What you're looking at is a closed container of bromine. What you're looking at is a closed container of bromine.That you're looking at is a closed container of bromine.What = The thing which

What you're looking at is a closed container of bromine.

See the bromine liquid here, red, dark-brown liquid, and the bromine gas filling the rest of the vessel, a red-brown gas. See the bromine liquid (here, red, dark-brown liquid)See the bromine gas (filling the rest of the vessel, a red-brown gas).

container = vesselvesselcontainergaseous bromineliquidbromine

See the bromine liquid here, red, dark-brown liquid, and the bromine gas filling the rest of the vessel, a red-brown gas.

I'm going to make use of this liquid nitrogen again. make effective use of : make good use of: make bad use of:

I'm going to make use of this liquid nitrogen again.

Remember, it's very cold, -196 C.

Sheet1

F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 O2 N2boiling point (K) 85 238 332 458 90 77melting point (K) 53 172 266 387 55 63state at standard green-yellow green-yellow dark red velvet black colorless colorlessconditions gas gas liquid solid gas gasbondingenergy (kcal/mol) 37

F2Cl2Br2I2O2N2

boiling point (K)852383324589077

-188-3559185-183-196

melting point (K)531722663875563

-220-101-7114-218-210

state at standard conditionsgreen-yellowgreen-yellowdark redvelvet blackcolorlesscolorless

gasgasliquidsolidgasgas

37.75846.136.1117.2225.8

covalent bonding radius (nm)0.640.991.141.330.740.74

van der Waals radius (nm)1.351.81.952.151.521.55

Sheet2

Sheet3

Remember, it's very cold, -196 C. -196

To lower this vessel so that the finger in the vat gets into the liquid nitrogen. finger of the vesselvatliquidnitrogengaseous bromineliquidbromine

To lower this vessel so that the finger in the vat gets into the liquid nitrogen.

Now, what will happen at that temperature is that bromine should change state, so the gas should go into the liquid, and the liquid should go into the solid. what will happen at that temperature is that that will happen at that temperaturebromine should change statethe gas should go into the liquidthe liquid should go into the solid.

Now, what will happen at that temperature is that bromine should change state, so the gas should go into the liquid, and the liquid should go into the solid.

So we see all three phases, all three states of matter in action. we see all three phases of matter in actionwe see all three states of matter in actionsolid/liquid/gasphase: state:

So we see all three phases, all three states of matter in action.

All right, let's wait a little bit and see what happens now while that flask cools down. let's wait a little bitlets see what happens while that flask cools down.

All right, let's wait a little bit and see what happens now while that flask cools down.

At this stage now we can see all three states of matter. (At this stage now) we can see all three states (of matter).

At this stage now we can see all three states of matter.

This is the bromine gas, the top part up here. The dark material now is the bromine liquid, and at the very bottom is the yellow solid of bromine. finger of the vesselvatliquidnitrogengaseous bromineliquidbrominesolid bromine

This is the bromine gas, the top part up here. The dark material now is the bromine liquid, and at the very bottom is the yellow solid of bromine.

All three states of matter.

All three states of matter.

We know that as we go from the gas and decrease the temperature, we go to a liquid; we decrease the temperature further, we go to the solid. We know that

as we go from the gas we go to a liquid.as we decrease the temperature

as we go from the liquid we go to the solid.as we decrease the temperature further

We know that as we go from the gas and decrease the temperature, we go to a liquid; we decrease the temperature further, we go to the solid.

On the submicroscopic level, the bromine particles in the gaseous state are moving quickly and chaotically. (On the submicroscopic level,) the bromine particles (in the gaseous state) are moving quickly and chaotically.

On the submicroscopic level, the bromine particles in the gaseous state are moving quickly and chaotically.

As the temperature decreases, the particles slow down until the attractive forces between them overcome the randomizing forces of kinetic energy. the temperature decreases

the particles slow down

the attractive forces (between them) overcome the randomizing forces (of kinetic energy). attractive force vs. randomizing force

As the temperature decreases, the particles slow down until the attractive forces between them overcome the randomizing forces of kinetic energy.

When these two forces reach a balance, the particles begin to stick together in clumps. these two forces reach a balance two forces: attractive force randomizing force

the particles begin to stick together in clumps.

begin to- begins (sticking, to stick)

When these two forces reach a balance, the particles begin to stick together in clumps.

When the clumps become large enough, gravity pulls them down to the bottom of the container. the clumps become large enoughgravity pulls down them (to the bottom) (of the container). gravity electro-magnetic force strong interaction weak interaction

When the clumps become large enough, gravity pulls them down to the bottom of the container.

Now, the particles are in relatively close contact. the bromine particles are in relatively close contact.relatively (gas ) in close contact:

Now, the particles are in relatively close contact.

Attractive forces are holding them together, but they are still moving. Attractive forces (between the bromine molecules) are holding the bromine molecules together

the bromine molecules are still moving.

Attractive forces are holding them together, but they are still moving.

As the liquid becomes colder, the particles lose even more kinetic energy. the (bromine) liquid becomes colder

the (bromine) particles lose even more kinetic energy.

As the liquid becomes colder, the particles lose even more kinetic energy.

This results in another change of state. result: result in

This results in another change of state.

The liquid becomes a solid. The (bromine) liquid becomes a (bromine) solid.bromine liquid thebromine solid a

The liquid becomes a solid.

Now, the attractive forces hold the particles in a regular and ordered form that extends in three dimensions. the attractive forces (between the molecules) hold the particles in a regular form an ordered form particle = bromine molecule the form extends in three dimensions.

Now, the attractive forces hold the particles in a regular and ordered form that extends in three dimensions.