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Which of the following is the correct order of events in the cell cycle? . G1, G2, S, mitosis, cytokinesis G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis S, G1, G2, cytokinesis , mitosis S, G1, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Which of the following is the correct order of events in the cell cycle?
A. G1, G2, S, mitosis, cytokinesis B. G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesisC. S, G1, G2, cytokinesis, mitosis D. S, G1, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
A. B. C. D.
3% 1%1%
95%
Which of the following is a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor by fixing damaged DNA in cancerous cells?
A. HER2B. Trisomy 21C. P53D. BRCA1
A. B. C. D.
24%
73%
1%1%
Cancer detection and treatment
• Early detection increases odds of survival
• There are different detection methods for different cancers
hange in bowel or bladder habits
sore that does not heal
nusual bleeding or discharge
hickening or lump
bvious change in wart or mole
agging cough or hoarseness
ndigestion or difficulty swallowing
Detecting Cancer
• Blood or urine tests– Cancer cells may be observed under the microscope– Some cancer cells release high levels of cancer markers
that may be detected
• Example : Ca125 marker of produced by ovarian cells
• These tests are not always reliable, as cancer markers can be produced by normal cells, and their levels vary
• Imaging methods– X-rays
– CT scan
– MRI scan:uses radiowaves focused by magnet
– Ultrasound
• Biopsy: surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis– Needle biopsy – removal is made using a needle
– Laparascope – surgical instrument with a light, camera, and small scalpel
Polyp – an abnormal growth
• Colonoscopy – view colon with camera mounted on snake-like device
• DNA testing– BRCA1 or BRCA2 for breast or ovarian cancer
Cancer cells within which of the following biopsy samples would be the best indicator that the cancer has metastasized?
A. LiverB. PancreasC. OvaryD. Lymph node
A. B. C. D.
15%
58%
14%14%
Cancer Treatment
• Chemotherapy – drugs that selectively kill dividing cells– Combination of different drugs
used (“cocktail”)– Interrupt cell division in different
ways– Normal dividing cells are also
killed, leading to side effects• hair follicles • bone marrow • stomach lining
• Radiation therapy – use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells– Damages their DNA so
they can’t continue to divide or grow
– Most effective against small localized tumors that are near the surface.
• Vaccination– Gardasil® - first vaccine against cervical
cancer– Most effective when given prior to infection
by HPV
Cancer Treatment – new biological targets
• Molecularly targeted drugs – Gleevec® - leukemia
CNN Video Clip
Custom cancer treatments for you!
April 2010 : FDA approved the first cancer treatment vaccine, Provenge®
Your questions on cancer???