Course Objectives• Explore applications of computers in many

areas

• Gain increased awareness of impact of computer technology on society

• Benefits offered by computer technology• Problems posed by computer technology• Hardware and software systems that make it

possible• Future of computers in society

Course Focus

WHEN YOU THINK OF TECHNOLOGY WHAT IS THE FIRST THING YOU THINK OF?

Finish the sentence

Technology is……..

Computer History

• We’re going to proceed in “generations”

– You will also see that generations are broken down into Era’s

What Is a Computer?

• An electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data (input), manipulate data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store (storage) the results for future use

• WHAT DEFINES A COMPUTER

– By the work it does

– By the kind of information it handles

– By its size and price

http://avconline.avc.edu/abeyer/Web%20Slides/Chp1/img3.jpg

Activity 1

• Which is better?

History Breakdown

• Generation 0 (no memory) Mechanical Calculators– Mechanical Era (1600’s-1830’s)

– Electo-mechanical Era (1840’s-1951)

• Generation 1 Vacuum Tube Computers– Electronic Era (1951-1958)

• Generation 2Transistor Computers (1958-1964)

• Generation 3 Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

• Generation 4 Microprocessors (1971-Now)

• Generation 5 (Future)

Where and when did it all begin?

• What do you think was the first computer?

• When was it invented ?

• What was it used for?

http://www.tux.org/~bagleyd/java/AbacusAppJS.html

First computer was considered to be the ABACUS

Computers were originally created to help aide in calculatingStill in use in many 3rd world countries

Generation 0

Mechanical Era

• “Computer” used to be a job title it was used to describe those human beings whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs

• 1642– Blaise Pascal designed the 1st gear-

driven counting/calculating machine; called the Pascaline; to help aid his tax collector father

• 1834– Charles Babbage proposed the

Analytical Engine– Had it followed through, it would’ve been

considered the 1st programmable computer

Generation 0

Mechanical Era

Punched Cards

Generation 0

Electro-Mechanical Era• Just as the name describes, this era has

mainly mechanical parts but was starting to incorporate electronic components into the machines

• In 1842, Ada Lovelace (English mathematician, daughter of Lord Byron) wrote instructions for the Analytical Engine: the first computer program!

– A programming language is named after her

Population Growth

• 1790– 4 million

• 1840– 17 million

• 1870– 40 million

• 1880– 50 million

• 1890– 63 million

• 1890– Herman Hollerith: created a device that used gears and wheels

but was powered by electricity; called Hollerith’s Desk

– was created to help tabulate the Census; used Punched Cards

– Hollerith’s machine cut census tabulation time from 7.5 years to 3 years, which save approximately $5 million dollars

– Hollerith’s company, the Tabulating Machine Company, became IBM, after a few buyouts

• 1944– IBM, along with Harvard, created the Mark I

– This was the first programmable digital computer made in the U.S., but it was not a purely electronic computer; was constructed out of switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches

Generation 0

Electro-Mechanical Era

1930's

Walt Disney Pictures to use as sound effects generators for the 1940 movie “Fantasia.”First instance of a computer being used in a movie

Generation 1Electronic Era

(1951-58)• Advantages

– Only Electronic Device

– First Device to hold memory

• Disadvantages

– Too bulky in size

– Vacuum Tubes burn out frequently

– Produced a lot of heat

– Maintenance problems

Generation 1 Computers

• These machines were used in business for accounting and payroll applications.Valves were unreliable components generating a lot of heat (still a problem in computers). They had very limited memory capacity. Magnetic drums were developed to store information and tapeswere also developed for secondary storage.

Generation 1

• 1946 – “ENIAC” was developed/finalized

– was one of the 1st computers without mechanical parts

– it used VACUUM TUBES instead of gears and switches

– 1000 times faster than “Mark I”

• 1950s – Transistors replaced Vacuum Tubes; they were smaller, faster, and more reliable

Generation 1: ENIAC

• The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in 1946: the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer

• Specs– 17,468 vacuum tubes

– 1,800 sq ft

– 30 tons

– 174 kilowatt of power

– 1,000-bit memory

– Punched card

Generation 1: ENIAC

Generation 2(1958-64)

• Main Processing Unit– Transistor

• Storage Unit– Magnetic Disks

• Disadvantages– Overheated quickly– Maintenance Problems

• Advantages– Size Reduced– Faster– More Reliable

Generation 2

• The development of the transistorrevolutionised the development of computers.Invented at Bell Labs in 1948, transistors were much smaller, more rugged, cheaper to make and far more reliable than valves.

• Core memory was introduced and disk storage was also used. The hardware became smaller and more reliable, a trend that still continues.

• Another major feature of the second generation was the use of programming languages

Generation 2: Transistors

• mid 1950's – transistors began to replace tubes– a transistor is a piece of silicon whose

conductivity can be turned on and off using an electric current

– they performed the same switching function of vacuum tubes, but were smaller, faster, more reliable, and cheaper to mass produce

– invented by Bardeen, Brattain, & Shockley in 1948 (earning them the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics)

some historians claim the transistor was the most important invention of the 20th century

Generation 2: Transistors

• Generation 2 computers were still bulky and expensive, and so there were only in universities, government agencies, and large businesses

• Transistors were much smaller, more rugged, cheaper to make and far more reliable than valves.

• Core memory was introduced and disk storage was also used. The hardware became smaller and more reliable, a trend that still continues.

• Another major feature of the second generation was the use of programming languages

• Transistor-based computer enabled space travel

Activity 2

• Historical Perspective

– Do activities ___ and ___ and ___

– Work in pairs

Generation 3Integrated Circuits

(1964-71)• Main Processing Unit

– Integrated Circuits (IC’s)

• Storage Unit– Floppy Disks

• Disadvantages– IC’s are sophisticated and technologically advanced

• Advantages– IC’s are smaller in size

– Improved performance

– Production costs are cheaper

Generation 3

• IC’s (Integrated Circuits) were again smaller, cheaper, faster and more reliable than transistors. Speeds went from the microsecond to the nanosecond (billionth) to the picosecond (trillionth) range. ICs were used for main memory despite the disadvantage of being volatile. Minicomputers were developed at this time.

• Terminals replaced punched cards for data entry and disk packs became popular

Generation 3: Integrated Circuits

• 160 million instructions per seconds and 8 Megabytes of memory

Generation 3: Integrated Circuits

• The IC allowed dozens of transistors to exist on a single “silicon chip”, which was smaller than the previously available single transistor

• This lead computers to become smaller, faster, and cheaper

Generation 3

• Substantial operating systems were developed to manage and share the computing resources. This greatly improved the efficiency of computers.

• Computers had by now entered most areas of business and administration.

1971 – Intel marketed the first microprocessor, the 4004, a chip with all the circuitry for a calculator

• 1960s – Integrated Circuit – small silicon chip that could perform only 1 task-100’s of transistors

• 1970s – Microprocessor/CPU (Central Processing Unit) – chip that could perform multiple functions

**Microcomputers became manufactured and sold

**Our society has not “gone away” from the microprocessor; we haven’t created a different device to make the computer work. We’ve only enhanced the processor by making it smaller and faster.

Generation 3

Electronic Era

Microprocessor

• What do we see in the picture?

• Lets watch a video on what is on the inside of computer…

How Stuff Works

Activity 3

• Information Processing Activity

• Finish the paper working with the person sitting next to you

Generation 4(1971-now)

• Main Processing Unit– Integrated Circuits (IC’s) and Very Large Scale

Integration

• Storage Unit– Floppy Disks and CD’s Jump Drives

• Disadvantages– No Artificial Intelligence

• Advantages– Compact– Less power consumption– Production costs are cheaper

Generation 4: VLSI

• late 1970's - Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

– by the late 1970's, manufacturing advances allowed placing hundreds of thousands of transistors with circuitry on a chip

– since computers could be constructed by simply connecting powerful IC's and peripheral devices, they were easier to make and more affordable

Generation 4With Generation 4 came the rise of personal computing

� 1975 - Bill Gates & Paul Allen founded Microsoft

� Gates wrote a BASIC interpreter for the first PC (Altair)

� 1977 - Steve Wozniak & Steve Jobs founded Apple

� went from Jobs' garage to $120 million in sales by 1980

� 1980 - IBM introduced PC

� Microsoft licensed the DOS operating system to IBM

� 1984 - Apple countered with Macintosh

introduced the modern OS (which was mostly developed at Xerox)

� 1985 - Microsoft countered with Windows

Generation 4: ENIAC on a chip

• In 1997, the 50th anniversary of the ENIAC, students at University of Pennsylvania built a single chip equivalent to the ENIAC

Generation 5

• Main Processing Unit

– Integrated Circuits (IC’s) and Parallel Processing

• Storage Unit

– Digital Video Devices

• Advantages

– Artificial Intelligence

– Expert System

Generation 5

• The term “Generation 5” is used sometimes to refer to “sci fi” future developments– Voice recognition

– Artificial intelligence

– Quantum computing

– Bio computing

– Nano technology

– Learning

– Natural languages

MOORE’S Law

• Moore's law describes an important trend in where computer memory is doubling approximately every 18-24 months. The observation was first made by Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore in a 1965

2 Categories of Computers

• Specific Purpose

– Can only perform the task it was designed to do

– Has EMBEDDED PROCESSOR

– DVD player, VCR, TV, TV with apps, etc

• General Purpose

– Can perform a variety of tasks

– Personal Computer (PC), Cell Phone

Main Types of Computers

• Mainframe

– Large, high capacity; used in large corporations (IRS)

– Used w/ a TERMINAL – keyboard & monitor

• Minicomputer (AKA Mid-range Server)

– Same as a mainframe only smaller

• Supercomputer

– Largest, fastest, most expensive computer

– Used for extensive mathematical problems and scientific analysis

Main Types of Computers (cont.)

• Microcomputer

– Does it’s own processing internally (microprocessor) •Desktop / Tower

•Notebook / Laptop

•All-in-one

•Cell Phone

•Handheld

–Palm Pilot

–PDA

–Blackberry

–PSP

Computer System

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

Hardware

• The physical, electronic components that make up a computer

• Allows for either Input, Processing, Output, or Storage

– These are known as Hardware Devices

• Peripheral Devices

– External device that allows input or output

Input

• Data (raw facts or info) that is entered into the computer by a user

• Input Devices

– *Keyboard

– Mouse

– Scanner

– Microphone

– Digital/Web Camera

– Joystick

Processing

• Takes the raw data that is in machine language, processes it, and turns it into language that the user can use

• Machine Language = Binary Code

– Combination of 1s and 0s that are used to represent a character

– Binary Code Chart

• Processing Device = Microprocessor

Processing (cont.)

• Microprocessor is the MOST important factor to consider when buying a computer

– It determines the SPEED of your computer

• Microprocessor is measured in HERTZ

– KiloHertz (KHZ) = thousand

– MegaHertz (MHZ) = million

– GigaHertz (GHZ) = billion

– TeraHertz (THZ) = trillion

Cycles or instructions per second

• Three hardware systems

– A Central Processing Unit (CPU)

– A memory, which stores both program and data

– An input/output system

• Computers today are still very close to this basic architecture

CPU

MemoryI/OSystem

Output

• Processed information that is sent back out to the user (by the computer) in a language that he/she understands

• Output Devices

– *Monitor

– Printer

– Speakers

Storage• A holding place for files, data, programs, etc

• Storage is determined by MEMORY

– Have temporary memory (RAM) and long-term memory (ROM)

• Random Access Memory (RAM) stores current running tasks and programs

– This is the memory that you (as a user) access

• Read Only Memory (ROM) stores that files and data that are needed to start up a computer

– You do not access this memory

Storage (cont.)• RAM is the 2nd MOST important factor

to consider when buying a computer– It determines how much info/files your

computer can hold

– It is a factor in the SPEED of your computer

Storage (cont.)

• Memory is measured in Bytes– 1 byte = 1 character (8 bits)

– KiloByte (KB) = thousand

– MegaByte (MB) = million

– GigaByte (GB) = billion

– TeraByte (TB) = trillion

– PetaByte (PB)=quadrillion

• 1024 KB=1 MB, 1024 MB=1 GB, 1024 GB=1 TB, 1024 TB=1 PB

Storage Devices• Used for permanent storage/saving

• Hard Drive – Hard Disk (C)

– Not a mobile disk; internal in the PC

• Floppy Drive – Floppy Disk (A)

– Mobile; can store up to 1.44 MB

• CD/DVD ROM Drive – CD (D)

– CD Mobile; can store up to 800 MB; need extra hard/software

• Zip Drive – Zip Disk

– Mobile; store 100 MB or 200 MB; need extra hardware

• Jump/Flash Drive (E)

– Mobile; store any amt; amt of storage space = cost

DVD ROM Drive – CD (D)

DVD Mobile; can store up to 4.7 GB; need extra

hard/software

Software

• Series of instructions that tells the computer what tasks to perform and in what order

• 2 Types of software

– System Software

– Application Software

System Software• Consists of the programs that control the operations

of the computer and it’s devices

• Coincides with the Operating System (OS)

• Windows (Business)

– Derived from MS-DOS; used a Text Based User Interface

• MacOS (Art, Graphic Design, Media)

– 1st to create mouse and Graphical User Interface (GUI)

– Uses mouse to click on ICONS – small images that represent a task, program, storage, instruction, etc

• Linux, Unix, Basic

Application Software

• Consists of the programs that perform the tasks that the user wants the computer to do

4 Common Applications

• Word Processing Software

– Create and edit text; Word, Corel, etc

• Spreadsheet Software

– Analyze numeric data; Excel, Lotus, etc

• Database Management

– Store, retrieve, & process data; Access, Oracle, etc

• Desktop Publishing

– Work w/images & text all on 1 screen; Publisher, Adobe

Software Considerations

• Have to consider the specs (specifications) of the computer

• Operating System

• Processor Speed

• RAM

• Hard Drive Storage Space

• CD-ROM/DVD-ROM Drive Speed

• Display Capabilities

• Video Card Capabilities

• Sound Capabilities

Software Piracy

• Using/having software that you DO NOThave the legal license for

Progression of Software

• Software progression/upgrades are shown using version numbering schemes

• Whole numbers along with decimals

Major.minor.revision

– Major Upgrades: change the whole number

• Significant changes in functionality

– Minor Upgrades: change in the 1st decimal

• Only minor features or significant fixes have been added

– Revision Upgrades: change in the 2nd decimal

• When minor bugs are fixed

Difference between bugs and virus’

• Virus is a malicious computer program

• Bug is an error in a computer program

Network

• Group of computers connected together to share files and resources

• Connected together via Communication Device and Communication Media

• Communication Device

– Modem

• Communication Media

– Wires, phone lines, satellites, cellular radio

Network (cont)

• 2 types of Networks

• Local Area Network (LAN)

– Covers a small geographical area

• Wide Area Network (WAN)

– Covers a large geographical area

• The Largest Network

– Internet

Extra Activity

• Library Thoughts

• Others, Choose 3