White Paper on Spectrum

5/24/2018 White Paper on Spectrum

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February 2013

Whitepaper onSpectrum


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Contents

Introduction ....................................................................... 1

Executive summary ............................................................. 2

List of abbreviations ........................................................... 3

1. Background .................................................................... 5

1.1 Economic benets of IMT .....................................................................................................5

1.2 Importance of coordinating framework ...........................................................................5

2. The need for spectrum ................................................... 6

2.1 Spectrum requirement ...........................................................................................................6

2.2 Service development prediction ..........................................................................................7

2.3 Spectrum prediction and gap............................................................................................... 9

2.3.1 Administrators ................................................................................................................. 9

2.3.2 Operators ......................................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................11

3. Spectrum map .............................................................. 12

3.1 Existing spectrum............................................................................................................12

3.2 Future outlook..................................................................................................................14

3.2.1 Analysis on additional frequency bands...............................................................14

3.2.2 Views on additional frequency bands...................................................................16

3.2.3 Detailed band-by-band analysis and position......................................................16


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4. Spectrum utilization & harmonization ........................... 24

4.1 Global spectrum for small cell.................................................................................... 24

4.2 SDL (supplemental downlink)..................................................................................... 25

4.3 LTE carrier aggregation................................................................................................ 26

4.3.1 CA with same mode................................................................................................26

4.3.2 CA with mixed mode............................................................................................... 28

4.3.3 Conclusion for CA....................................................................................................29

4.4 LTE roaming ...............................................................................................30

5. TDD spectrum application ............................................ 325.1 TDD spectrum.................................................................................................................. 32

5.2 TDD synchronization..................................................................................................... 34

6. Annex ........................................................................... 36

6.1 Coordinating framework.............................................................................................. 36

7. References .................................................................... 40


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1

Why Spectrum Matters

Society benets from connecting devices over the air at radio frequency spectrum. The

mobile industry is increasing rapidly, and this is having a direct benet on peoples lives

and on economic development. Spectrum is a scarce non-renewable resource that is

the basis of a mobile communication network. With the arrival of the mobile internet,

the requirement for spectrum is increasing exponentially. How to manage spectrum

responsibly, how to allocate spectrum efciently and rationally and how to improvespectrum utilization are critical questions for government, regulator, operators and

manufacturers.

About this Whitepaper

Governments need to raise broadband to the top of the development agenda, so that

rollout is accelerated and the benefts are brought to as many people as possible

----ITU Secretary General, Hamadoun Toure

This Whitepaper contains the considerations of Huawei on the spectrum for mobilecommunication. Capacity demands on mobile wireless networks are increasing at an

explosive rate, which has led to the demand for spectrum increasing rapidly as well. A

prediction of the necessary spectrum in 2020 based on these requirements, as well as

the suggested spectrum for WRC-15, is provided in the rst part of this paper.

In the following part, the existing operating bands being studied by 3GPP, and

spectrum for IMT that could possibly be allocated in the future, are summarized

and analyzed to give a full picture of the spectrum available, or that could be made

available, for the mobile wireless industry. Specific spectrum suggested for WRC-

15 includes parts of 470-694 MHz, 694-790 MHz, parts of L band, the band around

2GHz, parts of 3600-4200MHz and 4400-4990MHz.

Besides acquiring new spectrum for IMT, the efficient use of existing spectrum

is another way to promote the development of the wireless industry. Small cell

deployments and the allocation of appropriate high-frequency spectrum for hotspot

applications, supplementary downlink spectrum, carrier aggregation and LTE roaming

bands as methods to utilize spectrum better are analysed in Section 3.

The nal subject we emphasize in the Whitepaper is TDD spectrum. Flexible utilization

of fragmented spectrum is one advantage of using TDD. Synchronization among

different operators is a key issue for TDD systems that is also analysed in the paper.

Introduction


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Identify at least 500MHz (in the 400MHz 6GHz range) at WRC-15

Targeting global harmonization to the benet of economies of scale

Targeting assignments of at least 100MHcontiguous bandwidth for IMT

Driven by the well recognized socio-economic value of the mobile broadband

application

Administrations need to take efforts in reducing the time that is currently

separating the ITU-R identication from the actual spectrum assignments atnational level

3.5GHz(3400-3600) as one of the important bands of global spectrum for

small cell enhancement

Spectrum efciently utilized:

based on CA solution, and mixed TDD+FDD CA as one of future trends

Candidate bands combination for LTE FDD terminal roaming at least include

1800MHz, E850MHz, APT700MHz and US 700MHz

Inter-operators network synchronization based on over-the-air solution

proposed for TDD networks

Executive Summary

Possible candidate band for IMT under WRC-15 Agenda Item 1.1

Description SpectrumIncumbent

userWRC-15 target

Low candidatebands (


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3

List of abbreviations

Abbreviations Full spelling

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

APT Asia Pacic Telecommunity

ARNS Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service

ASMG Arab Spectrum Management Group

ATU African Telecommunications Union

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BWA Broadband Wireless Access

CA Carrier Aggregation

CEPTEuropean Conference of Postal and TelecommunicationsAdministrations

CITEL Inter-American Telecommunications Commission

CJK China Japan Korea

CR Cognitive Radio

D2D Device-to-Device

DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting

DAS Distributed Antenna System

DCS Digital Cellular System

eMBMS enhanced Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service

EVM Error Vector Magnitude

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FDD Frequency Division Duplexing

FSS Fixed Satellite Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile communications

IMT International Mobile Telecommunications

ITU International Telecommunication Union

ITU-RInternational Telecommunication UnionRadiocommunication Sector

LTE Long Term Evolution

LTE-Hi LTE Hotspot & Indoor Enhancement

M2M Machine-to-Machine


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Abbreviations Full spelling

MCS Mobile Communication ServiceMFCN Mobile/Fixed Communications Networks

MIITMinistry of Industry and Information Technology ofChina

MSS Mobile-Satellite Service

PCS Personal Communications Service

PMSE Programme Making and Special Events

RCC Regional Commonwealth in the eld of Communications

RSGB Radio Society of Great Britain

SDL Supplemental DownLink

TDD Time Division Duplexing

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

WCS Wireless Communications Service

WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks

WRC World Radiocommunication Conference

WP5D Working Party 5D


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1.1 Economic benets ofIMT1

Mobile broadband systems, especially IMT, contribute to global economic and

social development by providing a wide range of multimedia applications, such as

mobile telemedicine, teleworking, distance learning and other applications. IMT is

the root name, encompassing both IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced. IMT systems are

intended to provide telecommunication services on a worldwide scale, regardless

of location, network or terminal used. IMT systems have been the main methodof delivering wide area mobile broadband applications. In all countries where IMT

systems are deployed there is a continuing signicant growth in the number of

users of IMT systems and in the quantity and rate of data carried, the latter being

driven to a large extent by audiovisual content.

This economic success is built on IMT-2000, but future economic welfare will

depend upon the growth of new technologies, such as IMT-Advanced and so on.

Any regulatory changes or uncertainty that jeopardizes those needs should be

considered very carefully. As the European Commission Communication on radio

spectrum policy2notes, The EUs timely provision of harmonized frequencies

triggered the development of new pan-European digital cellular system (GSM).

1.2 Importance ofcoordinating frameworkAdequate and timely availability of spectrum and supporting regulatory provisions

is essential to support future growth of IMT systems. Many countries have not yet

made available spectrum already identied in the Radio Regulations for IMT, for

various reasons, including the use of this spectrum by other systems and services.

The coordinating framework of the international use of the radio spectrum

showed in Annex of this whitepaper is functioning effectively to ensure the

rational, equitable, efcient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum

in each country of the world. For example, frequency-related matters for IMT in

certain frequency bands below 6 GHz were studied in preparation for WRC-07,

and WRC-07 decided upon technical conditions and regulatory procedures in

some of these bands.

1 Background

1 From "Optimising spectrum for future mobile service needs"(GSMA, 2006) and "Studies on frequency-related matters on International Mobile Telecommunications and other terrestrial mobile

broadband applications" (RESOLUTION 233-WRC-12, 2012)

2 Brussels, 6.2005 COM(2005) 411 nal


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2.1 Spectrum requirement

It takes a number of years for spectrum to be allocated and identied at ITU level

and then assigned at national level until it is nally deployed in the network, so

we have to start planning the spectrum for IMT in the year 2020 now. Following

the practice laid down at WRC-07, spectrum requirement estimation should be

done as first step to provide the motivation for the IMT industry to argue for

more spectrum allocation to mobile services and more spectrum identication to

IMT services in particular. Figure 1 shows the comparison between the estimated

required, ITU identied and regionally available spectrum.

2 The need for spectrum

Figure 1 Comparison of the amount of the estimated required, global identied and regional

available spectrum(source: ITU-R M.2078 &UMTS Jan. 2012)

There is a fairly long lead time between the identication of frequency bands by

world radiocommunication conferences and the deployment of systems in those

bands, and timely availability of spectrum is therefore important to support thedevelopment of IMT systems. The coordinating framework will continue to assure

the timely availability of spectrum for IMT in the world.

Estimated spectrumrequirement by year in MHz Current available spectrum by region in MHz

1720

1300

840

Global identifed IMTspectrum in MHz

1172

630

370

590478

360

510

2020

2015

2010

identif

edAPT

ASM

GATU

CEPT

CITE

L(NA)

CITE

L(LA)


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3 http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=study-groups&rlink=rwp5d&lang=en

4 Draft Liaison statement to Joint Task Group 4 5-6-7 - Initial information on spectrum requirements studies for WRC-15 Agenda item 1.1, http://www.itu.int/md/R12-JTG4567-C-0047/en

5 ITU-R M.2243(00/2011), http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-M.2243-2011-PDF-E.pdf

6

CJK WhitePaper on Forecast of mobile broadband development in the Asia-Pacic Region, http://www.tta.or.kr/English/new/external_relations/meetingDocumentView.jsp?boardIdx=IMT&num=109

Because of difficulties experienced by each nation in allocating spectrum, only

around half of the already identified spectrum is available. As user demand

outpaces advances in technology and deployment, the operators will have tocontrol the trafc increase by their pricing plans.

During the preparation for WRC-15, spectrum requirement estimation is ongoing

in ITU Working Party 5D3. The estimated requirement is in total around 1800MHz4

(using the higher requirements setting). Compared with the 1172MHz already

identied, it is clear that more than 500MHz of additional spectrum is needed.

2.2 Service development prediction

With the fast advance of the mobile Internet, mobile data trafc has dramaticallyincreased. According to the mobile global data trafc estimates summarize in ITU

M.24435, overall mobile data trafc averagely grow 8 times in 2015 over 2011.

Visioning the future year 2020, the trafc is 500-1000 times todays trafc, driven

by the demand for mobile broadband for anything, anytime from anywhere.

Figure 2 from the CJK WhitePaper6summarized the major driving forces for the

trafc explosion.

Figure 2 Drivers of mobile date trafc increase

Dramatic growthof mobile data

trafc

Smartphones, tables,

laptops and netbooks

Increased demand for

mobile video services

Flat rate

Mobile: the main / soleway to visit Internet formany people

Convergence of mobile communication

and other industries

Improved user experience:user friendly interfaces,

lager screen size andlonger battery life

New mobile app. supporting

social live and production;Online stores of mobile-Apps

New type

of device

Userexperience

New mobileapp

Convergence

Mobile

video

Pricedecrease

Connectionto Internet


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The explosively increasing mobile trafc is not distributed evenly over the whole

network and more than 80% of the trafc comes from hotspots or indoor areas,

based on the analysis from Informa Telecoms & Media7. It is also forecasted thatmobile video will be the dominant service in the near future and it is shown that

about 70% of mobile services will be video in 2016 based on the prediction of

mobile trafc share from Cisco8.

To meet the explosive trafc demands and higher performance expectation, the

heterogeneous network or HetNet is becoming the network topology of the

future, as shown in Figure 3. The service of the small cells is compatible with a

good xed network (ber ). If the data speed of the xed network is too slow,

or if there is not xed network, the trafc will be captured by large cells. Public

fixed networks provide, more and more, the TV services (Broadcast TV, TV on

demand). The future evolutions of the mobile network will be probably similar,

and, the impact of this evolution will be to create the trafc asymmetry (more

downlink trafc than the uplink trafc).

One way to map the spectrum frequency to the deployment scenario is as below:

Wideband for the capacity. It is easier to find wideband in high spectrum1.

(above 1GHz or 3GHz).

The propagation and the coverage is better at low frequency (below 3GHz2.

and especially below 1GHz)

Below 400MHz, there are some technical difculties to design the mobile3.

terminal

As mobile trafc increases and mobile connection speeds increase for anything,

anytime from anywhere, more spectrum in the low and low-to-mid bands is

needed to provide the coverage and capacity. The mid-to-high band is much more

important than ever before, to provide high performance, and also to provide

capacity boosting for the urban environment, especially hotspot and indoor areas.

Figure 3 Heterogeneous Network

7 Mobile broadband access at home: Informa Telecoms & Media

8

Cisco, Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Trafc Forecast Update, 2011-2016, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html


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2.3 Spectrum prediction and gap

2.3.1 AdministratorsAll administrators are facing the prospect of a spectrum shortage, some examples

are shown in Table 1.

As we can see, the amount of global identified spectrum is twice the amount

of regionally available spectrum, because each nation has its own limitations

on spectrum arrangements and the difculty of establishing global harmonized

spectrum.

2.3.2 Operators

From the business perspective, there is never sufcient spectrum, and operators

will have to ease the trafc increase by pricing. In the case of AT&T, iPhone users

were to be provided unlimited trafc contracts, but the trafc explosion quickly

congested the network and AT&T had to gradually move unlimited data plans to

Table 1 Spectrum requirements forecast by administrators.

AdministratorInformation

SourceTrafc increase

forecast

Baselinebandwidth for

IMT

AdditionalSpectrum

Requirement

Europe

EuropeanUnion

Radio Spectrum

Policy Programme

(RSPP)

Y2015:1200MHz

USAFCC National

Broadband Plan

35 times increase

in trafc from 2009

to 2014

Y2009 allocated:

547MHz

Y2014: 300MHz for

mobile broadband

Y2020: 500MHz for

mobile and xed

broadband

CanadaGlobal Mobile

Broadband

Forum 2012

Y2014 allocated:

553MHz

Y2015:300-

500MHz

Y2022:400-

600MHz

Australia

ACMA paper

Towards 2020

Future spectrumrequirements

for mobile

broadband

30 times increase

in trafc from 2007to 2014

Y2012 allocated

and planned:840MHz

Y2015: 150MHzY2020: 300MHz

Japan

AWG workshop

for future IMT

(AWG-13/INP-

136)

Growth rate of

trafc is increasing

to more than 100%

per year.

Y2012 allocated:

500MHz

Y2015: over

300MHz

Year 2020: total

over 1000MHz

ChinaITU-R WP5D#15

(document

5D/256)

Around 600times

increase in trafc

from 2010 to 2020

690MHzY2020:800-

1100MHz


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Table 2 Spectrum held by licensed spectrum operators in Japan10

700MHz

bands

800MHz

bands

900MHz

bands

1.5GHz

bands

1.7GHz

bands

2GHz

bands

2.5GHz

bandsToTal

DoCoMo 20MHz 30MHz -

30MHz

[Partially

limited]

40MHz

[Only in some

areas]

40MHz - 160MHz

AU 20MHz 30MHz - 20MHz - 40MHz - 110MHz

Softbank - - 30MHz 20MHz - 40MHz - 90MHz

E-Access 20MHz - - - 30MHz - - 50MHz

UQ - - - - 30MHz 30MHz

Wireless

City

Planning

- - - - - - 30MHz 30MHz

WILLCOM - - - - -

31.2MHz[Partially

share withcodelessphone]

- 31.2MHz

tiered mobile data packages to ease the trafc increase and to keep the network

balanced. In this sense, we could say that even facing todays trafc explosion,

the spectrum is not enough, let alone for the year 2020.

AT&T, for example, has stated9 that growth rate and data demand outpaces

the capabilities of these advanced radio interface technologies and network

topographies. Future new spectrum allocation to IMT is required as user demand

outpaces the technology and deployment advances.What AT&T has faced is not

unique among operators in the United States or elsewhere in the world.

The licensed spectrums the Japans operators hold are shown in Table 2.

Considering the low band and low-to-mid band, it seems the main operators hold

sufficient amount of resource, although the amount of efficient spectrum held

is far less than the total amount held by operators as shown in Table3. Japans

3.5G work is ongoing, which is supposed to provide large capacity and high

performance. Wi-Fi has been used for ofoading trafc to alleviate the operators

pressure on network capacity; while IMT small cell technology in higher band is

targeted to carry and control the trafc on licensed spectrum when the spectrum

becomes available, which DOCOMO is also actively research and promoting.

9 Addressing spectrum efciency, information on current and planned use, and technical and operational characteristics in frequency bands for IMT under WRC-15 Agenda item 1.1, AT&T,

http://www.itu.int/md/R12-WP5D-C-0179/en

10 Frequency Management Policy on Mobile Communications in Japan, Japan, http://www.apt.int/sites/default/les/2012/09/AWG-13-INP-136_Japan_MIC_presentation_in_AWG_Workshop.pdf


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Table 3 bands from global harmonization perspective held by Japanese operators

700M 800M 900M 1.5G 1.7G 2GHz 2.5GHz Total

DoCoMo 20MHz 40MHz 60MHz

AU 20MHz 40MHz 60MHz

Softbank 30MHz 40MHz 70MHz

E-Access 20MHz 20MHz

UQ 30MHz 30MHz

2.4 ConclusionAs is being discussed in ITU-R WP5D, more than 500MHz of additional spectrum

is needed for the year 2020, distributed in three band ranges low band (


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3 Spectrum map

3.1 Existing spectrum

The map below shows a summary of the worldwide frequency allocation in the

bands from 300MHz to 30GHz.

The following map shows the main IMT bands allocated in each ITU region.

Figure 4 Summary frequency allocation from 300MHz to 30GHz

Figure 5 IMT global spectrum distribution (existing situation)

IMT Spectrum Map

Region 1

FDDBand 1 (2100M)

Band 3 (1800M)

Band 7 (2.6G)

Band 8 (900M)

Band 20 (DD800)Band 22 (3.5G)

TDDBand 33

Band 38 (2.6G)

Band 42 (3.5G)

Band 43 (3.6G)

Region 2

FDDBand 2 (1900M)

Band 4 (AWS)

Band 5 (850M)

Band 10

Band 12 (700M L)Band 13 (700M U)

Band 14 (700M)

Band 17 (700M)

Band 23 (MSS)

Band 24 (L-band)

Band 25 (E1900)

Band 26 (E850 U)

Band 27 (E850 L)

Band 28 (APT700)

Band 29 (DL 700)

TDDBand 41 (2.6G)

FDDBand 1 (2100M)

Band 3 (1800M)

Band 5 (850M)

Band 8 (900M)

Band 28 (APT700)

TDDBand 34/a

Band 39/f

Band 40 (3.5G)

Band 28 (3.6G)

Band 44 (APT700)

Region 3

FDDBand 1 (2100M)

Band 6 (850M)

Band 9 (1800M)

Band 11

Region 3(Japan Specic)

Band 18 (850M)

Band 19 (850M)

Band 21 (1.5G)


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3GPP already dened the band number for different regional allocation.

Table 4 Existing spectrum for IMT in 3GPP

MSR/E

UTRA Band

number

UTRA Band

number

GSM/

EDGE Band

designation

Uplink (UL) BS receive UE

transmit

Downlink (DL) BS transmit UE

receive Dup

ModeFUL_low FUL_high FDL_low FDL_high

1 I - 1920 MHz 1980 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz FDD

2 II PCS 1900 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 1990 MHz FDD

3 III DCS 1800 1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz FDD

4 IV - 1710 MHz 1755 MHz 2110 MHz 2155 MHz FDD

5 V GSM 850 824 MHz 849 MHz 869 MHz 894MHz FDD

6(1)

VI - 830 MHz 840 MHz 875 MHz 885 MHz FDD

7 VII - 2500 MHz 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 2690 MHz FDD

8 VIII E-GSM 880 MHz 915 MHz 925 MHz 960 MHz FDD

9 IX - 1749.9 MHz 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz FDD

10 X - 1710 MHz 1770 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz FDD

11 XI - 1427.9 MHz 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz 1495.9 MHz FDD

12 XII - 699 MHz 716 MHz 729 MHz 746 MHz FDD

13 XIII - 777 MHz 787 MHz 746 MHz 756 MHz FDD

14 XIV - 788 MHz 798 MHz 758 MHz 768 MHz FDD

15 XV - Reserved Reserved

16 XVI - Reserved Reserved

17 - - 704 MHz 716 MHz 734 MHz 746 MHz FDD


19 XIX - 830 MHz 845 MHz 875 MHz 890 MHz FDD

20 XX - 832 MHz 862 MHz 791 MHz 821 MHz FDD

21 XXI - 1447.9 MHz 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 MHz 1510.9 MHz FDD

22 XXII - 3410 MHz 3490 MHz 3510 MHz 3590 MHz FDD


24 - - 1626.5 MHz 1660.5 MHz 1525 MHz 1559 MHz FDD

25 XXV - 1850 MHz 1915 MHz 1930 MHz 1995 MHz FDD

26 XXVI - 814 MHz 849 MHz 859 MHz 894 MHz FDD



29 - - 717 MHz 728 MHz FDD

33 a) 1900 MHz 1920 MHz 1900 MHz 1920 MHz TDD34 a) 2010 MHz 2025 MHz 2010 MHz 2025 MHz TDD

35 b) 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1850 MHz 1910 MHz TDD

36 b) 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 1930 MHz 1990 MHz TDD

37 c) 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz TDD

38 d) 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 2570 MHz 2620 MHz TDD

39 f) 1880 MHz 1920 MHz 1880 MHz 1920 MHz TDD

40 e) 2300 MHz 2400 MHz 2300 MHz 2400 MHz TDD

41 - 2496 MHz 2690 MHz 2496 MHz 2690 MHz TDD





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The agenda items of WRC-15 dealing with spectrum matters for IMT are:

3.2 Future outlook

The International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)is responsible for coordinating the international use of the radio spectrum and

holds World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) every three to four years

to review and revise the Radio Regulations, the international treaty governing the

use of radio-frequency spectrum, geostationary-satellite and non-geostationary-

satellite orbits. The activities related to spectrum for IMT at WRC are as follows.

3.2.1 Analysis on additional frequency bands

Taking into account specific characteristics of different bands and the logical

mapping from the three types of frequency band mentioned above to suitable

frequency ranges of IMT, there are some specic requirements and considerations

on the different frequency ranges and possible bandwidths, when additional

frequency bands for IMT are under discussion, which will happen under Agenda

Items 1.1 and 1.2 of WRC-15.

1990 2000 2010 2020

Identied spectrum forIMT-2000 Identied additional

spectrum for IMT-2000Identied spectrum for

IMT (including IMT-2000and IMT-Advanced)

To consider the need andidentication for additional

spectrum for IMT

Figure 6 activities related to spectrum for IMT at WRC

Figure 7 Agenda items of WRC-15 dealing with spectrum matters for IMT

WRC-15AI 1.1

to consider additional spectrum allocations to the mobile service on a primarybasis and identication of additional frequency bands for International MobileTelecommunications (IMT) and related regulatory provisions, to facilitate thedevelopment of terrestrial mobile broadband applications, in accordance withResolution 233 (WRC-12);

WRC-15AI 1.2

to examine the results of ITU-R studies, in accordance with Resolution 232(WRC-12), on the use of the frequency band 694-790 MHz by the mobile, except

aeronautical mobile service in Region 1 and take the appropriate measures;

WARC-92(1992)

WRC-2000(2000)

WRC-07(2007)

WRC-15(2015)


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Firstly,where cost considerations require the installation of fewer base stations,

not only in rural and/or sparsely populated areas but also in urban and/or

suburban areas, bands with good coverage to facilitate such deployment aregenerally suitable for implementing mobile systems, including IMT. Especially

in many developing countries and countries with large areas of low population

density, there is a need for cost-effective implementation of IMT. In fact, lower

frequency bands(< 1 GHz) are most suitable for providing coverage with low cost

based on the propagation characteristics.

Firstly bis, to grow the current IMT frequency bands.

Secondly, Report ITU-R M.2074 identifies the preferred frequency ranges for

the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced, including both the

new mobile access and new nomadic/local area wireless access as they are

presented in Recommendation ITU-R M.1645. It suggests that new spectrum that

can fulll the full range of requirements of the ITU for IMT-Advanced, should be

found below 6 GHz for a number of technical reasons, such as allowing sufcient

mobility, an acceptable trade-off between cost and full area coverage, availability

of the required RF hardware components and mobile terminal complexity and

power consumption. Concretely, the frequency bands from 1GHz to 6GHz,

including Low-to-mid bands (1-3GHz) and Mid-to-high bands (3-6GHz), are most

suitable to provide capacity and performance.

Thirdly, further studies are needed to resolve the availability issues for IMT inhigh bands (>6GHz) because of the different characteristics of spectrum above

and below 6GHz. These studies should focus on technical, propagation and

implementation aspects of high bands (>6GHz) for IMT. Therefore, it would be

better that the frequency bands above 6GHz are considered at WRC-19 rather

than WRC-15).

Fourthly,as higher and higher bitrates will be demanded for the future

development of IMT systems, larger channel bandwidths (continuous or

composite by carrier aggregation) will be needed. Report ITU-R M.2074 includes

detailed analysis of some of the technical issues surrounding the spectrum

range preferences for the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced.

The Report states that a new radio access system, covering the full range of

capabilities of IMT-Advanced is envisaged to support a wide range of data rates

according to economic and service demands in multi-user environments. There

will be target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility

and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility. It may be possible to reach

considerably higher overall spectrum efficiency than today's technologies, but

even under the most optimistic assumptions discussed today and in favorable

radio reception conditions, the 1 Gbit/s transmission rate may require bandwidth

in the order of 100 MHz or more.


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3.2.2 Views on additional frequency bands

We support the identication of additional frequency bands for IMT to facilitatethe development of terrestrial mobile broadband applications at WRC-15. At

WRC-15, we support making at least 500 MHz of spectrum newly available for

IMT by 2020, with up to 1GHz being provided if possible.

Based on the above analysis, it is our view that it is not only the amount of

spectrum that is important but also the aspects affecting frequency range

preferences. These are primarily based on the requirements and target

characteristics for the envisioned system of IMT These will have to be considered

for frequency ranges to study in relation to WRC-15 Agenda items 1.1 and 1.2.

With respect to the preferred frequency ranges for the future development ofIMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced, we propose that the new spectrum for IMT should

be identied mainly below 6 GHz at WRC-15 due to technical reasons identied

in Report ITU-R M.2074.

Low bands (< 1GHz) mainly used for macro network to provide coverage

Low-to-mid bands (1-3GHz) mainly used for macro and micro network to

provide coverage/capacity

Mid-to-high bands (3-6GHz) mainly use for micro/pico/hotspots network and

Wireless Sensor Networks to provide high capacity and performance.

Meanwhile we think that high bands (>6GHz) should be considered at the

next WRC(WRC-19), rather the upcoming WRC-15, because of larger different

frequency characteristics.

Larger bandwidths for the future development of IMT will be needed, such as

100 MHz or more (preferred continuous bands).

3.2.3 Detailed band-by-band analysis and

positionFor WRC-07, a set of candidate bands for IMT were proposed, with the support

of Administrations and those proposals should be taken into account as IMT

candidate in WRC-15. Candidate frequency ranges available for identifying

spectrum for the terrestrial component of future development of IMT-2000 and

IMT-Advanced in the Report ITU-R M.2024 and M.2079 include 410-430 MHz,

470-790 MHz, 2 700-2 900 MHz, 3 600-4 200 MHz, 4 400-4 990 MHz.

Furthermore we support to consider, TV UHF band (470-694MHz), L band (a part

of 1300-1900 MHz), C Band(3.4-3.8-4.2GHz) as possible candidate bands for IMT

under WRC-15 AI1.1 based on our studies.


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17

Finally our band-by-band analysis and position of some possible candidate bands

for IMT are as follows.

[1] 470-694 MHz

WHY THE BAND

This band 470-694/698MHz provides great propagation characteristics for

coverage and indoor penetration. This band is also adjacent to the bands on

which IMT systems are deployed i.e. 450-470MHz and 698/694-960MHz, which

reuse of the existing RF components is possible. For the time being, the band

is widely usually used for broadcasting service, but parts of this band are alsoconsidered for mobile broadband under national broadband plans globally.

Along with the progress of broadcasting analogue-to-digital switch over, and the

nalization of band clearing of 700MHz and 800MHz, this band 470-694/698 is

to be considered as potential candidate bands for IMT, which is now discussed

in ITU-R. Part of this band is now discussed in the United States in the content of

incentive auction.

SPECTRUM DEVELOPMENT PATH

Given its contiguity with the existing IMT bands, i.e. 450-470MHz and 698/694-

960MHz, the frequency arrangement and development path should closely

Table 5 Possible candidate band for IMT under WRC-15 Agenda Item 1.1

Description SpectrumIncumbent

userWRC-15 target

Low candidatebands (


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18

follow the decisions that have been previously taken in such bands, where

exclusive individual usage rights are being assigned. Global harmonization should

be addressed from the very beginning. Synergies with the adjacent bands shallbe exploited: base station and user device RF components (e.g. amplifiers and

antennas may be reused to a large extent). .

CONCLUSIONS

Its proposed to identify 470-694/698MHz or part of this band for IMT at WRC-15

to provide cellular coverage network.

[2] 694-790 MHz

WHY THE BAND

Band 694-790MHz is also of high value due to its excellent propagation

characteristics. The band is currently widely used for broadcasting service and

also ARNS (Aeronautical Radio Navigation Systems). The advent of the digital TV

technology and consequent switch off of the less spectrally efcient analog TV

technology has led to a Digital Dividend which is allowing to make the band

available for IMT applications.


In Region 1, the band 700MHz is decided to allocate by WRC-15. Now some

preparation works are planned to be done. The target is to allocate the frequency

band 694-790 MHz in Region 1 to the mobile for IMT; then the allocation is

effective immediately after WRC 15.

In Region 2, the band is identied for IMT, spectrum has been assigned as FDD as

shown in the diagram below.

A4 MS Tx

698 716 728 763 776 793746

un-paired BS Tx BS Tx MS Tx

MHz 690 700 710 770720 780730 790740 800750 810760

M.1036-03-A4

Figure 8 P694-790 MHz frequency arrangement of Region 2 11

11 From ITU-R M.1036-4


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19

In region 3, at the meeting of the APT Wireless Forum (AWF-9) at Sep.,2010,

agreement was reached on two harmonized frequency arrangements for IMT in

698-806MHz frequency band. It was decided that spectrum should be allocatedas follows:

For FDD:

a lower guard-band of 5 MHz should be allocated between 698-703 MHz;

an upper guard-band of 3 MHz should be allocated between 803-806 MHz.

For TDD:

Whole Bands from 698MHz to 806MHz for TDD

The band plan is not compatible with FDD band Plan. Actually, South America is

gradually following the APT band plan (FDD).

CONCLUSIONS

Band 700MHz brings a signicant amount of high quality spectrum for mobile

broadband. Commercial networks have already been launched in US, in Region3 the band had been identied as IMT utilization, in Region 1 the issue will be

decided at WRC-15.

We propose the harmonization or compatibility usage of the band between

Region 1 and Region 3 for economies of scale and effective utilization of the

band.

12 From ITU-R M.1036-4

Figure 9 694-790 MHz frequency arrangement of Region 312

5 MHz

694MHz

698MHz

806MHz

45 MHzDTTV PPDR/LMR

PPDR/LMR

10 MHz centre gap

DTTV

45 MHz

3 MHz


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20

Figure 10 1427.9-1462.9/1475.9-1510.9 MHz bands in Japan14

[3] L-band (1350-1525 MHz)

WHY THE BAND

The L-band13 may provide good coverage and may complement below 1 GHz

bands which may not be sufcient to address the wider capacity needs. Currently

allocated by the ITU Radio Regulations (WRC-12 revision) on a primary and/

or secondary basis to the Mobile Service, Fixed Service, Broadcasting Satellite

Service, the band has clear potential for Global/Regional harmonization, with

specic reference to the 1427-1525 MHz and/or 1525-1660MHz ranges (excluding

the 1400-1427MHz portion).


1427.9-1462.9/1475.9-1510.9 MHz bands in Japan have been allocated to LTE in

2011, and the total bandwidth is limited at 2*15MHz or 2*20MHz or 2*34MHz;

the harmonization work at European level is ongoing for the Mobile/Fixed

Communication Networks (MFCN) supplemental downlink in the 1452-1492 MHz

range. Future IMT identication should include the ranges from 1350-1400, 1427-

1525 MHz and possibly from 1525 to 1660 MHz as dened in 3GPP.

13 L-Band terminology refers to the 1 to 2 GHz frequency range, as dened by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB),

14 From Japanese MIC

1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 [MHz]

RA

Softbank

Softbank

3GSoftbank

SoftbankMCAMCA MCAMCA MSS

3GStage 1

1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 [MHz]

RA MCA MCAMCA MCA MSS3G 3GStage 2

1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 [MHz]

RA MCA MCA MSS3G 3GStage 3


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21

Table 6 1427-1525 & 1525-1660 MHz dened in 3GPP15

E UTRA

Operating

Band

Uplink (UL) operating band

BS receive UE transmit

Downlink (DL) operating band

BS transmit UE receive DuplexMode

FUL_low FUL_high FDL_low FDL_high

111427.9

MHz 1447.9 MHz

1475.9

MHz 1495.9 MHz FDD

211447.9

MHz 1462.9 MHz

1495.9

MHz 1510.9 MHz FDD

241626.5

MHz 1660.5 MHz 1525 MHz 1559 MHz FDD

Although the bands (1350-1525 MHz) are considered as key candidate band for

IMT, many efforts are necessary because the band is also the important band for

other services and supplications, including GPS and DAB applications. That will be

the high priority item in WRC-15.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose the global harmonized allocation for IMT in parts of this band

at WRC-15. The future use for IMT in this band will contribute to the need of

coverage and capacity for the future development of IMT.

[4] Bands around 2GHz(1980-2010 MHz paired with

2170-2200 MHz, 1900-1920/2090-2110 MHz and

2010-2025 /2200-2215 MHz

WHY THE BAND

The frequency bands 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200MHz have already been

allocated to IMT-2000 in WARC-92. The bands were assigned for Mobile-Satellite

Service (MSS) in EU, Korea, Japan and some other countries with little degree

of actual utilization. This band is adjacent to 3GPP Band 1/I. There are some

proposals to GSMA and ITU-R that combining the MSS Band, existing 3GPP Band

1/I, TDD Bands 33/34 and the bands 2090-2110 MHz / 2170-2200 MHz can

create a contiguous frequency band in some countries, which can help promote

the wider availability of mobile broadband. Furthermore they think that 2090-

2110 and 2200-2215 MHz may be paired with existing IMT TDD bands (3GPP

TDD Band 33/34) to create new FDD bands in some countries. It may violate the

prots of TDD operators.

15 From 3GPP


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22

At the same time, we have also taken note that TDD Bands 33/34 are still important

TDD band in some other countries who tend to leave the bands as they are.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose the global harmonized allocation for IMT terrestrial components in

the band 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200MHz at WRC-15.

Furthermore there may be two separate side-by-side ways to deal with existing

IMT TDD bands (3GPP TDD Band 33/34) in the world.

The rst way is that the allocation of the bands 1900-1920(3GPP TDD Band

33) and 2090-2110MHz, 2010-2025(3GPP TDD Band 34) and 2200-2215

MHz as paired bands for IMT create new FDD bands in one Region or some

countries for effective utilization of the band because the bands have been

allocated for IMT TDD in those counties, but never used for a long time.

The second one is still to keep TDD Bands 33/34 as it is now in some other

countries because the bands have been allocated and used for IMT TDD in

those counties.

[5] 3600-4200 MHz

WHY THE BAND

In International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R), World Radiocommunication

Conference in 2007 (WRC-07) have raised an issue by a number of countries (in

particular from Africa) regarding protection of FSS earth stations/VSATs which

led to a WRC-15 agenda item about 3400-4200MHz. The band 3400-3800MHz

decided for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) is already widely available for

licensing in Europe and have earlier been allocated to the Fixed service on a

primary basis in Region 1. The band 3600-4200MHz is to be considered as a key

candidate band for IMT for WRC-15 identication.

Figure 11 A possible combination of bands around 2GHz

Band 33

1900MHz

1900MHz

2090MHz

2090MHz

Band 1 UL

1920MHz 2110MHz

Band 1 DLMSS

1980MHz 2170MHz2025MHz

2025MHz

2215MHz

2215MHz

MSSBand 34

2010 2200


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23


In EU, CEPT administrations already designated the frequency bands 3400-3800

MHz on a non-exclusive basis to mobile/xed communications networks (MFCN),

without prejudice to the protection and continued operation of other existing

users in this band, according to the TDD band plan arrangement.

The 600MHz in the 3600-4200 MHz range offer an important opportunity to

fulfill the increasing throughput requirement. Located in a higher frequency

range, while still below the 6GHz boundary, this range is especially suitable small

coverage allowing focused capacity with a higher degree of frequency reuse.

However the band is currently heavily used for the FSS service, in larger countries

especially where satellite communications offer a cost effective communication

mean. Thus, although the band is potentially global harmonized, it is difcult to

clear the band in order for IMT utilization in many countries in the next few years.

CONCLUSIONS

Its proposed to identify 3600-3800MHz for IMT to provide cellular network with

capacity to fulll increasing trafc requirement, especially for small coverage with denser

cellular. Regarding the bands 3800-4200MHz, the spectrum sharing between IMT and

FSS should be advocated with low power IMT network (E.g. LTE-Hi).

[6] 4 400-4 990 MHz

WHY THE BAND

The band 4400-4990 MHz has propagation characteristics that are suitable for

use in dense urban areas where the deployment of mobile networks is typically

capacity limited. At the same time, the band can also provide large contiguous

bandwidths that can be used for microcell and picocell network to provide

increased capacity and performance.


The band 4400-4990 MHz could support mobile broadband applications with

minimal hardware modifications allowing for economies of scale to be met

in deployment of new systems and networks. Whats more, RF components,

antennas and amplifiers, as well as design solutions, already exist for certain

frequencies in 5-6 GHz and are already embedded in user equipment which could

be used for IMT implementation.

However they have an analogy with the situation on the band 3600-4200MHz.

The traditional utilizaion is FSS/ VSATs. The band is currently heavily used for the FSS

service, in larger countries especially where satellite communications offer a cost


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4 Spectrum utilization & harmonization

Since WRC-92, there are many bands allocated to IMT. How to better use the

band is the point of the chapter.

4.1 Global spectrum for small cell

It is stated that herein high frequency means the band range from 3GHz to 6GHz.

Main usage models for high frequency are listed as following.

Small cell deployed,

Relay to connect with VIP customer.

Mobile Relay.

3.5GHz is one of the most important bands of global spectrum for small cell.

3.5GHz

With current traffic requirement trend, operators are increasingly looking at

solutions from three aspects including band expansion, denser network, air-

interface efciency. Thus, heterogeneous networks where the wide area coverage

layers are integrated with additional layers of small cells are necessary to provide

additional capacity, with wider spectrum bandwidth deployed and enhancing

spectrum efciency. Huawei LTE-Hi (LTE Hotspot & Indoor Enhancement) solution

is being developed targeting three aspects:

effective communication mean. Thus, it is difcult to clear the band in order for IMT

utilization in many countries in the next few years.

CONCLUSIONS

Its proposed to identify 4400-4500MHz and 4800-4990MHz for IMT to provide

cellular network with capacity to fulfill increasing traffic requirement, especially

for small coverage with denser cellular. Regarding the bands 4500-4800MHz, the

spectrum sharing between IMT and FSS should be advocated with low power IMT

network (E.g. LTE-Hi: LTE Hotspot & Indoor Enhancement).


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25

To meet the capacity requirement in hotspot, to seek the wider spectrum for IMT

is needed. The 3400-3600 MHz band is ideal for providing such kind of focused

coverage with its large amount of contiguous spectrum available.

This band also helps in the interference management associated with denser

cellular because of its reduced coverage capability which helps. This band has

great potential to become a globally harmonized band with at least 50MHz

allocated.

3.5GHz is potential to become a global harmonized spectrum band. In the future,

if other services such as FSS quit from this band to the other band or can share

the frequency bands with IMT, it is potentially 800MHz spectrum band from 3.4

to 4.2GHz, and additionally 600MHz from 4.4 to 5GHz, for IMT. This is very good

for the future development of the wireless market and the interest of the global

industry chain.

3.5GHz has many band characteristics adapt to the dense small cells for

ofoading trafc.

High bandwidth: to fulll the requirement of increasing capacity

High propagation loss: more t for small coverage

Reduced coverage capability: to help in interference management associated

with denser cellular

LTE-Hi is the promising small cell technology being developed in R12. Its

working frequency includes 3.5GHz.

4.2 SDL (SUPPLEMENTAL DOWNLINK)

Following is some content discussed in ITU-R WP 5D is excerpted as below16:

Some developments of IMT technologies

Among the developments are new technical and operational aspects of IMT

systems and arrangements, which may include other characterizations of the use

of spectrum, such as:

Asymmetric FDD uplink (traditionally in lower bands) and downlink blocks (with one

or more separate downlinks which could also be in different bands).

FDD or TDD uplink and downlink for very high peak data rates in confined and

densely populated indoor areas as well as in conned areas of moving vehicles.

FDD and TDD backhauling from, e.g. trains, buses and other vehicles or from

body area networks to the host IMT network

In-band or out-of-band backhauling of small cells.

For the unpaired spectrum used as SDL, it should be noted that the spectrum in

some regions can also be used for TDD under demands of regulatory bodies.

16 Revision 2 to Document 5D/TEMP/55-E, ITU-R WP5D meeting, 11 October 2012


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26

17 3GPP Band number see table 4 in section 3.1 of this WhitePaper.

698 728 758 788704 734 763

PublicSafety

PublicSafety

793710 740716 746 776 806722

A B DC E A CB C D C D

Digital and analog

Broadcasters

Downlink

Uplink

DL only spectrum

700MHz Spectrum in US

SDL concept was also discussed in CEPT in the context of the L-Band and in ITU.

4.3 LTE carrier aggregation

4.3.1 CA with same mode

CA (carrier aggregation) means coordination transmission and coordination

reception at two or more carriers in the same band or different bands. Signals atthese aggregated carriers are dealt with together at the same baseband unit.

CA is classied with intra-band CA and inter-band CA.

Intra-band CA

3GPP RAN4 studies intra-band carrier aggregation for following bands according

to operators actual requirement, including intra-band continuous CA and non-

continuous CA.

Intra-band continuous CA17

TDD band: Band 38 (2.6GHz), Band 41;

FDD band: Band 7 (2.6GHz), Band 1;

Intra-band non-continuous CA:

FDD band: Band 3, Band 4, Band 25.

CA impact on BS RF requirement is small, and main impact is on UE requirement.

For those continuous scenarios still being studied, the key focus is on UE back-off power.

Non-continuous CA may have big impact on UE, so we should keep an eye on it.

The 716~728 MHz was initially planned to be used for mobile TV services in the

USA, later is proposed to be only used for DL for LTE, and dened as Band 29

with duplex mode with FDD in 3GPP.

Figure 12 700MHz frequency arrangement of USA


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27

Inter-band CA

The topic studies RF requirement at scenario of inter-band CA. The requirement

comes from operators owning the band. In Rel-11 the scenarios are independently

studied in different WI.

Inter-band CA WIs in 3GPP RAN418 Region CA Class

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7 EU Class A3

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 13 USA Class A1








LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 7 China Class A3



LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5 Korea Class A1



LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 18 Japan Class A1




LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5, 2UL Korea Class A1

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 8 Asia, EU Class A2

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 2 and Band 4 USA


LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 28 Japan

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 8 Asia, EU

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 19 Japan

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 26 Korea

LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 38 and Band 39 China


LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 39 and 41 China

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 26 Korea

18 3GPP Band number see table 4 in section 3.1 of this WhitePaper.


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All inter-band CA combinations only nish the scenario of one-carrier UL in Rel-

11. The work on two UL carriers simultaneously transmitting is postponed to Rel-

12. In Rel-12, 5 WIs on CA are created according to the type of CA combination.

The main discussion focusing on inter-band CA is lter insertion loss of terminal,

because insertion loss will influence power back-off and desensitization, thus

coverage about DL and UL will be inuenced.

4.3.2 CA with mixed mode

Except for CA combination between bands with same mode (e.g. TDD vs. TDD,

FDD vs. FDD), hot trend is CA combination based on TDD band + FDD band.

There are two possible scenarios:

Inter-site FDD + TDD CA, i.e. Macro site with FDD, small cell with TDD

Co-site FDD + TDD CA

It is estimated that FDD+TDD CA is future trend and may be standardized.

In different regions, FDD bands and TDD/unpaired spectrum are different, thus

the possible combinations are different.

Region 1

Many FDD operators hold TDD spectrum of 1.8/1.9/2.0GHz,

In EU countries, 2.6GHz was already auctioned or is on the agenda of auction.

FDD bands: DD800, 1.8GHz, 2.6GHz FDD part;

TDD bands: 1.9/2.0GHz, 2.6GHz TDD part;

Future TDD bands: 3.7GHz, 3.5GHz (if TDD is chosen)

Possible combinations:

DD800 FDD + 1.9/2.0GHz TDD

1.8GHz FDD + 1.9/2.0GHz TDD

DD800 FDD + 2.6GHz TDD

1.8GHz FDD + 2.6GHz TDD

2.6GHz FDD + 2.6GHz TDD

FDD band + 3.7GHz/3.5GHz


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Region 2

In US, TDD or unpaired spectrum for IMT is mainly located at 2.6GHz, future

possible 3.5GHz.

2.6GHz TDD spectrum is held by the TDD only operators who have no FDD

spectrum. So it is impossible to have FDD+TDD CA combination.

Future possible 3.5GHz band: whether to have FDD+TDD CA combination is

dependent on whether FDD operators will own the band.

Possible combination:

700MHz FDD + 3.5GHz

Region 3

There are different situations in each country.

In China, concept of FDD + TDD CA is difficult to be approved unless TDD

operator i.e. CMCC will be permitted to operate FDD LTE network. In Japan, it is

very highly possible to deploy FDD+TDD CA network.

FDD bands: currently 2.1GHz, 1.5GHz, 1.7GHz and 850MHz; future possible band

900MHz, 800MHz.

TDD bands: 2.6GHz and possible band 3.5GHz

Possible combinations:

FDD: 2.1GHz, 1.5GHz, 1.7GHz, 900MHz, 800MHz + TDD: 3.5GHz

FDD: 1.5GHz, 900MHz + TDD: 2.6GHz

In other countries, possible combination is 1.8GHz FDD + 2.6GHz TDD.

4.3.3 Conclusion for CA

There are over 30 work items on intra-band and inter-band CA in 3GPP RAN4

which shows strong interests of operators to better utilize their existing spectrum.

CA as a feature introduced in Rel-10 provides one feasible solution to meet this

spectrum utilization requirement.

It is also expected that mixed TDD + FDD inter-band CA is future trend.


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4.4 LTE roaming

Compared to GSM and UMTS, the main issue for LTE spectrum is the fragmentedavailability: many bands but none of them suitable for global roaming band.

Currently, FDD frequency bands for commercial or trial LTE networks include:

Europe: 800M (Band 20), 1800M (Band 3 GSM refarming), 2600M (Band7),

US & Canada: 700M (Band 13, Band 17), AWS (Band 4, Band10)

Japan: 850M (Band 18), 1500M (Band 21), 2100M (Band 1),

Korea: 850M (Band 5)

Latin America: 700M, AWS (Band 4, Band10), 1800M (Band 3 GSM

refarming), 2100M (Band 1), 2600M (Band 7)

TDD frequency bands for commercial or trial LTE networks include:

US: 2600M (Band 41)

China: 2300M (Band 40 Trial network for indoor application), 2600M (Band

38 Trial network), 1900M (Band 39 Trial network)

From the bands to be available for LTE application recently, we can group the

bands with the consideration on covered ITU regions.

The bands which can cover 3 ITU regions include:

FDD:APT 700M (Asia, Europe (if compatibility with APT band plan is adopted),

Latin America), 3500MHz

TDD:

2300MHz, 2600MHz, 3500MHz

The bands which can cover 2 ITU regions include:

850MHz, 1800MHz

Note: The 850MHz spectrum here is a set of frequency bands rather than a single band.

Regarding the complicated bands situation for LTE, it is not possible to find a single

global roaming band. More reasonable way is to use several frequency bands which can

cover at least two ITU regions to comprise the roaming spectrum.

For FDD application, candidate bands for roaming band combination include:

1800MHz, E850MHz, APT 700MHz, US 700MHz

For TDD application, candidate bands for roaming band combination include:

2.3GHz, 2.6GHz, 3.5GHz

Note that except for the candidate bands, roaming via FDD is also a possible


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700MHz Bands:

2600MHz Bands:

Figure 13 Global frequency arrangements of 700MHz, 850MHz and 2600MHz

B12

698

698

704

728

734

746 777

758

703

703 758748 803

791

788

716

716

746

746

756 787

768

803

798

B17

B13

B14

Band 44

Band 28

CEPT

CHINA

2500 MHz

TDD

2690 MHz

BRS1

BRS2

A1

2495 MHz

1 6 64 45.5*12 5.5*126*7

2572 2614 2690

B2

C3

A3

C1

A2

B3

D1

D2

D3

J KB1

C2

A4

C4

F4

B4

G4

D4

E4

E2

F2

E1

F1

E3

F3

H1

H2

H3

G1

G2

G3The US

2500 MHz

Mobile Communication Service BSS

2635 2660 2690Some Asia-

Pacic

countries

Mobile Comm.Service

2500 MHz

FDD Uplink Blocks FDD Downlink Blocks

2570 2620 2690

Europe TDD or FDDDownlink(External)

Region 2

Region 3

Region 1

850MHz Bands:

875 860890845

830 815

894859849 814851824 806

869

Lower E850Upper E850Band 5Band 18Band 19

Source: 3GPP TR 37.806

Region 2

Region 3

Region 1

Region 2

Region 3


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5 TDD spectrum application

5.1 TDD spectrum

Spectrum is the king for operators competency. Many mobile carriers put

increasing emphasis on TDD spectrum and its usage.

Currently core bands for TDD are 1.9GHz, 2.0GHz, 2.3GHz and 2.6GHz. There is

totally about 440MHz bandwidth spectrum. In future, new candidate bands e.g.

3.5GHz and 3.7GHz may bring additional 400MHz bandwidth spectrum for TDD.

Analysis

Different TDD band has different band characteristics adapted to the different

application and scenario.

Band 1.9GHz/2.0GHz: region 1 and region 3; smal l bandwidth

(15MHz~20MHz), low propagation loss and penetration loss

Band 2.3GHz: ongoing discussion in region 1, WCS (FDD application)

in region 2, IMT in region 3; large bandwidth (100MHz), relatively low

propagation loss and penetration loss

Band 2.6GHz: small bandwidth(50MHz) in EU large bandwidth (190MHz) in

US and China, relatively high propagation loss and penetration loss

Band 3.5GHz/3.7GHz: ongoing in different regions; very large bandwidth

(200MHz), high propagation loss and penetration loss

Thus, band 2.3GHz/2.6GHz can be used to increase capacity and 3.5GHz/3.7GHz

is more adaptable for small cell application to offload traffic. These spectrum

distribution among different regions are briey summarized as below:

From the technology point, in band 1.9GHz/2.0GHz 3G TDD (TD-SCDMA) wasdeployed only in China. In other bands LTE TDD is the only choice.

If there are several operators in same band, need a guard band (around 10MHz)

between each adjacent operator or to synchronize the TDD networks.

Dedicated band

1.9GHz/2.0GHz

In region 1, 1900-1920MHz (Band 33) and 2010-2025MHz (Band 34) are

currently allocated to UMTS networks but remain unused throughout the EU. The


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33

European Commission has already issued a Mandate to CEPT to study suitable

alternative applications and develop appropriate technical conditions and sharing

arrangements.

Spectrum of 1880-1920MHz is allocated as Band 39 for LTE TDD in China.

However, 1900-1920MHz within this band is currently occupied by PHS in China.

Up to Oct. 2012, there are still over 13 million subscribers in the PHS network.

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China (MIIT) has conrmed

that the spectrum shall be cleaned up for deployment of LTE TDD and announced

in Sep. 2012 that the LTE TDD license will be issued in about one year. This band

will play an important role for LTE TDD development in China. In the rst half year

of 2012, CMCC has nished network test of LTE TDD trial. 11 cities have set up

the trial network until the end of 2012 and a LTE FDD/TDD mixed commercial

network has been launched in Hongkong by CMCC.

2.3GHz

For 2.3GHz, non-mobile service is operated at the band in most countries and

only in small number of countries, mobile service is operated.

In EU, current usage is complex. LSA (licensed shared access) is hot issue in the

discussion in possible usage ways, but and maybe, could be static (without

consequence on the 3GPP standard). According to ECC WG FM questionnaire,

there are 12 countries which have no plan in addition to current non MBB use

and 5 countries that might support an EC/ECC harmonization.

In US, the band was assigned to WCS service in 1997. Now part of the band is

planned to be used as FDD systems.

In China, because of earlier military application, the band is only used in indoor

scenario before. MIIT in China formally announced that 2.3GHz can be used for

outdoor scenario after permission in Sep. 2012.

2.6GHz

Earlier allocation for this band is WiMAX. Many operators hold the spectrum more

than 20MHz. In recent years, the band already is allocated to LTE application in

Europe, US, China, etc. Although the band is intended for global harmonization,

actually there are two streams for allocation.

Option1: sandwich allocation, mainly in EU (Region1)

2570 2620 26902500 MHz

FDD UE Tx TDD FDD BS Tx

Figure 14 Sandwich frequency arrangement of 2600MHz


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In case of coexistence between TDD BS and FDD BS with the same class, guard band

is necessary to avoid interference. Guard band is from 5MHz to 10MHz depending on

the scenarios.

Option2: all band for TDD, or there is no FDD allocation in the band, mainly in

US, China.

Currently, CMCC holds the band 2570-2520MHz for LTE-TDD trial network. It can be

estimated that existing status will be maintain in future and another operator may

also come in and hold some of the band. At least two operators may share this band

including CMCC and China telecommunications with high possibility.

Summary

With more and more spectrum available for TDD and the development of Hetnet,

complicated network with multiple operators and multiple layers becomes a trend.

It will bring co-existence problem especially for TDD because of the challenge for

synchronization between BSs. Synchronization becomes an imperative issue to be

solved for TDD.

5.2 TDD synchronizationWhen multiple operators deploy TDD system in the same band and in the same

geographic areas, severe interferences may happen if the networks are uncoordinated.

For example, if some base stations (BSs) are transmitting while others are receiving,

the transmitter may desensitize or block the neighbor receiver due to imperfect

emission on the transmitter side and adjacent channel selectivity on the receiver side.

Figure 15 Interferences between uncoordinated TDDsystems in the same band and areas

Operator B uplinkOperator A downlink(UE

to UE interference)

Operator A downlinkOperator B uplink(BS to

BS interference)

Un-synchronization between operator A and B

Operator A

Operator B

D DD DU UU US S

D DD DU UU US S


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There are several possible techniques for improving coexistence between TDD

networks like:

SynchronizationSub-band ltering

Site coordination

Restricted blocks

The use of sub-band ltering and restricted blocks methods are obviously methods

which lead to spectrum wastage. Sub-band filtering method also increases

the number of base station types even within the same band and destroy the

economies of scale. Site coordination method will bring very complicate site plan

and site construction.

Therefore, a better way to avoid interferences is to synchronize neighbor BSs in

order to make them transmit and receive at the same time. Some supervisors also

make the synchronization between operators as mandatory rules to guarantee

the co-existence. It can be explained to two points as below:

Synchronizing the beginning of the frame

Conguring compatible frame structures

There are several methods for synchronization of the start of frame: GNSS

(like GPS), synchronization over backhaul network (like IEEE 1588 v2), and

synchronization through the radio-interface (like network listening). For outdoor

base stations like macro/micro cells, it is easy to get synchronization by GPS. But

with the development of heterogeneous network, more and more base stations

are planning to deployed indoor to improved the hotspot throughput. GPS andIEEE 1588 are not always available or suitable for small cells. In this case, over-

the-air synchronization approach can be used. This approach can be used for the

BSs not only within a single operator but also between different operators with

multiple layers sharing the same band. The following gure shows a feasible way

to implement synchronization across different operators.

Figure 16 A feasible way to implement synchronization across different operators

Declaring

Channel

Initial

Synchronization

Synchronization

Recalibration

Synchronization

Tracking

Introduce "DeclaringChannel" to make itpossible to save GB

BS A BS B BS CN

N Common Notifcation Channel


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36

6.1 Coordinating framework

There are 3 levels for the coordinating framework of the international use of the

radio spectrum.

The rst level: ITU-R for Global regulations (Coordinating the international use

of the radio spectrum in the world)

The second level: Regional Organizations for Regional regulations (Preparation

of common coordinated proposals in the region)

The third level: Administrations for national regulations (Governmental

department for the national frequency arrangement and management)

6 Annex

The procedure includes:

Declaring Channel: Each operator broadcasts/monitor the spectrum usage

information.

Initial Synchronization: keep synchronization with the deployed BS (target BS)

Synchronization Tracking: keep synchronization periodically.

Synchronization recalibration.

3GPP will still further enhance the current synchronization mechanisms for the

scenario of multi-carriers and multi-layers in the later releases.

Figure 17 Coordinating framework of the international use of the radio spectrum

Administrations

ITU Regional Org.

External Org.


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ITU-R1.

The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) specializes in facilitating international

collaboration to ensure the rational, equitable, efcient and economical use of

the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits, by:

Holding World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC and

RRC) 1 to expand and adopt Radio Regulations (RR) and Regional Agreements

covering the use of the radio-frequency spectrum;

Establishing ITU-R Recommendations, developed by ITU-R Study Groups

(SG) in the framework set by Radiocommunication Assemblies (RA), on the

technical characteristics and operational procedures for radiocommunication

services and systems;

Coordinating endeavors to eliminate harmful interference between radio

stations of different countries;

Maintaining the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR), Based on

inputs from administrations;

Offering tools, information and seminars to assist national radio-frequency

spectrum management.

ITU-R is responsible for coordinating the international use of the radio spectrum.

The conferences and important outcome of ITU-R are as follows19.

19 From ITU-R website

CPM: Conference Preparatory Meeting

Rec:ITU-R Recommendation

RofP:Rules of Procedure

RR:Radio Regulations (treaty status)

RAG:Radiocommunication Advisory Group

RRB:Radio Regulations Board

SGs & SC: Radiocommunication Study Groups and Special Committee

WRC: World Radiocommunication Conference

ITU MemberStates (193)

Technicalbases

RA CPM

WRCRec

Final Acts

SGs & SC

Director

RAG

RR

RRB

Revisions to RR, Resolutions& Recommendations

Radiocommunication BureauRofP

Figure 18 Importance conferences and outputs of ITU-R


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38

The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) is the most important

conference in ITU-R, normally held one month long every four to ve years.

The WRC is the forum where countries decide on the shared use of the

frequency spectrum to allow the deployment or growth of all types of

radiocommunication services that have global implications

WRC decisions are contained in Final Acts which include amendments to the

Radio Regulations (RR, treaty status)

The Radio Regulations provide for the allocation of radio frequency

spectrum to various radio services (e.g. broadcasting, satell ite

communications, radiolocation and mobile).

The Radio Regulations also provide the technical provisions for sharing

radio frequency spectrum among radio services and the regulatory

provisions for bringing into use new radio based systems.

Adopts Resolutions covering technologies and future work of the ITU-R.

Regional Organizations and Administrations2.

For the allocation of frequencies the world has been divided into three Regions

as shown on the following map20. The detail information about the area which is

included in each Region can be found in Radio Regulations.

20 From Radio Regulations published by ITU-R

Figure 19 Three Regions in the world


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There are six main regional organizations in the world.

Inter-American Telecommunications Commission (CITEL)

European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)

Asia Pacic Telecommunity (APT)

African Telecommunications Union (ATU)

Arab Spectrum Management Group (ASMG)

Regional Commonwealth in the eld of Communications (RCC)

Each of the Regional Spectrum organizations has a WRC preparatory function.

Administrations in each Region will submit draft proposals to the RegionalSpectrum organizations.

The regional organization will adopt common proposals before the WRC in

accordance with their own procedures.

The regional proposals are submitted to the WRC on behalf of all of their Members.

Figure 20 Six main regional organizations in the world


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3GPP 37.104 v11.2.11.

Report ITU-R M.2024(2000), Summary of spectrum usage survey results2.

Report ITU-R M.2072(2006), World mobile telecommunication market3.

forecast

Report ITU R M.2074(2006), Radio aspects for the terrestrial component of4.

IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000

Report ITU-R M.2078(2006), Estimated spectrum bandwidth requirements5.for the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced

Report ITU-R M.2079(2006), Technical and operational information for6.

identifying Spectrum for the terrestrial component of future development of

IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced

Recommendation ITU-R M.1036-4(03.12), Frequency arrangements7.

for implementation of the terrestrial component of International Mobile

Telecommunications (IMT) in the bands identified for IMT in the Radio

Regulations (RR)

Radio Regulations (Edition of 2008)8.

Provisional nal acts (WRC-12)9.

7 References


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