kilometers and more

� Reduction in CO2 emissions, grid access of large wind, hydro, and solar power plants

� Increased robustness and reliability of transmission grid

Flexibility

ReliabilityControllability

Accessibility

Smart Idea Mitigating SubSynchronous Resonance (SSR) Problem

Generator / Turbine MassesGenerator / Turbine Masses

Electric Resonance Circuit Mechanical Resonance system

Generator / Turbine Masses

MPG HPLPExc

Generator / Turbine Masses

MPG HPLPExc MPMPG HPHPLPLPExc

Energy Exchange

Electrical side Mechanical sideSSR

Conventional series

compensation

Creating Phase Imbalance is a Smart Idea MitigatingSubSynchronous Resonance (SSR) Problem

21

21Series Resonance Phase

Imbalance Scheme

Frequency characteristics of phase

reactance

ωωωω0: system freq.

Smart Idea MitigatingSubSynchronous Resonance (SSR) Problem

22

Conventional series

compensation

Series Resonance Phase

Imbalance Scheme

Smart Idea Enhancing First Swing Stabilitykeeping synchronous generator in synchronism

23

30% Series Compensation

Smart Idea Enhancing First Swing Stabilitykeeping synchronous generator in synchronism

24

Transient Power Characteristic

25

30% Series CompensationApplying the “Smart” idea

Extremely long Fault Clearance Time (400 ms)

Smart Idea Enhancing First Swing Stabilitykeeping synchronous generator in synchronism

26

Dynamic Thermal Ratings Technology

Monitoring

dt

dT

pmCQconvQradQsunQgen *++=+

Heat Balance Equation

Results in 10%-15% Increase of transmission capacity

Smart

Idea

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1

33

65

97

12

9

16

1

19

3

22

5

25

7

28

9

32

1

35

3

38

5

41

7

44

9

48

1

51

3

54

5

57

7

60

9

64

1

Number of 15 minute Periods

Ra

tin

g -

am

pe

res

Weather Only (22 deg wind angle) Tension/Weather Static Rating

Static Thermal Rating

Conservative Criteria,

low wind speed, high ambient temperature

Dynamic Thermal RatingVideo Sagometer

Number of 15 minutes periods

dtp

C3 – Conditionally Committed Capacity for Overhead Transmission Lines- “Smart idea” for time-ahead generation scheduling

Power System Monitoring and Control Today

TQPV ,,,

Control centerSCADA / EMS

Measurements:- Voltage magnitude- Current magnitude- Active power- Reactive power- Breaker Status

� No time stamp� Measurements/sec: 2 – 10

Communication channels

RTUs

Power System Monitoring and Controlwith Phasor Measurement Units (Backbone of Real-Time Monitoring)

dt

dffIV ,,,

Satellite

Control centerSCADA / EMS

Phasormeasurementunit (PMU)

Communication channels

GPS signal Measurements:- Voltage vector- Current vector- Frequency- Breaker status

� Time synchronization� Measurements/sec : 6 - 60

Applications

Localoscillations

Inter-areaoscillations

1V

2V

Loss of synchronization

Reactive

HeavyLoad

oscillations

LineTrip

Cascadingoutages

P

V

Voltagecollapse

Reactivepower

shortage

Transmissioncorridor

congestion

Loss ofgeneration

f

t

Frequencydeviation

Reactive Power Puts a Limit on Full Utilization of Transmission Grid

FOAM = Reactive Power

• Mvar Support is Exchangeable with MW

• The Exchange Rate could be up to 0.5 MW/Mvar

Source: Nils Falen

Smart Transmission GridReactive Power Investigation Issues

System conditions and contingencies that limit operation or decrease voltage stability conditions?

Cap. Ind.Ind.

Ind.Cap.

Cap.

What are the available reactive power reserve?

Where in the power system would reactive power reserve, compensation, and control be most effectively located and managed?

What are the most effective and economic reactive compensation options to reduce or eliminate these limits?

What are the ratings and other functionality required to achieve these benefits?

What are the economic benefits of removing limitations?

Identifying Areas Prone to Voltage Instability and Reactive Power Reserve- Smart Idea

750 +282j

250 +84j

100 +62j

300 + 100j

750 + 262j 440+ 200j

2

4

5

7

6

1

8

12 13

14

15

1617

176 +88j

1224 + 465j

408 + 155j

163 + 62jj

33 + 13j212 + 1297j

488 + 166j

1224 178j 731 + 365j

2

4

5

7

6

1

8

12 13

14

15

1617

282 +178j

1249 +465j

408 +155j

196 +62j

36 + 14j216 + 1597j

509 + 199j

1249 + 1550j 747+ 375j

200 + 300j

2

4

5

7

6

1

8

9

12 13

14

15

1617

298 +149j

20 + 8j

276 + 120j

130 + 8j

120 + 11j

350 + 150j

227 + 420j 704 + 308j

3

9

1011

161733 + 13j

458 + 199j

212 + 1297j

196 + 296j

531 + 219j

552 + 734j 1170 + 512j

3

9

1011

488 + 203j

594 + 254j

602 + 813j 1195 + 523j

3

9

1011

Load Increase and/or Transmission Contingencies

Control Area Changes Shape and size

with Load Levels and/or Transmission Contingencies

Smart Grid (Evolutionary Development)Driving Factors:

Greater network complexity and vulnerability

Increased energy trading

Grid Conditions and Requirements

Costpressure

Fluctuating infeed

Energy Efficiency

High supply quality

Aging infrastructure

and lack of experts

Operational FactorsExeternal Influences

CO2

reduction

Increasing distance between

generation and load

Fluctuating infeed

Integration of distributed energy resources

Turning the Entire Energy Conversion Chain into a Smart Infrastructure

Communications solutions

Decentralized energy management system

Smart substation automation

Power transmission

Smart metering

Condition monitoring/asset management

Distribution automation

Building automation

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Questions

and Ideas ?

Aty Edris

Senior Directoraedris@qunta-technology.com