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8/10/2019 Who is the Founder of Singapore 1201967199326631 3
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chapter twoWho was the founder of
Singapore?
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Lesson Objectives
Factors for the British
choice of Singapore
Problems the British
faced in starting aTrading Settlement in
Singapore
The Importance of the
Singapore Treaty to
the British
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Rivalry betweenthe British and the Dutch
In the early 19thcentury, Europeantrading companiescompeted for economic
profit.
The British had Penangand Bencoolenastrading settlements.
The Dutch controlledMelakaand Java fortrade.
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Rivalry betweenthe British and the Dutch
Why the British weredisadvantaged:
o The Dutch did not allow anyEuropean ships to trade inmost of the Dutch-controlledports except at Batavia.
o The Dutch restricted Europeantraders who stopped atBatavia by charging high portfees and heavy taxes.
o The British trading ports in theMalay Archipelago wereunsuitable for trade betweenIndia and China.
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The arrival of Raffles
28 Jan 1819, Rafflesreached Singaporewaters.
29 Jan 1819, Rafflesand Farquhar met theTemenggong, asenior minister of the
Johor-Riau sultanate.
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Factors for the British choice ofSingapore
Unsuitability of Penang andBencoolen as trading ports
Singapore was strategicallylocatedcentralized, in theheart of the Malay
Archipelago, along the maintrading route between Indiaand China. Suitable as aport due to its:
o Excellent harbouro Plentiful supply of drinking
water
The Dutch were not on theisland.
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Problems the British faced instarting a Trading Settlement (I)
From the Temenggong,Raffles discovered onlySultan Abdul Rahman
could grant the Britishpermission. HOWEVER,the Sultan was under thecontrol of the Dutch, who
would not allow theBritish to occupySingapore.
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How Raffles dealt with the problem
Raffles capitalized onthe successiondispute in the Johor-
Riau sultanate. He recognized
Tengku as the rightfulSultan and obtained
permission from him.
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Problems the British faced instarting a Trading Settlement (II)
The Dutch protested against the tradingsettlement in Singapore.
A paper war began.
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How both parties resolved it
Both sides had their reasonsfor not declaring a wardespite their animosity.
British: Wanted to use
Holland as a strong bufferstate against foreignaggression.
Dutch: Holland wasfinancially weak and could
not afford to wage war. A peace settlement was
eventually signed in 1824(The Anglo-Dutch Treaty).
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Importance of the Singapore Treatyto the British
Gave the British rights to start a tradingsettlement in Singapore, but Singaporewas still a territory controlled by a Malay
Ruler
Broke the trading monopoly of the Dutch inthe region
Facilitated the all important India-Chinatrade
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the controversy.Who exactly should be regarded
as the founder of Singapore?
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Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
A child of my own,
My new colony
Signed the 1819 treatythat allowed the British tobuild a settlement inSingapore
But left Singapore inhands of Farquharthereafter.
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William Farquhar
Both British Resident andCommandant in Singapore
Cleared jungle and built
basic housing Guarded Singapore
against Dutch attacks
On his tomb, he claimedthat he founded thesettlement in Singapore
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Farquhars Role
Invited people to trade and live in Singapore.
Solved food shortage problem by spreadingnews to Melaka, whose traders brought food
products down. Solved crime and disorder partially by setting up
a small police force
Eliminated the infestation of rats and centipedesby offering cash rewards for every pest killed.
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John Crawfurd
Signed 1824 treatywhich madeSingapore a British
colony. Was resident of
Singapore from 1823- 1826
Set up a court to hearlocal cases.
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And the credit goes to?
The credit for Singapores growth mustgo to those who made it grow, to thepeople who in defiance of all history built a
bustling port on the equator. The Malay Rajas, Straits and Nanyang
Chinese, Bugis, Indians, Arabs,Armenians and the Jews, the Europeansand all those unnamed pioneering settlerswho made Singapore worked.
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Some definitions
Why the fuss? The term founder can beinterpreted differently.
o One who establishes a settlemento One who contributes to the growthpolitically, economically and socially.
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Following the definitions
Under the first meaning, then Raffles is thefounder since he signed the 1819 treaty.
If we take the second meaning, Farquhar
should be given the credit as he builtSingapore in its early years.
Yet others believe John Crawfurd should bethe real founder. On the other hand, Crawfurd
signed the 1824 treaty that granted the Britishcomplete possession of Singapore.
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A comprehensive view
Raffles vision + Farquhars energy + Crawfurdsshrewdness = converted Raffles dreams intoreality.
Without Raffles, Singapore might not exist.
Without Farquhar, the infant settlement mightnot be nursed through its infant years.
Without Crawfurd, Singapore might not haveprospered.
All played a part to make Singapore famous andreputable.
But Raffles fame and reputation remained,
compared to Farquhar and Crawfurd