WHO IS BOSSED BY WHOM IN THE NETHERLANDS?

WOUT ULTEE & MAARTEN WOLBERS

RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN

RC 28 SUMMER 2011 MEETING

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

IOWA CITY

THE NETHERLANDS UNTIL THE 1960s

A SOCIETY NOT SO MUCH CONSISTING OF SOCIAL STRATA ON TOP OF ONE ANOTHER

BUT OF RELIGIOUS PILLARS STANDING NEXT TO ONE ANOTHER

AND AS A CONSEQUENCE VERY LIMITED EMPLOYMENT OF MARRIED WOMEN

A LEFT-OVER FROM THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930s AND GOVERNMENTS DOMINATED BY

RELIGIOUS PARTIES:

UNTIL 1965 A WOMAN WHO HELD A JOB IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR AUTOMATICALLY LOST HER

JOB UPON MARRIAGE

THE NETHERLANDS NOW A COUNTRY WHERE A MAJORITY OF THE INHABITANTS STATES TO BE

WITHOUT ANY DENOMINATION

AND RAPIDLY RISING FEMALE EMPLOYMENT RATES

THE NETHERLANDS IS ALSO THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRY WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENT OF WOMEN

WORKING PART TIME

(AND THE COUNTRY WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENT OF MEN WORKING PART TIME)

PART-TIME JOBS IN THE NETHERLANDS CARRY THE SAME SOCIAL RIGHTS AS FULL-TIME JOBS

FALSE STARTS AND MISLEADING FINDINGS ON THE TOPIC OF WOMEN

IN THE DUTCH LABOUR MARKET

FIRST MISLEADING FINDING:

WOMEN HAVE MORE OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE THAN MEN

SECOND MISLEADING FINDING:

FOR WOMEN RETURNS TO EDUCATION IN TERMS OF PRESTIGE

AND INCOME DECLINE

THESE ARE RESULTS FROM MODELS THAT DO NOT INCLUDE THE NUMBER OF YEARS WOMEN HOLD A PAID JOB

THIRD MISLEADING FINDING:

THE NUMBER OF WOMEN WITH A PART-TIME JOB AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL

WORKING WOMEN IS RISING

HOWEVER, THE NUMBER OF WORKING WOMEN IS RISING TOO, AND SO IS THE

NUMBER OF FULL-TIME WORKING WOMEN AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL WOMEN

WHEREAS WOMEN USED TO STOP WORKING UPON BEARING THEIR FIRST

CHILD, THEY NOW SCALE DOWN

FROM A FULL-TIME TO A PART TIME JOB

AND AFTER THEIR SECOND BABY FROM A THREE-DAY JOB TO A TWO-DAY JOB

THE PRESENT PAPER TRIES A NEW TACK ON THE TOPIC OF WOMEN ON

THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE NETHERLANDS

TO ALLOT THE OCCUPATIONAL TITLE OF A PERSON TO THE ERIKSON-

GOLDTHORPE-PORTOCARERO CLASS SCHEME

INFORMATION IS NEEDED ON THE NUMBER OF PERSONS SUPERVISED BY

THE PERSON HOLDING THIS JOB

THE PRESENT PAPER FOCUSES SUPERVISION

HOWEVER, THE PRESENT PAPER DOES NOT TURN THE

OLD SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

INTO A PHENOMENON TO BE STUDIED IN ITS OWN RIGHT

THAT HAS BEEN DONE BEFORE

THE PRESENT PAPER STARTS FROM THE POSSIBILITY THAT THE GOAL OF EQUALITY FOR

MEN AND WOMEN IS FLEETING

UPON GETTING CLOSER TO, SAY, EQUAL PAY FOR A JOB

OTHER JOB CHARACTERISTICS TURN OUT TO BE IMPORTANT

FOR GENDER EQUALITY

THE MATTER OF THE GENDER OF SUPERVISORS BEING ONE

OF THEM

PRESSING THE QUESTION OF THE GENDER OF SUPERVISORS FURTHER

THE PRESENT PAPER STARTS FROM THE CASUAL OBSERVATION THAT QUITE A FEW

WOMEN WHO SUPERVISE

ARE SUPERVISING OTHER WOMEN

THEREFORE, THE PRESENT PAPER FOCUSES THE

RELATION BETWEEN THE GENDER OF PERSONS WITH A JOB AND THE GENDER OF

THEIR FIRST SUPERIOR

SO THE TITLE OF THE PRESENT PAPER EXTENDS THE TITLE OF A 1970s DIANA ROSS POPSONG

FROM

WHO IS THE BOSS?TO

WHO IS BOSSED BY WHOM?

TWO POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:

TO WHAT EXTENT DO MEN BOSS MEN, AND WOMEN BOSS WOMEN?

AND:

TO WHAT EXTENT ARE MEN BOSSED BY MEN AND TO WHAT EXTENT ARE

WOMEN BOSSED BY WOMEN?

HERE WE OPT FOR THE SECOND QUESTION

IT IS QUITE EASY TO ASK IN SURVEY RESEARCH A PERSON AFTER THE

GENDER, AGE, ETNICITY AND EDUCATION OF THE SUPERVISOR OF THAT PERSON

AND THE DATA ALLOW FOR STRAIGHTFORWARD ANALYSIS

OF COURSE ONE MAY ASK A PERSON WHO CLAIMS TO SUPERVISE X PERSONS

HOW MANY OF THEM ARE MEN AND HOW MANY WOMEN

BUT THE FIRST CLAIM MAY BE INFLATED AND IT IS NOT WISE TO EXPLAIN THE

MALE-FEMALE RATIO FOR THE PERSONS BEING SUPERVISED

IN ADDITION,

THE QUESTION OF WHO IS BOSSED BY WHOM

ALLOWS FOR FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS ABOUT CAREER CONSEQUENCES

FOR INSTANCE PAY COMPARISON QUESTIONS:

PAY OF MEN SUPERVISED BY MEN

PAY OF MEN SUPERVISED BY WOMEN

PAY OF WOMEN SUPERVISED BY WOMEN

PAY OF WOMEN SUPERVISED BY MEN

PRIME PREVIOUS RESEARCH FINDING ON ONE BRANCH OF ECONOMIC

ACTIVITY IN THE NETHERLANDS IN THE 1970s

(WHEN ALL BOSSES WERE MALES)

WOMEN IN ACADEMIC LIFE AFTER COMPLETING THEIR PH D

RECEIVE A SALARY RAISE LATER THAN MEN AFTER COMPLETING THEIR

PH D

DATA COME FROM A RANDOM SAMPLE SURVEY UNDERTAKEN IN THE NETHERLANDS IN 2009

WITH SOME 1400 PRIMARY RESPONDENTS AND THEIR LIVE-IN PARTNER, IF THEY HAVE ONE

FUNDS FOR THE SURVEY

FROM THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN NIJMEGEN

AND FROM THE DUTCH NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

THE 2009 INSTALLMENT OF THE NETHERLANDS FAMILY SURVEY

EARLIER INSTALLMENTS IN 1993, 1998, 2000 AND 2003

ON OF THE AIMS OF THE SURVEY IS TO ASK AS MANY ITEMS AS

POSSIBLE IN A FORM APPLIED IN OTHER SURVEYS

SUCH AS OCCUPATION AND BRANCH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

IT ADDS RETROSPECTIVE ITEMS TO ITEMS ABOUT A PERSON’S

CURRENT SITUATION

THE VALUE ADDED OF THE SURVEY MUST COME FROM THE COMBINATION OF ITEMS FROM

DIFFERENT SURVEYS AND FROM A FEW NEW QUESTIONS

THE ITEMS ABOUT CHARACTERISTICS OF ONE’S

DIRECT SUPERVISOR BEING ONE OF THEM

MALE SUPER-VISOR

FEMALE SUPER-VISOR

TOTAL

MAN

WOMAN

TOTAL

MALE SUPER-VISOR

FEMALE SUPER-VISOR

TOTAL

MAN 100%(1017)

WOMAN 100%(1021)

TOTAL 100%(2038)

MALE SUPER-VISOR

FEMALE SUPER-VISOR

TOTAL

MAN 100%(1017)

WOMAN 100%(1021)

TOTAL 72%(1467)

28%(571)

100%(2038)

MALE SUPER-VISOR

FEMALE SUPER-VISOR

TOTAL

MAN 100%(1017)

WOMAN 56%(557)

44%(446)

100%(1021)

TOTAL 72%(1467)

28%(571)

100%(2038)

MALE SUPER-VISOR

FEMALE SUPER-VISOR

TOTAL

MAN 88%(892)

12%(125)

100%(1017)

WOMAN 56%(557)

44%(446)

100%(1021)

TOTAL 72%(1467)

28%(571)

100%(2038)

THE TABLE HAS AN ODDS RATIO OF

5.5WE DO NOT KNOW

WHETHER THIS ODDS RATIO WAS HIGHER OR

LOWER IN EARLIER YEARS

WHICH OTHER FACTORS,

APART FROM A PERSON’S GENDER, INFLUENCE THE

ODDS OF HAVING A FEMALE RATHER THAN A MALE

SUPERVISOR?

AND UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS THE

ODDS RATIO FOR (FE)MALES BEING SUPERVISED BY (FE)MALES SMALLER?

THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON FEMALE SUPERVISION PERSISTS IN

MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS

AGE DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT

DISTINGUISHING THREE LEVELS OF EDUCATION

PERSONS WITH INTERMEDIATE AND HIGH EDUCATION ARE MORE LIKELY TO

HAVE A FEMALE SUPERVISOR THAN PERSONS WITH LOW EDUCATION

SIZE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT

IF THE PERCENT OF WOMEN IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF ECONOMIC

ACTIVITY IS HIGHER, THE CHANCES OF FEMALE SUPERVISION ARE HIGHER

THE INTERACTIONS IN LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS OF GENDER WITH

OTHER FACTORS

THERE IS ONLY ONE SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION

THE EXTENT TO WHICH WOMEN ARE SUPERVISED BY WOMEN IS SMALLER FOR

WOMEN WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF EDUCATION

FOUR CAREER CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE SUPERVISION:

ON OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE (ISEI)

ON NET MONTHLY INCOME

ON CURENT WORKING HOURS

ON LOG NET HOURLY INCOME

STUDIED BY WAY OF LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS

OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE

AGE AND EDUCATION MAKE FOR MORE OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE

WOMEN HAVE MORE OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE THAN MEN

THE PERCENT OF WOMEN IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY LOWERS

OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE

WOMEN WHO ARE SUPERVISED BY WOMEN HAVE LESS OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE

NET MONTHLY INCOMEEDUCATION AND AGE HAVE A

POSITIVE EFFECT,

BEING A WOMAN HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT

THE SIZE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT,

AND SO DOES THE PERCENT OF FEMALES IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

THERE IS NO EFFECT OF FEMALE SUPERVISION

THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION OF A PERSON’S

GENDER AND THE GENDER OF THIS PERSON’S SUPERVISOR

CURRENT WORKING HOURS

WOMEN WORK A LOWER NUMBER OF HOURS THAN MEN

WITH AGE, WORKING HOURS RISE

MORE EDUCATION MAKES FOR LESS WORKING HOURS

THE PERCENT OF WOMEN IN A PERSON’S BRANCH OF ECONOMIC

ACTIVITY LOWERS A PERSON’S WORKING HOURS

THERE IS NO EFFECT OF FEMALE SUPERVISION

THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION OF A PERSON’S GENDER AND THE

GENDER OF THIS PERSON’S SUPERVISOR

LOG OF NET HOURLY INCOME

WOMAN HAVE A LOWER HOURLY INCOME

SIZE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT LOWERS HOURLY INCOME

AGE DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT

FEMALE SUPERVISION DOES NOT HAVE AN EFFECT

THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION OF A PERSON’S GENDER AND THE GENDER OF

THIS PERSON’S DIRECT SUPERVISOR

FALSE NEGATIVES ???

A PERSON’S CURRENT INCOME DOES NOT RESULT FROM THE GENDER OF THIS

PERSON’S CURRENT SUPERVISOR

A PERSON’S CURRENT INCOME AMOUNTS TO A CUMULATION OF THE (SMALL) EFFECT OF THE GENDER OF EACH SUPERVISOR OF THIS

PERSON UNTIL NOW

BUT THEN, IF A PERSON’S CURRENT SUPERVISOR IS (FE)MALE, THIS PERSON’S

PREVIOUS SUPERVISORS TEND TO BE (FE)MALE TOO

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS!

QUESTIONS?

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THEN CLICK IOWA CITY 2011