WHI- SOL ReviewUnit 3

Unit 3: SOL 6Rome

Geography of Rome• Italian Peninsula (boot)• Center of the

Mediterranean Basin

• Alps (protection- North)• Mediterranean Sea

Government in the Republic

• Social Structure– Patricians (rich)– Plebeians (ordinary)– Slaves (not based on

race)

• Citizenship– Only Patrician &

Plebeian MEN– Selected foreigners

• Which ones were selected?

• Rights: taxes, military service, voting

Features of Roman Democracy

• Representative Democracy (Republic)• Assemblies• The Senate• Consuls• Laws of Rome = Twelve Tables

Women, aliens, and slaves didn’t have rights in the Republic, but Rome still made strides in helping to create modern democracy

Punic Wars: 264 – 146 BC

• Rome v. Carthage– Fought over Trade– Hannibal = General from

Carthage. Invaded Italy by riding on elephants through the Alps. (2nd)

– 3 wars = Ended in the destruction of Carthage. Rome WON!!!

Spread of Rome & Creating an Empire

• Controlled the Mediterranean Basin– Africa, Asia, Europe,

Hellenistic (Greek) Eastern Mediterranean

• Conquered western Europe (Gaul & British Isles)– Do you remember which

General conquered Gaul?• Julius Caesar

The End of the Republic

• Fall of the Republic– Spread of slavery in the

agricultural system– Migration of small farmers

into the cities & unemployment

– Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar

– Inflation

• Creating an Imperial Regime– 1st Triumvirate (JCP)

• Julius Caesar

– 2nd Triumvirate (AOL)• Marc Anthony v. Octavian

– Empire: had an emperor to control land with military authority

– Problem: didn’t have a peaceful succession of emperors

The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire.

Pax Romana & Its Impact

• Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire. Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace & prosperity known as the Pax Romana.

Augustus & the Pax Romana

• Pax Romana– 200 yrs of peace &

prosperity under imperial rule

– Solidified Empire in Near East

• Social Impacts:– Returned stability to the

social classes– Increased emphasis on

the family

• Economic impacts:– Common coinage,

expanded trade– Safe travel & trade on

Roman roads

• Political impacts:– Civil service– Rule of law

Roman mythology

• Religion of the Roman Republic

• Polytheistic• Based on Greek mythology• Explained natural

phenomena, human qualities & life events

**Flip to page 33 to fill this section in

• Gods & Goddesses– Jupiter, Juno, Apollo,

Diana, Minerva, Venus, Mercury, Mars

– Mainly have planet names

Christianity

Followers of Jesus spread it & eventually changed Western Civilization.

• Origins:– Judaism– Jesus of Nazareth

(Messiah)– Conflicted with

polytheistic beliefs in the empire

• Beliefs, Traditions & Customs:– Monotheism– Jesus = Son &

Incarnation of god– Life after Death– New Testament– Church councils

determined early doctrine

Christianity…• Spread of Christianity– Popular message– Early martyrs inspired

people• Martyr = Dies for their

cause

– Apostles, including Paul, spread it throughout the Empire

• Church grew in power– Constantine converted

to Christianity (CCC)– Edict of Milan– Official religion of the

Empire– Became the moral

authority– Loyalty to Church >

loyalty to Emperor– Main unifying force of

Western Europe

Fall of the Roman Empire

• Size: too big to handle• Economy: cost of defense &

devaluation of currency• Military: Army started to

include Non-Romans• Moral Decay: loss of faith in

Rome & the family• Political: Civil war & weak

leaders• Invasion: attacks on borders

• Division of Roman Empire– Constantine moved

capital to Byzantium (Constantinople)

– West “fell” in 476 AD, while the East lived for another 1000 years

– Eastern Roman Empire = the Byzantine Empire

The Eastern & Western Empires

Roman Contributions• Art/ Architecture: Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum• Technology/ Engineering: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches,

Concrete• Science: Ptolemy (geocentric theory of the universe)• Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water

system; medical schools)• Language: Latin, Romance languages• Literature: Virgil’s Aenid• Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the

imperial religion• Law: The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the

Twelve Tables)

Question time!Let’s see how you do.

Questions based off of SOL 6

Which of the following would best complete the chart?

A. Expanded the power of the Roman Republic

B. Expanded the power of the Roman EmpireC. Expanded trade in the Roman EmpireD. Scipio invaded the Italian Peninsula

Punic Wars

????????? Defeated Carthage

Which of the following is a cause for the decline of the Roman Republic?

A. Civil war over the power of Octavian CaesarB. Amount of slaves in the agricultural system

decreasedC. Amount of farm land worked by small

farmers decreasedD. Roman army started to include barbarians,

resulting in a lack of discipline

Julius Caesar was assassinated on the “Ides of March” (March 15th), 44 BC. Why?

A. In a last-ditch effort to save the Roman Empire

B. In a last-ditch effort to save the Roman Republic

C. He was killed by the jealous husband of one of his lovers

D. His wife stabbed him to death for cheating on her

- Jesus is both the savior and the son of God.-Monotheistic

Which religion is being described above?A. ShintoismB. JudaismC. ChristianityD. Islam

“Christianity is proclaimed as a legal religion in this empire…All Christians have the right to openly worship without being harassed…”

Which emperor would have said the quote above?

A. ConstantineB. CaligulaC. CharlemagneD. Theodosius

Who moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium?

A. ConstantineB. DiocletianC. CharlemagneD. Justinian