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32 24 09261968 Letter From Charles S Rhyne to Nixon letter requesting 175 copies of Nixons memo on Deweys Plunge to Oblivion 1pg
32 24 10091968 Letter From Lance Tarrance Jr to Mr Dick McCormick letter of thanks for receiving a draft copy of Deweys (1948) Plunge to Oblivionas well compliments 1pg
32 24 10011968 Memo Copy of Deweys Plunge to Oblivion which examines the final six weeks of the Dewey-Truman campaign of 1948 11 pgs
32 24 nd Memo From Richard V Allan to Dick McCormack complimenting McCormacks memo concerning Vietnam includes of copy of McCormacks memo 10 pgs
Tuesday August 05 2008 Page 1 of 1
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CHARlE S RHYI~E National CtIJirmfln
J V~~ ~
r ~~t HEADQUARTERS bull WILLARD HOTEL WASHINGTON DC 20004 bull PHONE (021 78~-J560
Mr Dick McCormack Nixon-Agnew Calnpaign Committee 450 Park Avenue New York New York 10022
Dear Dick
Your memo on Dewey s Plunge to Oblivion 5 so yeshything I would like to send to all of my people
Here is a quote from one of our fiel~-1e-
Incidentally both the local and statE party orglti-datl have been sitting on their hands hoping and waL~ foshya Nixon landslide to get their state cancidates ele(~d You have a mirage in the sky but no substance he~middotc This is blunt but the truth 11
I am worried about such corr~ments so if ltina wrbull- gtU
get your draft done in quantity Pd like about 175 copies
Sincerely r l
i bull 11 r
U-~~ Charles S RhynE National Chairman
csRIP cc Joim Mitchell
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(ltt REPUB]JICAN ~A11iOXAL CO)BnrrrEE 1625 EYE STREET NORTHWEST bull WASHINGTON D C 20006 bull NAtional 8middot6800
RESEARCH DIVISION RAY C BLISS CHAIRMAN
October 9 1968
Mr Dick 1cCormick Nixon-Agnew Campaign Committee 450 Park Avenue New York New York 10022
Dear Dick
Just wanted to thank you ag~in for leaving a copy of your draft on Deweys (1948) Plunge to Oblivion I read it and thought it quite good and in fact I distributed it to all of our senior staff
You might say that your memorandum has kept us on our toes )
LTdh
Sincerely
Lance Tarrance Jr Deputy Director of Research
October 1 1968 MEMORANDUM
Dick McCormack Foreign Affairs Staff Member
SEPT-NOV 1948 DEWEYS PLUJIGE lO OBLIVION
How did we go wrong Frankly I do not know Roper the day after the 1948 electiono
Apoll taking is still an infant science Dr George Gallup same day
How could fifty members of the Washington Press Club be unanimously so wrong Bew York Times same
day
1 canlt believe it I just cant believe itt9 A defeated Republicanorrice seeker who declined to be identified same day bull
The purpose of this memorandum is to take a brief look at
the atmosphere of the final six weeks of the Dewey-Truman campaign
of 1948 and see what implications this may have for us nowo
Domestically the US had just shaken itself free of the
economic paralysis of the 1930so Virtually every voter remembered
the soup kitchens the mountains of unsaleable farm commodities
the collapse of the banking structure and the fear desperation
and individual humiliation which accompanied these conditions But
by October 1948 the people were fat and happy
Major concerns on the homefront were 10 A 10 percent annual
rate of inflation (Food prices were up 131 percent since 1939) 2 An
enormous harvest which had a depressing effect upon farm produce
prices 3 Labor resentment at the Taft Hartley Act and 4 A fear
that the new found prosperity might evaporate
Except for the Eastern Seaboard foreign affairs really
didnt concern the voter excessively After all the US bad Just
crushed fascism had exclusive possession of the atomic bomo and
an economy which was the envy of the world
There were trouble spots to be sureo Czechoslovakia had
just falleno Chinas future seemed questionable Berlin was being
squeezed Greece was under attack Incidents of violence were
beginning in Korea And the stern Gang had just assassinated the
United Nations representative in Jerusalem In September 1948 a
new Draft Law was enacted and Secretary of State George Marshall flew
to Europe trying to develop plans to resurrect the continents
tattered economic political and military structure
Politically the Democratic Party was wracked by dissention
Not since the slavery issue split the Democratic party in 1860 and
put the first Republican President in the White House had America
witnessed anything like the internecine warfare in the Democratic
Party in 1948 On the left Henry Wallaces Progressive Party
savagely attacked Tlumans hard line against Russia and his relatively
conservat1fe ICC lOmic policies at home 0 On the Right Strom ifburmond 9 s
Dixiecrat movement embittered by the Civil Rights Plank of the
Democratic platform hoped to prevent anyone from getting a majority
in the Electoral College and thus to throw the el(ectioln into the House
of Repr~selntatiw~so
The Republicans exhilarated by their Co~ressiona1 SweE
in 1946 wer~ conwinc~d that the hour for a r~capture of the Presishy
5ney had struck It was fitim for a change Pollsters unanimousll
aereedo So did almost everz major Dewspap~r in the country including
The New York Times
It was against this background of events that Thomas Dewey
the newly ~omlnated Republican candidate for President began his
campaign in Sept~mber 1948 a campaign which he promised would be
urugged and extensi We 0 bullbullbull bull
~i As his train rolled through the rich Pacific Northwest
Tom Dewey was obviously gaining in confidence and apparently he was
translating into a new maturity He seemed less like a candidate
bidding for votes and more like a statesman speaking not only for his
party but for his country TIME - Oct 18 1948
~~Some observerst like columnist Joseph Alsop found his manner
3
a trifle too ostentatiously noble but they were all a~reed on one
thine He was making and keeping votes tf Ill - Oct 4 1948
By everY available piece of evidence the voters had
already made up their minds to anawerg Yes its time for a chaRge
That was why Earl Warren (the Vice Presidential candidate) could afford
to campaign like a big friendly Saint Bernard tail wagging his way
east across the nation The Republicans had only to raise no ruckus
make no thumping blunders keep their fingers crossed against a
world upheaval - and their election seemed assured - Sept 27
1948
~Except for a promise to his farm audience that price
supports would be m~intained Dewey attempted no detailed outline of
his program shrewdly contented himself with general pledg(s which
friends wanted to hear and enemies would find difficult to attack He
promised a foreign policy made effective by men and women
who really unaerstand th~ MtUle of the threat to peace arJld who have
the vigor~ the knowledge and the experience required to wage peace
successfully He promised an administration t made up of men and0 Ii
women whose love of their country comes ahead of every other considerashy
tion 1ME - Sept 28 19480
~O~e of the last readings which each of Deweys prepared
speeches is giv~~ before 4elivery is for the purpose of taking out
or toning down any ~llusion to Truman which might widely be regarded
as harsh or enhance his underdog role
the ~ords of one of Deweys chief advisors We dont
want this election to leave any bitternessR~
~~you get the feeling that Dewey chafes a little under these
self imposed restraints He can and likes to punch hard And a good
many R~~blican candidates for lesser office would like to have him
hit with full force bullbullbull oo
n~e best way to win a presidential election is not always
the best way to lay a foundation for a successful administration But
in this case~ the two objectives go together Dewey must be credited
4
not only with smart campaign tactics but with sound strategy preparashy
tion for the trials beyond November 2 ERNEST Ko LIIDLEY NEWSWEEK -
Oct 25 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that ~Presidential Candidate
Thomas Eo Dewey rested on his oars last week riding the ground swell
of pro-Republican sentiment But as the man who expected to command
the ship of state next winter Dewey continued to take soundings on
the shoal water ahead Throughout his Western Journey he had been
in dally communication with his chief advisor on Foreign Affairs
US Delegate Poster Dulles How Dulles was returning from Paris
to make a first hand report on the international conditions
REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
On same page of NEWSWEEK which described Dewey resting
on his oarsll Trul(lllm ff s campaign was contrasted
~Like a touring star President ~uman hardly changed his
act fron day to Sometimes his words were barbed~ at other times
the folksy aPPElal was stronger The crowds lt either way
roaring or chuckling their approval And like an actor facing an
affectionate audience Mro Truman gave it everything he had to cries
of ~iAttaboy After only a four day respite from his Western
Campaign t~lp he wa~_still in~reAibl1 tireless this time bar~Btorming
Pennsylvania Ne~ Jersey and QPstate New York Drawing increasingly
larger and more vociferous crowds he could point to an SRO sign at
almost every lt~SVEEK - Oct 18 1948Q
While ent~rtained the crowds and garnered sensational
headlines with at ~Fascist Republicans~ and epithets such as
These Republlca~ gluttons of privilege are cold men they are cunning
ly created the impression among the newly prosshy
perous farmers a~d ~orka~s that ~the country could go to the dogs if
the Republicans ~ The question was Are you going to let another
Republican blight wipe out your prosperity~ TIME - Sept 27 19480
Assailing the Republican controlled Do Nothing Congress~ for
voting themselves a cut in taxes and you a cut in freedom~ Truman
accused the Republicans of being the tool of special interests
5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
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ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
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Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
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CHARlE S RHYI~E National CtIJirmfln
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r ~~t HEADQUARTERS bull WILLARD HOTEL WASHINGTON DC 20004 bull PHONE (021 78~-J560
Mr Dick McCormack Nixon-Agnew Calnpaign Committee 450 Park Avenue New York New York 10022
Dear Dick
Your memo on Dewey s Plunge to Oblivion 5 so yeshything I would like to send to all of my people
Here is a quote from one of our fiel~-1e-
Incidentally both the local and statE party orglti-datl have been sitting on their hands hoping and waL~ foshya Nixon landslide to get their state cancidates ele(~d You have a mirage in the sky but no substance he~middotc This is blunt but the truth 11
I am worried about such corr~ments so if ltina wrbull- gtU
get your draft done in quantity Pd like about 175 copies
Sincerely r l
i bull 11 r
U-~~ Charles S RhynE National Chairman
csRIP cc Joim Mitchell
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(ltt REPUB]JICAN ~A11iOXAL CO)BnrrrEE 1625 EYE STREET NORTHWEST bull WASHINGTON D C 20006 bull NAtional 8middot6800
RESEARCH DIVISION RAY C BLISS CHAIRMAN
October 9 1968
Mr Dick 1cCormick Nixon-Agnew Campaign Committee 450 Park Avenue New York New York 10022
Dear Dick
Just wanted to thank you ag~in for leaving a copy of your draft on Deweys (1948) Plunge to Oblivion I read it and thought it quite good and in fact I distributed it to all of our senior staff
You might say that your memorandum has kept us on our toes )
LTdh
Sincerely
Lance Tarrance Jr Deputy Director of Research
October 1 1968 MEMORANDUM
Dick McCormack Foreign Affairs Staff Member
SEPT-NOV 1948 DEWEYS PLUJIGE lO OBLIVION
How did we go wrong Frankly I do not know Roper the day after the 1948 electiono
Apoll taking is still an infant science Dr George Gallup same day
How could fifty members of the Washington Press Club be unanimously so wrong Bew York Times same
day
1 canlt believe it I just cant believe itt9 A defeated Republicanorrice seeker who declined to be identified same day bull
The purpose of this memorandum is to take a brief look at
the atmosphere of the final six weeks of the Dewey-Truman campaign
of 1948 and see what implications this may have for us nowo
Domestically the US had just shaken itself free of the
economic paralysis of the 1930so Virtually every voter remembered
the soup kitchens the mountains of unsaleable farm commodities
the collapse of the banking structure and the fear desperation
and individual humiliation which accompanied these conditions But
by October 1948 the people were fat and happy
Major concerns on the homefront were 10 A 10 percent annual
rate of inflation (Food prices were up 131 percent since 1939) 2 An
enormous harvest which had a depressing effect upon farm produce
prices 3 Labor resentment at the Taft Hartley Act and 4 A fear
that the new found prosperity might evaporate
Except for the Eastern Seaboard foreign affairs really
didnt concern the voter excessively After all the US bad Just
crushed fascism had exclusive possession of the atomic bomo and
an economy which was the envy of the world
There were trouble spots to be sureo Czechoslovakia had
just falleno Chinas future seemed questionable Berlin was being
squeezed Greece was under attack Incidents of violence were
beginning in Korea And the stern Gang had just assassinated the
United Nations representative in Jerusalem In September 1948 a
new Draft Law was enacted and Secretary of State George Marshall flew
to Europe trying to develop plans to resurrect the continents
tattered economic political and military structure
Politically the Democratic Party was wracked by dissention
Not since the slavery issue split the Democratic party in 1860 and
put the first Republican President in the White House had America
witnessed anything like the internecine warfare in the Democratic
Party in 1948 On the left Henry Wallaces Progressive Party
savagely attacked Tlumans hard line against Russia and his relatively
conservat1fe ICC lOmic policies at home 0 On the Right Strom ifburmond 9 s
Dixiecrat movement embittered by the Civil Rights Plank of the
Democratic platform hoped to prevent anyone from getting a majority
in the Electoral College and thus to throw the el(ectioln into the House
of Repr~selntatiw~so
The Republicans exhilarated by their Co~ressiona1 SweE
in 1946 wer~ conwinc~d that the hour for a r~capture of the Presishy
5ney had struck It was fitim for a change Pollsters unanimousll
aereedo So did almost everz major Dewspap~r in the country including
The New York Times
It was against this background of events that Thomas Dewey
the newly ~omlnated Republican candidate for President began his
campaign in Sept~mber 1948 a campaign which he promised would be
urugged and extensi We 0 bullbullbull bull
~i As his train rolled through the rich Pacific Northwest
Tom Dewey was obviously gaining in confidence and apparently he was
translating into a new maturity He seemed less like a candidate
bidding for votes and more like a statesman speaking not only for his
party but for his country TIME - Oct 18 1948
~~Some observerst like columnist Joseph Alsop found his manner
3
a trifle too ostentatiously noble but they were all a~reed on one
thine He was making and keeping votes tf Ill - Oct 4 1948
By everY available piece of evidence the voters had
already made up their minds to anawerg Yes its time for a chaRge
That was why Earl Warren (the Vice Presidential candidate) could afford
to campaign like a big friendly Saint Bernard tail wagging his way
east across the nation The Republicans had only to raise no ruckus
make no thumping blunders keep their fingers crossed against a
world upheaval - and their election seemed assured - Sept 27
1948
~Except for a promise to his farm audience that price
supports would be m~intained Dewey attempted no detailed outline of
his program shrewdly contented himself with general pledg(s which
friends wanted to hear and enemies would find difficult to attack He
promised a foreign policy made effective by men and women
who really unaerstand th~ MtUle of the threat to peace arJld who have
the vigor~ the knowledge and the experience required to wage peace
successfully He promised an administration t made up of men and0 Ii
women whose love of their country comes ahead of every other considerashy
tion 1ME - Sept 28 19480
~O~e of the last readings which each of Deweys prepared
speeches is giv~~ before 4elivery is for the purpose of taking out
or toning down any ~llusion to Truman which might widely be regarded
as harsh or enhance his underdog role
the ~ords of one of Deweys chief advisors We dont
want this election to leave any bitternessR~
~~you get the feeling that Dewey chafes a little under these
self imposed restraints He can and likes to punch hard And a good
many R~~blican candidates for lesser office would like to have him
hit with full force bullbullbull oo
n~e best way to win a presidential election is not always
the best way to lay a foundation for a successful administration But
in this case~ the two objectives go together Dewey must be credited
4
not only with smart campaign tactics but with sound strategy preparashy
tion for the trials beyond November 2 ERNEST Ko LIIDLEY NEWSWEEK -
Oct 25 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that ~Presidential Candidate
Thomas Eo Dewey rested on his oars last week riding the ground swell
of pro-Republican sentiment But as the man who expected to command
the ship of state next winter Dewey continued to take soundings on
the shoal water ahead Throughout his Western Journey he had been
in dally communication with his chief advisor on Foreign Affairs
US Delegate Poster Dulles How Dulles was returning from Paris
to make a first hand report on the international conditions
REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
On same page of NEWSWEEK which described Dewey resting
on his oarsll Trul(lllm ff s campaign was contrasted
~Like a touring star President ~uman hardly changed his
act fron day to Sometimes his words were barbed~ at other times
the folksy aPPElal was stronger The crowds lt either way
roaring or chuckling their approval And like an actor facing an
affectionate audience Mro Truman gave it everything he had to cries
of ~iAttaboy After only a four day respite from his Western
Campaign t~lp he wa~_still in~reAibl1 tireless this time bar~Btorming
Pennsylvania Ne~ Jersey and QPstate New York Drawing increasingly
larger and more vociferous crowds he could point to an SRO sign at
almost every lt~SVEEK - Oct 18 1948Q
While ent~rtained the crowds and garnered sensational
headlines with at ~Fascist Republicans~ and epithets such as
These Republlca~ gluttons of privilege are cold men they are cunning
ly created the impression among the newly prosshy
perous farmers a~d ~orka~s that ~the country could go to the dogs if
the Republicans ~ The question was Are you going to let another
Republican blight wipe out your prosperity~ TIME - Sept 27 19480
Assailing the Republican controlled Do Nothing Congress~ for
voting themselves a cut in taxes and you a cut in freedom~ Truman
accused the Republicans of being the tool of special interests
5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
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k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
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For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
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~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
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RESEARCH DIVISION RAY C BLISS CHAIRMAN
October 9 1968
Mr Dick 1cCormick Nixon-Agnew Campaign Committee 450 Park Avenue New York New York 10022
Dear Dick
Just wanted to thank you ag~in for leaving a copy of your draft on Deweys (1948) Plunge to Oblivion I read it and thought it quite good and in fact I distributed it to all of our senior staff
You might say that your memorandum has kept us on our toes )
LTdh
Sincerely
Lance Tarrance Jr Deputy Director of Research
October 1 1968 MEMORANDUM
Dick McCormack Foreign Affairs Staff Member
SEPT-NOV 1948 DEWEYS PLUJIGE lO OBLIVION
How did we go wrong Frankly I do not know Roper the day after the 1948 electiono
Apoll taking is still an infant science Dr George Gallup same day
How could fifty members of the Washington Press Club be unanimously so wrong Bew York Times same
day
1 canlt believe it I just cant believe itt9 A defeated Republicanorrice seeker who declined to be identified same day bull
The purpose of this memorandum is to take a brief look at
the atmosphere of the final six weeks of the Dewey-Truman campaign
of 1948 and see what implications this may have for us nowo
Domestically the US had just shaken itself free of the
economic paralysis of the 1930so Virtually every voter remembered
the soup kitchens the mountains of unsaleable farm commodities
the collapse of the banking structure and the fear desperation
and individual humiliation which accompanied these conditions But
by October 1948 the people were fat and happy
Major concerns on the homefront were 10 A 10 percent annual
rate of inflation (Food prices were up 131 percent since 1939) 2 An
enormous harvest which had a depressing effect upon farm produce
prices 3 Labor resentment at the Taft Hartley Act and 4 A fear
that the new found prosperity might evaporate
Except for the Eastern Seaboard foreign affairs really
didnt concern the voter excessively After all the US bad Just
crushed fascism had exclusive possession of the atomic bomo and
an economy which was the envy of the world
There were trouble spots to be sureo Czechoslovakia had
just falleno Chinas future seemed questionable Berlin was being
squeezed Greece was under attack Incidents of violence were
beginning in Korea And the stern Gang had just assassinated the
United Nations representative in Jerusalem In September 1948 a
new Draft Law was enacted and Secretary of State George Marshall flew
to Europe trying to develop plans to resurrect the continents
tattered economic political and military structure
Politically the Democratic Party was wracked by dissention
Not since the slavery issue split the Democratic party in 1860 and
put the first Republican President in the White House had America
witnessed anything like the internecine warfare in the Democratic
Party in 1948 On the left Henry Wallaces Progressive Party
savagely attacked Tlumans hard line against Russia and his relatively
conservat1fe ICC lOmic policies at home 0 On the Right Strom ifburmond 9 s
Dixiecrat movement embittered by the Civil Rights Plank of the
Democratic platform hoped to prevent anyone from getting a majority
in the Electoral College and thus to throw the el(ectioln into the House
of Repr~selntatiw~so
The Republicans exhilarated by their Co~ressiona1 SweE
in 1946 wer~ conwinc~d that the hour for a r~capture of the Presishy
5ney had struck It was fitim for a change Pollsters unanimousll
aereedo So did almost everz major Dewspap~r in the country including
The New York Times
It was against this background of events that Thomas Dewey
the newly ~omlnated Republican candidate for President began his
campaign in Sept~mber 1948 a campaign which he promised would be
urugged and extensi We 0 bullbullbull bull
~i As his train rolled through the rich Pacific Northwest
Tom Dewey was obviously gaining in confidence and apparently he was
translating into a new maturity He seemed less like a candidate
bidding for votes and more like a statesman speaking not only for his
party but for his country TIME - Oct 18 1948
~~Some observerst like columnist Joseph Alsop found his manner
3
a trifle too ostentatiously noble but they were all a~reed on one
thine He was making and keeping votes tf Ill - Oct 4 1948
By everY available piece of evidence the voters had
already made up their minds to anawerg Yes its time for a chaRge
That was why Earl Warren (the Vice Presidential candidate) could afford
to campaign like a big friendly Saint Bernard tail wagging his way
east across the nation The Republicans had only to raise no ruckus
make no thumping blunders keep their fingers crossed against a
world upheaval - and their election seemed assured - Sept 27
1948
~Except for a promise to his farm audience that price
supports would be m~intained Dewey attempted no detailed outline of
his program shrewdly contented himself with general pledg(s which
friends wanted to hear and enemies would find difficult to attack He
promised a foreign policy made effective by men and women
who really unaerstand th~ MtUle of the threat to peace arJld who have
the vigor~ the knowledge and the experience required to wage peace
successfully He promised an administration t made up of men and0 Ii
women whose love of their country comes ahead of every other considerashy
tion 1ME - Sept 28 19480
~O~e of the last readings which each of Deweys prepared
speeches is giv~~ before 4elivery is for the purpose of taking out
or toning down any ~llusion to Truman which might widely be regarded
as harsh or enhance his underdog role
the ~ords of one of Deweys chief advisors We dont
want this election to leave any bitternessR~
~~you get the feeling that Dewey chafes a little under these
self imposed restraints He can and likes to punch hard And a good
many R~~blican candidates for lesser office would like to have him
hit with full force bullbullbull oo
n~e best way to win a presidential election is not always
the best way to lay a foundation for a successful administration But
in this case~ the two objectives go together Dewey must be credited
4
not only with smart campaign tactics but with sound strategy preparashy
tion for the trials beyond November 2 ERNEST Ko LIIDLEY NEWSWEEK -
Oct 25 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that ~Presidential Candidate
Thomas Eo Dewey rested on his oars last week riding the ground swell
of pro-Republican sentiment But as the man who expected to command
the ship of state next winter Dewey continued to take soundings on
the shoal water ahead Throughout his Western Journey he had been
in dally communication with his chief advisor on Foreign Affairs
US Delegate Poster Dulles How Dulles was returning from Paris
to make a first hand report on the international conditions
REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
On same page of NEWSWEEK which described Dewey resting
on his oarsll Trul(lllm ff s campaign was contrasted
~Like a touring star President ~uman hardly changed his
act fron day to Sometimes his words were barbed~ at other times
the folksy aPPElal was stronger The crowds lt either way
roaring or chuckling their approval And like an actor facing an
affectionate audience Mro Truman gave it everything he had to cries
of ~iAttaboy After only a four day respite from his Western
Campaign t~lp he wa~_still in~reAibl1 tireless this time bar~Btorming
Pennsylvania Ne~ Jersey and QPstate New York Drawing increasingly
larger and more vociferous crowds he could point to an SRO sign at
almost every lt~SVEEK - Oct 18 1948Q
While ent~rtained the crowds and garnered sensational
headlines with at ~Fascist Republicans~ and epithets such as
These Republlca~ gluttons of privilege are cold men they are cunning
ly created the impression among the newly prosshy
perous farmers a~d ~orka~s that ~the country could go to the dogs if
the Republicans ~ The question was Are you going to let another
Republican blight wipe out your prosperity~ TIME - Sept 27 19480
Assailing the Republican controlled Do Nothing Congress~ for
voting themselves a cut in taxes and you a cut in freedom~ Truman
accused the Republicans of being the tool of special interests
5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
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-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
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respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
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oficials a ten week school
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Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
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~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
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Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
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October 1 1968 MEMORANDUM
Dick McCormack Foreign Affairs Staff Member
SEPT-NOV 1948 DEWEYS PLUJIGE lO OBLIVION
How did we go wrong Frankly I do not know Roper the day after the 1948 electiono
Apoll taking is still an infant science Dr George Gallup same day
How could fifty members of the Washington Press Club be unanimously so wrong Bew York Times same
day
1 canlt believe it I just cant believe itt9 A defeated Republicanorrice seeker who declined to be identified same day bull
The purpose of this memorandum is to take a brief look at
the atmosphere of the final six weeks of the Dewey-Truman campaign
of 1948 and see what implications this may have for us nowo
Domestically the US had just shaken itself free of the
economic paralysis of the 1930so Virtually every voter remembered
the soup kitchens the mountains of unsaleable farm commodities
the collapse of the banking structure and the fear desperation
and individual humiliation which accompanied these conditions But
by October 1948 the people were fat and happy
Major concerns on the homefront were 10 A 10 percent annual
rate of inflation (Food prices were up 131 percent since 1939) 2 An
enormous harvest which had a depressing effect upon farm produce
prices 3 Labor resentment at the Taft Hartley Act and 4 A fear
that the new found prosperity might evaporate
Except for the Eastern Seaboard foreign affairs really
didnt concern the voter excessively After all the US bad Just
crushed fascism had exclusive possession of the atomic bomo and
an economy which was the envy of the world
There were trouble spots to be sureo Czechoslovakia had
just falleno Chinas future seemed questionable Berlin was being
squeezed Greece was under attack Incidents of violence were
beginning in Korea And the stern Gang had just assassinated the
United Nations representative in Jerusalem In September 1948 a
new Draft Law was enacted and Secretary of State George Marshall flew
to Europe trying to develop plans to resurrect the continents
tattered economic political and military structure
Politically the Democratic Party was wracked by dissention
Not since the slavery issue split the Democratic party in 1860 and
put the first Republican President in the White House had America
witnessed anything like the internecine warfare in the Democratic
Party in 1948 On the left Henry Wallaces Progressive Party
savagely attacked Tlumans hard line against Russia and his relatively
conservat1fe ICC lOmic policies at home 0 On the Right Strom ifburmond 9 s
Dixiecrat movement embittered by the Civil Rights Plank of the
Democratic platform hoped to prevent anyone from getting a majority
in the Electoral College and thus to throw the el(ectioln into the House
of Repr~selntatiw~so
The Republicans exhilarated by their Co~ressiona1 SweE
in 1946 wer~ conwinc~d that the hour for a r~capture of the Presishy
5ney had struck It was fitim for a change Pollsters unanimousll
aereedo So did almost everz major Dewspap~r in the country including
The New York Times
It was against this background of events that Thomas Dewey
the newly ~omlnated Republican candidate for President began his
campaign in Sept~mber 1948 a campaign which he promised would be
urugged and extensi We 0 bullbullbull bull
~i As his train rolled through the rich Pacific Northwest
Tom Dewey was obviously gaining in confidence and apparently he was
translating into a new maturity He seemed less like a candidate
bidding for votes and more like a statesman speaking not only for his
party but for his country TIME - Oct 18 1948
~~Some observerst like columnist Joseph Alsop found his manner
3
a trifle too ostentatiously noble but they were all a~reed on one
thine He was making and keeping votes tf Ill - Oct 4 1948
By everY available piece of evidence the voters had
already made up their minds to anawerg Yes its time for a chaRge
That was why Earl Warren (the Vice Presidential candidate) could afford
to campaign like a big friendly Saint Bernard tail wagging his way
east across the nation The Republicans had only to raise no ruckus
make no thumping blunders keep their fingers crossed against a
world upheaval - and their election seemed assured - Sept 27
1948
~Except for a promise to his farm audience that price
supports would be m~intained Dewey attempted no detailed outline of
his program shrewdly contented himself with general pledg(s which
friends wanted to hear and enemies would find difficult to attack He
promised a foreign policy made effective by men and women
who really unaerstand th~ MtUle of the threat to peace arJld who have
the vigor~ the knowledge and the experience required to wage peace
successfully He promised an administration t made up of men and0 Ii
women whose love of their country comes ahead of every other considerashy
tion 1ME - Sept 28 19480
~O~e of the last readings which each of Deweys prepared
speeches is giv~~ before 4elivery is for the purpose of taking out
or toning down any ~llusion to Truman which might widely be regarded
as harsh or enhance his underdog role
the ~ords of one of Deweys chief advisors We dont
want this election to leave any bitternessR~
~~you get the feeling that Dewey chafes a little under these
self imposed restraints He can and likes to punch hard And a good
many R~~blican candidates for lesser office would like to have him
hit with full force bullbullbull oo
n~e best way to win a presidential election is not always
the best way to lay a foundation for a successful administration But
in this case~ the two objectives go together Dewey must be credited
4
not only with smart campaign tactics but with sound strategy preparashy
tion for the trials beyond November 2 ERNEST Ko LIIDLEY NEWSWEEK -
Oct 25 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that ~Presidential Candidate
Thomas Eo Dewey rested on his oars last week riding the ground swell
of pro-Republican sentiment But as the man who expected to command
the ship of state next winter Dewey continued to take soundings on
the shoal water ahead Throughout his Western Journey he had been
in dally communication with his chief advisor on Foreign Affairs
US Delegate Poster Dulles How Dulles was returning from Paris
to make a first hand report on the international conditions
REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
On same page of NEWSWEEK which described Dewey resting
on his oarsll Trul(lllm ff s campaign was contrasted
~Like a touring star President ~uman hardly changed his
act fron day to Sometimes his words were barbed~ at other times
the folksy aPPElal was stronger The crowds lt either way
roaring or chuckling their approval And like an actor facing an
affectionate audience Mro Truman gave it everything he had to cries
of ~iAttaboy After only a four day respite from his Western
Campaign t~lp he wa~_still in~reAibl1 tireless this time bar~Btorming
Pennsylvania Ne~ Jersey and QPstate New York Drawing increasingly
larger and more vociferous crowds he could point to an SRO sign at
almost every lt~SVEEK - Oct 18 1948Q
While ent~rtained the crowds and garnered sensational
headlines with at ~Fascist Republicans~ and epithets such as
These Republlca~ gluttons of privilege are cold men they are cunning
ly created the impression among the newly prosshy
perous farmers a~d ~orka~s that ~the country could go to the dogs if
the Republicans ~ The question was Are you going to let another
Republican blight wipe out your prosperity~ TIME - Sept 27 19480
Assailing the Republican controlled Do Nothing Congress~ for
voting themselves a cut in taxes and you a cut in freedom~ Truman
accused the Republicans of being the tool of special interests
5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
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-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
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k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
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people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
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respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
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Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
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v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
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~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
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I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
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~
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c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
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( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
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~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
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() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
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t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
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c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
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middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
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(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
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yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
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o ~
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1 o I~ lt o o f-
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lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
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(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
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t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
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f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
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~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
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bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
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I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
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1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
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(-ltn r
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fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
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rt fLl
J o ~J
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I J
o n
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rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
squeezed Greece was under attack Incidents of violence were
beginning in Korea And the stern Gang had just assassinated the
United Nations representative in Jerusalem In September 1948 a
new Draft Law was enacted and Secretary of State George Marshall flew
to Europe trying to develop plans to resurrect the continents
tattered economic political and military structure
Politically the Democratic Party was wracked by dissention
Not since the slavery issue split the Democratic party in 1860 and
put the first Republican President in the White House had America
witnessed anything like the internecine warfare in the Democratic
Party in 1948 On the left Henry Wallaces Progressive Party
savagely attacked Tlumans hard line against Russia and his relatively
conservat1fe ICC lOmic policies at home 0 On the Right Strom ifburmond 9 s
Dixiecrat movement embittered by the Civil Rights Plank of the
Democratic platform hoped to prevent anyone from getting a majority
in the Electoral College and thus to throw the el(ectioln into the House
of Repr~selntatiw~so
The Republicans exhilarated by their Co~ressiona1 SweE
in 1946 wer~ conwinc~d that the hour for a r~capture of the Presishy
5ney had struck It was fitim for a change Pollsters unanimousll
aereedo So did almost everz major Dewspap~r in the country including
The New York Times
It was against this background of events that Thomas Dewey
the newly ~omlnated Republican candidate for President began his
campaign in Sept~mber 1948 a campaign which he promised would be
urugged and extensi We 0 bullbullbull bull
~i As his train rolled through the rich Pacific Northwest
Tom Dewey was obviously gaining in confidence and apparently he was
translating into a new maturity He seemed less like a candidate
bidding for votes and more like a statesman speaking not only for his
party but for his country TIME - Oct 18 1948
~~Some observerst like columnist Joseph Alsop found his manner
3
a trifle too ostentatiously noble but they were all a~reed on one
thine He was making and keeping votes tf Ill - Oct 4 1948
By everY available piece of evidence the voters had
already made up their minds to anawerg Yes its time for a chaRge
That was why Earl Warren (the Vice Presidential candidate) could afford
to campaign like a big friendly Saint Bernard tail wagging his way
east across the nation The Republicans had only to raise no ruckus
make no thumping blunders keep their fingers crossed against a
world upheaval - and their election seemed assured - Sept 27
1948
~Except for a promise to his farm audience that price
supports would be m~intained Dewey attempted no detailed outline of
his program shrewdly contented himself with general pledg(s which
friends wanted to hear and enemies would find difficult to attack He
promised a foreign policy made effective by men and women
who really unaerstand th~ MtUle of the threat to peace arJld who have
the vigor~ the knowledge and the experience required to wage peace
successfully He promised an administration t made up of men and0 Ii
women whose love of their country comes ahead of every other considerashy
tion 1ME - Sept 28 19480
~O~e of the last readings which each of Deweys prepared
speeches is giv~~ before 4elivery is for the purpose of taking out
or toning down any ~llusion to Truman which might widely be regarded
as harsh or enhance his underdog role
the ~ords of one of Deweys chief advisors We dont
want this election to leave any bitternessR~
~~you get the feeling that Dewey chafes a little under these
self imposed restraints He can and likes to punch hard And a good
many R~~blican candidates for lesser office would like to have him
hit with full force bullbullbull oo
n~e best way to win a presidential election is not always
the best way to lay a foundation for a successful administration But
in this case~ the two objectives go together Dewey must be credited
4
not only with smart campaign tactics but with sound strategy preparashy
tion for the trials beyond November 2 ERNEST Ko LIIDLEY NEWSWEEK -
Oct 25 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that ~Presidential Candidate
Thomas Eo Dewey rested on his oars last week riding the ground swell
of pro-Republican sentiment But as the man who expected to command
the ship of state next winter Dewey continued to take soundings on
the shoal water ahead Throughout his Western Journey he had been
in dally communication with his chief advisor on Foreign Affairs
US Delegate Poster Dulles How Dulles was returning from Paris
to make a first hand report on the international conditions
REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
On same page of NEWSWEEK which described Dewey resting
on his oarsll Trul(lllm ff s campaign was contrasted
~Like a touring star President ~uman hardly changed his
act fron day to Sometimes his words were barbed~ at other times
the folksy aPPElal was stronger The crowds lt either way
roaring or chuckling their approval And like an actor facing an
affectionate audience Mro Truman gave it everything he had to cries
of ~iAttaboy After only a four day respite from his Western
Campaign t~lp he wa~_still in~reAibl1 tireless this time bar~Btorming
Pennsylvania Ne~ Jersey and QPstate New York Drawing increasingly
larger and more vociferous crowds he could point to an SRO sign at
almost every lt~SVEEK - Oct 18 1948Q
While ent~rtained the crowds and garnered sensational
headlines with at ~Fascist Republicans~ and epithets such as
These Republlca~ gluttons of privilege are cold men they are cunning
ly created the impression among the newly prosshy
perous farmers a~d ~orka~s that ~the country could go to the dogs if
the Republicans ~ The question was Are you going to let another
Republican blight wipe out your prosperity~ TIME - Sept 27 19480
Assailing the Republican controlled Do Nothing Congress~ for
voting themselves a cut in taxes and you a cut in freedom~ Truman
accused the Republicans of being the tool of special interests
5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
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Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
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Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
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v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
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~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
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lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
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3
a trifle too ostentatiously noble but they were all a~reed on one
thine He was making and keeping votes tf Ill - Oct 4 1948
By everY available piece of evidence the voters had
already made up their minds to anawerg Yes its time for a chaRge
That was why Earl Warren (the Vice Presidential candidate) could afford
to campaign like a big friendly Saint Bernard tail wagging his way
east across the nation The Republicans had only to raise no ruckus
make no thumping blunders keep their fingers crossed against a
world upheaval - and their election seemed assured - Sept 27
1948
~Except for a promise to his farm audience that price
supports would be m~intained Dewey attempted no detailed outline of
his program shrewdly contented himself with general pledg(s which
friends wanted to hear and enemies would find difficult to attack He
promised a foreign policy made effective by men and women
who really unaerstand th~ MtUle of the threat to peace arJld who have
the vigor~ the knowledge and the experience required to wage peace
successfully He promised an administration t made up of men and0 Ii
women whose love of their country comes ahead of every other considerashy
tion 1ME - Sept 28 19480
~O~e of the last readings which each of Deweys prepared
speeches is giv~~ before 4elivery is for the purpose of taking out
or toning down any ~llusion to Truman which might widely be regarded
as harsh or enhance his underdog role
the ~ords of one of Deweys chief advisors We dont
want this election to leave any bitternessR~
~~you get the feeling that Dewey chafes a little under these
self imposed restraints He can and likes to punch hard And a good
many R~~blican candidates for lesser office would like to have him
hit with full force bullbullbull oo
n~e best way to win a presidential election is not always
the best way to lay a foundation for a successful administration But
in this case~ the two objectives go together Dewey must be credited
4
not only with smart campaign tactics but with sound strategy preparashy
tion for the trials beyond November 2 ERNEST Ko LIIDLEY NEWSWEEK -
Oct 25 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that ~Presidential Candidate
Thomas Eo Dewey rested on his oars last week riding the ground swell
of pro-Republican sentiment But as the man who expected to command
the ship of state next winter Dewey continued to take soundings on
the shoal water ahead Throughout his Western Journey he had been
in dally communication with his chief advisor on Foreign Affairs
US Delegate Poster Dulles How Dulles was returning from Paris
to make a first hand report on the international conditions
REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
On same page of NEWSWEEK which described Dewey resting
on his oarsll Trul(lllm ff s campaign was contrasted
~Like a touring star President ~uman hardly changed his
act fron day to Sometimes his words were barbed~ at other times
the folksy aPPElal was stronger The crowds lt either way
roaring or chuckling their approval And like an actor facing an
affectionate audience Mro Truman gave it everything he had to cries
of ~iAttaboy After only a four day respite from his Western
Campaign t~lp he wa~_still in~reAibl1 tireless this time bar~Btorming
Pennsylvania Ne~ Jersey and QPstate New York Drawing increasingly
larger and more vociferous crowds he could point to an SRO sign at
almost every lt~SVEEK - Oct 18 1948Q
While ent~rtained the crowds and garnered sensational
headlines with at ~Fascist Republicans~ and epithets such as
These Republlca~ gluttons of privilege are cold men they are cunning
ly created the impression among the newly prosshy
perous farmers a~d ~orka~s that ~the country could go to the dogs if
the Republicans ~ The question was Are you going to let another
Republican blight wipe out your prosperity~ TIME - Sept 27 19480
Assailing the Republican controlled Do Nothing Congress~ for
voting themselves a cut in taxes and you a cut in freedom~ Truman
accused the Republicans of being the tool of special interests
5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
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1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
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1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
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_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
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aggresz~~ - lt
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ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
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4
not only with smart campaign tactics but with sound strategy preparashy
tion for the trials beyond November 2 ERNEST Ko LIIDLEY NEWSWEEK -
Oct 25 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that ~Presidential Candidate
Thomas Eo Dewey rested on his oars last week riding the ground swell
of pro-Republican sentiment But as the man who expected to command
the ship of state next winter Dewey continued to take soundings on
the shoal water ahead Throughout his Western Journey he had been
in dally communication with his chief advisor on Foreign Affairs
US Delegate Poster Dulles How Dulles was returning from Paris
to make a first hand report on the international conditions
REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
On same page of NEWSWEEK which described Dewey resting
on his oarsll Trul(lllm ff s campaign was contrasted
~Like a touring star President ~uman hardly changed his
act fron day to Sometimes his words were barbed~ at other times
the folksy aPPElal was stronger The crowds lt either way
roaring or chuckling their approval And like an actor facing an
affectionate audience Mro Truman gave it everything he had to cries
of ~iAttaboy After only a four day respite from his Western
Campaign t~lp he wa~_still in~reAibl1 tireless this time bar~Btorming
Pennsylvania Ne~ Jersey and QPstate New York Drawing increasingly
larger and more vociferous crowds he could point to an SRO sign at
almost every lt~SVEEK - Oct 18 1948Q
While ent~rtained the crowds and garnered sensational
headlines with at ~Fascist Republicans~ and epithets such as
These Republlca~ gluttons of privilege are cold men they are cunning
ly created the impression among the newly prosshy
perous farmers a~d ~orka~s that ~the country could go to the dogs if
the Republicans ~ The question was Are you going to let another
Republican blight wipe out your prosperity~ TIME - Sept 27 19480
Assailing the Republican controlled Do Nothing Congress~ for
voting themselves a cut in taxes and you a cut in freedom~ Truman
accused the Republicans of being the tool of special interests
5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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~--~- -
~ c V zVc
- - -- e vV
-l~ shy Ill
Sc~c~bc
~lt~Jl~ ~~Jv-lt o~ ) i c ~~~ Cor1r~ [~C s c ( ~~ i~ ~( ~~) C T who rccc~tly rc~urncd frc~ Victn~rn
Reccn~ promising V~ ett~urr
I
I
I
~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
~_J ) t~middot 0 ~ rmiddoto r) o o P 11 gt -~ o in middot i
~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
(I Cl fL ( r Cl C-1 I I ~ I ctshy ~ I) (~ I r n t I CC (il I IJ i I I p () ~ (i omiddot I) t ~ 1 1n ~ $ x i ([l t J CD middot~ t
(11 () p h (~
d I~ () shy (1
0 I tl~~S s~ic ~c cOlld lrc ttoul~~~d CLc
I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
~
f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
~ (lp( U llo u l) ~1 t) o rt 1 o lt ~i ( r~ () (f) ~ r fl lt r1 (J til ) n lt (l shy bull J It U ) t d el () r p tmiddot llgt t-
I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
~J ti rt Ii u
0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
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5
If you let the Republican reactionaries get complete
control of Government I would fear for the wages and the living
standards of the American working man but even for our democratic
institutions of free labor and free enterprise TIME - sept 27 1948
And everwhere large crowds turned out to cheer the dogged
little man ~ - sept 27 1948
So confident was the Dewey team that the Republican candishy
date during last weeks SWing to the Great Plains and back appealed
more for votes for GO~ Senators than for himself Hestill pitched
his campai~non lfational Unity He still argued only in terms of
broad generalities NEWSWEEK - Oct 25 1948 We are entering upon a campaign to unite America We are
going to move forward to a new unity LIFE - Hov 1 1948
Even Trumans incredible blunder in foreign affairs - his
big weakness - the Vinson to Moscow fiasco - failed to provoke a
hard hitting statement from Dewey While privately deploring the
Truman scheme as a desperate blunder with possible tragic effects
around the world~ Dewey publicly confined his attack to the followshy
ing statement
The people of America wholeheartedly and vigorously support
the labors of our bipartisan delegation and specifically its insistence
upon a prompt lifting of the blockade of Berlinv The nations of the
world can rest assured that the people of America are in fact united
in their foreign policy and will firmly and unshakeably uphold the
United Nations and our friends of the Free World in every step to
build and preserve the peace REWSWEEK - Oct 18 1948
With the candidate they prefe~ed mouthing such platitudes
as Our future lies before us friendlz newspapers searched for the
meager line here or there that might make a match for those headlines
being gar~ered by the President But Dewey believed that his major
error in the 1944 campaign was his all out blast at FDR and thus conshy
fined himself to vapid uncontroversial platitudes
6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
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ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
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respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
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and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
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6
On the day before the e~tion the Gallup Poll gave Dewey
495~ to Trumans 445~ Time Magazine gav~ Dewey 29 states with 350
electoral votes to Trumans 9 and Thurmonds4 states Roper basking
in the prestige of having predicted the previous three elections within
less than 1 percent error announced that Dewey would have a landslide
comparable only to Roosevelts massive victory over Landon These preshy
dictions were consistent with the soundingS made throughout the campaign
Fifty members of the Washington Press Club most of them bureau chiefs
unanimously predicted a Dewey victory
ON NOVEMBER 2 THE ACTUAL RESULTS OF THE ELECTION WERE
Candidate states Carried
Electoral Vote Popular Vote
Truman 28 304 23600000
Dewey 16 189 21500000
Thurmond 4 38 1000000
Wallace 0 0 1100000
The Democrats also gained majorities in both Houses of Congress
What Happened
One Dewey partisan in the candidates hometown of Owosso~
Michigan theorized that nThere are Just more damned fools in this
country than them are intelligent people It seems likely that this
theory applied to DeweyS mobile campaign headquarters the Victory
Special if not to the country as a whole
More specifically
1 The farm vote went to Truman because he convinced them
that the Republican Congress had slashed programs designed to benefit
the farmers that the Republicans would cut back on price supports
and that the Democrats deserved the farmers gratitude Dewey refused
to counter these and other specific accusations beyond a vague
statement indicating that he would not abolish all price supports~
2~ Labor mechanicalll and efficiently got out the vote to
oppose Dewey because of outrage at the Taft HartleyAct
3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
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ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
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and to elirrjr~Qte
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3 ~ruman as president systematically cultivated special
groups of voters such as the 1500000 Federal Employees whose
pensions were increased during September 1948
40 Deweys speeches were so bland that even though the vast
majority of newspapers were in favor of him they couldnt scro~up
enough sex to compete against ~rumans sensational headlines
Example ruman Compares Dewey to Hitler
Deweys campaign was devoid of emotion ~o quote one post election
analysis What explains it is the distrust of the warm sentient
average man for the man or the party of calculation
6 Lulled to slumber by the predictions of pollsters and
columnists the Republicans failed to make maximum effort In fact
the Republican National Committee cut the partys radio money as well
as its time - down $200000 from a 1944 high of $700000 in the
mistaken belief that the election of Dewey was in the bag and conseshy
quently there was little need to waste money answering the Democrats
charges Instead of refuting the Gluttons of Privilege epithets
the Republican radio campaign concentrated on a bland spot announcement
DEWEY GE~S rHINOS DONE REMEMBER DEWEY GETS THINGS DONE n
7 The precinct workers of the Republican party already
fewer in number than the Democrats lulled by the same siren SOng of
complacency failed to actively proselytize during October and to
urge indifferent Republicans to go to the polls on November 2 Since
the voters werent terribly excited about either candidate the party
commanding the most active and efficient machinery to get the yot~rs
to the polling booths carried the day
8 Truman was greatly helped in key states by a large number
of popular Democrat candidates for Senate Governor and House races
Douglas in Illinois Humphrey in Minnesota Lausche in Ohio etc etc
IMPLICA~IONS FOR 1968
Man7 of the implications of the 1948 campaign are so self
evident as to require no further amplification And of course there
are important differences between 1948 and 1968 For one the average
voter no longer has the specter of the DepressioB foremost in his
consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
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-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
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i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
~_J ) t~middot 0 ~ rmiddoto r) o o P 11 gt -~ o in middot i
~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
(I Cl fL ( r Cl C-1 I I ~ I ctshy ~ I) (~ I r n t I CC (il I IJ i I I p () ~ (i omiddot I) t ~ 1 1n ~ $ x i ([l t J CD middot~ t
(11 () p h (~
d I~ () shy (1
0 I tl~~S s~ic ~c cOlld lrc ttoul~~~d CLc
I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
~
f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
~ (lp( U llo u l) ~1 t) o rt 1 o lt ~i ( r~ () (f) ~ r fl lt r1 (J til ) n lt (l shy bull J It U ) t d el () r p tmiddot llgt t-
I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
~J ti rt Ii u
0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
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(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
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rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
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01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
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(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
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~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
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fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
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r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
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fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
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() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
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[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
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consciousness And after 8 years of Eisenhower public fears that the
Republican party would reverse all the social legislation of the New
aRd Fair Deals have evaporated
Another important difference is that Humphrey unlike Truman
does not command the office and prestige of the presidency Nor
apparently has he a string of extremely popular candidates for local
offices to belp him through key areas And of course Truman had no
seemingly endless war on his hands nor was he plagued by race riots
terrorizing American cities
In a nut shell in 1948 after a ten year depression things
were finally going along just fine and people were concerned about ~
rocking the boat with new and unproven leadership In 1968 two
monstrous problems dismay and frighten voters and people are looking
for leadership with solutionso
SPLINTER PARTIES 1948 and 1968
The threat of the splinter parties in 1948 while serious
was smaller than today Russias post war belligerence had taken much
of the credibility out of Henry Wallaces attacks on Trumans hard
line The widespread prosperity reduced the effectiveness of Wallaces
attacks on Truman economic policies Strom Thurmonds Dixiecrat
movement against the comparatively mild civil rights plank of the
Democratic platform seemed rather irrelevant to many Southerners
living in an iron clad segregated society As a consequence each of
these splinter groups received only about 1000000 votes
Todays Wallace movement focuses on the fears and resentshy
ments of a large percentage of lower and middle class whites The
egros flag burners pot smokers hippies yippies etc appear to
threaten their whole system of values A vote for Wallace seems to
be a way of vicariously lashing out physically at the long-haired proshy
testers and militant Kegros It is interesting that one of Wallaces
best crowd pleasing lines is his threat to run over any hippy or
protester who might lay in front of his car after Wallaces being
9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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Reccn~ promising V~ ett~urr
I
I
I
~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
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t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
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ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
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I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
(I Cl fL ( r Cl C-1 I I ~ I ctshy ~ I) (~ I r n t I CC (il I IJ i I I p () ~ (i omiddot I) t ~ 1 1n ~ $ x i ([l t J CD middot~ t
(11 () p h (~
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I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
~
f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
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c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
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lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
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~~
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f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
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fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
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f-~ I - E t J
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lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
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01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
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n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
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1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
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fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
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[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
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rt
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9
elected President 0
The latest poll soundings indicate that 2l~ of the voters
would vote for him today Yet to be determined is how many more
voters really plan to cast their ballot for Wallace but are ashamed
to admit it to pollsters
A blatant appeal by us to the hard core of the Wallace
element probably would cost us the election Perhaps the most
sensible way to approach the bulk of potential Wallace supporters
is to issue a stream of balanced statements and speeches decrying
violence and proposing concrete improvements in ghetto conditions
Ghetto schools (invariably the worst in facilities and faculty in
the City) should be upgraded Black C~pitalism emphasized (Federal
loan guarantees to low income entrepreneurs through local banks)
Pride of ownership theme should be stressed (Home improvement loan
and mortgage guarantees) Tax credits should be offered to industry
to hire and train hard core unemployed (Bell Telephone of Michigan
and Ford Motor Companys experiments in DetrOit) Each of these
constructive statements gives us an opportunity and a platform for
saying WE CAN NOT HAVE RIOTS IN OUR STREETS
The average Wallace syapathizer is probably not merely anti shy
Negro He is afraid He is afraid that the value of his house - the
major investment of his life - will plunge in value amidst an invasion
of low class Negros He is afraid that his union job security will
vanish if large numbers of Negros are admitted into his trade union
He is afraid that his wife and daughter will be attacked by Negro
hoodlums He is afraid that the education and safety of his children
will be jeopardized by bussing them to inferior schools in Negro ghetto
areas
It is by addressing ourselves frequently to these specific
fears in a constructive manner that we can best combat the Wallace
threat
Since the lower middle class reads the papers and watches
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
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Reccn~ promising V~ ett~urr
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I
~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
~_J ) t~middot 0 ~ rmiddoto r) o o P 11 gt -~ o in middot i
~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
(I Cl fL ( r Cl C-1 I I ~ I ctshy ~ I) (~ I r n t I CC (il I IJ i I I p () ~ (i omiddot I) t ~ 1 1n ~ $ x i ([l t J CD middot~ t
(11 () p h (~
d I~ () shy (1
0 I tl~~S s~ic ~c cOlld lrc ttoul~~~d CLc
I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
~
f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
~ (lp( U llo u l) ~1 t) o rt 1 o lt ~i ( r~ () (f) ~ r fl lt r1 (J til ) n lt (l shy bull J It U ) t d el () r p tmiddot llgt t-
I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
~J ti rt Ii u
0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
10
the media with far less attention and care than more educated elements
of the population and since Nixon gets far more prominent coverage
in the media than Agnew I suggest that it would be a mistake to give
Governor Agnew the major burden of carrying the message of the Republi shy
can ticket to the potential Wallace voter (Is the Wallace voter
watching Face the Nation Is he reading the Times and Post
political and editorial sections) What kind of coverage do the newsshy
papers in Cicero and Levittown give Nixon and Agnews resp~ctive
comments
COMPLACENCY
All available journalistic and poll evidence suggested that
Dewey would win in 1948 As a consequence the grass roots level of
the Republican political machine (the Precinct workers) failed to
make a vigorous effort to propagandize the voters during October 1948
On election day the same thing occurred This is probably the biggest
danger to our campaign right now To combat this I suggest that state
and Local Chairmen be sent large numbers of reproduced editorials analyzshy
ing the Deway defeat in 1948 to distribute to their ward and precinct leaders
The second danger of complacency is that ones statements
become so bland and uncontroversial as to be boring The underdog in
desperation has a tendency to lash out with increasing vehemeBce
as the campaign progresses In competition for headlines this
situation can be deadly This is particularly dangerous because
political scientists (VO Key etc etc) have document~d that
a large number of voter switchovers occurs in the last two weeks of a
campaign We must make damn sure that we keep generating exciting
headline provokingJ proposals and attacks We must also anticipat~
that Lyndon Johnson will pullout all th~ stops during th~ next thr~e
or four weeks to make his administration look as good as possible to
the voterso We willJ therefore J be competing for favorable headlin~s
not only with HumphreYJ but also JohnSOfto
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
c ~~~ ~middot~ ~tigt H middot~~~(~
I ~ fmiddot~G
t ~ gt ~~~~ ) - ~ _ ~_I ~- -J
~ _ ~ ~
J
~(---
s
r C- J _
shy ~ -4UlU -V wi V
~--~- -
~ c V zVc
- - -- e vV
-l~ shy Ill
Sc~c~bc
~lt~Jl~ ~~Jv-lt o~ ) i c ~~~ Cor1r~ [~C s c ( ~~ i~ ~( ~~) C T who rccc~tly rc~urncd frc~ Victn~rn
Reccn~ promising V~ ett~urr
I
I
I
~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
~_J ) t~middot 0 ~ rmiddoto r) o o P 11 gt -~ o in middot i
~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
(I Cl fL ( r Cl C-1 I I ~ I ctshy ~ I) (~ I r n t I CC (il I IJ i I I p () ~ (i omiddot I) t ~ 1 1n ~ $ x i ([l t J CD middot~ t
(11 () p h (~
d I~ () shy (1
0 I tl~~S s~ic ~c cOlld lrc ttoul~~~d CLc
I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
~
f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
~ (lp( U llo u l) ~1 t) o rt 1 o lt ~i ( r~ () (f) ~ r fl lt r1 (J til ) n lt (l shy bull J It U ) t d el () r p tmiddot llgt t-
I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
~J ti rt Ii u
0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
11
One of the legitimate areas for garnering headlines is
Humphreys verbal blunders Lets not find ourselves again in the
situation where TRUMAN COMPARES DEWEY TO HITLERn spreads across the
front pages of the land while Harold Stassents authorized rebuttal
gets short shrift on page 7
Humphrey is now consciously following the successful method
of Truman in 1948
A Offering gifts to special voter groups(Proposed 50 increase in Social Security etc etc)
B Strongly attacking RN
C Increasingly making sensational gestures and dramatic proposals in the-hope that one or the other will capture the imagination of the voters
In many other national state ahd local elections this
technique has enabled an underdog to overwhelm the front runner in the
last minute The increasing Wallace poll strength is another great
incalculable factor
1968 has been the year for political surprises I think we
can do without another one
c ~~~ ~middot~ ~tigt H middot~~~(~
I ~ fmiddot~G
t ~ gt ~~~~ ) - ~ _ ~_I ~- -J
~ _ ~ ~
J
~(---
s
r C- J _
shy ~ -4UlU -V wi V
~--~- -
~ c V zVc
- - -- e vV
-l~ shy Ill
Sc~c~bc
~lt~Jl~ ~~Jv-lt o~ ) i c ~~~ Cor1r~ [~C s c ( ~~ i~ ~( ~~) C T who rccc~tly rc~urncd frc~ Victn~rn
Reccn~ promising V~ ett~urr
I
I
I
~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
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~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
c ~~~ ~middot~ ~tigt H middot~~~(~
I ~ fmiddot~G
t ~ gt ~~~~ ) - ~ _ ~_I ~- -J
~ _ ~ ~
J
~(---
s
r C- J _
shy ~ -4UlU -V wi V
~--~- -
~ c V zVc
- - -- e vV
-l~ shy Ill
Sc~c~bc
~lt~Jl~ ~~Jv-lt o~ ) i c ~~~ Cor1r~ [~C s c ( ~~ i~ ~( ~~) C T who rccc~tly rc~urncd frc~ Victn~rn
Reccn~ promising V~ ett~urr
I
I
I
~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
~_J ) t~middot 0 ~ rmiddoto r) o o P 11 gt -~ o in middot i
~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
(I Cl fL ( r Cl C-1 I I ~ I ctshy ~ I) (~ I r n t I CC (il I IJ i I I p () ~ (i omiddot I) t ~ 1 1n ~ $ x i ([l t J CD middot~ t
(11 () p h (~
d I~ () shy (1
0 I tl~~S s~ic ~c cOlld lrc ttoul~~~d CLc
I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
~
f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
~ (lp( U llo u l) ~1 t) o rt 1 o lt ~i ( r~ () (f) ~ r fl lt r1 (J til ) n lt (l shy bull J It U ) t d el () r p tmiddot llgt t-
I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
~J ti rt Ii u
0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
-l~ shy Ill
Sc~c~bc
~lt~Jl~ ~~Jv-lt o~ ) i c ~~~ Cor1r~ [~C s c ( ~~ i~ ~( ~~) C T who rccc~tly rc~urncd frc~ Victn~rn
Reccn~ promising V~ ett~urr
I
I
I
~ r~ rS~~ESE GOVS~X~~S~T I~ bull __ Ii ~ ________ _
1-o1ically J i~ the 11ar in Victrlyr 5 10) it 1111 ~E ~~-I
beca~se o~-the attack by
~ s-~~e and ruins and fear of a reH trcus ~ ~espera t(y reeccd
~~or~s both in policy and personnel were and are being ~gt ~ ~e-Cr ~e d bull -
-he rr~st~ortant of these reorrs ~las in trIe Vietai
Goverrren~ itself~~iscrediti~g cccrupticn of vas~prcpcrticns
exterlced up ~o ard including Vice President Ky hirilself ers
0 thousands of dollars were o~fered ~or province chief
his ex~ended dOlnto Virtually evecy leve of Goverrer
Wcrsebecause every president to succeed ~iem was
-c~ ~revous adninistratiors rerrailed orJ tte job
loyaly a-~c responsiveness vas diectec) not at tre neil
~~esi6e~t but at tho ra~~cctiva ~Gwer ~action wh~ct ~~d
reside~~ te~porary Th~s a pesi~e~ial directive
- ignored _v co-~licted
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
~_J ) t~middot 0 ~ rmiddoto r) o o P 11 gt -~ o in middot i
~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
(I Cl fL ( r Cl C-1 I I ~ I ctshy ~ I) (~ I r n t I CC (il I IJ i I I p () ~ (i omiddot I) t ~ 1 1n ~ $ x i ([l t J CD middot~ t
(11 () p h (~
d I~ () shy (1
0 I tl~~S s~ic ~c cOlld lrc ttoul~~~d CLc
I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
~
f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
~ (lp( U llo u l) ~1 t) o rt 1 o lt ~i ( r~ () (f) ~ r fl lt r1 (J til ) n lt (l shy bull J It U ) t d el () r p tmiddot llgt t-
I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
~J ti rt Ii u
0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
i
-2shy
ad~~nistrative power esse~~ial a~d long range pla~~~ng wa~
k~c~ bac~ a percentage of their ~eager pension
Robbed in every conce~vable way in v~rt~aly every
people felt no res c~ for its Goverr~ent
Since T~~ President Thie~ anrl-his eq~ally honest
respected Pre~ier Tran VanH~ong have rapidly and effec~~ely
officials have been removed fro~ high position
Ol~_- ~omiddotremiddotampgt_ UL- comiddot)s co~-~aer~_ 1 ~CH
over 100 district chiefs were~ncere~oniously du~ped ~o
repace stll Irore corrupt tl~esporsive or imiddotco7petert
oficials a ten week school
~op ~d~i~istrators
Gotgh-c for tens of thots~nds of dollars
greater honesty hard work and results will be deanded of
or the first ti~e since Dies eary dajs~ t~2
So~t~ Vie~~a~ese Gover~~e~~
~ithcut this respect
endlessly without achievinc victory
~he
South Vietnam but the -crenes are all in the richt dircction bull bull
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
~_J ) t~middot 0 ~ rmiddoto r) o o P 11 gt -~ o in middot i
~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
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(11 () p h (~
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_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
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Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
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I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
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ur Cer Dra~sgt the
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ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
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f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
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f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
~ (lp( U llo u l) ~1 t) o rt 1 o lt ~i ( r~ () (f) ~ r fl lt r1 (J til ) n lt (l shy bull J It U ) t d el () r p tmiddot llgt t-
I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
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0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
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t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
and 100 ceo rebullbull
Xo~~h V~etnamp~ese d~visionz
v~~~ory ~s ~o be achieved
For ~he firstti~c we have begun to cocrdi~ate c~r
~n~ell~gence and co~~ter-~~tellig8~ce e~forts
we ~ace so~e astonishing discoveries
~hat we had in one district eleven separate and uncocrdina~~d
oeratng
to and were paid by several in~elligence agencies unk~cwinSJ
~hus one ~an could give us sb~e piece of unreliable inteig~n~e
~hch would show up on sever~l separate reports giving i~ un~~e
Tte sheer ~ass of i~for~atio~ generated by t~~s ~~cce~z
lef~ ~uch of it unused tie3y reac-icr
is of -he L4 trros t S -1ation -Croved to e
disasCrous The TET fiasco was only the ost obvioi5 aspec~
to a reac
Prrbas sader
hcenix a ~assive undertakin3 Co identifythe elabora~e VC
and to elirrjr~Qte
~ccc- r-ampi s saxce
lt~ bull
dshy o ~ (middot1 ) i ~ J li ~- d fI) 0 fll CD q I I fl ~ I yshy I tL 0 () ~ ( ~ bull J I- I 5 I O bull q 5 t o t I t)middot SI) iO L ~5 (D ro 0 o ~1 s ~n bull JI ~(il p to) i ~ I J 1)1 1 CIl (~ fl) 0 t I s I i cI (J (f lt$ o J ()
t I t I ([I o d c f () ~ VI (J
Ii rmiddot gt p lt I~ C) 1 1 (ll ( o b Cl ([ t I I Ii fl ~ ni h s ~ P t middots Cmiddot
1- tgt bull I ~ ~ ( ~ J I I bull 1~ 11 ([ d fmiddotmiddot I ~ d ~~ 0 bull I ~j () (raquo ~-] I~ fl fl I I s fl
d i-~l () o tfl CIl ~s ~-~ CIl t-~ (j r I l () P o ~ C I ~ d ) tlt Ii CIl 0 d _J
JCD (D )~ (l) ~J ~ j )~ ~) 01 (J I~ cf t- I cI 5 eI ~ ~5 ~ () fl IH p f I ctmiddot ~) CIl ti p i I-I - Cl f nmiddot o (D f- fl )
1-] t l (V o y ~ fO c o ~~ CIl Ii 1 0 ImiddotJ o td fj) Pl o (1 e [ (II5 P o ~ ([J p ([J () t bull I I CIl 5 d tel fI)
o 0 ~) 0 0 ~) CIl C ~ u ctshy 5 ~ lt 1 d 0 Ii c~ If) (f - 0) t t-) 5 11 p nl ) t-lt 10 - y h ~ ~
( )
~~ ~ IJ ctmiddot l) (D CD lt fl ro o (D I-J ) I-J (j) () ~ fJo SI n _Jro -0 o d lt + ~ 1--1 I-b H ~ H o r 0 CJl o t- c) r (D t l PJ 10 ) 5 d plt ~ ([J Ii (D ~ ~4 t 1 ([J ([J ()q tj CIl
r)0 i 1)1 eli P o - - j(il ~I H SU li o Ii J t 3 ctshy CD
lt ~ 1 p o 5 --shy Li c~ (D CIl C~ o l 0 t-I bull 0- I-J fl - -P ~- 1- i~ tJ o t)
(D o X
lt~ () ~ s (~ o ro r~ 0 o 0 0 (D lt lt o co) CJl (11 ~ cshy ~ ---~J L Ii ~~ ~1 CIl 0 ~ ~ middotmiddottJ i(D dshy uJ (f p ~ 0 f (0
P O I~ 0 s (-I ~s CIl Pc P I t J bull CD o (D ([J (D 0 (D Ii 11) o 1-1) ~ CIl s-
~ ~ 0 til eI 5 CJl ~ el ) c ~ (i) 11 H) 01 CIl dmiddot (tmiddot d - omiddot t~ ctshy CD f) C (~~J (D I~ ~-_1
(D - cI P _J 0 ~ 1-- ~ c) c~ ~I r~ Q ) ~ t~ -)~ f1 t p lt Iio (I- f (~ d C) d gt PJ 11 CIl ct
~ oj tY CD ~ p -- 0 CJl () CD l) 1 J(D p ro ~ ) J (D ci-
~)
o CD CIl o OliO ~ ID ~ 5 -5 (D m t 1 n (D ([J (D ~ I) o (1 lt~ c~ C~~ () ~-) 0 -i o gt lt
-s ~J Cll rl I P t-rJ th ro I I) () ~) o F i (l c~ lt 1- ~ Ii (1 tJ (D ctmiddot gty ~ (D ~I (0 ~J Ii lt r (0 5
r ( 51 o 11 o ct c~ f-I X (I) p s J-J (1 ct-J ) lt
t ~T C 11 O~l tJ 0 ~~ I~ el gt -~ ~ 1 0 Sl) _cL -~- C bull _ I r- Co) ~i ~ I ~ I) cl (I- o CIl 0 ~ (j I
bull I o o o (D 5 -)~ ~j ~ P- i CD (il (fshy etshy
~
Cl o C 0 ~ 0 l ro o 1-- o f () 0 o c~ lt ~ r ~_IS ~ (1- CIl ~) ~ (iq Omiddot r ~ (1 0 C) lt 1 CI P p tmiddotmiddot
bullC O ~ o 11 p ~Y () o (Il C) J 0 CD o CL to ) -gt ) (l o r c-
s (il ~~ H) ~ d --lJl r fI fl 0 o pound~ o middoto o )~ (gt 5 rmiddot t~ ~n o jn c~ Ii CIl r I~ s t (D P (i- f - ~ 0 o i e+ l ~Gshy((I (i) I bull I) ~ ~ ~_ 01 ~J 11 Il to) 0 5 Ii (t P t) lt () ) C 0 (ll ~1 bull to - l rmiddot1 J- J 0 ~ W I III CD to ct- 0 laquo o CIl ~
-~
~j (D o ) (D O d p r -lt~t 1 () bullbull 1
ctmiddot tmiddotmiddot 1 Pl (D C) C) fl W--_~ rJ t-gt o t~middot () -~ 0 -~J (l (5 5 ~ 2 s ) o t) (I () d nl (1 t-
~
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~
I ~i omiddot (i J ~ Ii O~ 1-1 (I N 0 (D t- I lt o (~ - t- () j ) Cmiddot ~~
rn (il o o ~gt (-I ~ (i- I~ -)~ (D (D f) n (L) rmiddot Q Omiddot ( Q o Cl (I) t j1 (1) p 0 (D p (D 1- -~ ~ o ~ ~ () i
rl d PI d d cI (D (l) O p ([J ~ J
I) rJ () ~ ~i 1--- p ) ~ q CIl IcJ t-- (Ishy gt Ii ro ~ I tJ cIshy o i P t ~ r -lt I Ii ~l r J c~ C) I o -)- ~ emiddotl () Y - ll ~ r () Q ( ~ C) (D gt I I 1-gt (D (1 F o (1 5 o e ~i -ltc o 1- - i) 5 (ll d SI o jl ~ ctmiddot t- J s i t) (~ cl tmiddot-shy o [) f s o ~d d ~ i ~) o (ll ct o t I t J -lt I 1 tl ro C Ct H) (D fI n I J 11 p ~ 1-) cl f G rmiddotmiddot Cmiddot- ( t
(l o 1-1 ~ ~1 o q 1-1 1 (t) t I ~ CD lt c t r c-~
( I t p ~~ t bullbull I) - I~ (D p ~ n () c- o t bull t _
(I o tr) (rl j i ( r ( I IJ ~ 1 fo o ~
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(11 () p h (~
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I
to spot ar~Q silcr cc
~=p~2ss~on on the V~etna~ese Gover~=c~t
_ -- ~ cecen-y v~v -as got-cen
a-msh syste
Cc~g had ~een ~ade he explodecent Changes were made
aggresz~~ - lt
~as h~s p~edecessor
I aplusmni alSo told tha~ staff cha~ges
nroduced a ~arked cuali~atve i
I ~r~d es~~11~erea ~ XC V readquarters
I
ur Cer Dra~sgt the
~orld War II vintage Xl rifles imiddotrill lot ove
agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
i -r r Iltr - shy_vv~vvV have oeer d tricuted 100 ~ oeo rore 0 at
f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
CeSSGr~
(I~ ~ ~ I CG z bullbullbull 14
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f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
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c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
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I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
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t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
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(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
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p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
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~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
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d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
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t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
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fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
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rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
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n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
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I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
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L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
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ur Cer Dra~sgt the
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agai~st a foe ~e~ter autorratic F
di~cul t fer re to
ora~e 1o~iced arrong PjRI01 uri t~ ared vIi th the ~~16
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f _-v C4 o~ ~oint
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f~ I I) ~ ~Y 11 f () omiddot Ul H o 1 n o uJ ~ o (v H () ( n
I ~ )
Ol 0 i I 11 11 ~ o i o (D )11 lt~ Irt r ( r j) t I r
-1I ~ cI c I ~ 0- ~~jt d (1 t I rbull gt (i) II __) () ~ I) n (() ~ ~i en ( ~(ll u t Pi n lt
~
~ Ifl o eI () fi d olt _-f t ell flmiddot H - ~-gt cUJ lt t ~ n ctmiddot middotv) ) (1 V I I I ~_i Ii Clgt tJ) p) (J -j n eI )_J ) (gt r I) d (II (1 5 Cll c) r ~ n (f J~ ( p (J rt 11 (I) I I o I~i ~) en 1-1) Pl l6 -rt o olt J Co ~ ) r ~II) I _ 11 1 I ttl i H 1) elcbull o ttl t rt f) (JI CJ o ( - ~~)t J ~ p ~o o (~ cf J ~ 1-11 t- fv (~ I
c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
Jj (1 rt J I ~J u) 0 y o d ) j 1- cI 1- pl d ell o j r t [) I o 1- lt () --gt J r)(ll I )~ Jttl o o N 11 o tll cn r (tJ o lt o r I~J ( f) 1 C ~j bull J bullJcIshy -i s- o en (1) (I ll ~i til fv Ibull 1-- 1- I t) I t S t 0 I v o I) I~ CT ~Y c Ii n r) ~ I lt (
d () m ) i tmiddot) p o o t j o )~ (i) fll I I 0 ~~ tJ~ I rte 8) ct 0 ttl q cf (fl o c IJ tl cb) o rt b en ~ tryP (11 t- ) Ol IJ )shy CTI omiddot -1 CDp f J
J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
Jo (i~l I) s fi 0 (1) laquo CD lt p ()I o fLl Ci) ~- [~ P () ~~ p ~ (ll c~ I) rt rt o lt CD11 () J p (~ [)o~s ~ J ~ eshy (I) I~ s (I shy Ii lt lt ~J ~~ (1) -)~ () rlgt o til ~gt (1) V n G ~ ~f (1l p lt 1- laquoI ()ro (I p O bull I 1- 1 Ii ~ 1-) r J1-- n o ~J 0 ~j ()
lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
() tJ () o 1 ct) 1- - ( - b ~j J I ttl H J I) J ttl -) c --- o (v l -C) ~ ~ o P j -~i fl ell - lt bull Iri G ImiddotmiddotJ ( u
( (-) (~ I) () c ~~ (I (f) n In lJ q -t
(l) I I I) o ~ fe )~ ) - o ([J - f n I lJ ) cc- ~j 1- rt r- ) () o - 1 () ~
P e I () s- rl 1 1 CJ -shy ~~ ~ J 1-) ((I j (q P u r c) C -0) ~-s (1) lt ~ ~ ~ - () () ~ ( (I) () ct- (I) ro ~ rt C) ~l - ~ ~J c~ ~
() () Ii 1- ell f7tmiddot) el p d t)o o 0 Cl 1) P- n J Cl c o 1-- t o cgt () laquo o I omiddot o () 0 I) 1 ~)- rJ rt c -
~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
Ii d H J t D f (i) t~ ~~) I- o r- ) -iC CJ O omiddot ~ o 0-1 0 pdegu ~J P0 p () ri o et(ll lI t) omiddot Ot (f) 11 (L) til ~ I p ~rt I ) o(~l [n ( I () r~ () o I pu 0 ttl ti () () c - o C ((1 ~ (I) ~11 CD o $ ~s ~J r~ o o () t y j Q o c C (Il 1- CJ C~ d tl) n t-- [j 1 II I~ rmiddotmiddot o (gto 10 n m 0 (ll ()~ I) ct y (I- t-J nl (L t i 1-) p
() nJ r c p ct- ct- I ) rt ttl ~ ((l ~ - ~ t-~
0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
fl1 r ~j t-11 r rt 0 c~ 1- ~rmiddot ) CD 1 ( I y r)rt rt 1- (1) f )f () t) d () o t) d ctmiddot t)11- -j I) r~ o r 1-- ~-
(1 1 ) r 11 CT) cr fI c ll) ) ~1 ( (l o 0 ) laquo 11 F r Ii H I bull tmiddotmiddot r o t-I p rt ~ t t- 5 Id r o f (~l fI ~ ~S rt (1 Ii I-I 1-_ p f ) )
t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
y (I) p SI I t Imiddotmiddot bull (n l I t I i t
Igt 1 ~ (~lt )
(1
I middoti
~-- - -
- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
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(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
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I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
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gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
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lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
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o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
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rt
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o (
rt ct t I
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c~ 1(1 gt Si (ll H) )- () o cI en III n 0lt
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J ~I -u ~J~ ~ fcgt ~ P F middot _
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lt p GI 0 e I- It (ll 11~ j OJ ~ c~ () b t- I o Slgt t ( o ~~ Cll I) t~ (f) td I d (fI (11 ~ (~ J ~ 0 n n middot
(J I-I Ct (1l tel el) CD ~ rt ty fLl o ~- J~ S o middot0 L1 1- t f t- FId p - en (il ~ o fLJ II ~- ) ()
d d f lt ~5 ttl SI) Crt ct Ir I ~) (1) PJ 0 -II rt 1-11 1-- o lt o 5 o of o I ()
1- o lt 1- r - (1 lt lt Ii
o 10 e I J bull e (fI Ii telaquo c Ii 1- bull J t c ~ ()Imiddot I Igt Q () - ((I ~I o lt fi n
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~ ) c ~
[l 1 Cll i-fa o I) J tl) )
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0 () rl -) 1 cl q o ej) -_ (v ((l y o tt t I CD P C~ Jr
~ o I~ r p 1- (
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t bull I) lt (1- 1~ raquo () C- ~~ til f 1-~ i I I) rl p lt n t (l
o ) rt SI l () (~ o tmiddot lltI p I () gt P 1 () p (n til () (gt o ) (l () ( I) 0 ct ~ i t J
r ~ (t Igt ( ~fl i I~ gt 0middotI I d ( t () -- () (I Cl Ii rt Ii I ( C
n t) n t (IQ j n o0 r til I (I -- l4o o
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(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
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t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
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yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
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1 o I~ lt o o f-
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(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
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~~
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)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
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~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
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I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
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n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
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f-~ I - E t J
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(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
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lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
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X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
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rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
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01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
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(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
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(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
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rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
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- I
tu lmiddotj ~l c IV t~1 rt til t I o rt ) i () I )
c cJ (n ~ (I )(~
o tl r tmiddot j c o tfi ~J fl ~J t J o ~Jt i (
middot middot ~ re - ( - shy() til ll t ) t H r C) fl 1- 1 rgt i o rr ~j
J t bull U r-~ p bull s ()t 1) cmiddot t ] Ii PI fI (f) (f) n cI I- 5 d () ) c ( ) shyIf) ) 8 ~ P LJn o t I H o o t- CIl rt I I~1 1 ([ () () (fl t o y H o o rt (IJ I t J f~ 1) o 1- I G t I
(j - (( () ~lt Il~ H tl 1 II C) r o rt o n ()
(1 h1 t 3 t- t1 lt1 S) o P r (J) rI j 1shyJ
i lt () () () t shyt J ~ )l (ttl 1gt o lt tl tJl n - fJ n n (v c
bull ~J eshy~ o ) () ) ~ v shytmiddotmiddot rt ~ 3 r ttl r) t I fmiddotJ n t I bull j r gt(Cl p middot (J 0 ()P 1) t-J r- 1--3 H rt () r-= J o rt
gt- (v ( c
~rl f- -() Ih tmiddotj o (f) til o fll 0 J rl ) I~ ( Ishy ~gt 1 o ~ -IJ c ~ 1 ~ (~til gt~ lJ ~j J rt y j c~ - () f J Elj lt t _ fl) en rll CI ttl I~l tl tJ ~ o omiddot rt () t- t-h o ~ J r bull ) o 0n tTj c en o o r r-I I J o P-l o o
t -t I _J l Ch I o (J o(I) Zl y t-3 rt ro r III t-II t 0 n o p p H t - ~ ~J ~)~ p III H (i) rt It tl (Imiddot ([J H (I)o o 0lt Gj qrv o tlj t-) t-- r-- 1 f~ Ifr t o t-r) cl ~J [) lt-- 1- ~ 0 cottl r ~ til -c H t ttl ~~ r-- 0 ttl o t- n ro (I It- o U o If) n) ro ttl I~ t- r-- Jl ~) p[1 (l) (I) p lt o e
~) (f) ~gt trj ~ ~ rv ttl ~J o 1 tJ r f) tl o o lt o ttl n ~ o lt ttl t- lt o fl o --t 1-
~ ~~~ () o ttl t-] t-- y (gt Oll ~j 1-- ttl t- gt ltt J (i) Jr ~ rshy o --1 r Pl rt t-- lt 0 d cI I _ 5 f- J
yt o ~5 ) ~) ()I) tmiddot (V0 J [Jl - fll y~ i o u OQ (1 0 tLlt- rlt o t-lt flmiddott bull 1 t-_J
t-
t-
o (f)
~~J o 1-3
cmiddot ~ I-I
o ~
~l
~
(ll
SJ Ul
1 o I~ lt o o f-
t- cl
(Cl
lt lt Sl lt y Pl 1) t- tcj Z o 1) v fi (ll CD n ro -lt )
() ti_ tmiddotmiddotmiddot C) Ij rt -0 n t-i ~J rl 1-- ( o o (ll
(J J --I v o o - o o t- H -~J o III v t-- o rt I lt n fo rl H rlj H 1_ (J )- t-i 10 o t 1 f - i ~C)lt Cl _ c ) )
c H 1 r Igt o lt J Cl 10 ri ttl p t lt c o ~j bull ftgt- ) (f) Z cmiddot- tmiddot j Cmiddot lt o ) Ii lt j ( fJ Imiddot p
-P 1 (I) ~J n n C) n b Imiddot () 1 P -~ t f)to- ~ h5 t- ll tV cmiddot (I) o o 1) t--middot t-i t-middot t- o 1 f c ct - clt --lt ~)- [v -J t-I tJ t L o 11 ~ rt ~J t f ~I ~ )~ middot) lt C ct ct ~5 c I ~tJ t- I o () Ii r rv rmiddot rt ~ tt
t- l f1 ( ~ 0 (-rt rt t middotf tlj p r~) rt fImiddotl ~5 ~ o-- ct ) H lt I ~ I-i
~~
---~ - ~) I~) l~ H lt 0 ct ct I 1- i gt 9 o fll o tTl Ie - r rt r~ o n pound) ( Sl lj (-) o tC) ~ - (- (f) I shy r~ ~ --- t o Imiddot--j t ti 11) o Ii - rt ~i ~ -lt o - ~
)~ p 1-- )~ o 1_3 ~ It U ~ l-l C) 1- ~ j t- P n rI () Cc t1 J ~ ~gt (i)i J_ v X l i rt omiddot ttl rl 10 ~
f bull - cmiddot lt ~ p c~ o l -1 n O~ --1 [--I fj rt o lt r rt 1 J -lt() (l (lCl 0 J y tlt ~l If] HI n CD rt t- J 1 rt ~) (l )o o t-) n (Jt y r-J 0
rmiddot ~ r0 Ilj [) b n s 1 fI ~ ~ 1-- o o I- - Imiddot Ilt rl I~ c~ t--[ ~I fl) t- ro ~ j 0 () fe) C)(J ttl ll X H ~ fl li 1- -1 fl) rt fl) lt(~1 ) ) S- d ~ -t ~gt t- I r -- lt n rt (tgt tmiddot ~j t [1 d i ~ j jo to)H (f) fLl fI ttl ti nlt t lt ~ -gt fI () r C etshy~) tj~J tj 8 -- o n fI lt r 1-) l-l () o rmiddot
~ C~ (I)rt () t J ~~ -lt rl tl til o I ft t- f
--~ ~ Imiddot bull o t~ () 1-) H J (ll gt y () Ct C n I 1- 1- r
I Cl o c) tt IJ o J o ft rt o S ti gt (l) bullbullbull S-
1 r) o c (I) J- p 1 l 1- j [f rI o P () Ii 0 ~ - ~ ~
bull bull (n rJ I I p (t egt - I I ft li
c l (~
~-
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I I bull t t tr Cl o t IJ ( S () r ll () -1 lt p I bull J s 1 ~ t i III fl J C) l ) rI (I) I (-I ) (I (cl rt rmiddot o r~ d f1 p Ij t J
III fl ) () I i o i I j 1 ) ( I ~ If)
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
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0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
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(-ltn r
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fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
~ ~ ~ -_- bull~ ltjt -~-iI h~-middot
-
---7-~-- - -- ~
rt I~ tfl ~j Lc () tJ n pI t-l ( rJ r1 (I) fl I bull I
r) r1 - rmiddot Pl r l 1 o (ll o -lt ti tj tJJ III tmiddotmiddot j t- I o r r ~
1 1) I fLl 1 1) fll L til t- j) E Co u (J
(t -lt tfl o - rt tmiddott ( I n o I 1gt r n I (gt lt [r~~
~-jto bull 1 II U) t ~J~ P (fJ til o n 1- rt t -1
oQ o o 1 II ~L 1 ti t (~ S t-- (I) f) o r ~ I lJ ~ ~~ ~ P Ii O-l r ~l I~ tj C) rt t t ~ egt L~ (~ - I)
o r
til rl H o r (~ tfl OQ rn (V ~ o o f~ r~ J
t rI ~J V J n J (fl o Ii o n rf t (f) IE
I I
~J ti rt Ii u
0 ti lt fl) t 1 D r HI C) ft) r b
gt
t J
t (ll 1) () H o Cl I 1- (V C) I o (v fl ~ f j
~ i (1) o p (1) tfl () (11 if til o (fJ 0 u (j Imiddot
(-ltn r
(-I j rl tn flmiddot -lt lt o o n r j o Ii 1 I Imiddotmiddot ~1 () (fJ t~ rt rLl -i ~lj (f n ho 1 rt (l) tfl Pl () o J r-t rt I I~ D I I (f n )bull f) shy) r J o gt~ J n t-J PJ Pl o fv 1 I o
fl) (D n 1middot-middot rt o ~ ~i C n HI o rJ n lt tmiddotI (j)
J t m 8 t f) n 11 0 I-I r [) rJ ( ct bull
-lt CL J 11 n) () ()(f) (1) u Ej ~J cj tfl 0 tfl t ()
__J1) I ~1 o fll ~1 o ~- rJ p (el I bull ~~ t J tv 0 rtmiddot Ctgt Cl t tfl OQ tJ (v () - () (L r y bull f7J Cmiddot ~1 fel o (tl (I W (D tfl o tJmiddot 0 0 P o
o~ --t J 1) () rt (f) omiddot rt rt ri (~ ) t- r lt jo ~ rt tmiddotmiddotmiddot o r r~ lt I () bull j t- OQ (el (J o u tI CE
n n (fJ -tfl tmiddot~ rt ~J tmiddotJ r Ot 0 o ~i [) F el t~ 1
~i (i1 t J Il rt I s ~j iu 0 to rt r (ll () rt n (i) 5 o t-t rt r) (i) omiddot r~ o 1 o 0 Cgt tlmiddot t~ 1) O m J C) ~) o rt -lt (i) rt rt ~i t rl ~-
p) rt Ih ~J r f) n~ c) o cJ rt P rt 0 0 o 0 n n P 0 b C) J t ~ I
Cll Imiddot n OJ r1 J I~I 1- - ( -~) -0--- --IT - ~~ -j ___ (J lt - rt o () h r 0 ~I [() f) s Cf rt o J ~j ( en lt o 0 f) rt I tfl (r) n o 0 f
f-~ I - E t J
bull f) ~J ft fJ ti )t (l) 0 5 n ~ Imiddot t n rt rmiddot r-t J Ctgt rt o OQ 1- OQ n (1middot1 ) toil
(f) - 0 tfl o )~ o rt 1- ~ r t- t~ () ~r~ 1 oIllt rl n iJ r 0 3 rl ~gt ()
~ 5 - I r tj 0) (l (V (D o -gt tmiddot fl) t 1 H rt 0 (c
(V (l (ll ~ n
~ h fj () 0 rmiddot) rt ~r y r~ 0 rmiddot -~t-middotI Ill I bull ) )~ tfl rt fl) rt ~ r el o
lt til 0middot p Pl rn -y o I- p - (1 bull ~ __t-~ ~ t i f t o 1
fv y (I) tfl o r cgt 1- (i fcgt rt ~J f o 1-1 p-) bullI) t~ Imiddot -JJ r Ii (tl lt ~ I l) f
X Il tfl cJ t-J o tmiddot (ll tmiddot o t b C-shytfl o lt r o 0 0 fl j Ll lrJ rt tb (1) t I 5 n tfl 1 ( J r o c t 1 (Q -) tb -lt (i) rmiddot () ti (I o 0 J 11 to o fj ~- t tfl V) rlt n til rt tfl o () Ii tfl fil 01 o 3 1 () (t-=i (0 ttl (i) rt o r ti (tl (c) 1 rt (i o ~ Imiddot r~ f I (~
in (v U n 0middot ( o (l (i) ~ t-t t 1 C Ccl q LI U fll f) I til (fl o Ii ] t~ tmiddot bull 1- E~ i o p 0 (l Cb 0 1 ~ I J (I) h In r [() tmiddotbull ( (~
(i) in 11 r Imiddotmiddot n ~middoti rmiddot () r - p tfI 11 t ) tmiddotmiddot 1) ~ fl n tmiddot 1-1
0 fl t (tl t j t II) tl (1 i () Ii rt C n Pshy e
1
) ~ ) p ( J (1 (Igt 1- rt (l f o I)
rl tn I I tfl 01 t~ tfl lt 1 (i () ri 1t n ( C to i It I ) r fl) (t ti t~ t n ~
rI J ( I rt II ( () I) I ~ n f rt r~ f r o rt I t1 ) ~ ~ J f) t I ( tmiddot ~ I t l t (fl ~ I o 1 I ( I fl n o I fl o 1 I f~middot C
01 u r t til l) r P Ii o o i S o - tfl o rt t 1 f c n
lt (11 til n t f ~iA )(I (f r t
I ( (i~n I
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
tJ () lt I 11 I rt t) Ii rt ~ (lJ f) I-J 0 II r HI ( t ~ (11 (1 1 ~) gt to o ) n e I ( r () - fmiddot) t I (~
(f) fn (n til q (1) () t (IJ I t J ft I ( ltrlt ( ()
n (fJ rt 1 C) I) 01 I f t-h fLI I I 1 ( n f~ I 1 1 I J I I r I ~ t( rf ~ I rt I ff tr efJ (J) t bull I I Io ~ U n I I ell r 11 I middotu V middot ~
~ ()h
~J i lt (1 1) I (Il q (J (II o t t I () Imiddot (J i c () rr [) I J
) () ~ (l (11 o 1 n e I rf rI J P tI v J
n 0 [) 1 I t I t ~ crl t 1 I~ (Ii ( ()
H - (1 (ll U 11 r ~J n P ) r t ) I J f) f) t
1- III ~ [) (1 f1 OQ 1gt rI r () ~ J f bull f re) n n rt rI IIJ rt p I I~ (I) r (u ) Ibull (gt J t
-11 I l~ (1) f1 o J I I~ I f e ~o R [) (1 o (il t (11 fLl J n trJ () (f () r~
rI tl t) rt t- n OQ t P) (cgt f) ff S PI Vi Ii CiJ tmiddot t- f1 o t~ n n 1- q ([ i ~ t 1 fl ~ tmiddot r OQ ngt J rt o r (1J lt U f) middot to n o
f) (~ (rt o I U ~J (1J rI I) t~ v (cgt J r J 1- r ro o [) o L f) (f) (LI fl [) I) h J ( p rt
Imiddot j ~I (fJ lt (1) n p J en rt (t o J n tIo lt J rl (i rt u n p ti rt ~J If ( t () (J (
bull J
0 r1 bull rt J n
fl1 ~
~
(Il
rt fLl
J o ~J
)rt t
I J
o n
~T PI middot C)
rt I ()
C) middot
I I
CD (0 111 rt (1) p (f) lt fu OQ 0 H o n trJ () lt J
~) ~ ) n 1 1-) I J r~ f) ltlt p r1 ~l n fl (1) t) fll u r1 Pgt r [) ~ t t J ~ -J tlJ t~ rt (0) () t o
fJ f 0 U -1 fli bull j tJ fl) n en M n t- N o H f1 fl) ~l n lt rt
(i) j Cgt PI fll ~l f0 J in I-I I) fcgt ~ ~ middot ) () fJ r )
I~n lt n I ~ 1 rt t-t J 11 u j o n rl rt gt Jbulltmiddot I p rt o (fJ tJ (I) o j (kmiddot ft i l ~ tmiddot I )
fl) (f) 1gt ~l 1- fgt t- ) o r~ o tl C rt n n (1) C t I~ t rt ill o rt C (f) J n t-gt
~-1
f0 fJ I 5 -1 ~)I 1 f ~J n J rt p Imiddot o rt fll t- to v ngt 11middot f~ (ll rt rmiddot t1 o o ( ~ ~)
~ ~ I OCi f) fll 1middot1 U o t 1 r (1 t C lt 3 ~r ~ ~ - -- E~(j) o (gt ~)1 rI f l ei) f 1- ~)
r o Iii rt f- n I r en 0 f- rt n c- lJmiddot t--rl
~ bull Itl () l II I t (ll o= rt et 1 U (C r I I gt ( ( f_l (f0 ~I - 1J rmiddot) fl1 Amiddot p J rr lt (J C rr ~
fll n o n rt 1 tj rt (0
1
lt r) r middot)
el) -- 1- o CD I fl ~ 1 n o C o C- fmiddot1 Vl (1 Pgt t - r fll t) til l A~
() o rmiddot r- ~ [) (0 rJ 1- (Il I J n Cl 1--1 r~ r~ 1- -~ r) 1 r ~ t i tmiddot (l
fl 1 gt - (I) I 1 rj en rt I J t- IJ t- i
0 t- o I) rt (1) 11 o 1- t 3 o ~ C~ o 1- C
o J gt 1 ( t) o fl fl1 el 1- rJ ~ o e l ()- -lt
~
bull
L I- 01 middot0 j I) (1) fl r 11 f0 -I o 1 r 0 1- I J 0 P [) fll I rt t-t j C o I J t ) n I rt S) fI (1) crt i I t) 0 (~ 1- (1 ~ fI t - I J 8 1_ Ii fI o o (gt o rt I I 1 r o 0
[) (tl I J t-t )1 () Cl ro ~J (1 n rt C ltrmiddot IPgt t Cl If () fll rbull1 fll o [) ll r middotc~ - (1
I-J t-ll o I) (fJ ~I o [) r n o to C-~l o o P (~l ~ o Imiddotf ~ (i) rt rl Ii) til rt J tmiddot tl rt 1) Ii J fl t~ ~1 r ~) til N I t) S
rt
o rt I - H I fll rt tmiddot 1 C (I 1- rt o f et r f tP 1) p -~
~ middot1 h 1 n rt (fJ f n 11 t t-t n t
[) I n l~ t rl ft C r Cr fl ro gt o I ~ n rt tJ (l O~ fmiddot i t ( c 1 () - () I ~) rr i rt H f tmiddot f ~j n r1 i u ~ 1 f) t-t rmiddot1 _ Imiddot t 1 r III rt t - Imiddot I ~ rt f e ~~ 0 ll L I 1 c ( p l J C - r to lt 1 I nfl (gt I)
o (
rt ct t I
fgt
