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Whitney Houston

Houston performing at Welcome Home Heroes withWhitney Houston in 1991

Born Whitney Elizabeth HoustonAugust 9, 1963Newark, New Jersey, U.S.

Died February 11, 2012 (aged 48)Beverly Hills, California, U.S.

Cause ofdeath

Drowning

Restingplace

Fairview CemeteryWestfield, New Jersey, U.S.

Occupation Singer · actress · film producer ·record producer · model

Spouse(s) Bobby Brown (m. 1992–2007)

Children Bobbi Kristina Brown

Parent(s) John Russell Houston, Jr.Cissy Houston

Relatives Gary Garland (half­brother)Michael Houston (brother)Dionne Warwick (cousin)Dee Dee Warwick (cousin)Leontyne Price (cousin)

Musical career

Genres R&B · pop · soul · gospel

Whitney HoustonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 –February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress,producer, and model. In 2009, Guinness World Recordscited her as the most awarded female act of all time.[1]Houston is one of pop music's best­selling music artistsof all­time, with an estimated 170–200 million recordssold worldwide.[2][3] She released seven studio albumsand three movie soundtrack albums, all of which havediamond, multi­platinum, platinum or gold certification.Houston's crossover appeal on the popular music charts,as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with hervideo for "How Will I Know",[4] influenced severalAfrican American women artists who follow in herfootsteps.[5][6]

Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No.1 Billboard Hot 100 hits. She is the second artist behindElton John and the only woman to have two number­oneBillboard 200 Album awards (formerly "Top PopAlbums") on the Billboard magazine year­end charts.[7]Houston's 1985 debut album Whitney Houston becamethe best­selling debut album by a woman in history.[8]Rolling Stone named it the best album of 1986, andranked it at number 254 on the magazine's list of the 500Greatest Albums of All Time.[8] Her second studio albumWhitney (1987) became the first album by a woman todebut at number one on the Billboard 200 albumschart.[8]

Houston's first acting role was as the star of the featurefilm The Bodyguard (1992). The film's originalsoundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album ofthe Year. Its lead single, "I Will Always Love You",became the best­selling single by a woman in musichistory. With the album, Houston became the first act(solo or group, male or female) to sell more than amillion copies of an album within a single week periodunder Nielsen SoundScan system.[8] The album makesher the top female act in the top 10 list of the best­sellingalbums of all time, at number four. Houston continued tostar in movies and contribute to their soundtracks,

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Instruments Vocals · piano

Years active 1977–2012

Labels Arista · RCA

Associatedacts

Jermaine Jackson · Aretha Franklin ·Mariah Carey · George Michael ·Brandy Norwood

Website whitneyhouston.com(http://whitneyhouston.com)

including the films Waiting to Exhale (1995) and ThePreacher's Wife (1996). The Preacher's Wife soundtrackbecame the best­selling gospel album in history.[9]

On February 11, 2012, Houston was found dead in herguest room at the Beverly Hilton, in Beverly Hills,California. The official coroner's report showed that shehad accidentally drowned in the bathtub, with heartdisease and cocaine use listed as contributing factors.[10]News of her death coincided with the 2012 GrammyAwards and featured prominently in American andinternational media.[11]

Contents

1 Life and career

1.1 1963–84: Early life and career beginnings

1.2 1985–86: Rise to international prominence

1.3 1987–91: Whitney, I'm Your Baby Tonight and "The Star Spangled Banner"

1.4 1992–94: Marriage, motherhood, and The Bodyguard

1.5 1995–97: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher's Wife, and Cinderella

1.6 1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits

1.7 2000–05: Just Whitney and personal struggles

1.8 2006–12: Return to music, I Look to You, tour and film comeback

2 Death

2.1 Reaction

2.1.1 Pre­Grammy party

2.1.2 Further reaction and tributes

3 Artistry and legacy

3.1 Voice

3.2 Influence

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New Hope Baptist Church

3.3 Awards and achievements

4 Discography

5 Filmography

6 Tours and concerts

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

Life and career

1963–84: Early life and career beginnings

Whitney Houston was born on August 9, 1963 in what was then amiddle­income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey.[12] She wasthe daughter of Army serviceman and entertainment executive JohnRussell Houston, Jr. (September 13, 1920 – February 2, 2003), andgospel singer Emily "Cissy" (Drinkard) Houston.[13] Her elderbrother Michael is a singer, and her elder half­brother is formerbasketball player Gary Garland.[14][15] Her parents were bothAfrican American, and she was also said to have Native Americanand Dutch ancestry.[16] Through her mother, Houston was a firstcousin of singers Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick. Hergodmother was Darlene Love[17] and her honorary aunt was ArethaFranklin,[18][19] whom she met at age 8 or 9 when her mother tookher to a recording studio.[20] Houston was raised a Baptist, but wasalso exposed to the Pentecostal church. After the 1967 Newark riots,the family moved to a middle­class area in East Orange, NewJersey, when she was four.[21]

At the age of 11, Houston started performing as a soloist in the junior gospel choir at the New Hope BaptistChurch in Newark, where she also learned to play the piano.[22] Her first solo performance in the churchwas "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".[23] When Houston was a teenager, she attended Mount SaintDominic Academy, a Catholic girls' high school in Caldwell, New Jersey, where she met her best friendRobyn Crawford, whom she described as the "sister she never had".[24] While Houston was still in school,

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her mother continued to teach her how to sing.[5] Houston was also exposed to the music of Chaka Khan,Gladys Knight, and Roberta Flack, most of whom would have an influence on her as a singer andperformer.[25]

Houston spent some of her teenage years touring nightclubs where her mother Cissy was performing, andshe would occasionally get on stage and perform with her. In 1977, at age 14, she became a backup singeron the Michael Zager Band's single "Life's a Party".[26] In 1978, at age 15, Houston sang background vocalson Chaka Khan's hit single "I'm Every Woman", a song she would later turn into a larger hit for herself onher monster­selling The Bodyguard soundtrack album.[27][28] She also sang back­up on albums by LouRawls and Jermaine Jackson.[27]

In the early 1980s, Houston started working as a fashion model after a photographer saw her at CarnegieHall singing with her mother. She appeared in Seventeen[29] and became one of the first women of color tograce the cover of the magazine.[30] She was also featured in layouts in the pages of Glamour,Cosmopolitan, Young Miss, and appeared in a Canada Dry soft drink TV commercial.[27] Her looks andgirl­next­door charm made her one of the most sought after teen models of that time.[27] While modeling,she continued her burgeoning recording career by working with producers Michael Beinhorn, Bill Laswelland Martin Bisi on an album they were spearheading called One Down, which was credited to the groupMaterial. For that project, Houston contributed the ballad "Memories", a cover of a song by Hugh Hopperof Soft Machine. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called her contribution "one of the most gorgeousballads you've ever heard".[31] She also appeared as a lead vocalist on one track on a Paul Jabara album,entitled Paul Jabara and Friends, released by Columbia Records in 1983.[32]

Houston had previously been offered several recording agencies (Michael Zager in 1980, and ElektraRecords in 1981), but her mother declined the offers stating her daughter must first complete highschool.[26][33] In 1983, Gerry Griffith, an A&R representative from Arista Records, saw her performingwith her mother in a New York City nightclub and was impressed. He convinced Arista's head Clive Davisto make time to see Houston perform. Davis too was impressed and offered a worldwide recording contractwhich Houston signed. Later that year, she made her national televised debut alongside Davis on The MervGriffin Show.[34]

Houston signed with Arista in 1983, but did not begin work on her album immediately.[1] The label wantedto make sure no other label signed the singer away. Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material andproducers for Houston's debut album. Some producers had to pass on the project because of priorcommitments.[35] Houston first recorded a duet with Teddy Pendergrass entitled "Hold Me" which appearedon his album, Love Language.[36] The single was released in 1984 and gave Houston her first taste ofsuccess, becoming a Top 5 R&B hit.[37] It would also appear on her debut album in 1985.

1985–86: Rise to international prominence

With production from Michael Masser, Kashif, Jermaine Jackson, and Narada Michael Walden, Houston'sdebut album Whitney Houston was released in February 1985. Rolling Stone magazine praised Houston,calling her "one of the most exciting new voices in years" while The New York Times called the album "animpressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent".[38][39] Arista Records

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promoted Houston's album with three different singles from the album in the US, UK and other Europeancountries. In the UK, the dance­funk "Someone for Me", which failed to chart in the country, was the firstsingle while "All at Once" was in such European countries as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the songreached the top 5 on the singles charts, respectively.[40]

In the US, the soulful ballad "You Give Good Love" was chosen as the lead single from Houston's debut toestablish her in the black marketplace first.[41] Outside the US, the song failed to get enough attention tobecome a hit, but in the US, it gave the album its first major hit as it peaked at No. 3 on the US BillboardHot 100 chart, and No. 1 on the Hot R&B chart.[35] As a result, the album began to sell strongly, andHouston continued promotion by touring nightclubs in the US. She also began performing on late­nighttelevision talk shows, which were not usually accessible to unestablished black acts. The jazzy ballad"Saving All My Love for You" was released next and it would become Houston's first No. 1 single in boththe US and the UK. She was then an opening act for singer Jeffrey Osborne on his nationwide tour."Thinking About You" was released as the promo single only to R&B­oriented radio stations, which peakedat number ten on the US R&B Chart. At the time, MTV had received harsh criticism for not playing enoughvideos by black, Latino, and other racial minorities while favoring white acts.[42] The third US single, "HowWill I Know", peaked at No. 1 and introduced Houston to the MTV audience thanks to its video. Houston'ssubsequent singles from this, and future albums, would make her the first African­American woman toreceive consistent heavy rotation on MTV.[30]

By 1986, a year after its initial release, Whitney Houston topped the Billboard 200 albums chart and stayedthere for 14 non­consecutive weeks.[43] The final single, "Greatest Love of All", became Houston's biggesthit at the time after peaking No. 1 and remaining there for three weeks on the Hot 100 chart, which madeher debut the first album by a woman to yield three No. 1 hits. Houston was No. 1 artist of the year andWhitney Houston was the No. 1 album of the year on the 1986 Billboard year­end charts, making her thefirst woman to earn that distinction.[43] At the time, Houston released the best­selling debut album by a soloartist.[44] Houston then embarked on her world tour, Greatest Love Tour. The album had become aninternational success, and was certified 13× platinum (diamond) in the United States alone, and has sold 25million copies worldwide.[45]

At the 1986 Grammy Awards, Houston was nominated for three awards including Album of the Year.[46]She was not eligible for the Best New Artist category because of her previous hit R&B duet recording withTeddy Pendergrass in 1984.[47] She won her first Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Femalefor "Saving All My Love for You".[48] Houston's performance of the song during the Grammy telecast laterearned her an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.[49]

Houston won seven American Music Awards in total in 1986 and 1987, and an MTV Video MusicAward.[50][51] The album's popularity would also carry over to the 1987 Grammy Awards when "GreatestLove of All" would receive a Record of the Year nomination. Houston's debut album is listed as one ofRolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and on The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200list.[52][53] Houston's grand entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestonesof the last 25 years, according to USA Today.[54] Following Houston's breakthrough, doors were opened forother African­American women such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker to find notable success in popularmusic and on MTV.[55][56]

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1987–91: Whitney, I'm Your Baby Tonight and "The Star Spangled Banner"

With many expectations, Houston's second album, Whitney, was released in June 1987. The album againfeatured production from Masser, Kashif and Walden as well as Jellybean Benitez. Many criticscomplained that the material was too similar to her previous album. Rolling Stone said, "the narrow channelthrough which this talent has been directed is frustrating".[57] Still, the album enjoyed commercial success.Houston became the first woman in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albumschart, and the first artist to enter the albums chart at number one in both the US and UK, while also hittingnumber one or top ten in dozens of other countries around the world. The album's first single, "I WannaDance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", was also a massive hit worldwide, peaking at No. 1 on theBillboard Hot 100 chart and topping the singles chart in many countries such as Australia, Germany and theUK. The next three singles, "Didn't We Almost Have It All", "So Emotional", and "Where Do BrokenHearts Go" all peaked at number one on the US Hot 100 chart, which gave her a total of seven consecutivenumber one hits, breaking the record of six previously shared by The Beatles and the Bee Gees.[58][59]Houston became the first woman to generate four number­one singles from one album. Whitney has beencertified 9× Platinum in the US for shipments of over 9 million copies, and has sold a total of 20 millioncopies worldwide.[60]

At the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988, Houston was nominated for three awards, including Album of theYear, winning her second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "I Wanna Dance withSomebody (Who Loves Me)".[61][62] Houston also won two American Music Awards in 1988 and 1989,respectively, and a Soul Train Music Award.[63][64][65] Following the release of the album, Houstonembarked on the Moment of Truth World Tour, which was one of the ten highest grossing concert tours of1987.[66] The success of the tours during 1986–87 and her two studio albums ranked Houston No. 8 for thehighest earning entertainers list according to Forbes magazine.[67] She was the highest earning African­American woman overall and the third highest entertainer after Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy.[67]

Houston was a supporter of Nelson Mandela and the anti­apartheid movement. During her modeling days,the singer refused to work with any agencies who did business with the then­apartheid South Africa.[68][69]On June 11, 1988, during the European leg of her tour, Houston joined other musicians to perform a set atWembley Stadium in London to celebrate a then­imprisoned Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday.[68] Over72,000 people attended Wembley Stadium, and over a billion people tuned in worldwide as the rock concertraised over $1 million for charities while bringing awareness to apartheid.[70] Houston then flew back to theUS for a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City in August. The show was a benefit concertthat raised a quarter of a million dollars for the United Negro College Fund.[71] In the same year, sherecorded a song for NBC's coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics, "One Moment in Time", whichbecame a Top 5 hit in the US, while reaching number one in the UK and Germany.[72][73][74] With herworld tour continuing overseas, Houston was still one of the top 20 highest earning entertainers for 1987–88 according to Forbes magazine.[75][76]

In 1989, Houston formed The Whitney Houston Foundation For Children, a non­profit organization that hasraised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, childrenwith cancer or AIDS, and other issues of self­empowerment.[77] With the success of her first two albums,Houston was undoubtedly an international crossover superstar, the most prominent since Michael Jackson,

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Houston performing "SavingAll My Love for You" onthe Welcome Home Heroesconcert in 1991

appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed shewas "selling out".[6] They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that waspresent during her live concerts.[29]

At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston's name was called outfor a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.[78][79] Houston defendedherself against the criticism, stating, "If you're gonna have a long career,there's a certain way to do it, and I did it that way. I'm not ashamed of it."[29]Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album, I'm YourBaby Tonight, released in November 1990. She produced and choseproducers for this album and as a result, it featured production andcollaborations with L.A. Reid and Babyface, Luther Vandross, and StevieWonder. The album showed Houston's versatility on a new batch of toughrhythmic grooves, soulful ballads and up­tempo dance tracks. Reviews weremixed. Rolling Stone felt it was her "best and most integrated album".[80]while Entertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston's shift towards anurban direction was "superficial".[81]

The album contained several hits: the first two singles, "I'm Your BabyTonight" and "All the Man That I Need" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; "Miracle"peaked at number nine; "My Name Is Not Susan" peaked in the top twenty; "I Belong to You" reached thetop ten of the US R&B chart and garnered Houston a Grammy nomination; and the sixth single, the StevieWonder duet "We Didn't Know", reached the R&B top twenty. The album peaked at number three on theBillboard 200 and went on to be certified 4× platinum in the US while selling twelve million totalworldwide.

In 1990, Houston was the spokesperson for a youth leadership conference hosted in Washington, D.C. Shehad a private audience with President George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office to discuss the associatedchallenges.

During the Persian Gulf War, Houston performed "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV atTampa Stadium on January 27, 1991.[82] This performance was later reported by those involved in theperformance to have been lip synced[83] or to have been sung into a dead microphone while a studiorecording previously made by Houston was played. Dan Klores, a spokesman for Houston, explained: "Thisis not a Milli Vanilli thing. She sang live, but the microphone was turned off. It was a technical decision,partially based on the noise factor. This is standard procedure at these events."[84] (See also Star SpangledBanner lip sync controversy.) A commercial single and video of her performance were released, andreached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, making her the only act to turn the US national anthem into a pophit of that magnitude (José Feliciano's version reached No. 50 in November 1968).[85][86] Houston donatedall her share of the proceeds to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund. As a result, the singer was namedto the Red Cross Board of Governors.[82][87][88]

Her rendition was critically acclaimed and is considered the benchmark for singers.[83][89] Rolling Stonecommented that "her singing stirs such strong patriotism. Unforgettable", and the performance ranked No. 1on the 25 most memorable music moments in NFL history list. VH1 listed the performance as one of the

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greatest moments that rocked TV.[90][91] Following the attacks on 9/11, it was released again by AristaRecords, all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. This time it peaked at No. 6 inthe Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[92]

Later in 1991, Houston put together her Welcome Home Heroes concert with HBO for the soldiers fightingin the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk,Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free foreveryone to watch.[93] Houston's concert gave HBO its highest ratings ever.[94] She then embarked on theI'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour.

1992–94: Marriage, motherhood, and The Bodyguard

Throughout the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to American football star Randall Cunninghamand actor Eddie Murphy, whom she dated.[95] She then met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 SoulTrain Music Awards. After a three­year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.[96] On March 4,1993, Houston gave birth to their daughter Bobbi Kristina,[97] the couple's only child. Brown would go onto have several run­ins with the law, including some jail time.[96]

With the commercial success of her albums, movie offers poured in, including offers to work with RobertDe Niro, Quincy Jones, and Spike Lee; but Houston felt the time wasn't right.[95] Houston's first film rolewas in The Bodyguard, released in 1992 and co­starring Kevin Costner. Houston played Rachel Marron, astar who is stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard to protect her. USA Today listed it as one of the25 most memorable movie moments of the last 25 years in 2007.[98] Houston's mainstream appeal allowedpeople to look at the movie color­blind.[99]

Still, controversy arose as some felt the film's advertising intentionally hid Houston's face to hide the film'sinterracial relationship. In an interview with Rolling Stone in 1993, the singer commented that "peopleknow who Whitney Houston is – I'm black. You can't hide that fact."[25] Houston received a Razzie Awardnomination for Worst Actress. The Washington Post said Houston is "doing nothing more than playingHouston, comes out largely unscathed if that is possible in so cockamamie an undertaking",[100] and TheNew York Times commented that she lacked passion with her co­star.[101] Despite the film's mixed reviews,it was hugely successful at the box office, grossing more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 millionworldwide, making it one of the top 100 grossing films in film history at its time of release, though it is nolonger in the top 100 because of rising ticket prices since the time the film was released.[102]

The film's soundtrack also enjoyed big success. Houston executive produced and contributed six songs forthe motion picture's adjoining soundtrack album. Rolling Stone said it is "nothing more than pleasant,tasteful and urbane".[103] The soundtrack's lead single was "I Will Always Love You", written andoriginally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics,regarding it as her "signature song" or "iconic performance". Rolling Stone and USA Today called herrendition "the tour­de­force".[104][105] The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a then­record­breaking 14 weeks, number one on the R&B chart for a then­record­breaking 11 weeks, and numberone on the Adult Contemporary charts for five weeks.[106]

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The single was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA, making Houston the first woman with a single to reachthat level in the RIAA history and becoming the best­selling single by a woman in the US.[107][108][109] Thesong also became a global success, hitting number­one in almost all countries, and the best­selling single ofall time by a female solo artist with 20 million copies sold.[110][111] The soundtrack topped the Billboard200 chart and remained there for 20 non­consecutive weeks, the longest tenure by any album on the chart inthe Nielsen SoundScan era, and became one of the fastest selling albums ever.[112] During Christmas weekof 1992, the soundtrack sold over a million copies within a week, becoming the first album to achieve thatfeat under Nielsen SoundScan system.[113][114] With the follow­up singles "I'm Every Woman", a ChakaKhan cover, and "I Have Nothing" both reaching the top five, Houston became the first woman to ever havethree singles in the Top 11 simultaneously.[115][116][117] The album was certified 17× platinum in the USalone,[118] with worldwide sales of 44 million,[119] making The Bodyguard the biggest­selling album by afemale act on the list of the world's Top 10 best­selling albums, topping Shania Twain's 40 million sold forCome On Over.[120]

Houston won three Grammys for the album in 1994, including two of the Academy's highest honors,Album of the Year and Record of the Year. In addition, she won a record 8 American Music Awards at thatyear's ceremony including the Award of Merit,[121] 11 Billboard Music Awards, 3 Soul Train MusicAwards in 1993–94 including Sammy Davis, Jr. Award as Entertainer of the Year,[122] 5 NAACP ImageAwards including Entertainer of the Year,[123][124][125] a record 5 World Music Awards,[126] and a BRITaward.[127] Following the success of the project, Houston embarked on another expansive global tour, TheBodyguard World Tour, in 1993–94. Her concerts, movie, and recording grosses made her the third highestearning female entertainer of 1993–94, just behind Oprah Winfrey and Barbra Streisand according toForbes magazine.[128] Houston placed in the top five of Entertainment Weekly 's annual "Entertainer of theYear" ranking[129] and was labeled by Premiere magazine as one of the 100 most powerful people inHollywood.[130]

In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in the White House honoring newlyelected South African president Nelson Mandela.[131][132] At the end of her world tour, Houston performedthree concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to over 200,000 people. This wouldmake the singer the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation followingMandela's winning election.[133] The concert was broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts beingdonated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation's "biggest media eventsince the inauguration of Nelson Mandela".[134]

1995–97: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher's Wife, and Cinderella

In 1995, Houston starred alongside Angela Bassett, Loretta Devine, and Lela Rochon in her second film,Waiting to Exhale, a motion picture about four African­American women struggling with relationships.Houston played the lead character Savannah Jackson, a TV producer in love with a married man. She chosethe role because she saw the film as "a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents themboth as professionals and as caring mothers".[135] After opening at number one and grossing $67 million inthe US at the box office and $81 million worldwide,[136] it proved that a movie primarily targeting a blackaudience can cross over to success, while paving the way for other all­black movies such as How Stella GotHer Groove Back and the Tyler Perry movies that became popular in the 2000s.[137][138][139] The film is also

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notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens rather than as stereotypes.[140] Thereviews were mainly positive for the ensemble cast. The New York Times said: "Ms. Houston has shed thedefensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in 'The Bodyguard' seem so distant."[141] Houstonwas nominated for an NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture", but lost to herco­star Bassett.[142]

The film's accompanying soundtrack, Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album, was produced byHouston and Babyface. Though Babyface originally wanted Houston to record the entire album, shedeclined. Instead, she "wanted it to be an album of women with vocal distinction", and thus gatheredseveral African­American female artists for the soundtrack, to go along with the film's message aboutstrong women.[135] Consequently, the album featured a range of contemporary R&B female recordingartists along with Houston, such as Mary J. Blige, Brandy, Toni Braxton, Aretha Franklin, and PattiLaBelle. Houston's "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" peaked at No. 1, and then spent a record eleven weeks at theNo. 2 spot and eight weeks on top of the R&B Charts. "Count On Me", a duet with CeCe Winans, hit theU.S. Top 10; and Houston's third contribution, "Why Does It Hurt So Bad", made the Top 30. The albumdebuted at No. 1, and was certified 7× Platinum in the United States, denoting shipments of seven millioncopies.[60] The soundtrack received strong reviews; as Entertainment Weekly stated: "the album goes downeasy, just as you'd expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks... the soundtrack waits toexhale, hovering in sensuous suspense"[143] and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best MovieSoundtracks.[144] Later that year, Houston's children's charity organization was awarded a VH1 Honor forall the charitable work.[145]

In 1996, Houston starred in the holiday comedy The Preacher's Wife, with Denzel Washington. She plays agospel­singing wife of a pastor (Courtney B. Vance). It was largely an updated remake of the film TheBishop's Wife (1948), which starred Loretta Young, David Niven and Cary Grant. Houston earned $10million for the role, making her one of the highest­paid actresses in Hollywood at the time and the highestearning African­American actress in Hollywood.[146] The movie, with its all African­American cast, was amoderate success, earning approximately $50 million at the U.S. box offices.[147] The movie gave Houstonher strongest reviews so far. The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston "is rather angelic herself,displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time", and she "exudes gentle yetspirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice".[148] Houston was againnominated for an NAACP Image Award and won for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture.[149]

Houston recorded and co­produced, with Mervyn Warren, the film's accompanying gospel soundtrack. ThePreacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album included six gospel songs with Georgia Mass Choir that wererecorded at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Houston also duetted with gospel legendShirley Caesar. The album sold six million copies worldwide and scored hit singles with "I Believe in Youand Me" and "Step by Step", becoming the largest selling gospel album of all time.[150] The album receivedmainly positive reviews. Some critics, such as that of USA Today, noted the presence of her emotionaldepth,[151] while The Times said, "To hear Houston going at full throttle with the 35 piece Georgia MassChoir struggling to keep up is to realise what her phenomenal voice was made for".[152]

In 1997, Houston's production company changed its name to BrownHouse Productions and was joined byDebra Martin Chase. Their goal was "to show aspects of the lives of African­Americans that have not beenbrought to the screen before" while improving how African­Americans are portrayed in film and

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television.[153] Their first project was a made­for­television remake of Rodgers & Hammerstein'sCinderella. In addition to co­producing, Houston starred in the movie as the Fairy Godmother along withBrandy, Jason Alexander, Whoopi Goldberg, and Bernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the roleof Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.[154] The film is notable for its multi­racial cast andnonstereotypical message.[155] An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC itshighest TV ratings in 16 years.[156] The movie received seven Emmy nominations including OutstandingVariety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or ComedySpecial.[157]

Houston and Chase then obtained the rights to the story of Dorothy Dandridge. Houston was to playDandridge, the first African American actress to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.Houston wanted the story told with dignity and honor.[153] However, Halle Berry also had rights to theproject and got her version going first.[158] Later that year, Houston paid tribute to her idols, such as ArethaFranklin, Diana Ross, and Dionne Warwick, by performing their hits during the three­night HBO ConcertClassic Whitney Live from Washington, D.C.. The special raised over $300,000 for the Children's DefenseFund.[159] Houston received the Quincy Jones Award for outstanding career achievements in the field ofentertainment at the 12th Soul Train Music Awards.[160][161]

1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits

After spending much of the early and mid­1990s working on motion pictures and their soundtrack albums,Houston's first studio album in eight years, the critically acclaimed My Love Is Your Love, was released inNovember 1998. Though originally slated to be a greatest hits album with a handful of new songs,recording sessions were so fruitful that a new full­length studio album was released. Recorded and mixed inonly six weeks, it featured production from Rodney Jerkins, Wyclef Jean and Missy Elliott. The albumdebuted at number thirteen, its peak position, on the Billboard 200 chart.[162] It had a funkier and edgiersound than past releases and saw Houston handling urban dance, hip hop, mid­tempo R&B, reggae, torchsongs, and ballads all with great dexterity.[163]

From late 1998 to early 2000, the album spawned several hit singles: "When You Believe" (US No. 15, UKNo. 4), a duet with Mariah Carey for 1998's The Prince of Egypt soundtrack, which also became aninternational hit as it peaked in the Top 10 in several countries and won an Academy Award for BestOriginal Song;[164] "Heartbreak Hotel" (US No. 2, UK No. 25) featured Faith Evans and Kelly Price,received a 1999 MTV VMA nomination for Best R&B Video,[165] and number one on the US R&B chartfor seven weeks; "It's Not Right but It's Okay" (US No. 4, UK No. 3) won Houston her sixth GrammyAward for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance;[166] "My Love Is Your Love" (US No. 4, UK No. 2) with3 million copies sold worldwide;[167] and "I Learned from the Best" (US No. 27, UK No. 19).[168][169]These singles became international hits as well, and all the singles, except "When You Believe", becamenumber one hits on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart. The album sold four million copies inAmerica, making it certified 4× platinum, and a total of eleven million copies worldwide.[45]

The album gave Houston some of her strongest reviews ever. Rolling Stone said Houston was singing "witha bite in her voice"[170] and The Village Voice called it "Whitney's sharpest and most satisfying so far".[171]In 1999, Houston participated in VH­1's Divas Live '99, alongside Brandy, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner, andCher. The same year, Houston hit the road with her 70 date My Love Is Your Love World Tour. The

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European leg of the tour was Europe's highest grossing arena tour of the year.[172] In November 1999,Houston was named Top­selling R&B Female Artist of the Century with certified US sales of 51 millioncopies at the time and The Bodyguard Soundtrack was named the Top­selling Soundtrack Album of theCentury by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[173] She also won The Artist of theDecade, Female award for extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s at the 14th Soul TrainMusic Awards, and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B.[174][175][176][177][178]

In May 2000, Whitney: The Greatest Hits was released worldwide. The double disc set peaked at numberfive in the United States, reaching number one in the United Kingdom.[169][179] In addition, the albumreached the Top 10 in many other countries.[180] While ballad songs were left unchanged, the albumfeatures house/club remixes of many of Houston's up­tempo hits. Included on the album were four newsongs: "Could I Have This Kiss Forever" (a duet with Enrique Iglesias), "Same Script, Different Cast" (aduet with Deborah Cox), "If I Told You That" (a duet with George Michael), and "Fine", and three hits thathad never appeared on a Houston album: "One Moment in Time", "The Star Spangled Banner", and "If YouSay My Eyes Are Beautiful", a duet with Jermaine Jackson from his 1986 Precious Moments album.[181]Along with the album, an accompanying VHS and DVD was released featuring the music videos toHouston's greatest hits, as well as several hard­to­find live performances including her 1983 debut on TheMerv Griffin Show, and interviews.[182] The greatest hits album was certified 3× platinum in the US, withworldwide sales of 10 million.[183][184]

2000–05: Just Whitney and personal struggles

Though Houston was seen as a "good girl" with a perfect image in the 1980s and early 1990s, by the late1990s, her behavior changed. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, andcanceling concerts and talk­show appearances.[185][186] With the missed performances and weight loss,rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband circulated. On January 11, 2000, airport securityguards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport,but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later droppedagainst them,[187] but rumors of drug usage between the couple would continue to surface. Two monthslater, Clive Davis was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Houston had been scheduled to performat the event, but failed to show up.[188]

Shortly thereafter, Houston was scheduled to perform at the Academy Awards but was fired from the eventby musical director and longtime friend Burt Bacharach. Her publicist cited throat problems as the reasonfor the cancellation. In his book The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the AcademyAwards, author Steve Pond revealed that "Houston's voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery, andher attitude was casual, almost defiant", and that while Houston was to sing "Over the Rainbow", she wouldstart singing a different song.[189] Houston later admitted to having been fired.[190] Later that year,Houston's long­time executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston's managementcompany.[188]

In August 2001, Houston signed one of the biggest record deals in music history, with Arista/BMG. Sherenewed her contract for $100 million to deliver six new albums, on which she would also earnroyalties.[191][192][193] She later made an appearance on Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special. Herextremely thin frame further spurred rumors of drug use. Houston's publicist said, "Whitney has been under

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stress due to family matters, and when she is under stress she doesn't eat."[194] The singer was scheduled fora second performance the following night but canceled.[195] Within weeks, Houston's rendition of "The StarSpangled Banner" would be re­released after the September 11 attacks, with the proceeds donated to theNew York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police.[196] Thesong peaked at No. 6 this time on the US Hot 100, topping its previous position.[168]

In 2002, Houston became involved in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise. Although the companywas started by her father to manage her career, it was actually run by company president Kevin Skinner.Skinner filed a breach­of­contract lawsuit and sued for $100 million (but lost), stating that Houston owedthe company previously unpaid compensation for helping to negotiate her $100 million contract with AristaRecords and for sorting out legal matters.[197] Houston stated that her 81­year­old father had nothing to dowith the lawsuit. Although Skinner tried to claim otherwise, John Houston never appeared in court.[198]

Houston's father later died in February 2003.[199] The lawsuit was dismissed on April 5, 2004, and Skinnerwas awarded nothing.[200]

Also in 2002, Houston did an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her then­upcoming album. Duringthe prime­time special, Houston spoke on topics including rumored drug use and marriage. She was askedabout the ongoing drug rumors and replied, "First of all, let's get one thing straight. Crack is cheap. I maketoo much money to ever smoke crack. Let's get that straight. Okay? We don't do crack. We don't do that.Crack is whack."[190] The line was from Keith Haring's mural which was painted in 1986 on the handballcourt at 128th Street and 2nd Avenue.[201] Houston did, however, admit to using other substances at times,including cocaine.[190]

In December 2002, Houston released her fifth studio album, Just Whitney.... The album includedproductions from then­husband Bobby Brown, as well as Missy Elliott and Babyface, and marked the firsttime that Houston did not produce with Clive Davis as Davis had been released by top management atBMG. Upon its release, Just Whitney... received mixed reviews.[202] The album debuted at number 9 on theBillboard 200 chart and it had the highest first week sales of any album Houston had ever released.[203] Thefour singles released from the album did not fare well on the Billboard Hot 100, but became dance charthits. Just Whitney... was certified platinum in the United States, and sold approximately three millionworldwide.[204]

On a June 2003 trip to Israel, Houston said of her visit, "I've never felt like this in any other country. I feelat home, I feel wonderful."[205]

In late 2003, Houston released her first Christmas album One Wish: The Holiday Album, with a collectionof traditional holiday songs. Houston produced the album with Mervyn Warren and Gordon Chambers. Asingle titled "One Wish (for Christmas)" reached the Top 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and thealbum was certified gold in the US. Having always been a touring artist, Houston spent most of 2004touring and performing in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Russia. In September 2004, she gave asurprise performance at the World Music Awards in a tribute to long­time friend Clive Davis. After theshow, Davis and Houston announced plans to go into the studio to work on her new album.[206]

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Houston performing "My Love IsYour Love" with her daughter BobbiKristina Brown on Good MorningAmerica, September 1, 2009

In early 2004, husband Bobby Brown starred in his own reality TV program, Being Bobby Brown on theBravo network, which provided a view into the domestic goings­on in the Brown household. Though it wasBrown's vehicle, Houston was a prominent figure throughout the show, receiving as much screen time asBrown. The series aired in 2005 and featured Houston in, what some would say, not her most flatteringmoments. The Hollywood Reporter said it was "undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series everto ooze its way onto television".[207] Despite the perceived train­wreck nature of the show, the series gaveBravo its highest ratings in its time slot and continued Houston's successful forays into film andtelevision.[208] The show was not renewed for a second season after Houston stated that she would nolonger appear in it, and Brown and Bravo could not come to an agreement for another season.[209]

2006–12: Return to music, I Look to You, tour and film comeback

After years of controversy and turmoil, Houston separated from Bobby Brown in September 2006, filing fordivorce the following month.[210] On February 1, 2007, Houston asked the court to fast track theirdivorce.[211] The divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, with Houston granted custody of the couple'sdaughter.[212] On May 4, Houston sold the suburban Atlanta home featured in Being Bobby Brown for $1.19million.[213] A few days later, Brown sued Houston in Orange County, California court in an attempt tochange the terms of their custody agreement. Brown also sought child and spousal support from Houston.In the lawsuit, Brown claimed that financial and emotional problems prevented him from properlyresponding to Houston's divorce petition.[214] Brown lost at his court hearing as the judge dismissed hisappeal to overrule the custody terms, leaving Houston with full custody and Brown with no spousalsupport.[215] In March 2007, Clive Davis of Arista Records announced that Houston would begin recordinga new album.[216] In October 2007, Arista released another compilation The Ultimate Collection outside theUnited States.[217]

Houston gave her first interview in seven years in September 2009,appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview wasbilled as "the most anticipated music interview of the decade".[218]Whitney admitted on the show to using drugs with former husbandBobby Brown, who "laced marijuana with rock cocaine".[219] Shetold Oprah that before The Bodyguard her drug use was light, butafter the film's success and the birth of her daughter it got heavier,and by 1996 "[doing drugs] was an everyday thing... I wasn't happyby that point in time. I was losing myself."[220]

Houston released her new album, I Look to You, in August2009.[221] The album's first two singles were the title track "I Lookto You" and "Million Dollar Bill". The album entered the Billboard200 at No. 1, with Houston's best opening week sales of 305,000copies, marking Houston's first number one album since TheBodyguard, and Houston's first studio album to reach number one since 1987's Whitney. Houston alsoappeared on European television programs to promote the album. She performed the song "I Look to You"on the German television show Wetten, dass..?. Three days later, she performed the worldwide first singlefrom I Look to You, "Million Dollar Bill", on the French television show Le Grand Journal. Houston

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Whitney Houston at the O2 Arena,April 28, 2010, as part of herNothing but Love World Tour

appeared as guest mentor on The X Factor in the United Kingdom. She performed "Million Dollar Bill" onthe following day's results show, completing the song even as a strap in the back of her dress popped opentwo seconds into the performance. She later commented that she "sang [herself] out of [her] clothes".

The performance was poorly received by the British media, and was variously described as "weird" and"ungracious",[222] "shambolic"[223] and a "flop". Despite this reception, "Million Dollar Bill" jumped to itspeak from 14 to number 5 (her first UK top 5 for over a decade), and three weeks after release I Look toYou went gold. Houston appeared on the Italian version of The X Factor, also performing "Million DollarBill", this time to excellent reviews.[224] Houston was later awarded a Gold certificate for achieving over50,000 CD sales of I Look to You in Italy.[225] In November, Houston performed "I Didn't Know My OwnStrength" at the 2009 American Music Awards in Los Angeles, California. Two days later, Houstonperformed "Million Dollar Bill" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" on the Dancingwith the Stars season 9 finale. As of December 2009, I Look to You has been certified platinum by theRIAA for sales of more than one million copies in the United States.[226] On January 26, 2010, her debutalbum was re­released in a special edition entitled Whitney Houston – The Deluxe Anniversary Edition.[227]

Houston later embarked on a world tour, entitled the Nothing butLove World Tour. It was her first world tour in over ten years andwas announced as a triumphant comeback. However, some poorreviews and rescheduled concerts brought some negative mediaattention.[228][229] Houston canceled some concerts because ofillness and received widespread negative reviews from fans whowere disappointed in the quality of her voice and performance.Some fans reportedly walked out of her concerts.[230]

In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP ImageAwards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Music Video.She won the award for Best Music Video for her single "I Look toYou". On January 16, she received The BET Honors Award forEntertainer citing her lifetime achievements spanning over 25 yearsin the industry. The 2010 BET Honors award was held at theWarner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010.Jennifer Hudson and Kim Burrell performed in honor of her,garnering positive reviews. Houston also received a nominationfrom the Echo Awards, Germany's version of the Grammys, for Best

International Artist. In April 2010, the UK newspaper The Mirror reported that Houston was thinking aboutrecording her eighth studio album and wanted to collaborate with will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), herfirst choice for a collaboration.[231]

Houston also performed the song "I Look to You" on the 2011 BET Celebration of Gospel, with gospel–jazz singer Kim Burrell, held at the Staples Center, Los Angeles. The performance aired on January 30,2011. Early in 2011, she gave an uneven performance in tribute to cousin Dionne Warwick at music mogulClive Davis' annual pre­Grammy gala. In May 2011, Houston enrolled in a rehabilitation center again, as anout­patient, citing drug and alcohol problems. A representative for Houston said that it was a part ofHouston's "longstanding recovery process".[232]

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The Beverly Hilton Hotel, whereHouston's body was found.

"We miss you" message at a LosAngeles cinema.

In September 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Houston would produce and star alongsideJordin Sparks and Mike Epps in the remake of the 1976 film Sparkle. In the film, Houston portrays Sparks'"not­so encouraging" mother. Houston is also credited as an executive producer of the film. Debra MartinChase, producer of Sparkle, stated that Houston deserved the title considering she had been there from thebeginning in 2001, when Houston obtained Sparkle production rights. R&B singer Aaliyah – originallytapped to star as Sparkle – died in a 2001 plane crash. Her death derailed production, which would havebegun in 2002.[233][234][235] Houston's remake of Sparkle was filmed in the fall of 2011 over a two­monthperiod,[236] and was released by TriStar Pictures.[237] On May 21, 2012, "Celebrate", the last song Houstonrecorded with Sparks, premiered at RyanSeacrest.com. It was made available for digital download oniTunes on June 5.[238] The song was featured on the Sparkle: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack asthe first official single.[239] The movie was released on August 17, 2012 in the United States. Theaccompanying music video for "Celebrate" was filmed on May 30, 2012.[240] The video was shot over 2days,[241] and a sneak peek of the video premiered on Entertainment Tonight on June 4, 2012.[242]

Death

On February 9, 2012, Houston visited singers Brandy and Monica,together with Clive Davis, at their rehearsals for Davis' pre­GrammyAwards party at The Beverly Hilton hotel in Beverly Hills.[243][244]That same day, she made her last public performance, when shejoined Kelly Price on stage in Hollywood, California, and sang"Jesus Loves Me".[245][246]

Two days later, on February 11, Houston was found unconscious inSuite 434 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, submerged in thebathtub.[247][248] Beverly Hills paramedics arrived at approximately3:30 p.m. and found the singer unresponsive and performed CPR.Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 p.m. PST.[249][250] The causeof death was not immediately known.[12][249] Local police said therewere "no obvious signs of criminal intent".[251] On March 22, 2012,the Los Angeles County coroner's office reported the cause ofHouston's death was drowning and the "effects of atheroscleroticheart disease and cocaine use".[252][253] The office stated the amountof cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used thesubstance shortly before her death.[254] Toxicology results revealedadditional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine, alprazolam,cannabis and cyclobenzaprine.[255] The manner of death was listedas an "accident".[256]

Houston had an invitation­only memorial on Saturday, February 18,2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. Theservice was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four.[257] Among those who performed at the funeral wereStevie Wonder (rewritten version of "Ribbon in the Sky", and "Love's in Need of Love Today"), CeCeWinans ("Don't Cry", and "Jesus Loves Me"), Alicia Keys ("Send Me an Angel"), Kim Burrell (rewritten

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Flowers near the Beverly HiltonHotel.

Wikinews has relatednews: American pop starWhitney Houston dies at48

version of "A Change Is Gonna Come"), and R. Kelly ("I Look toYou"). The performances were interspersed with hymns by thechurch choir and remarks by Clive Davis, Houston's recordproducer; Kevin Costner; Rickey Minor, her music director; hercousin, Dionne Warwick; and Ray Watson, her security guard forthe past 11 years. Aretha Franklin was listed on the program andwas expected to sing, but was unable to attend the service.[258][259]Bobby Brown, Houston's ex­husband, was also invited to the funeralbut he left before the service began.[260] Houston was buried onSunday, February 19, 2012, in Fairview Cemetery, in Westfield,New Jersey, next to her father, John Russell Houston, who died in2003.[261] In June 2012, the McDonald's Gospelfest in Newarkbecame a tribute to Houston.[262]

Reaction

Pre­Grammy party

The Clive Davis's pre­Grammy party that Houston was expected to attend, which featured many of thebiggest names in music and movies, went on as scheduled although it was quickly turned into a tribute toHouston. Davis spoke about Houston's death at the evening's start: "By now you have all learned of theunspeakably tragic news of our beloved Whitney's passing. I don't have to mask my emotion in front of aroom full of so many dear friends. I am personally devastated by the loss of someone who has meant somuch to me for so many years. Whitney was so full of life. She was so looking forward to tonight eventhough she wasn't scheduled to perform. Whitney was a beautiful person and a talent beyond compare. Shegraced this stage with her regal presence and gave so many memorable performances here over the years.Simply put, Whitney would have wanted the music to go on and her family asked that we carry on."[263]

Tony Bennett spoke of Houston's death before performing at Davis's party. He said, "First, it was MichaelJackson, then Amy Winehouse, now, the magnificent Whitney Houston." Bennett sang "How Do You Keepthe Music Playing?" and said of Houston, "When I first heard her, I called Clive Davis and said, 'Youfinally found the greatest singer I've ever heard in my life.'"[264]

Some celebrities opposed Davis' decision to continue on the party while a police investigation was beingconducted in Houston's hotel room and her body was still in the building. Chaka Khan, in an interview withCNN's Piers Morgan on February 13, 2012, shared that she felt the party should have been canceled,saying: "I thought that was complete insanity. And knowing Whitney I don't believe that she would havesaid 'the show must go on.' She's the kind of woman that would've said 'Stop everything! Un­unh. I'm notgoing to be there.' [...] I don't know what could motivate a person to have a party in a building where theperson whose life he had influenced so enormously and whose life had been affected by hers. They werelike... I don't understand how that party went on."[265] Sharon Osbourne condemned the Davis party,declaring: "I think it was disgraceful that the party went on. I don't want to be in a hotel room when there'ssomeone you admire who's tragically lost their life four floors up. I'm not interested in being in thatenvironment and I think when you grieve someone, you do it privately, you do it with people whounderstand you. I thought it was so wrong."[266]

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Further reaction and tributes

Many other celebrities released statements responding to Houston's death. Darlene Love, Houston'sgodmother, hearing the news of her death, said, "It felt like I had been struck by a lightning bolt in mygut."[267] Dolly Parton, whose song "I Will Always Love You" was covered by Houston, said, "I willalways be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song, and I can truly say fromthe bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.'" Aretha Franklin said, "It'sso stunning and unbelievable. I couldn't believe what I was reading coming across the TV screen."[268]

Others paying tribute included Mariah Carey, Quincy Jones and Oprah Winfrey.[269][270]

Moments after news of her death emerged, CNN, MSNBC and Fox News all broke from their regularlyscheduled programming to dedicate time to non­stop coverage of Houston's death. All three featured liveinterviews with people who had known Houston including those that had worked with her, interviewed heralong with some of her peers in the music industry. Saturday Night Live displayed a photo of a smilingHouston, alongside Molly Shannon, from her 1996 appearance.[271][272] MTV and VH­1 interrupted theirregularly scheduled programming on Sunday February 12 to air many of Houston's classic videos withMTV often airing news segments in between and featuring various reactions from fans and celebrities.

Houston's former husband, Bobby Brown, was reported to be "in and out of crying fits" since receiving thenews. He did not cancel a scheduled performance and within hours of his ex­wife's sudden death, anaudience in Mississippi observed as Brown blew kisses skyward, tearfully saying: "I love you,Whitney."[273]

Ken Ehrlich, executive producer of the 54th Grammy Awards, announced that Jennifer Hudson wouldperform a tribute to Houston at the February 12, 2012 ceremony. He said "event organizers believedHudson – an Academy Award­winning actress and Grammy Award­winning artist – could perform arespectful musical tribute to Houston". Ehrlich went on to say: "It's too fresh in everyone's memory to domore at this time, but we would be remiss if we didn't recognize Whitney's remarkable contribution tomusic fans in general, and in particular her close ties with the Grammy telecast and her Grammy wins andnominations over the years".[274] At the start of the awards ceremony, footage of Houston performing "IWill Always Love You" from the 1994 Grammys was shown following a prayer read by host LL Cool J.Later in the program, following a montage of photos of musicians who died in 2011 with Houston singing"Saving All My Love for You" at the 1986 Grammys, Hudson paid tribute to Houston and the other artistsby performing "I Will Always Love You".[275][276] The tribute was partially credited for the Grammystelecast getting its second highest ratings in history.[277]

Houston was honored in the form of various tributes at the 43rd NAACP Image Awards, held on February17. An image montage of Houston and important black figures who died in 2011 was followed by videofootage from the 1994 ceremony, which depicted her accepting two Image Awards for outstanding femaleartist and entertainer of the year. Following the video tribute, Yolanda Adams delivered a rendition of "ILove the Lord" from The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack. In the finale of the ceremony, Kirk Franklin and theFamily started their performance with "The Greatest Love of All".[278] The 2012 BRIT Awards, which tookplace at London's O2 Arena on February 21, also paid tribute to Houston by playing a 30­second videomontage of her music videos with a snippet of "One Moment in Time" as the background music in theceremony's first segment.[279] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said that all New Jersey state flags

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"I Will Always Love You" (1992)

One of Houston's best selling singlesworldwide and recognized songs, "IWill Always Love You" prominentlyuses melismas.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

would be flown at half­staff on Tuesday, February 21 to honor Houston.[280] Houston was also featured,alongside other recently deceased figures from the movie industry, in the In Memoriam montage at the 84thAcademy Awards on February 26, 2012.[281][282]

Artistry and legacy

Voice

Houston was a mezzo­soprano,[283][284] and wascommonly referred to as "The Voice" in reference to herexceptional vocal talent.[285] She was third in MTV's listof 22 Greatest Voices,[286] and sixth on OnlineMagazine COVE 's list of the 100 Best Pop Vocalistswith a score of 48.5/50.[287] Jon Pareles of The NewYork Times stated she "always had a great big voice, atechnical marvel from its velvety depths to its ballisticmiddle register to its ringing and airy heights".[288] In 2008, Rolling Stone listed Houston as the thirty­fourth of the 100 greatest singers of all time, stating, "Her voice is a mammoth, coruscating cry: Fewvocalists could get away with opening a song with 45 unaccompanied seconds of singing, but Houston'spowerhouse version of Dolly Parton's 'I Will Always Love You' is a tour de force."[104] Matthew Perpetuafrom Rolling Stone also eulogized Houston's vocal, enumerating ten performances, including "How Will IKnow" from the 1986 MTV VMAs and "The Star Spangled Banner" at the 1991 Super Bowl. "WhitneyHouston was blessed with an astonishing vocal range and extraordinary technical skill, but what truly madeher a great singer was her ability to connect with a song and drive home its drama and emotion withincredible precision", he stated. "She was a brilliant performer, and her live shows often eclipsed her studiorecordings."[289]

Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented, "Her voice was clean and strong, with barely any grit,well suited to the songs of love and aspiration. [...] Hers was a voice of triumph and achievement, and itmade for any number of stunning, time­stopping vocal performances."[290] Mariah Carey stated, "She[Whitney] has a really rich, strong mid­belt that very few people have. She sounds really good, reallystrong."[291] While in her review of I Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Timeswrites, "[Houston's voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining thearchitecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countlessimitators", adding "When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo­soprano."[284]

Lauren Everitt from BBC News Magazine commented on melisma used in Houston's recording and itsinfluence. "An early 'I' in Whitney Houston's 'I Will Always Love You' takes nearly six seconds to sing. Inthose seconds the former gospel singer­turned­pop star packs a series of different notes into the singlesyllable", stated Everitt. "The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every 'I' and'you'. The vocal technique is called melisma, and it has inspired a host of imitators. Other artists may haveused it before Houston, but it was her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song that pushed the technique into

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the mainstream in the 90s. [...] But perhaps what Houston nailed best was moderation." Everitt said that "[i]n a climate of reality shows ripe with 'oversinging,' it's easy to appreciate Houston's ability to savemelisma for just the right moment."[292]

Houston's vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry. According to Linda Lister inDivafication: The Deification of Modern Female Pop Stars, she has been called the "Queen of Pop" for herinfluence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.[293] Stephen Holdenfrom The New York Times, in his review of Houston's Radio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993,praised her attitude as a singer, writing, "Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars ofwhom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millionscalls upon an entertainer's bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houstonwould rather just stand there and sing." With regard to her singing style, he added: "Her [Houston's]stylistic trademarks – shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments atthe ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration – infuse her interpretations with flashes ofmusical and emotional lightning."[294]

Elysa Gardner of the Los Angeles Times in her review for The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack praisedHouston's vocal ability highly, commenting, "She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one wehave. No other female pop star – not Mariah Carey, not Celine Dion, not Barbra Streisand – quite rivalsHouston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone, and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizingmelodrama."[295]

Influence

During the 1980s, MTV was coming into its own and received criticism for not playing enough videos byblack artists. With Michael Jackson breaking down the color barrier for black men, Houston did the samefor black women. She became the first black woman to receive heavy rotation on the network following thesuccess of the "How Will I Know" video.[296] Following Houston's breakthrough, other African­Americanwomen, such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker, were successful in popular music.[55][56] Baker commentedthat "Because of what Whitney and Sade did, there was an opening for me... For radio stations, blackwomen singers aren't taboo anymore."[297]

AllMusic noted her contribution to the success of black artists on the pop scene, commenting, "Houstonwas able to handle big adult contemporary ballads, effervescent, stylish dance­pop, and slick urbancontemporary soul with equal dexterity" and that "the result was an across­the­board appeal that wasmatched by scant few artists of her era, and helped her become one of the first black artists to find successon MTV in Michael Jackson's wake".[298] The New York Times stated that "Houston was a major catalystfor a movement within black music that recognized the continuity of soul, pop, jazz and gospel vocaltraditions".[299] Richard Corliss of Time magazine commented on her initial success breaking variousbarriers:

Of her first album's ten cuts, six were ballads. This chanteuse [Houston] had to fight for airplay with hard rockers. The young lady had to stand uncowed in the locker room of machorock. The soul strutter had to seduce a music audience that anointed few black artists withsuperstardom. [...] She was a phenomenon waiting to happen, a canny tapping of the listener's

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yen for a return to the musical middle. And because every new star creates her own genre, hersuccess has helped other blacks, other women, other smooth singers find an avid reception inthe pop marketplace.[300]

Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that Houston "revitalized the tradition of strong gospel­oriented pop­soul singing".[301] Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times referred to the singer as a "nationaltreasure".[284] Jon Caramanica, other music critic of The New York Times, called Houston "R&B's greatmodernizer", adding "slowly but surely reconciling the ambition and praise of the church with themovements and needs of the body and the glow of the mainstream".[290] He also drew comparisons betweenHouston's influence and other big names' on 1980s pop:

She was, alongside Michael Jackson and Madonna, one of the crucial figures to hybridize popin the 1980s, though her strategy was far less radical than that of her peers. Jackson andMadonna were by turns lascivious and brutish and, crucially, willing to let their productionspeak more loudly than their voices, an option Ms. Houston never went for. Also, she was lessprolific than either of them, achieving most of her renown on the strength of her first three soloalbums and one soundtrack, released from 1985 to 1992. If she was less influential than theywere in the years since, it was only because her gift was so rare, so impossible to mimic.Jackson and Madonna built worldviews around their voices; Ms. Houston’s voice was theworldview. She was someone more to be admired, like a museum piece, than to beemulated.[290]

The Independent 's music critic Andy Gill also wrote about Houston's influence on modern R&B andsinging competitions, comparing it to Michael Jackson's. "Because Whitney, more than any other singleartist ― Michael Jackson included ― effectively mapped out the course of modern R&B, setting the bar forstandards of soul vocalese, and creating the original template for what we now routinely refer to as the 'souldiva' ", stated Gill. "Jackson was a hugely talented icon, certainly, but he will be as well remembered(probably more so) for his presentational skills, his dazzling dance moves, as for his musical innovations.Whitney, on the other hand, just sang, and the ripples from her voice continue to dominate the poplandscape." Gill said that there "are few, if any, Jackson imitators on today's TV talent shows, but everyother contestant is a Whitney wannabe, desperately attempting to emulate that wondrous combination ofvocal effects – the flowing melisma, the soaring mezzo­soprano confidence, the tremulous fluttering thatcarried the ends of lines into realms of higher yearning".[302]

Houston was considered by many to be a "singer's singer", who had an influence on countless othervocalists, both female and male.[104][303] Similarly, Steve Huey from Allmusic wrote that the shadow ofHouston's prodigious technique still looms large over nearly every pop diva and smooth urban soul singer –male or female – in her wake, and spawned a legion of imitators.[298] Rolling Stone, on her biography,stated that Houston "redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from MariahCarey to Rihanna".[304] Essence ranked Houston sixth on their list of 50 Most Influential R&B Stars of alltime, calling her "the diva to end all divas".[305]

A number of artists have acknowledged Houston as an influence, including Celine Dion,[306] MariahCarey,[104] Toni Braxton,[307] Christina Aguilera,[308] LeAnn Rimes,[309] Jessica Simpson,[310] Nelly

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Furtado,[311] Kelly Clarkson, Britney Spears,[312] Ciara,[313] P!nk,[312] Aneeka,[314] Ashanti,[315] RobinThicke,[316] Jennifer Hudson, Stacie Orrico, Amerie,[317] Destiny's Child,[312][318] and Ariana Grande.[319]Mariah Carey, who was often compared to Houston, said, "She [Houston] has been a big influence onme."[320] She later told USA Today that "none of us would sound the same if Aretha Franklin hadn't ever putout a record, or Whitney Houston hadn't."[321] Celine Dion who was the third member of the troika thatdominated female pop singing in the 1990s, did a telephone interview with Good Morning America onFebruary 13, 2012, telling "Whitney's been an amazing inspiration for me. I've been singing with her mywhole career, actually. I wanted to have a career like hers, sing like her, look beautiful like her."[322]

Beyoncé told the Globe and Mail that Houston "inspired [her] to get up there and do what [she] did".[323]She also wrote on her website on the day after Houston's death, "I, like every singer, always wanted to bejust like [Houston]. Her voice was perfect. Strong but soothing. Soulful and classic. Her vibrato, hercadence, her control. So many of my life's memories are attached to a Whitney Houston song. She is ourqueen and she opened doors and provided a blueprint for all of us."[324]

Mary J. Blige said that Houston inviting her onstage during VH1's Divas Live show in 1999 "opened doorsfor [her] all over the world".[325] Brandy stated, "The first Whitney Houston CD was genius. That CDintroduced the world to her angelic yet powerful voice. Without Whitney, half of this generation of singerswouldn't be singing."[326] Kelly Rowland, in an Ebony 's feature article celebrating black music in June2006, recalled that "[I] wanted to be a singer after I saw Whitney Houston on TV singing 'Greatest Love ofAll'. I wanted to sing like Whitney Houston in that red dress." She added that "And I have never, everforgotten that song [Greatest Love of All]. I learned it backward, forward, sideways. The video still bringschills to me. When you wish and pray for something as a kid, you never know what blessings God will giveyou."[327]

Alicia Keys said "Whitney is an artist who inspired me from [the time I was] a little girl."[328] Oscar winnerJennifer Hudson cites Houston as her biggest musical influence. She told Newsday that she learned fromHouston the "difference between being able to sing and knowing how to sing".[329] Leona Lewis, who hasbeen called "the new Whitney Houston", also cites her as an influence. Lewis stated that she idolized her asa little girl.[330][331]

Awards and achievements

Houston was the most awarded female artist of all time, according to Guinness World Records,[1] with twoEmmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among atotal of 415 career awards as of 2010. She held the all­time record for the most American Music Awards ofany female solo artist and shared the record with Michael Jackson for the most AMAs ever won in a singleyear with eight wins in 1994.[332] Houston won a record 11 Billboard Music Awards at its fourth ceremonyin 1993.[333] She also had the record for the most WMAs won in a single year, winning five awards at the6th World Music Awards in 1994.[334]

In May 2003, Houston placed at number three on VH1's list of "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era",behind Madonna and Janet Jackson.[335] She was also ranked at number 116 on their list of the "200Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All Time".[336] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100All­Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number

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nine.[337][338] Similarly, she was ranked as one of the "Top 100 Greatest Artists of All Time" by VH1 inSeptember 2010.[339] In November 2010, Billboard released its "Top 50 R&B/Hip­Hop Artists of the Past25 Years" list and ranked Houston at number three who not only went on to earn eight number­one singleson the R&B/Hip­Hop Songs chart, but also landed five number ones on R&B/Hip­Hop Albums.[340]

Houston's debut album is listed as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time by Rolling Stonemagazine[52] and is on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.[53] In 2004, Billboard picked thesuccess of her first release on the charts as one of 110 Musical Milestones in its history.[341] Houston'sentrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years,according to USA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey's chart­topping vocalgymnastics.[54] In 1997, the Franklin School in East Orange, New Jersey was renamed to The Whitney E.Houston Academy School of Creative and Performing Arts. In 2001, Houston was the first artist to be givena BET Lifetime Achievement Award.[342] Houston is one of pop music's best­selling music artists of all­time, with an estimated 170–200 million records sold worldwide.[2][3] She was ranked as the fourth best­selling female artist in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 55 millioncertified albums sold in the US,[226][343] and held an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities from GramblingState University, Louisiana.[344] Houston was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2013.[345] InAugust 2014, Houston was inducted to the official Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in its secondclass.[346]

Discography

Whitney Houston (1985)Whitney (1987)I'm Your Baby Tonight (1990)My Love Is Your Love (1998)Just Whitney... (2002)One Wish: The Holiday Album (2003)I Look to You (2009)

Filmography

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Film rolesYear Title Role Notes and awards

1992 The Bodyguard RachelMarron

Feature film

Nominated – 1992 Golden Raspberry Award for WorstActress[347]Nominated – 1992 Golden Raspberry Award for WorstNew Star[348]Nominated – 1993 MTV Movie Award for Best FemalePerformance[349]Nominated – 1993 MTV Movie Award for BestBreakthrough Performance[350]Nominated – 1993 MTV Movie Award for Best On­Screen Duo with co­star Kevin Costner[351]

1995 Waiting to Exhale SavannahJackson

Feature film

Nominated – 1996 NAACP Image Award for OutstandingActress in a Motion Picture[352]

1996 The Preacher's Wife Julia Biggs

Feature film

Won – 1997 NAACP Image Award for OutstandingActress in a Motion Picture[353]Nominated – 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Award forFavorite Female Actress(Comedy/Romance)[354]Nominated – 1997 Kids' Choice Award for FavoriteMovie Actress[355]

1997Rodgers &Hammerstein'sCinderella

FairyGodmother

Made­for­television film, part of a revival of the WonderfulWorld of Disney.[356]

Nominated – 1998 Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety,Music Or Comedy Special[357]Nominated – 1998 NAACP Image Award for OutstandingTelevision Movie/Mini­Series[358]

2004 Nora's Hair Salon Herself Direct­to­video

2007 The Last Days of LeftEye Herself

Documentary

cameo

2012 Sparkle Emma Feature film

2013 CrazySexyCool: TheTLC Story Herself

Television biographical film

cameo

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Television rolesYear Title Network Role Notes

1984

Gimme aBreak! NBC Rita "Katie's College" (Season 3, Episode 20, air date: March 15,

1984)[359]

As theWorldTurns

CBS Herself

Houston appeared on the soap on August 1–2, 1984, with JermaineJackson singing two duets off a new album he was releasing at thetime: "Take Good Care of My Heart" and "Nobody Loves Me LikeYou Do". They taped their appearance on July 25 at CBS Studios inNew York City.

1985 SilverSpoons NBC Herself

"Head Over Heels" (Season 4, Episode 1, air date: September 15,1985)[359] She performed the edited version of "Saving All My Love for You",changing some of the words.

2003 BostonPublic Fox Herself

"Chapter Sixty­Six" (Season 3, Episode 22, air date: May 12, 2003)She performed "Try It On My Own" from the 2002 studio albumJust Whitney.

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CommercialsYear Company Promoting Country Notes

1983DrPepper/SevenUp

Canada Dry (soft drinkbeverage)

UnitedStates

Houston appeared in this commercial before debut asa professional singer and sang the praises of sugar­free Canada Dry Ginger Ale.[360][361]

1986 Coca­ColaDiet Coke (soft drinkbeverage)

Houston sang the Diet Coke theme song, "Just forthe taste of it".[362]

1988 Coca­ColaDiet Coke (soft drinkbeverage)

Houston sang the other version of the Diet Cokeadvertising slogan at the time, "Just for the taste ofit".[363]Outside the United States, the second version ofadvertising was released, in which "Greatest Love ofAll" was used as background music.1989 MTV Video of the Year winning "This Note'sfor You" by Neil Young, parodied parts of thisadvertising to criticize pop/rock stars who makecommercial endorsements, most notably MichaelJackson for Pepsi and Houston for Diet Coke, usinglook­alikes for them.[364]

1989 SanyoElectronics (the stereo,TV)

Japan

Houston was featured on print advertisements andsang the theme song for TV commercial, "Takin' AChance", produced by Keith Thomas.[365] It wasreleased as a CD single in Japan and included inJapanese edition of I'm Your Baby Tonight.[366]Sanyo also sponsored Houston's 1990 Japan onlyFeels So Right Tour.[367]

19941995 AT&T Telephone

servicesUnitedStates Houston sang its theme song, "True Voice".[368][369]

1999 NissinConsumercreditbusiness

Japan

Houston appeared on both print advertisement andTV commercial for Nissin, a nonbank financecompany that lends to consumers and smallbusinesses in Japan, with then the company's slogan"Make it happen with Nissin"[370]

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Film/TV productionsYear Title Director Notes and awards

1997Rodgers &Hammerstein'sCinderella

RobertIscove

Executive producer[371]

Nominated – 1998 Emmy Award for OutstandingVariety, Music Or Comedy Special[357]Nominated – 1998 NAACP Image Award forOutstanding Television Movie/Mini­Series[358]

2001 The Princess Diaries GarryMarshall

Producer[372]

Won – 2002 Young Artist Award for Best FamilyFeature Film – Comedy[373]Nominated – 2002 Broadcast Film Critics AssociationAward for Best Family Film (Live Action)[374]Nominated – 2002 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awardfor Best Family Film[375]

Nominated – 2002 Teen Choice Award for Film –Choice Movie, Comedy[376]

2003 The Cheetah Girls Oz Scott Producer[377]

2004 The Princess Diaries 2:Royal Engagement

GarryMarshall Producer

[378]

2006 The Cheetah Girls 2:When in Spain

KennyOrtega Co­executive producer[379]

2012 Sparkle SalimAkil Producer[380]

Tours and concerts

World tours

The Greatest Love World Tour (1986)Moment of Truth World Tour (1987–88)I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour (1991)The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–94)My Love Is Your Love World Tour (1999)Nothing but Love World Tour (2010)

Regional tours

Feels So Right Tour (1990)Pacific Rim Tour (1997)The European Tour (1998)Soul Divas Tour (2004)

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Televised concerts

Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute (1988)Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston (1991)The Concert for a New South Africa (1994)Classic Whitney Live from Washington, D.C. (1997)

See also

American Music Award nominations for Whitney HoustonGrammy Awards and nominations for Whitney HoustonHonorific nicknames in popular musicList of artists who reached number one in the United StatesList of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chartList of best­selling music artists

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Further readingWhitney Houston. My love is your love: piano, vocal, chords. Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.; March 1999. ISBN978­0­7692­7734­9.Kevin Ammons. Good Girl, Bad Girl: An Insider's Biography of Whitney Houston. Carol Pub Group; April1998. ISBN 978­0­8065­8012­8.Jeffery Bowman. Diva: the totally unauthorized biography of Whitney Houston. Harper; February 1995. ISBN978­0­06­100853­5.Craig Halstead. Whitney Houston: For the Record. Authors OnLine, Limited; September 2010. ISBN 978­0­7552­1278­1.James Robert Parish. Whitney Houston: The Unauthorized Biography. Aurum Press; September 2003. ISBN978­1­85410­921­7.James Robert Parish. Whitney Houston: Return of the Diva. John Blake; April 2010. ISBN 978­1­84454­919­1.

External links

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