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When did women gain the right to vote?
1893: New Zealand
1906: Finland
1913: Norway, Denmark
1918: Great Britain, Germany, Austria, USSR, Sweden
1920: USA
1931: Spain
1944/45: France, Italy
1971: Switzerland
1984: Liechtenstein
In Britain the law-abiding National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies had 300,000 members in 1912, and the “militant” Women’s Social and Political Union, 50,000
British suffragist poster, ca. 1906
A WSPU rally, ca. 1908
WSPU activists arrested in 1906 for marching on Parliament
Emmeline Pankhurst arrested outside Buckingham Palace
Picture of her prison cell, 1911
The gradual decline in birthrates and rise in
life expectancy nurtured the idea that women should be able
to combine motherhood and a
career
THE FINDINGS OF JOAN SCOTT & LOUISE TILLY FOR FRANCE
The French Union for Women’s Suffrage
(founded in 1909) had 12,000 members in
1914:“French Women Want
the Vote:Against alcohol, slums, and war”
Delegates to the Women’s Suffrage Congress in Munich, 1912
“Women’s Dreams about the Marriage of the Future” (1908)
“Give Us Women’s Suffrage!”
Poster for the SPD-sponsored
International Women’s Day on
March 8, 1914
Women in a German shell factory, 1916/17
German women at work in a
munitions factory,
1916.High wages and
government propaganda lured women into jobs they had never
held before, such as lathe operator
and munitions worker
“A New Berlin Street Scene from Wartime: Women Window Cleaners Exercise their Trade in Men’s Clothing” (1917)
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg founded the Spartacus League in 1917, proclaimed a “Soviet
Republic” on November 9, 1918, and then founded the German Communist Party.
A Frenchwoman operates a lathe
in a metalworking factory
J. Barnard Davis, “The Workroom of the Gerrard’s Cross War Hospital Supply Depot” (1918)
Workers in a British shell factory, 1918
E.F. Skinner, “For King and Country” (ca. 1917)
Women miners haul clay to be fired into bricks in Wales
“On Her their Lives Depend”(recruitment poster for the
British munitions industry, ca.
1916)
“Preserve Perishable Produce”
(Food Production
Department, London, 1917/18)
H.G. Gawthorn, “National Service Women’s Land
Army,” Great Britain,
1917
Albert Sterner, “We need you,”
USA, 1918
“We give our work, our men, our lives if need be. Will you give us the Vote?”
USA, 1917
“The Glorious Dead”
(the Cenotaph in Whitehall, London,
designed by Sir Edward Lutyens, built in 1919/20)