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Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 2
Questions
1. What IS sanitation?
2. Why is it important to health?
3. How fares Europe?
4. Barriers to be overcome?
5. WHO actions
6. Conclusions
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 3
What IS sanitation ?
XIXth century: the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance of sanitary conditions
XXth century: the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal or reuse of human excreta or domestic wastewater, whether through collective systems or by installations serving a single household or undertaking.
XXIth century: arrangements to protect public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and the disposal of sewage.
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 4
Why is sanitation important?
Human dignityHealth risk
• Diarrhoeal diseases• Non-diarrhoeal diseases• Emerging diseases.
Environmental risk• Intestinal helminth infections• Skin and eye infections
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 5
Preaching to the choir BUT is the choir reading the same hymn sheet ?
• UN Water Conference in Mar del Plata 1977
• Water and Sanitation for All Decade 80s
• UN Millennium Development 7/10
• International Year of Sanitation 2008
• Water for Life DecadeDID IT WORK?
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 6
Sanitation in European Union (2004)
Urban san house connection (2004)
75.59
24.41
Covered
Not covered
Rural san house connection (2004)
52.65
47.35Covered
Not covered
Total pop: 487 m Urban pop: 364 m
• House connection: 276 m (75.59%)
• No house connection:88 m (24.41%)
Rural pop:122 m• House connection:
64 m (53%)• No house connection:
58 m (47%)
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 9
Sub-regional programmes
Barcelona Convention• Protocol on protection of the marine environment
from land-based sources of pollution
Protocol on Water and Health• Article 6 on Targets and Target Setting
Children’s Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe - CEHAPE• Regional Priority Goal 1
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% p
op
ALB BIH CRO CYP FRA GRE ITA MAT MON SMG SPA TUR
Sanitation in EURO Mediterranean countries
Rur HC
Urb HC
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 11
Wastewater treatment plants in EURO/Mediterranean coastal cities(data related to cities with more than 2,000
inhabitants)
56%36%
7% 1%
Number of coastal cities served by WWTP Number of coastal cities without WWTP
WWTP Under construction/projected WWTP in maintenance/ out of operation
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 12
Looking forward to 2050
Climate change: Function of sanitation end products in climate change adaptation strategy and integrated water management.
Tourism: Over 300 m arrivals each year.
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 13
Climate change
• Water demand has doubled in the second half of the XXth century and is likely to increase by 25% .
• Renewable water exploitation index rapidly increasing expected to be 75% in Spain
• Temperature increase exceeding 5 C in summer at the end of the 21st century.
• Net decrease in precipitation in excess of 20 C on year basis with subsequent decrease in river flow and aquifer recharge.
.
• Treated wastewater is a substantial and reliable source of water, with controllable health risks
• Wastewater to be reused should be judged by its quality, not its history
• Indirect potable reuse will be enforced by future circumstances, rather than being an option.
Reuse of sanitation end products will need to be factored in as a normal component of IWM
Sanitation is not stand-alone. Reuse of its end products, with due management of health and environmental risks; will need to be factored in as a component of any future WMP.
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 14
Health risks
• Contaminated sea food: transboundary movement of GI
• Contaminated coastal recreational water: GI, skin and eye infections, VHA
• Mucoses from contaminated sand• HARD solutions (plants)• SOFT solutions (laws, institutions,
capacity building)
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 15
Protocol on water and health
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 16
Combined objectives
DRINKING
WATER QUALITYHEALTH
OUTCOME
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
LEGAL
FRAMEWORK
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 17
Arguments for ratification
General: flexible soft law instrument Bridging environment and health National
• Interdepartmental and intersectoral• Improved regulatory environment• Public participation
Regional• Long term European integration• Novel approaches prior to codification• Holistic approach vs. piecemeal legal approach
Global ?
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 19
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Mill
ion
s o
f p
eop
le
BUL CZE EST HUN LTV LIT POL ROM TOT
Population with house connection to sanitation
2000
2004
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 20
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Mill
ion
s o
f p
eop
le
BUL CZE EST HUN TOT
Rural population with access to sanitation
2000
2004
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 21
Problem areas in the WHO EURO region EUR-C:
• about 9 million people do not have access to water (3.7%)
• About 32 million people to not have access to sanitation
EUR-B: • About 13 million
people do not have access to water (12.2%)
• about 18 million people do not have access to sanitation
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 22
CEHAPE Children’s specific needs
Country 1• 16% of schools lacks
locking or separate toilets
• 21% has only intermittent water supply
• 38% cannot afford soap• 96% cannot afford paper
Country 2• School rely on wells that
are not maintained and require sanitation programs.
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 24
Barriers to action
National policy Human behaviourPerception and factual understandingPoverty and economic barriersGender issues Supply
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 25
Arguments for policy-makers
Reduction of the global disease burdenNational stabilityIntegrated water resource managementEconomic argumentsLocal actionEmpowerment of women and minority
groups
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 26
Conclusions
Universal access remains a dream in the IYS• In rural areas in the European Union• More generally in the new countries
Sanitation is still often removal, but … there is no “away” to take waste to!
The scientific evidence base needs to be strengthened, notably by developing indicators and monitoring the impact of sewerage on health and environment.
More funding is needed for sanitation, especially in rural areas
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 27
Conclusions
As peri-urban areas are likely to absorb most of city growth, special attention to sanitation in these areas is needed.
Funding should include O&M Principle of subsidiarity in governance of water
resources. Promote use of available tools for cost benefit
analysis of sanitation options at national and subsequently at lower levels of government.
Sanitation needs to be recognized as an integral part of WRM, and as an adaptation strategy to combat the effects of climate change.
Brussels 29 jan 2008 WECF IYS 2008 28
THANK YOU
For more information please visit our website
at:
www.euro.who.int/watsan
or via email at [email protected]
.int