Why and how to train anesthesia and intensive-care nurses in a high fidelity simulated environment?

8/8/2019 Why and how to train anesthesia and intensive-care nurses in a high fidelity simulated environment?

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D ` i j m a f t r j m y k y

^j{ èb jf~ rf rt`keèmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm,i`tm e}tymy ke `jknj ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmer6

, @ bmyitkxrksm akrmt`r}tm tmskm~ ,

y}dlkrrmb ke x`trkà c}ackaalmerfc rjm tmp}ktmlmery cft rjm ì`bmlki bmntmm

Dìjmaft fc Yikmeim ke E}tyken

Ntfdd`}mt! Dmembkor

L`rtki}a rkfe Et%

8>XL]89882

Cktyr Tm`bmt7Bt% @ebtm M~mty LYiE

Ymifeb Tm`bmt7Bt% Nmt`tb Jfnè LYiE

Xaìm èb b`rm y}dlkrrmb7Yàwd}tn `l 4=%=%4808


2/47

T}eeken jm`b7 ^J[ @EB JF^ RF RT@KE E]TYMY KE @ YKL]A@RFT

, 0 ,

Rjmtm ~`y ` yjkcr `~`{ ctfl `}rfit`rki èb kebkskb}àkyr yr{amy fc `ktit`cr

ifllèb rf fem rj`r ky lftm rm`l,d`ymb ~krj l}r}à kermtbmxmebmeim èb

yj`tmb tmyxfeykdkakr{%

*L}yyfe # Jmaltmkij 4882+


3/47


, 4 ,

Ifermer

0% Xtmcìm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9

4% Kertfb}irkfe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2

4%0% Dìontf}eb %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 24%4% Fdgmirksmy%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =4%9% Lmrjfby%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34%2% Nfày%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3

9% ^j`r ky ykl}a`rkfe ke jmàrj,i`tm6%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >

9%0% Bmckekrkfe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >9%4% Amsmay fc ckbmakr{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >9%9% Lfbma,d`ymb sy% Fe,rjm,ca{%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 089%2% Rjm mccmir fc kllmtykfe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 08

2% ^j{ rt ke èmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm,i`tm e}tymy6%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 00

2%0% E}tymy `y xtfcmyykfeà mzxmtry %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 092%4% E}tymy y `b}ar am`temty%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 092%9% E}tymy y rm`l lmldmty%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 02

=% Jf~ rf rt`ke e}tymy ke ` ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmer6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0=

=%0% Yime`tkf bmykne%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0==%4% ftoaf`b %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0>=%9% Kbmerkcki`rkfe fc am`teken nfày %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0:=%2% C}eirkfe fc Xtm,dtkmcken èb bm,dtkmcken%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0;

=%=% Rjm myymeim fc bmdtkmcken %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 48=%3% C}eb`lmerà ifeimxry cft rt`keken %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=

=%3%0% Mzxmtkmerk a Am`teken Rjmft{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4==%3%4% Ykr}`rmb ifnekrkfe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 43=%3%9 *@emyrjmyk`+ Itkyky Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 43=%3%2 Rjm 0= ITL om{ xfkery *Lkaamt 488;+7%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 98=%3%= Ykr}`rkfe Dìontf}eb @yymyylmer Tmifllmeb`rkfe%%%%%%%%%%%%% 93=%3%3% Yrfx,Xtfimb}tmy %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9>

3% Ifeia}ykfe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9:

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, 9 ,

0% Xtmcìm

Rjky rjmyky xtmymery rjm tmy}ary fc ` akrmt`r}tm tmskm~ fc `trkiamy tma`rmb rf j}lè

x`rkmer ykl}a`rkfe `y ` rffa cft rjm rt`keken fc myxmikàa{ èmyrjmyk` èb

kermeyksm i tm e}tymy% Rjm keia}bmb kecftl`rkfe ky yrt}ir}tmb ctfl nmemtà rf

bmr`ka%

@crmt ` yjftr dìontf}eb }xb`rm fe j}lè cìrfty y`cmr{ èb mttft

lè`nmlmer ke lfbmte iakekià ymrrkeny rjm cfaaf~ken ~kaa dm xtmymermb7

Lmrjfby fdgmirksmy èb nfày fc rjky rjmyky ke ij`xrmt r~f Kertfb}irkfe%

Ij`xrmt rjtmm keia}bmy d`yki bmckekrkfey fe ykl}a`rkfe amsmay fc ckbmakr{ èb rjm

mccmir fc kllmtykfe d{ èy~mtken rjm p}myrkfe ^j`r ky ykl}a`rkfe ke jmàrj,

i`tm6 B}m rf rjm jknj ifyry fc jknj,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe fem j`y rf j`sm yf}eb

`tn}lmery `y rf èy~mt rjm p}myrkfe ^j{ èmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm i tm

e}tymy yjf}ab tmimksm rt`keken ke ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmery6 @e èy~mt rf rjky

p}myrkfe ky xtfskbmb ke ij`xrmt cf}t%

Ij`xrmt cksm bmày ~krj rjm rklm ~jme rjm bmikykfe rf xkio }x ykl}a`rkfe ky

àtm`b{ l`bm èb xtfskbmy è èy~mt rf rjm p}myrkfe Jf~ yjf}ab èmyrjmyk`

èb kermeyksm i`tm e}tymy dm rt`kemb6 Emzr rf rjm myymeim fc bmdtkmcken kr

ifer`key rjm lfyr ikrmb am`teken rjmftkmy `y ~maa `y rjm d`ykiy fc Itm~

Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer èb frjmt rt`ke`dam xtfrfifay akom YD@T *Ykr}`rkfe

Dìontf}eb @yymyylmer Tmifllmeb`rkfe+ I]Y *K `l ifeimtemb Rjky ky

}ey`cm+ ft rjm ^ftab Jmàrj Ftnèkw`rkfe xtfxfymb Yrfx,xtfimb}tmy àyf

oef~e `y rklm,f}ry% Ij`xrmt ykz keia}bmy ifeia}ykfey fc rjky tmskm~ èb `y è

`xxmebkz rjmtm `tm }ymc}a Kermtemr tmyf}timy tma`rmb rf rjm rfxkiy bkyi}yymb `y

~maa `y ykl}a`rkfe imermty èb xtfskbmty fc ykl}a`rkfe y{yrmly%

Ifeia}bken rjky yjftr xtmcìm K ~f}ab akom rf ìoef~ambnm rjm y}xxftr fc Bty%

@ebtm M~mty èb Nmt`tb Jfnè `y ~maa `y Xtfc% Bt% Gfje LiBfef}nj èb Xtfc%

Bt% G}mtnme Fyrmtdtkeo cft y}xxftrken tmskm~ken èb ifttmirken l{ ~fto

~jmemsmt emmbmb%


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, 2 ,

4% Kertfb}irkfe

4%0% Dìontf}eb

Rjm Keyrkr}rm fc Lmbkikem *KFL+ rjm jmàrj `tl fc rjm ]ekrmb Yr`rmy E`rkfeà

@i`bml{ fc Yikmeimy yr`rmb ke rjmkt 0;;; tmxftr merkramb Rf Mtt ky J}lè rj`r

`r am`yr 22888 xmfxam èb xmtj`xy `y lè{ `y ;:888 xmfxam bkm ke

jfyxkrày mìj {m t `y ` tmy}ar fc lmbkià mttfty rj`r if}ab j`sm dmme

xtmsmermb *KFL 0;;;+% Iflx`tmb rf rjm ]%Y bm`rj rfaa fc 4883 rjmym

e}ldmty ~f}ab yflm~jmtm tèo ke dmr~mme bm`rjy d{ ymxrkimlk` èb

xem}lfek`% Bm`rjy d{ xtmsmer`dam mttfty ke jfyxkrày `tm yrkaa efr yr`rmb ke rjm

Imermt cft Bkym`ym Ifertfa èb Xtmsmerkfe tmxftry *Jmtfe Jf{mtr # L}txj{488;+%

Ke rjfym `tm`y fc rjm jfyxkrà ~jkij `ccftb jknja{ kes`yksm rtm`rlmer e`lma{

èmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm i`tm }ekry mttfty ef l`rrmt jf~ ylàa rjm{ lknjr

ymml iè j`sm ` jknja{ `bsmtym mccmir fe rjm x`rkmery f}riflm% Sàmerke

I`xx}wwf N}kbmr Lftmef mr Lmrekrw èà{wmb lmbki`rkfe mttfty fe 009

kermeyksm i tm }ekry ke 4> if}ertkmy fsmt ` xmtkfb fc 42 jf}ty% Rjmtm ~mtm :30

tmxftrmb lmbki`rkfe mttfty ifllkrrmb% Lfyr ifeykyrmb fc lmbki`rkfe dmken

nksme `r rjm ~tfen rklm% Jf~msmt rjm{ àyf keia}bmb ~tfen x`rkmer xtfb}ir

bfym ft msme ~tfen tf}rm ke ymsme xmtimer fc àa if}ermb mttfty% Yflm x`rkmery

mzxmtkmeimb msme r~f ft lftm mttfty ~krjke ` b`{% @yy}lken rj`r lfyr fc rjm

lmbki`rkfe iè dm j`tlc}a ft msme bm`ba{ msme ~jme }ymb ifttmira{ rjmym b`r`

kebki`rm rj`r bènmtf}ya{ mlmtnken keikbmery `tm ~`krken rf j`xxme *Sàmerke mr

à% 488;+%

Rjm KFL bmckemy lmbkià mttfty `y rjm c`ka}tm fc xaèemb ìrkfe rf dm

iflxamrmb `y kermebmb ft rjm }ym fc ` ~tfen xaè rf ìjkmsm è `kl% C}trjmt

fe rjm{ y`{ Jknj mttft t`rmy ~krj ymtkf}y ifeymp}meimy `tm lfyr akoma{ rf

fii}t ke kermeyksm i`tm }ekry èb fxmt`rken tffly *KFL 0;;;+%


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, = ,

Rjm p}myrkfe ky efr kc c}eirkfeken xaèeken ky emmbmb cft xtfxmt itkyky

lè`nmlmer d}r t`rjmt jf~ fem iè nmr rjm cftlà rt`keken rf ìp}ktm rjm

emmbmb yokaay èb xtfxmtrkmy `y ` rm`l cft rjm dmrrmt fc rjm x`rkmer% Ke

jmàrji`tm `y ke `sk rkfe itm~,imermtmb Itkyky Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer *ITL+

lknjr dm fem }ymc}a rffa% ITL yjf~mb rf dm rt}m rj`r rjky okeb fc xtmx`t`rkfe ky

yxmikcki cft mìj keb}yrt{ kc efr msme cft mìj ftnèkw`rkfe *L}yyfe #

Jmaltmkij 4882+%

Ke 0;:; N`d` mr% à% bmsmafxmb rjm cktyr èmyrjmyk` ykl}a`rkfe y{yrml keyxktmb

d{ `sk`rkfe y`cmr{ èb `bfxrmb rjm yf iàamb Ifioxkr Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer rf

rjm cftlà rt`keken ifeimxr `y @emyrjmyk` Itkyky Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer% Rjm{

bmsmafxmb ` y{yrml fc 0= om{ xfkery rf tmcamir fe rjm lmbkià `yxmiry `y ~maa

`y fe nmemtà xtkeikxamy cft itkyky lè`nmlmer rj`r `xxa{ rf rjm iflxamzkr{ fc

mlmtnmei{ ykr}`rkfey *Lkaamt 488;+%

Frjmt jknj,j`w`tb keb}yrtkmy àtm`b{ `xxa{ rm`l,rt`keken `y ` tmp}ktmb

iflxfemer% Lftnè yr`rmb `y ` tmy}ar fc ` bmyitkxrksm yr}b{7 ykl}a rkfe

xtfskbmy è kbmà sme}m cft xtìrkiken ~krjf}r tkyo `r è{ amsma fc lmbkià

mb}i`rkfe èb rjm c}r}tm ~kaa xtfd`da{ mzxèb rjm }ym fc ykl}a`rkfe ke jknj,tkyo`tm`y y}ij `y rjm fxmt`rken tffl bmaksmt{ tffl rt`}l` tffl bky`yrmt

lmbkikem itkrkià i`tm lmbkikem èb mlmtnmei{ lmbkikem `y fea{ yflm

mz`lxamy *Lftnè # Iam`sm,Jfnn 488=+%

4%4% Fdgmirksmy

Cft fsmt 48 {m`ty ef~ rjmtm j`sm dmme cftlà ifeimxry oef~e rj`r iè dm

`xxakmb rf rjm iflxamz ckmab fc itkyky lè`nmlmer ke èmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm

i`tm% Rjm yokaay èb oef~ambnm iè dm ìp}ktmb ke ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmery

~krjf}r x}rrken x`rkmery rf tkyo% J}lè X`rkmer Ykl}a`rkfe ky bmsmafxken t`xkba{

`y rjm rmijekià xfyykdkakrkmy iferke}m rf mzxèb% Rjm x}txfym fc rjky tmskm~ ky

rf yjf~ ~j`r ykl}a`rkfe iè bf cft rjm rt`keken fc èmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm,i`tm

e}tymy%


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, 3 ,

Kr r`tnmry mkrjmt cì}ar{ xaèeken rf klxamlmer ykl}a`rkfe ~krjke rjmkt e}tyken

i}ttki}a` ft e}tymy ~jf xa e rf ròm x`tr ke ` ykl}a rmb rt keken% Lmldmty fc

dfrj ntf}xy l`{ ~èr rf n`rjmt lftm kecftl`rkfe `df}r rjm `xxakmb xtkeikxamy%

Mccmirksm }ymty fc ykl}a rkfe ~kaa emmb rf fxme }x rf j}lè cìrfty èb itm rm

yrèb`tby cft ifll}eki`rkfe `df}r y`cmr{ ifeimtey rf myr`dakyj ` yj`tmb

lmerà lfbma èb ìimxr`dam ~`{y rf itfyy,ijmio èb ijàamenm f}tymasmy

*L}yyfe # Jmaltmkij 4882+%

4%9% Lmrjfby

@ akrmt r}tm tmskm~ ~`y }ebmtròme fe IKE@JA FSKB èb X}d LMB rf kbmerkc{

`trkiamy ctfl 0;;8 }x rf 4808 tma`rken rf rjm cfaaf~ken om{~ftby7 ykl}a`rkfe

x`rkmer y cmr{ ITL Itm~ tmyf}tim lè`nmlmer Itkyky tmyf}tim

lè`nmlmer , èmyrjmyk rt keken YD@T jknj ckbmakr{ kermeyksm i`tm ,

mlmtnmei{ j}lè x`rkmer ykl}a rkfe , `bsmtym msmery lmbki`rkfe mttfty

mttfty% C}trjmtlftm tma rmb dffoy ~mtm r ome kerf tmskm~% Akrmt`r}tm rj`r bkb efr

tma`rm rf ykl}a`rkfe am`teken jmàrj,i`tm ft `sk`rkfe ~`y mzia}bmb%

4%2% Nfày

Fem nfà fc rjky tmskm~ ky rf t`kym `~ tmemyy ifeimteken j}lè c irfty ke

jfyxkrà ftnèkw`rkfey èb fc ~`{y rf rt`ke e}tymy cft rjm ifxken ~krj bkccki}ar

mlmtnmei{ ykr}`rkfey% @emyrjmyk` èb Kermeyksm,I`tm e}tymy iè nmr cftlà

rt`keken ke itkyky lè`nmlmer ke jknj,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmery% @crmt

t`xkba{ bmsmafxken ke ymsmtà bktmirkfey rjmtm ymmly rf dm ` ifeymey}y fc

s`tkf}y `yxmiry fc ykl}a`rkfe tma`rken rf bmckekrkfe fc ckbmakr{ j`tb~`tm ymrrken

cìkakr`rkfe èb bmdtkmcken rmijekp}my `y ~maa `y yime`tkfy bmyknemb rf itm rm `

y}iimyyc}a am`teken mzxmtkmeim ~jkam `xxa{ken tmamsèr rjmftkmy% @r rjm b`~e fc

rjm cf}trj lfsmlmer _\ kr ky `xx`tmer rj`r }yken ykl}a`rkfe ke jmàrj i`tm èb

e}tyken mb}i`rkfe j`y nfem dm{feb rjm e}ry èb dfary fc jf~ rf itm`rm `

ykl}a`rkfe imermt èb j`y xtfntmyymb rf msà}`rkfe fc rmìjken xtìrkimy èb

yijfa`tyjkx%


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, > ,

Lè{ }ymty fc ykl}a`rkfe rmijefafn{ `tm itkrkiàa{ msà}`rken rjm rmìjken èb

am`teken akrmt`r}tm èb `tm lmtnken rjky dfb{ fc oef~ambnm ~krj rjm xtìrkimy

ifeb}irken ykl}a`rkfe *J`tbmt 488;+%

@efrjmt nfà fc rjky tmskm~ ky rf yjf~ rj`r rjm y}iimyyc}a ìiflxakyjlmer fc è

mlmtnmei{ ykr}`rkfe ky à~`{y ` xtfb}ir fc ` ~maa ifeb}irmb rm`l mccftr èb

rjmtmcftm e}tymy l}yr dm x`tr fc è{ rm`l,rt`keken ke mkrjmt èmyrjmyk` ft

kermeyksm i`tm% Ke `sk`rkfe ITL j`y mzkyrmb cft 98 {m`ty èb `y ` tmy}ar fc rjm

ijènm ke itm~ rt`keken rjmtm ~mtm lè{ ijènmy ifeimteken y`cmr{ i}ar}tm ke

b`ka{ tf}rkem%

9% ^j`r ky ykl}a`rkfe ke jmàrj,i`tm6

9%0% Bmckekrkfe

Rjm A`rke ~ftb ykl}a`tm lmèy rf xtmrmeb ft if}ermtcmkr% Rjm Fzcftb

Bkirkfe`t{ fc I}ttmer Menakyj fccmty ` c}trjmt lmèken fc ykl}a`rkfe mzxakikra{ rf

tmxtfb}im rjm ifebkrkfey *fc ` ykr}`rkfe+ m%n% cft rt`keken *Rjflxyfe 0;;3+% Ke

e}tyken mb}i`rkfe ykl}a`rkfe ky ` rmijekp}m rf tmxaki`rm tmà x`rkmer

mzxmtkmeimy ke è kermtìrksm lèemt *^`zlè # Rmaamy 488;+% Yijk`sme`rf

*488;+ bmckemy ykl}a`rkfe `y rmijekp}my }ymb rf tmxtmymer e}tyken xtfimyymy

èb ìrkfey ke è mb}i`rkfe a ifermzr%

9%4% Amsmay fc ckbmakr{

Ckbmakr{ lm`y}tmy jf~ tmà ` ykl}a`rkfe y{yrml ky lmèken rf ~jkij mzrmer

ifebkrkfey fc tmàkr{ iè dm tmxtmymermb% Af~,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe cft mz`lxam

l`{ dm ` yklxam lfbma fc ` akld tmxtmymerken rjm smyyma yrt}ir}tm ke ` j}lè

cftm`tl rf rt`ke x}eir}tm rmijekp}my% Rjfym lfbmay l`{ dm }ymc}a cft rjm

rt`keken fc ` yxmikàkwmb yokaa d}r rjm{ bf efr tmxtmymer tmàkr{ ke kry rklm,d`ymb

kermtìrksm èb b{e`lki e`r}tm% Af~,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe if}ab àyf dm ` xme,èb,

x`xmt i`ym,yr}b{ *Gmcctkmy # Tkwwfaf 4883+%


9/47


, : ,

Lmbk}l,ckbmakr{ ykl}a rkfe klxamlmery kermtìrksm èb b{e`lki mamlmery rf

tmitm`rm rjm bmlèbken mesktfelmer fc ` jfyxkrà ymrrken d{ }yken keyrt}irmb

x`rkmer ìrfty mìj ~krj rjmkt f~e jkyrft{ èb c}tekr}tm tmymldaken rjm

~ftoxa im y}ttf}ebkeny% Ctfl rjky amsma rjtf}nj keitm`yken amsmay fc ckbmakr{

mlfrkfeà `yxmiry yr`tr rf j`sm keca}meim fe dmj`skft èb xmtcftlèim%

Rjmtmcftm cìkakr`rken èb bmdtkmcken rmijekp}my iè dm `xxakmb *Ia`xxmt 4808+%

Ke rjm yfxjkyrki`rmb jknj,ckbmakr{ j}lè x`rkmer ykl}a`rkfe ` iflx}rmt,y{yrml ky

}ymb rf tmxtmymer xj{ykfafnki dmj`skfty rjtf}nj ` lèkoke rf bktmira{

bmlfeyrt`rm rjm mccmiry fc dmj`skft èb rtm`rlmer meìrmb d{ rjm x`trkikxèry%

Rjm amsma fc ckbmakr{ ky y}xxftrmb d{ tmd}kabken è fxmt`rken,tffl ft è

kermeyksm,i`tm,y}ttf}ebken *ymm Ckn}tm 0+% Rjm ykenam yime`tkfy tm mldmbbmb

ke Ykl}a`rmb Iakekià Mzxmtkmeimy *YIM+ nksken ` afnkià yrft{ }ebmta{ken mìj

ykl}a`rkfe rf mejèim rjm mccmir fc kllmtykfe yf rj`r x`trkikxèry iè ìr `y kc

rjky mzxmtkmeim ~f}ab dm tmà%

@arjf}nj rjky tmskm~ ky cfi}ymb fe jknj,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe rjmtm ky ` rtmeb fc

jf}yken s`tkf}y ykl}a`rkfe rmijekp}my ke fem }ekr *Lftnè # Iam`sm,Jfnn

488=+% Kr ymmly mzxakikra{ klxftrèr efr rf y}xxftr è mzkyrken l{rj rj`r jknjmt

amsmay fc ykl}a`rkfe ckbmakr{ am`b rf keitm`ymb rt`keken mccmirksmemyy *D`}dkme #Dòmt 4882+%

@y ~m j`sm ymme jknj,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe y{yrmly à~`{y xtfimyy skrà

x`t`lmrmty rf xtmymer ijènmy fc rjm x`rkmer ykr}`rkfe rf rjm x`trkikxèry }yken

` j}lèfkb lèemp}ke èb `rrìjmb lfekrftken% Rjm ifllmtikà xtfb}iry

i}ttmera{ `s`ka dam s`t{ ke rjm ~`{y rjmym b r` `tm xtmymermb% Rjmtm `tm

bkccmtmeimy ke lmèy fc bk`nefyrki èb rjmt`xm}rki lèm}smty rj`r iè dm

`xxakmb keia}bken y}ij cìrfty y}ij `y kert`smef}y ca}kb lè`nmlmer

bt`ke`nmy `s`ka`dam x}aymy x}xka tmìrkfey ijènmy fc yoke ifaft èb yf fe% @

l}ark,imermtmb yr}b{ fe 289 yr}bmery yjf~mb ef yknekckièr bkccmtmeim ke

am`teken ~jme rt`keken fe ` yr`rki lèemp}ke iflx`tmb rf ` jknj,ckbmakr{

y{yrml% Tmyxfebken fe rjm Ykl}a rkfe Bmykne Yiàm rjm{ bkb j`sm ` ntm rmt

ymeym fc tmàkr{ èb ` lftm y`rkyc{ken am`teken mzxmtkmeim%


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, ; ,

Rjm e}tyken yr}bmery ròken x`tr ke rjm c}aa,yiàm jknj,ckbmakr{ j}lè x`rkmer

ykl}a`rkfe j`b ` ntm`rmt ymeym fc dmken kesfasmb ke bksmtym ~`{y fc am`teken

èb rjm{ sà}mb rjky mb}i`rkfeà xtìrkim lftm rjè rjm r~f frjmt ntf}xy

e`lma{ ` ntf}x rt`keken fe ` yr`rki lèemp}ke èb ` ntf}x rt`kemb ~krj ` xme

èb x`xmt i`ym yr}b{ fea{ *Gmcctkmy # Tkwwfaf 4883+%

Ckn}tm 0% Yijml`rki bt`~ken fc rjm ymr}x cft skbmf,`yykyrmb jknj,ckbmakr{

ykl}a`rkfe? ^jkam fem itm~ ky ke rjm ykl}a rkfe tffl xtìrkiken fe ` yime`tkf?

cìkakr`rfty `tm ifertfaaken rjm ykl}a rkfe y{yrml% Rjm frjmt x`trkikxèry iè

~`rij rjm i}ttmera{ ìrksm ntf}x me`damb d{ aksm `}bkfsky}à rtèylkyykfe rf rjm

bmdtkmcken tffl% @crmt rjm ifeb}ir fc rjm yime`tkf rjm cìkakr`rfty èb rjm itm~

kllmbk`rma{ lfsm rf rjm bmdtkmcken tffl ~jmtm rjm{ iè ~`rij tmamsèr

yimemy ctfl rjm tmiftbmb ymyykfe% @b`xrmb ctfl Tàa # Bkmiolèe ke Lkaamty

@emyrjmyk >rj mbkrkfe Maymskmt 488;%


11/47


, 08 ,

9%9% Lfbma,d`ymb sy% Fe,rjm,ca{

@efrjmt bkyrken}kyjken cm`r}tm bmckemy rjm ~`{ xtfimyymb b`r` `tm keca}meimb

d{ rjm keyrt}irft% Mkrjmt rjm keyrt}irft j`y rf kebktmira{ lè`nm rjm b`r` sk`

ca}kby èb bt}ny d`ymb fe ` xj{ykfafnki,lfbma ft mermty ` r`tnmr sà}m fe,

rjm,ca{ ~jkij lmèy bktmira{ kerf rjm y{yrml ìimxrken rj`r x`trkikxèry if}ab

ymm è keyrèr }exj{ykfafnki ijènm ke rjm lèemp}key x`t`lmrmty% Ef

akrmt`r}tm if}ab dm cf}eb kc rjmtm ky ft ky efr keca}meim fe rjm am`teken

mzxmtkmeim rjtf}nj rjm klxamlmer`rkfe fc ` xj{ykfafnki,lfbma% Rjky `yxmir

`~`kry c}trjmt tmym`tij àrjf}nj kr bfmy lòm ` bkccmtmeim ke yrmmtken rjm

~jmma lmèken rjm ~`{ èb mccftr cft rjm keyrt}irfty rf nmr rjm kermebmb

x`t`lmrmt sà}my fe yitmme *Gfemy 488;+%

9%2% Rjm mccmir fc kllmtykfe

^jmemsmt x`trkikxèry mzxmtkmeim jknj,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe rjm nfà yjf}ab dm rf

amr rjml meìr è `y kc dmj`skft èb `rrkr}bm èb tfam,xa`{ken ymmly rf dm

è myymerkà x`tr fc kr% Mìj x`trkikxèr xmtimksmy tmàkr{ fe ` bkccmtmer amsma `y

bf rjm keyrt}irfty%

Msmt{ xmtyfe ~kaa dtken jky f~e ct`lm fc kermtxtmr`rkfe rf rjm `trkckikàa{,tmà

ymrrken% Myxmikàa{ ~jme xmfxam j`sm rjm cmmaken fc j`sken c`kamb rjm{ lknjr

~èr rf tmgmir rjm mzxmtkmeim% Yflm l`{ msme kbmerkc{ rjm ykl}a rkfe `y

}etmà dmi`}ym rjm{ `tm }ej`xx{ ~krj rjmkt xmtcftlèim *Bkmiolèe 488=+%

Rjm lflmer rjm x`trkikxèr dmnkey rf cftnmr rj`r rjky ky efr ` tmà x`rkmer ky

~jme kllmtykfe ròmy fsmt yf ~m `tm efr yf l}ij ràoken `df}r tfam,xa`{ken

d}r lftm `df}r tfam,dmken% Rjm{ ìimxr rjm tmàkr{ fc rjm ykl}a`rkfe èb yr`tr

rf ìr akom rjky mzxmtkmeim ~`y }ebmt tmà ifebkrkfey%


12/47


, 00 ,

Gmcctkmy mr à% *4883+ kbmerkckmb tfam `yyknelmer *mkrjmt xtkl`t{ e}tym fem ft

ymifeb`t{ e}tym+ `y ` yknekckièr keca}meiken cìrft fe jf~ y}iimyyc}a ` rt`keken

mzxmtkmeim iè dm rtèycmttmb kerf ifeckbmeim èb `yymtrksmemyy rf jèbam

c}r}tm ykr}`rkfey% Ke rjm Gmcctkmy yr}b{ 9;= yr}bmery ~mtm `yomb `df}r rjmkt ymac

xmtimksmb g}bnlmer xmtcftlèim xtfskbken kecftl`rkfe `df}r yr}bmery

xmtimxrkfey fc rjmkt iakekià xmtcftlèim ke rjm ykl}a`rkfe% Ctfl rjm cf}t

`s`ka`dam tfamy ke rjm yime`tkf rjm tfam fc e}tym 0 èb rjm yknekckièr frjmt t`rmb

rjmlymasmy yknekckièra{ jknjmt rjè e}tym 4 ft rjm fdymtsmt% Rjmtm ymmlmb rf

dm bkccmtmer nt`bmy fc kesfasmlmer d{ mìj kebkskb}à bmxmebken fe rjm

`yyknemb tfam b}tken ykl}a`rkfe%

@y ` ifeia}ykfe rjm `}rjfty y}xxftr rjm skm~ rj`r kllmtykfe ke ` ykl}a`rkfe

xtfskbmy rjm fxxftr}ekr{ rf `xxa{ èb y{erjmykwm oef~ambnm ke ` tmàkyrki èb

eferjtm`rmeken mesktfelmer èb ke `bbkrkfe ~jme yr}bmery `tm lftm ìrksm

èb kllmtymb ke ` am`teken ykr}`rkfe rjm cmmbdìo rjm{ tmimksm _\ iè ntm`ra{

cìkakr`rm rjmkt am`teken *Gmcctkmy # Tkwwfaf 4883+% Ykl}a`rkfe `y ` rm`l,d`ymb

am`teken ìrkskr{ me`damy rjm x`trkikxèry rf ~fto rfnmrjmt rf yfasm xtfdamly ke

` ykr}`rkfe èb yj`tm ke rjm bmikykfe,lòken xtfimyy *Gmcctkmy # Tkwwfaf 4883+%

Rjky l`{ dm rjm l`ke `bsèr`nm rj`r ke ifert`yr rf xme èb x`xmt i`ym yr}bkmy

ft x`tr,r`yo rt`keken `y _jknj,ckbmakr{\ ykl}a`rkfe iè xtflfrm ifaa`dft`rksm

am`teken `lfen yr}bmery keyrt}irfty èb frjmt jmàrj,i`tm xtfcmyykfeày rf

xtfskbm è mesktfelmer ke ~jkij msmt{fem ~ftoy rfnmrjmt lklkioken ~j`r ky

ìr}àa{ bfem ke tmà akcm *Gmcctkmy 4882+%

2% ^j{ rt`ke èmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm,i`tm e}tymy6

Ke ` rm`l,d`ymb kermt,xtfcmyykfeà `xxtfìj `y ~m mzxmtkmeim ke lfyr iakekià

ykrmy myxmikàa{ b}tken mlmtnmei{ ykr}`rkfey kr ky lfyr klxftrèr rj`r àa

lmldmty fc rjm rm`l yj`tm rjm y`lm lmerà lfbma *L}yyfe # Jmaltmkij

4882+%


13/47


, 04 ,

Jf~msmt kr `xxm`ty ctfl l}arkxam ìif}ery èb rjm mzxmtkmeim fc f}t f~e èb

frjmt tmym`tij ntf}xy rjm klxamlmer`rkfe fc y}ij xtfnt`ly ky `y iflxamz `

p}myrkfe `y ~j`r rf rt`ke *L}yyfe # Jmaltmkij 4882+% Rjmtmcftm èmyrjmyk`

èb kermeyksm,i`tm e}tymy yjf}ab dm rt`kemb ke ykl}a`rfty `y x`tr fc rjm rm`l

rt`keken rfnmrjmt ~krj rjmkt f~e ifaam`n}my èb àa frjmt kesfasmb xtfcmyykfeày

tmymldaken rjm b`ka{ ~ftoken tf}rkem%

Iflx`tmb rf lfbmte lmbkià rt`keken ~jmtm kr iè dm y`kb rj`r rjm x}ty}kr cft

y`cm x`rkmer i`tm èb rjmtmcftm rjm emmb rf ìp}ktm iflxmrmeim _\ j`y c}mamb

rjm bmsmafxlmer èb klxamlmer`rkfe fc mb}i`rkfeà rmijekp}my y}ij `y

ykl}a`rkfe _\ ke e}tyken mb}i`rkfe rjky xtfntmyykfe bfmy efr `xxm`t rf dm `y

e`r}tà ft `y y}iikeir% @ ifjmyksm kbmfafn{ ky aìoken cft rjm smt{ mzkyrmeim fc

ykl}a`rkfe ke e}tyken mb}i`rkfe% Yijk`sme rf *488;+ y}nnmyry yflm tm`yfey

~j{ e}tymy yjf}ab mzxmtkmeim ykl}a`rkfe7

X`rkmer y`cmr{

Bmitm`ymb fxxftr}ekrkmy cft iakekià xtìrkim

E}tyken cì}ar{ yjftr`nm

Keitm`ymb iakekià iflxamzkr{

Rmijefafn{ rtmeb

Fc if}tym rjmtm `tm lftm `yxmiry ~jkij yrkaa `~`kr c}trjmt tmym`tij% @yy}lken

ykl}a`rkfe rt`keken iè dm }ymb rf mejèim e}tyken yr cc iferke}ken

bmsmafxlmer `y ` ifeymp}meim `bjmtmeim rf iakekià xtfrfifay klxtfsmb

y{lxrfl lè`nmlmer xtmsmerkfe èb tmb}irkfe fc `bsmtym msmery tmb}irkfe

ke j}lè tmyf}tim ifyry b}m rf klxtfsmb tmrmerkfe fc e}tymy l`{ ~maa tmy}ar*Ifsmaa 488;+%


14/47


, 09 ,

2%0% E}tymy `y xtfcmyykfeà mzxmtry

Kr ròmy p}krm yflm rklm }erka ` e}tym tmìjmy rjm mzxmtr amsma èb àa rjky

mzxmtrkym ky yrkaa n`kemb d{ xtìrkiken fe tmà x`rkmery% @arjf}nj xtfntmyykfe

àfen rjm iferke}}l ky efr rklm bmxmebmer mzxmtr e}tymy r{xkiàa{ j`sm `

lkekl}l fc = {m`ty ft lftm fc mzxmtkmeim% @y ` tmy}ar àrjf}nj x`rkmer i`tm

emmby bmlèb è mzxmtr e}tym fcrme rjmtm ky ` efe,mzxmtr `r rjm dmbykbm

*D}ttkr # Yrmioma 488;+%

Ke rjky jknja{ bmlèbken mesktfelmer fc ` lfbmte Kermeyksm I`tm ]ekr ft è

Fxmt`rken Tffl l`kea{ bflke`rmb d{ ` c`yr,xìmb ijènm e}tymy bf emmb

rf nmr y}xxftr d{ cftlà rt`keken% Kr ky mzxmirmb rj`r rjm mzxèbmb }ym fc

ykl}a`rkfe ke e}tyken mb}i`rkfe ~kaa cìkakr`rm keitm`ymb am`teken èb yokaa

rtèycmt ~jme yr}bmery i`tm cft x`rkmery ke rfb`{hy iflxamz jmàrj i`tm

mesktfelmer *Gmcctkmy # Tkwwfaf 4883+% Rjmtm ymmly rf dm ` aìo fc b`r` rj`r

ìr}àa{ lm`y}tmy rjm klxìr fe x`rkmer y`cmr{ b}m rf rjm iflxamz e`r}tm fc

j}lè cìrfty d}r ykl}a`rkfe ky ` sk`dam fxrkfe rf àaf~ cft iferke}kr{ ke

mb}i`rkfeà mzxmtkmeimy% E}tym mb}i`rfty j`sm mldtìmb rjky lmrjfb `y `

~`{ rf rmìj mlxf~mt yr}bmery èb xtflfrm itkrkià rjkeoken bmyxkrm rjm aìofc yr}bkmy sàkb`rken rjky rmìjken lmrjfb *Yijfmeken Ykrremt # Rfbb 4883+%

2%4% E}tymy `y `b}ar am`temty

Ifeykbmtken e}tymy `y `b}ar am`temty rjm{ j`sm rjm tm`bkemyy rf am`te èb

ntf~ ftkmer`rkfe rf rjm bmsmafxlmerà r`yoy fc rjmkt yfikà tfamy èb rjm

kermteà lfrks`rkfe rf am`te `y afen `y rjm{ oef~ ~j{ yflmrjken yjf}ab dm

am`temb% C}trjmt kr ky lfyr klxftrèr rj`r rjm mzxmtkmeim bfmy efr cfi}y fe

msà}`rkfe d}r keyrm`b fe `yymyylmer rj`r klxtfsmy xtìrkim cfaaf~ken rjm

ifeimxr fc Làifal Oef~amy èbt`nfn{ *Ia`xxmt 4808+% Rjm ykl}a`rkfe

a`dft`rft{ if}ab msmer}àa{ bmsmafx `y rjm kermtcìm rjm fem xaìm ~jmtm

rjm `b}ar iakeki a mzxmtr i`rijmy }x ~krj rjm yrèb`tby dtf}njr }x èb

bmsmafxmb d{ p}àkckmb cìkakr rfty sàkb tmym`tij *Ctmyj~`rmt 4889+%


15/47


, 02 ,

2%9% E}tymy `y rm`l lmldmty

Ke ` tmimer Em~ [fto Rklmy `trkiam ` {f}en tmykbmer bmyitkdmy jmt cktyr

mzxmtkmeim ke ` ykl}a`rft,d`ymb rt`keken ~jkij tmlkebmb jmt fc rjm Rjtmm

Yrffnmy ke ~jkrm if`ry% Fem tmykbmer yrffb `r rjm x`rkmerhy ykbm jfabken `

t}ddmt r}dm ke fem jèb èb ` y{tkenm ke rjm frjmt }ey}tm fc ~jkij rf }ym

cktyr% Rjm frjmt tmykbmer omxr d}lxken kerf rjm e}tymy èb rjm tmyxkt`rft{

rjmt`xkyr `y jm xìmb àfenykbm rjm x`rkmer% K ~`rijmb l{ymac yrèbken `r rjm

jm`b fc rjm dmb l}ldaken ftbmty rj`r ef fem if}ab jm`t%

Ke ` da`lken mesktfelmer ~krjke rjm df}eb`tkmy fc iakekià mzxmir`rkfey rjky

keikbmer ~f}ab yflmjf~ dm yj`lmc}a arjf}nj ke è mzxa`keken mesktfelmer kr

ky g}yr ` xmtcmir mz`lxam cft j}lè cìrfty j`sken keca}meim fe rm`l~fto% Rjm

i`}ym cft rjky kemcckikmer dmj`skft ~`y efr ` aìo fc oef~ambnm d}r lmtma{ `

dtmò,bf~e fc am`bmtyjkx `rrkr}bm ifaa`dft`rkfe èb ifll}eki`rkfe% Frjmt

rjè rjm fem mzxmtkmeimb e}tym ke rjm tffl èb rjm ymekft y}tnmfe ~jf

yjf~mb }x 08 lke}rmy kerf rjm tmy}yikr`rkfe ef fem ymmlmb rf oef~ ~j`r rf

bf ft jf~ rf ifftbke`rm rjmkt ìrkfey ~krj msmt{fem maymy *Ijme 4808+%

R~f p}myrkfey ctfl rjky em~yx`xmt `trkiam `tkym èb tml`ke }eèy~mtmb%

Cktyr ~j{ bkb rjm mzxmtkmeimb e}tym efr ròm fsmt am`bmtyjkx èb ymifeb

~j{ bkb mcckikmer jmax efr ttksm m`takmt6 J}lè cìrfty `tm efr tma`rmb rf f}t

yikmerkcki oef~ambnmd`ym `df}r meif}ermtmb xjmeflme` d}r lftm jf~ ~m

`xxa{ rjmft{ rf ` iflxamz èb b{e`lki mesktfelmer% Rjm{ `tm mlmtnken ctfl

f}t ifebkrkf j}lè` ~jkij lmèy rjm aklkr`rkfey ~m mzxmtkmeim d{ rjm cìr

rj`r ~m `tm fea{ j}lè dmkeny *Ntmme 4882+%

Rjm p}myrkfe ky jf~ ~m y}iimyyc}aa{ ftnèkwm àa `s`ka`dam tmyf}timy efr

bmyxkrm dmken j}lè d}r kermnt`rken rjky ikti}lyrèim `y ` cìrft% Tmyf}timy

keia}bm àa xmfxam kesfasmb ~krj rjmkt yokaay `dkakrkmy èb `rrkr}bmy `y ~maa `y

rjmkt aklkr`rkfey ke `bbkrkfe rf mp}kxlmer *Tàa # Bkmiolèe 488=+%


16/47


, 0= ,

Kc è{ fc rjm rm`ly aklkr`rkfey tml`ke }e`xxtfìjmb rjmkt xaè `y ` ~jfam

lknjr efr dm `y mcckikmer `y xfyykdam% Rjm d`ttkmty rf mccmirksm rm`l~fto iè

dm e`ttf~mb bf~e rf xtfdamly ke rjm cf}t `tm`y bmyitkdmb _%%\7 am`bmtyjkx

`rrkr}bm ifaa`dft`rkfe èb ifll}eki`rkfe% @ dtmòbf~e ke è{ fc rjmym cf}t

`tm`y iè itm`rm kyy}my emmbken rf dm tmyfasmb *Xjkaakxy 488;+%

=% Jf~ rf rt`ke e}tymy ke ` ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmer6

Amyy ky oef~e `df}r ykl}a`rkfe ke e}tyken mb}i`rkfe rjè ky klxakmb d{ kry

ymmlkena{ }eksmtyà `bfxrkfe% Yflm jknj,ckbmakr{ lèemp}key j`sm dmme oef~e

rf r}te kerf akrram lftm rjè mzxmeyksm dmb ~mknjry *Yijk`sme`rf 488;+% Feim

rjm bmikykfe ky l`bm rf rt`ke e}tymy ke ` ykl}a`rft rjm p}myrkfe ky ~jkij

am`teken nfày yjf}ab dm ìiflxakyjmb èb jf~ rf cìkakr`rm rjm emmbmb

am`teken mccmiry6

Kr ~f}ab ymml rj`r e}tymy iferke}ken bmsmafxlmer rjtf}nj lmèy fc

ykl}a`rkfe yrkaa `~`kry c}trjmt tmym`tij% Ke lfyr fc rjm tmrtkmsmb akrmt`r}tm

bmyitkdken mlxktkià b r` }ebmtnt`b} rm yflmrklmy nt`b}`rm e}tyken yr}bmery

lòm }x rjm yr}b{ xfx}a`rkfe% Rjm bmsmafxlmer fc yrèb`tby cft e}tymy

iferke}ken xtfcmyykfeà bmsmafxlmer ke ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmery yrkaa ymmly rf

dm ke rjm dmnkeeken%

=%0% Yime`tkf bmykne

T`rjmt rjè rjkeoken fc rjm jmàrji`tm ftnèkw`rkfe `y ` ifenaflmt`rm fc }ekry

rjkeo fc kr `y ` y{yrml ` ifldke`rkfe fc xtfimyymy xmfxam èb frjmttmyf}timy rj`r ~ftoken rfnmrjmt ìjkmsm è meb *Yij{sm 488;+% Kc rjky

y{yrml ky `bmp}`rma{ c`lkak`t rf rjm keyrt}irfty kr yjf}ab dm da}mxtker cft rjm

yime`tkfy bmyknemb%


17/47


, 03 ,

Lfyr fc rjm tmskm~mb akrmt`r}tm rtm`ry rjm rt`keken fc yr}bmery ke xtmx`t`rkfe cft

rjmkt em~ gfdy yf rjm l`ke nfà ky fcrme rf rt`ke xtfimb}tmy rj`r rjm rt`kemmy

nmr mzxfymb rf fe ` ymabfl d`yky *Dèrw Bèimt Jfbyfe,I tarfe # Sè

Jfsm 488>+% Rjm ifermer fc rt`keken ky c}trjmtlftm fcrme bktmirmb d{ rjm

camzkdkakr{ fc rjm `s`ka`dam mp}kxlmer *Lftnè Xkrrkek # Tmnmjt 488>+%

Kr ymmly p}krm ymabfl *Da}l 4882+ *Ykrremt Yijl`bmtmt # Wkeemtlè 488;+

rj`r keyrt}irfty j`sm rjm xfyykdkakr{ rf bmykne if}tymy ke è msà}`rkfe d`ymb

ymac,tmcamirmb lèemt ke rjm ymeym fc ` r kaft,l`bm yfa}rkfe cft rjm kebkskb}à

dtèij fc rjm ftnèkw rkfe *L}yyfe # Jmaltmkij 4882+%

Yime`tkf bmyknemty l}yr dm i`tmc}a `df}r rj`r dmi`}ym ifeykbmt`rkfey cft rjm

`xxaki`rkfe fc ykl}a`rkfe ke e}tyken mb}i`rkfe l}yr `r rjm smt{ am`yr keia}bm kry

ifeimxr}àkw`rkfe dm{feb ` ykenam xtfb}ir ft rmijefafn{ amyr rj`r xtfb}ir ft

rmijefafn{ dmiflm rjm ifeimxr krymac *Yijk`sme`rf 488;+%

Jkioy Ifom # Ak mlxj`ykwm ke rjmkt yr}b{ rj`r ke `bbkrkfe rf rjm emmb cft jknj

mp}kxlmer,ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe tmp}ktmy xy{ijfafnkià ckbmakr{% Rjky tmcamiry rjm

bmntmm rf ~jkij rjm rt`kemm xmtimksmy rjm ykl}a`rkfe rf dm ` dmakms`damtmxtmymer`rkfe fc rjm tmàkr{ kr ky b}xaki`rken% Yr}bmery l`{ efr ròm kr ymtkf}ya{

ykeim lkyròmy ft mttfty j`sm ef tmà ifeymp}meimy fe x`rkmer y`cmr{%

Xy{ijfafnkià ckbmakr{ ky àyf klxftrèr rf `sfkb emn`rksm rtèycmt% Emn`rksm

Rtèycmt fii}ty kc rjm yr}bmery am`tey yflmrjken keifttmira{ b}m rf klxmtcmir

ykl}a`rkfe _\ dmi`}ym rjm keyrt}irft c`kay rf lòm iam`t rf rjm yr}bmery rjm

bkccmtmeimy dmr~mme rjmym rt`keken bmskim èb rjm tmà ykr}`rkfe *Jkioy mr à%

488;+%

^jme bmykneken ` yime`tkf fem yjf}ab àyf ròm kerf ifeykbmt`rkfe rj`r msmt{

ykenam r~kyr èb r}te i`}ymy ~ftoaf`b cft cì}ar{ èb x`trkikxèry èb ky `

yf}tim fc mttft b}tken ifeb}irkfe *Gfemy 488;+% Msmt{ tmifnekw`dam afnkià

dtmò ke rjm ykl}a`rkfey tmcmtmeim rf tmàkr{ i`ttkmy rjm tkyo fc tmb}iken rjm

mccmir fc kllmtykfe%


18/47


, 0> ,

Keyrt}irfty j`sm rf kbmerkc{ am`teken nfày `y ` tmy}ar fc ` rjftf}nj r`yo èà{yky

*J`llè 4882+ èb tmlmldmt rj r rjm x`trkikxèry `tm y kb rf ykr fe ` jfr

ym`r dmi`}ym rjmkt cìmy `tm da}yjmb d{ tmà smnmr`rksm yrtmyy tmyxfeymy%

Fem j`y rf ròm kerf ìif}er rj`r àrjf}nj rjm ykl}a`rmb mzxmtkmeim ky }etmà

rjm x`trkikxèry tmìrkfey `tm tmà% Dmcftm èb `crmt rjm mzxfy}tm rjmtm j`sm rf

dm yrt`rmnkmy rf jmax xmfxam rtèycftl rjmkt mlfrkfeà klxtmyykfey rf bmmxme

rjm am`teken mzxmtkmeim *@tefab 488;+% Rjky lmèy rj`r rjm itm`rkfe fc è

mesktfelmer ke ~jkij rt`kemmy cmma dfrj ijàamenmb èb xy{ijfafnkiàa{ y`cm

mef}nj rf men`nm ke tknftf}y tmcamirkfe yjf}ab dm rjm lèrt` fc àa cìkakr`rfty

rf àaf~ rt`kemmy rf mzxa`ke èà{wm èb y{erjmykwm kecftl`rkfe èb mlfrkfeà

yr`rmy rf klxtfsm xmtcftlèim ke yklka`t ykr}`rkfey *T}bfaxj 488>+%

=%4% ^ftoaf`b

Rjm nfà cft msmt{ ymyykfe yjf}ab dm rf xtflfrm ` xfykrksm mzxmtkmeim rj`r

am`by rf dmrrmt }ebmtyrèbken *Ia`xxmt 4808+% Rf cìkakr`rm ` y}iimyyc}a

mzxmtkmeim kr ymmly rf dm klxftrèr rf tmcamir fe jf~ `b}ary am`te% Ke y{erjmyky

fc Oef~amyy rjmft{ fc èbt`nfn{ èb LiIa}yo{y rjmft{ fc l`tnke ~m ~f}abdm `~`tm rj`r rjm{ ~kaa dm iflken rf rjm imermt ~krj lè{ frjmt tmyxfeykdkakrkmy

~mknjken jm`ska{ fe rjmkt lkeby% If}tymy èb ykl}a`rkfe mzxmtkmeimy j`sm rf

dm rklma{ ifesmekmer èb ìimyykdam rf m`ym rjm d}tbme fc lfsken rf rjky

am`teken mesktfelmer fe rjm frjmt jèb ~m am`te rj`r fsmtaf`bmb `b}ary ~kaa

bf àa rjm{ iè tmn`tbamyy fc rjm af`b rjm{ i`tt{ yf afen `y rjm{ skm~ rjfym

ìrkskrkmy `y myymerkà èb lmèkenc}a *Ia`xxmt 4808+%

Rj`r lmèy rj`r x`trkikxèry ~kaa nksm àa rjmkt dmyr `y afen `y rjm keyrt}irfty

iè cìkakr`rm }ymc}a am`teken mzxmtkmeimy rf klxtfsm xtìrkim% Kr àyf lmèy rj`r

{f} iè bmykne rjm yime`tkfy `y bmlèbken `y nffb `y {f}t yokaay `tm ke rjm

ymeym fc akeoken rjm ykl}a`rmb mzxmtkmeimy rf rjm tm a ~ftab% Rjmtmcftm kr ky lfyr

klxftrèr rf }ym yime`tkfy rj`r l`rij rjm x`trkikxèry yokaa amsma èb am`teken

emmby%


19/47


, 0: ,

=%9% Kbmerkcki`rkfe fc am`teken nfày

@y rjm ìr}à xtffc fc mccmirksmemyy cft ykl}a`rkfe d`ymb am`teken ky yrkaa lkyyken

kr ymmly msme lftm klxftrèr rf yxmeb tmyf}timy fe rjm ìr}à kbmerkcki`rkfe fc

am`teken nfày èb jf~ rf tmxtmymer rjml ~krjke ` sàkb ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmer%

Ia`tkr{ `df}r rjm fdgmirksmy fc è{ mb}i`rkfeà mzmtikym ky myymerkà èb rjm

ijfkim fc mb}i`rkfeà lmrjfb yjf}ab dm kecftlmb d{ rjm x`trki}a`t

ij`tìrmtkyrkiy fc rjm r`yo ke p}myrkfe efr d{ rjm cìr rj`r fem j`xxmey rf f~e `

ykl}a`rft *Lmtt{ 488>+%

@y lmerkfemb `dfsm if}tym ifermer ky lfyra{ bmckemb d{ i}ttki}a`t `yxmiry

`s`ka`dam mp}kxlmer èb a`yr d}r efr am`yr rjm cm`ykdkakr{ fc tmym`tij `y lfyr

`trkiamy yrkaa rt{ rf bmaksmt xtffc cft mccmirksmemyy fc ykl}a`rkfe krymac%

T`rjmt rjè ` ifeykyrmer rjmft{ ft }ekckmb kbmfafn{ am`bken rf cfi}ymb nfày

èb f}riflmy ~m j`sm ` ykr}`rkfe ~jmtm rjm rmijefafn{ krymac ky c}maken

`xxaki`rkfe *Yijk`sme`rf 488;+%

Frjmt ~`{y rf kbmerkc{ myymerkà am`teken nfày ~f}ab dm rf mkrjmt rf kermtskm~

xfrmerkà x`trkikxèry `df}r ~j`r rjm{ `tm keymi}tm ft msme `ct`kb fc ft ròmx`tr ke rjmkt b`ka{ tf}rkem g}yr akom Lèymt èb Tàa yr`rmb7 Kc rjm ìrkfey ke rjm

ykl}a rft tmymldam rjm ìrkfey ke rjm tm a FT mesktfelmer *dmj`skft a

sàkbkr{+ krhy l}ij lftm akoma{ rj`r cft mz`lxam rjm tmy}ary fc tmym`tij

ifeb}irmb ke ` ykl}a`rft ymrrken ft amyyfey am`temb ke rjm ykl}a`rft mesktfelmer

~kaa dm rtèycmt`dam rf rjm ifermzr fc ìr} a i`tm *Lkaamt 488;+% @aa `s`ka`dam

lm`y}tmlmery yjf}ab dm }ebmtròme rf xmtcftl yfxjkyrki`rmb r`yo eà{yky%

Rjky èà{yky ky ` bmr`kamb mz`lke`rkfe fc rjm oef~ambnm yokaay èb `rrkr}bmy

klxftrèr rf è{ nksme gfd ft r`yo% R`yo èà{yky tmy}ary xtfskbm ` bmr`kamb

da}mxtker fc rjm iflxmrmeikmy rj`r n}kbm rjm bmsmafxlmer fc am`teken f}riflmy

èb yime`tkfy ft rjm yime`tkf ymamirkfe xtfimyy *N}klfeb # Yà`y 488;+%


20/47


, 0; ,

Am`teken nfày yjf}ab dm rkmb rf ITL ifeimxry *Bkyl}omy Gfdm # LiBfeemaa

0;;>+ èb rjmtmcftm rm`l,d`ymb g}yr `y xtfcmyykfeà yxftry rm`l lmldmty bf

efr rt`ke kebkskb}àa{ èb rjme nmr rfnmrjmt fea{ fe n`lm b`{y? rjm{ rt`ke

rfnmrjmt b`{ ke èb b`{ f}r yf rj`r rjm{ `tm xtmx`tmb cft rjm tmà rjken

*O`tbfen,Mbntme 4808+%

=%2% C}eirkfe fc Xtm,dtkmcken èb bm,dtkmcken

@y ~m j`sm ymme x`trkikxèry dtken rjmkt f~e ymr fc mzxmtkmeim èb àyf

mzxmir`rkfey rf rjmkt imermt èb kr l`{dm rj`r p}krm ` xtfxftrkfe fc rjml ky ke

cm`t fc rjm g}bnken rjtf}nj mb}i`rfty èb ifaam`n}my *Y`sfabmaak E`ko #

J`lyrt` 488=+% Rj}y rjm keyrt}irfty j`sm rjm mrjkià *Cèeken # N`d` 488>+

èb èbt`nfnkià *Ia`xxmt 4808+ fdakn`rkfe rf itm`rm ` y cm èb xtfrmirksm

`rlfyxjmtm cìkakr`rken èb xtflfrken am`teken r{xkiàa{ b}tken xtm,dtkmcken%

Rjky xtm,dtkmc xmtkfb ky ` rklm ~jme rjm cìkakr`rft kaa}yrt`rmy rjm x}txfym fc rjm

ykl}a`rkfe rjm am`teken fdgmirksmy rjm xtfimyy fc bmdtkmcken èb ~j`r kr mer`kay%

Kr ky rjm xmtkfb ~jme rjm x`trkikxèry am`te ~j`r ky mzxmirmb fc rjml èb ymry

rjm ntf}eb t}amy cft rjmkt ykl}a`rkfe,d`ymb am`teken mzxmtkmeim *Cèeken #

N`d` 488>+% @bbkrkfeàa{ `y è keyrt}irft {f} l}yr ia`tkc{ {f}t tfam èb bmr`ka{f}t mzxmir`rkfey cft itm~ x`trkikx`rkfe% [f} yjf}ab xtfskbm ` xmty}`yksm

t`rkfeàm cft ~j{ rjm bmdtkmcken yjf}ab dm itm~,imermtmb èb rmaa rjm itm~ jf~

afen rjm ymyykfe ~kaa a`yr *Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+%

Ifertkd}rken rf rjm jknj mb}i`rkfeà sà}m yrèb`tby ymml myymerkà èb rjm

`sk`rkfe,d`ymb @ITL *@emyrjmyk` Itkyky Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer+ ky ymme `y

rjm nafdà yrèb tb ifeimxr cft `xxaki`rkfe fc ykl}a`rmb iakekià mzxmtkmeimy ke

èmyrjmyk`% Rjmtmcftm rjm lfyr klxftrèr x`tr fc ykl}a`rft rt`keken ky rjm ymac,

tmcamirksm skbmf,`yykyrmb bmdtkmcken ymyykfe `crmt rjm yime`tkfy% Rjm bmdtkmcken

ky lfyr yrtfena{ keca}meimb d{ rjm p}àkr{ fc rjm keyrt}irft efr rjm ckbmakr{ fc rjm

ykl}a`rft *Lkaamt 488;+%


21/47


, 48 ,

^jmtm`y rjm ykl}a`rmb x`tr l`{ ròm }x rf 48 lke}rmy fea{ `r am`yr 2= lke}rmy

fc mìj ymyykfe `tm `yyknemb }ebmt bmdtkmcken% Rjky ìif}ery rf rjm

ikti}lyrèim rj r rjm ìr}à am`teken ctfl è mzxmtkmeim ymmly rf dm rtknnmtmb

d{ tmcamirken fe rjm lè`nmlmer fc rjm keikbmer ke jkebyknjr% Akom nffb

yime`tkf bmykne mccmirksm bmdtkmcken iè y}dyrèrkàa{ mejèim rjm xmb`nfnkià

klxìr fc ykl}a`rkfe,d`ymb xtìrkim *Ctmmlè # Y armt 4882+%

Ke ` yr}b{ 24 èmyrjmyk` tmykbmery ~mtm `crmt iflxamrken ` xtm,rmyr yime`tkf

tèbfla{ `yyknemb rf fem fc rjtmm ntf}xy tmimksken mkrjmt ef bmdtkmcken `r àa

è ftà fem ft ` skbmf,`yykyrmb ftà bmdtkmcken% Rjm bmdtkmcken ymyykfey ~mtm

n}kbmb d{ ITL xtkeikxamy èb ~mtm cfi}ymb fe klxtfsmlmer fc efe,rmijekià

yokaay% X`trkikxèry efermijekià yokaay bkb efr klxtfsm ke rjm ifertfa ntf}x

~jmtm`y rjm xtfskykfe fc ftà cmmbdìo mkrjmt `yykyrmb ft efr `yykyrmb ~krj

skbmfr`xm tmskm~ tmy}armb ke yknekckièr klxtfsmlmer% Rjmtm ~`y ef bkccmtmeim

ke klxtfsmlmer dmr~mme ftà èb skbmf,`yykyrmb ftà cmmbdìo ntf}xy% Rjky

am`by rjm `}rjfty rf rjm ifeia}ykfe rj`r mzxfy}tm rf ` ykl}a rmb itkyky ~krjf}r

ifeyrt}irksm bmdtkmcken d{ keyrt}irfty fccmty akrram dmemckr rf rt`kemmy% Rjm

`bbkrkfe fc skbmf tmskm~ bkb efr fccmt è{ `bsèr`nm fsmt ftà cmmbdìo àfem%

Sà}`dam ykl}a`rkfe rt`keken iè rjmtmcftm dm ìjkmsmb msme ~jme skbmfrmijefafn{ ky efr `s`ka`dam *Y`sfabmaak # E`ko 4883+%

=%=% Rjm myymeim fc bmdtkmcken

Feim kesmermb d{ rjm lkakr t{ èb E`rkfeà @mtfe`}rkiy èb Yxìm

@blkekyrt`rkfe *E@Y@+ rt`kekeny ke `sk`rkfe ymml rf yr { fe yr nm `y ` tfam,

lfbma cft rjm klxamlmer`rkfe fc y}ij ke dfrj lmbkià èb e}tyken iferke}ken

mb}i`rkfe *Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+% Rjm sà}m fc bmdtkmcken ~krjke rjm xtfimyy fc

ykl}a`rkfe ièefr dm fsmtt`rmb d}r ymmly rf dm rff m`yka{ fsmtaffomb% Gfemy mr

à% tmxftr ctfl rjmkt cktyr klxamlmer`rkfe fc jknj ckbmakr{ ykl}a`rkfe rf y}xxftr rjm

dkèe}à e}tyken iflxmrmei{ msmery% ^jkam jèbaken rjm ifeb}ir fc rjm

yime`tkf `r rjm cktyr msmer cìkakr`rfty bkb efr xaè rklm cft ` bmdtkmcken% Rjm

klxftrèim fc xtfskbken rklm cft rjm bmdtkmcken ~`y efr c}aa{ }ebmtyrffb%


22/47


, 40 ,

Rjky ky }ebmtakemb d{ rjm cìr rj`r fe rjm ymifeb fii`ykfe }ecftr}e`rma{

`bmp}`rm rklm ~`y yrkaa efr `s`ka`dam cft ` xtfxmt bmdtkmcken% Ke rjm xtfimyy fc

am`teken jf~ rf }ym rjm xmb`nfn{ fc ykl}a`rkfe ifttmira{ èb cfyrmt `

ifaa`dft`rksm tma`rkfeyjkx xaèemty }ekermerkfeàa{ amcr f}r yflm klxftrèr

krmly y}ij `y bmdtkmcken% Nksme rjm rklm kr ròmy rf am`te jf~ rf xkio rjm tknjr

yime`tkf xtfnt`l rjm lèkoke èb am`te jf~ rf cìkakr`rm rjky r{xm fc rmìjken

xmb`nfn{ yflm camzkdkakr{ èb x`rkmeim ~krj rjm xtfimyy `tm tmp}ktmb ctfl àa

x`trkmy kesfasmb *Gfemy 488;+%

Bmdtkmcken rmijekp}my `tm fcrme bmekmb rf dm rt`ke`dam ke rjm ymeym fc

yrèb`tbkwmb rtèycmt *N`d` 4882+ dmi`}ym cìkakr`rkfe ky smt{ l}ij `

xmtyfeà yokaa èb mìj keyrt}irft l}yr bmsmafx è `xxtfìj ~krj ~jkij jm ft

yjm ky iflcftr`dam *Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+% Jmeim lfyr fc rjm `}rjfty ymm rjmkt

cìry `df}r rjm keyrt}irkfeà bmykne lftm `y y}nnmyrkfey rjè `y t}amy% Rjky

ymmly }ebmtyrèb`dam `y ` yrèb`tbkwmb rmtlkefafn{ yrkaa emmby rf dm

bmsmafxmb èb ìimxrmb *Bmiomt 488;+% Rjm myymeim fc bmdtkmcken krymac

ymmly rf itm`rm ` iferke}}l bmckemb d{ rjm keyrt}irfty amsma fc ymac,

`~`tmemyy èb rjm cìkakr`rft s}aemt`dkakr{ `y ` ifecf}ebken cìrft tènken

ctfl rjfym ~jf amir}tm èb kerklkb`rm rf rjfym ~jf j`sm rjm `dkakr{ rfrtèycftl *@tefab 488;+% Rjm bmdtkmcken xmtyfe yjf}ab t`rjmt i`rà{wm rjè

èà{wm rjm xtfimyy% Fem j`y rf ìr ke ` smt{ ~`rijc}a èb ymac,tmcamirmb ~`{ rf

cìkakr`rm ` y}iimyyc}a bmdtkmcken ~jkam tml`keken iàl èb ctkmeba{ rf rjm

x`trkikxèry% Krhy efr fea{ klxftrèr ~j`r rjm bmdtkmcmt y`{y d}r àyf jf~ kr ky

y`kb%

Rfem fc sfkim dfb{ aèn}`nm èb frjmt ifeyikf}y èb }eifeyikf}y lmyy`nmy

l`{ ft l`{ efr keskrm rt`kemmy rf yj`tm rjmkt yr`rm fc lkeb ~krj rjm frjmt

itm~lmldmty% Rjmkt efesmtdà aèn}`nm èb rjm lm`y}tm fc rjmkt fxxftr}ekr{

cft itkrkià bkàfn}m rmaa rjm yrft{ fc rjm cìkakr`rfty rtèycftl`rkfeà `dkakrkmy

*@tefab 488;+% Kex}r èb rfxkiy yjf}ab dm nmemt`rmb d{ rjm itm~lmldmty

rjmlymasmy%


23/47


, 44 ,

Keyrt}irfty yjf}ab rt{ rf ommx rjm bkyi}yykfe itm~,imermtmb èb meif}t`nm

itm~lmldmty rf x`trkikx`rm ìrksma{ èb bf lfyr fc rjm ràoken% Rjm{ yjf}ab

efr amir}tm ft lòm afen yxmmijmy ft kermtt}xr ft am`sm ` rfxki ~jkam rjm itm~

j`y yrkaa yflmrjken rf y`{ *Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+% Kr ymmly rj`r ykameim ky

nfabme `y cìkakr`rkfe ~krj lkeklà amir}tm,yr{am ky tmifnekwmb `y ` l`tomt cft

bmdtkmcken mzxmtrkym *Y~mmem{ 488;+% Lfyr klxftrèr ky rf tml`ke ykamer ~jkam

rjm itm~ ky tmcamirken fe rjm p}myrkfey `yomb% Bfer èy~mt cft rjm itm~ ~jme

rjm{ bfer kllmbk`rma{ tmyxfeb rf {f}t p}myrkfey *Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+%

^jme Bkyl}omy mr à% fdymtsmb 93 bmdtkmckeny fc ifllmtikà `ktakem itm~y rjm{

tmxftrmb rj`r p}krm fcrme rjm `bbtmyymb nfày `tm lkyymb `y lè{ keyrt}irfty

bkb efr men`nm rt`kemmy ke ymrrken rjm bmdtkmcken `nmeb` ft mzxa`ke rf rjml rjm

emmb rf ièbkba{ èb ìrksma{ itkrkp}m rjmkt f~e xmtcftlèim% Keyrt}irfty `yomb

kemccmirksm p}myrkfey rj`r bkb efr makikr itkrkià ft keyknjrc}a ifllmery ctfl

`ktitm~% Yflm `dèbfemb cìkakr`rkfe ke c`sft fc amir}tken rf `ktitm~? rjm{ `yomb

akrram èb ràomb ` afr *Ctmmlè # Yàrmt 4882+% Ke rjm ~ftyr i`ym amir}tm yr{am

ky lkzmb ~krj j}lkak`rkfe% T}bfaxj mr à% a`dma rjky bmdtkmcken `xxtfìj `y

g}bnlmer a% Fe rjm frjmt jèb rjm{ kbmerkc{ rjm bènmt rf yj{ `~`{ ctfl `

yj`lm èb da`lm `xxtfìj rf mzxtmyyken rjmkt itkrkià cmmakeny èb lfsmrf~`tb ` efeg}bnlmerà `xxtfìj%

Rjm imertà bkamll` cìken keyrt}irfty ~jf ~èr rf lfsm `~`{ ctfl rjky

g}bnlmerà `xxtfìj ky jf~ rf bmaksmt ` itkrkià lmyy`nm ~jkam `sfkbken

emn`rksm mlfrkfey èb bmcmeyksmemyy xtmymtsken yfikà cìm èb l`ker`keken

rt}yr èb xy{ijfafnkià y`cmr{% T}bfaxj mr à% xtfxfym rf amr x`trkikxèry

tmifnekwm èb yj`tm rjmkt c}eb`lmerà ct`lmy ke rjm ymeym fc lmerà

xtmy}lxrkfey am`bken rf imtr`ke ìrkfey% D`ymb fe rjm tmcamirksm xtìrkim

lfbma rjm `}rjfty kertfb}im rjm bmdtkmcken ~krj nffb g}bnlmer `xxtfìj èb

rjmtmcftm ifldkem tknftf}y cmmbdìo ~krj nme}kem kep}kt{ *T}bfaxj 488>+%


24/47


, 49 ,

@y rjm sà}m fc ykl}a`rmb rt`keken ky yrtfena{ ifeemirmb rf rjm p}àkr{ èb e`r}tm

fc rjm bmdtkmcken rjm bmykne fc rjm rt`keken ky rf cfaaf~ rjm c}eirkfe fc rjm

bmdtkmcken% Ctkrwyijm Amfe`tb # Dfyik` *488;+ xtfxfym `y ` tmy}ar fc ` xèma

bkyi}yykfe ` ia`yykcki`rkfe fc bmdtkmcken xtfimb}tmy d{ rjm ~`{ rfxkiy `tm

`bbtmyymb èb rjm ~`{ p}myrkfey `tm cftlmb% C}trjmtlftm rjky ky ` nffb

mz`lxam jf~ rjm x`trkikxèry `rrmerkfe èb lffb iè dm n}kbmb d{ rjm e`r}tm

fc p}myrkfey rjm bmdtkmcmt }ymy%

Tmy}ary fc rjm xèma bkyi}yykfe fe jf~ s`tkf}y bmdtkmcken yr{amy if}ab dm

ia`yykckmb *Ctkrwyijm mr à% 488;+7

0% Xmtyfeà tmìrkfey Eèi{ Amfe`tb

^j`r bkb {f} megf{ lfyr `df}r rjm ykl}a`rkfe6

^j`r bkb {f} megf{ am`yr `df}r rjm ykl}a`rkfe6

Jf~ bkb {f} cmma `df}r x`trkikx`rken ke rjm ykl}a`rkfe6

Jf~ bkb {f} cmma `df}r {f}t kermtìrkfe ~krj {f}t rm`l lmldmty6

^j{ ~`y *efr+ rjky ` ~ftrj~jkam ìrkskr{ ke rmtly fc am`teken6 Megf{lmer6

^j{ bf {f} rjkeo rjm keyrt}irft j`b {f} ~fto `y lmldmty fc ntf}xy6

^j`r bkb {f} am`te ctfl rjky6

^j`r xmtyfeà afen,rmtl mccmiry _\ {f} l`{ j`sm n`kemb ctfl rjky

mzxmtkmeim6 ^j`r mlfrkfey bkb {f} mzxmtkmeim `y {f} x`trkikx`rmb ke

rjm ykl}a`rkfe6

4% Bkyi}yykfe fc msmery Xjka @ebmtyfe

^j`r ~mtm rjm l`ke msmery fc rjm ykl}a`rkfe6

^j`r bmikykfey ~mtm {f} `yomb rf lòm6

^j`r ~mtm rjm bkccmtmeimy dmr~mme yjftr,rmtl èb afen rmtl mccmiry

*ifeymp}meimy+ fc {f}t bmikykfey ke rjm ykl}a`rkfe6

^j`r bf {f} xtmbkir rjm{ ~f}ab dm ke tmà akcm6

^j`r okeby fc rt`bm,fccy ft iflxtflkymy bkb {f} lòm b}tken rjm

ykl}a`rkfe6

^j`r rt`bm,fccy bf {f} rjkeo ~f}ab dm emimyy`t{ ke tmà akcm6


25/47


, 42 ,

9% Bkyi}yykfe fc xtfdamly B`sm Ctkrwyijm

^j`r xtfdamly bkb {f} meif}ermt ke lòken bmikykfey ft `y ` tmy}ar fc

{f}t xtmskf}y bmikykfey6

^j`r i`}ymb rjfym xtfdamly6

Bf rjm msmery bmikykfey èb xtfdamly fii}t ke tmà akcm6

@tm rjm i`}ymy fc rjm xtfdamly yklka`t ke tmà akcm6

^j`r if}ab {f} bf rf `sfkb rjmym r{xmy fc xtfdamly ke tmà akcm6

2% Kermebmb am`teken f}riflm L`tkè Dfyik`

^j`r bkb {f} am`te rj`r ~`y em~ rf {f} b}tken rjky ykl}a`rkfe6

^j`r rjkeny rj`r {f} àtm`b{ oem~ rffo fe em~ lmèken6

Ctfl ~j`r `yxmir fc rjm ykl}a`rkfe bkb {f} am`te rjm lfyr6

^j`r bkb {f} am`te6

^j`r okeb fc ifeemirkfey `lfen rjkeny {f} àtm`b{ oem~ bkb rjm

ykl}a`rkfe itm`rm6 ^j`r ky `df}r rjm ykl}a`rkfe rj`r i`}ymb rjky rf ròm

xaìm6

=% Akeoy rf rjm tmà ~ftab

Bmyitkdm rjky ykl}a`rkfey ifeemirkfey rf *ky kr x`tr fc+ ` l}ij a`tnmt

ykr}`rkfe *iflxè{ keb}yrt{ if}ert{ ~ftab+%

Ke ~j`r ~`{y bkb {f}t bmikykfey b}tken rjm ykl}a`rkfe `ccmir rjm ~jfam

ykl}a`rkfe mesktfelmer6

Jf~ bkb rj`r lòm {f} cmma6

^j`r `tm yflm bmikykfey {f} l`bm rj`r j`sm efr dmme rtkmb ke rjm tmà

~ftab6

^j{ bf {f} rjkeo rj`r ky yf6

*Ctkrwyijm Amfe`tb # Dfyik` 4882+


26/47


, 4= ,

=%3% C}eb`lmerà ifeimxry cft rt`keken

Ifeb}irken ` ykl}a`rkfe mzxmtkmeim kesfasmy n}kbken rjm x`trkikxèry rjtf}nj

rjm xtfimyy cfi}yken fe iftm ifeimxry% @iiftbken rf Yà`y # D}tom rt`kemmy

~jf `tm nksme }en}kbmb xtìrkim fcrme7 Am`te rjm ~tfen rjken? bf efr cfi}y fe

xtìrkiken rjm tknjr dmj`skfty? l`{ yxmeb rff l}ij rklm fe fea{ fem x`trki}a`t

`yxmir fc rt`keken? l`{ efr dm `dam rf rtèycmt rjm yokaay rf rjm gfd% *Yà`y #

D}tom 4884+% C}trjmtlftm Yà`y # D}tom mlxj`ykwm rjm cìr rj`r kekrkà b`r`

tmn`tbken _rjm mccmirksmemyy fc ykl}a`rkfe\ `tm meif}t`nken% Ke ifert`yr

jf~msmt ykl}a`rkfe ky fea{ ` rffa èb rt`keken bmsmafxmty èb xtìrkrkfemty

l}yr tma{ fe rjm yikmeim fc rt`keken rf l`zklkwm rjm mccmirksmemyy fc kr% Rjmtm

`tm oef~e xtkeikxamy% F}t tmifllmeb`rkfe ky rf `xxa{ rjml èb bmsmafx `

x`tremtyjkx ~krj rjfym ~jf }ebmtyrèb ~j`r kr ròmy rf bmykne èb bmaksmt

mccmirksm rt`keken% Tml`key rjm p}myrkfe ~jme n}kbken ` ntf}x fc x trkikxèry

~jkij ifeimxry `tm rjmtm rf cfi}y fe ke rt`keken èb jf~ `tm rjm{ `xxakmb6

=%3%0% Mzxmtkmerkà Am`teken Rjmft{

Mzxmtkmerkà am`teken bkccmtmer ctfl ifnekrksm am`teken ky ymme `y ` sàkbrjmftmrkià ct`lm~fto cft rjm xtfimyy fc rt`keken ke ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmery

*Ia xxmt 4808+% Bmsmafxmb d{ Ofad kr j`y kry kermaamir} a ftknkey ke rjm

mzxmtkmerkà ~ftoy fc Bm~m{ Am~ke èb Xk`nmr% _\ Mzxmtkmerkà am`teken rjmft{

bmckemy am`teken `y rjm xtfimyy ~jmtmd{ oef~ambnm ky itm`rmb rjtf}nj rjm

rtèycftl`rkfe fc mzxmtkmeim% Oef~ambnm tmy}ary ctfl rjm ifldke`rkfe fc

nt`yxken èb rtèycftlken mzxmtkmeim% *Ofad Df{`rwky # L`kemlmaky 4888+%

Ofad bmsmafxmb rjm cf}t,yr`nm am`teken i{iam ke ~jkij ifeitmrm mzxmtkmeimy

`tm rjm d`yky cft fdymts`rkfey èb tmcamirkfey% Rjmym tmcamirkfey `tm `yyklka`rmb

èb bkyrkaamb kerf `dyrtìr ifeimxry ctfl ~jkij em~ klxaki`rkfey cft ìrkfe iè

dm bt`~e *Ofad mr a% 4888+% Rjm ykl}a`rmb ymyykfe bmaksmty ifeitmrm

mzxmtkmeim ~jmtm`y rjm cfaaf~ken *skbmf,`yykyrmb+ bmdtkmcken me`damy

fdymts`rkfey èb tmcamirkfey ~jkij rjme }ebmt rjm tknjr cìkakr`rkfe am`b rf

`dyrtìr ifeimxr} akw`rkfe%


27/47


, 43 ,

@y jmàrj i`tm mb}i`rkfe ky l}ij lftm cftlà èb tèo btksme rjè frjmt

bkyikxakemy èb `y msme ke jfyxkrày bmbki`rmb rf rmìjken x`rkmery ke è

fxmt`rken tffl `tm efr rjmtm ~krj rjm x}txfym fc dmken ` iakekià rmìjken

tmyf}tim cft yr}bmery ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmery l`{ àaf~ mb}i`rfty rf xtfskbm

` lftm xmtyfeàkwmb am`teken mzxmtkmeim ròken s`tkf}y am`teken yr{amy kerf

ìif}er *LiBfef}nj Aftkw # Lìj` 488;+ *LiBfef}nj # Fyrmtdtkeo 488=+%

=%3%4% Ykr}`rmb ifnekrkfe

@efrjmt rjmftmrkià ct`lm~fto ky ifeemirmb rf ykl}a`rkfe d{ X`knm mr à% Rjm

`}rjfty xtfxfym ykr}`rmb ifnekrkfe `y ` lftm ifeikym am`teken ct`lm~fto rf

y}xxftr èb n}kbm _ykl}a`rkfe\ ke e}tyken mb}i`rkfe *X`knm # Bàm{ 488;+% Rjky

rjmft{ bmckemy am`teken `y fii}ttken `y ` yfikà ìrkskr{ keiftxft`rken rjm lkeb

rjm dfb{ rjm ìrkskr{ èb rjm rffay ke ` ifermzr rj`r ky iflxamz èb kermtìrksm

lmèken rj`r am`teken j`xxmey rjtf}nj kermtìrkfe ~krj xmfxam èb è ìrkskr{ ke

` iflxamz mesktfelmer% Yflm xtmtmp}kykrmy akom xtkft oef~ambnm yokaay yjf}ab

dm dtf}njr kerf rjm ymyykfe d{ rjm x trkikxèry yf rj`r rjm{ iè ròm c}aa

`bsèr`nm fc rjm ymyykfe% Ykr}`rmb ifnekrkfe ky è àrmte`rksm rf frjmt bflkeèr

skm~y fc am`teken d`ymb fe xy{ijfafnkià am`teken ftkmer`rkfey ke ~jkij am`tekenky è kebkskb}à èb kermteà lmerà xtfimyy ~jmtmd{ oef~ambnm ky n`kemb cft

c}r}tm }ym ke è{ ifermzr% ^krjke ykr}`rmb ifnekrkfe kr ky xtmy}lmb rj`r

dmj`skftkyr yokaa,ftkmermb èb ifnekrksm }ebmtyrèbken,ftkmermb xtkeikxamy `tm

xtmymer rf xtfskbm ` jfakyrki xa`rcftl rj`r rjm am`temt bt`~y ctfl *X`knm #

Bàm{ 488;+%

=%3%9 *@emyrjmyk`+ Itkyky Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer

Ke rjm a`rm 0;>8y ifllmtikà `ktakemy yr`trmb rf tmàkwm rj`r >8- fc ifllmtikà

caknjr ìikbmery yrmllmb ctfl ifll}eki`rkfe c`ka}tmy `lfen itm~ lmldmty

ITL yf}njr rf yrèb`tbkwm ifll}eki`rkfe èb rm`l~fto *Amfe`tb Nt`j`l

# Dfeì}l 4808+%


28/47


, 4> ,

@arjf}nj rjm ~jfam ifeimxr fc ITL ky bkyrkaamb ~krjke 0= om{ xtkeikxamy àlfyr

è{fem ~jf }ymy ykl}a`rkfe rf rmìj ft tmkecftim rm`l~fto ft itkyky tmyf}tim

lè`nmlmer *ITL ft Itm~ Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer+ j`y meif}ermtmb

yr}bmery ~jf y`{ rjm{ àrmtmb rjmkt c}eb`lmerà ~`{ fc bfken rjkeny èb

~ftoken ~krj rjmkt ifaam`n}my *Iffxmt 4882+% @xxa{ken ITL ke ykl}a`rmb

rt`kekeny `y ` iftm ifeimxr lmèy rf rkm ITL ifeimxry èb rmijekp}my rf

fxmt`rkfeà kyy}my *Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+% Rjky lmèy rj`r rjm keyrt}irfty `y

~maa `y rjm itm~ yjf}ab dm `dam rf kbmerkc{ i`rmnftkwm èb èà{wm ITL om{

xtkeikxamy ~jme bmdtkmcken rjm ykl}a`rmb msmer% @y ` cìkakr`rft fem if}ab

xtmx`tm èb ymeb f}r è `trkiam `y ` xtm,tm`b ke rjm i`ym rjm x`trkikxèry `tm

efr {mr c`lkak`t ~krj ITL om{ xfkery%

Fem fc rjm l`ke cm`r}tmy fc ITL ky rj`r kr ky rjmtm rf `sfkb rjm itkyky ke rjm cktyr

xaìm yf kry `xxaki`rkfe dmnkey dmcftm rjm itkyky% Tàa # Bkmiolèe bmckem rj`r

ITL ky rjmtm rf ifftbke`rm }rkakwm èb xxa{ àa `s`ka`dam tmyf}timy rf fxrklkwm

x`rkmer y`cmr{ èb f}riflmy% Rjm `}rjfty tmifllmeb rf rjkeo rjtf}nj rjm

xtkeikxamy èb `yo {f}tymac cft mìj om{ xfker *Tàa # Bkmiolèe 488=+7

Jf~ bfmy kr `xxa{ rf {f}t gfd èb ~fto mesktfelmer6

^jkij xtfdamly j`sm {f} mzxmtkmeimb ke {f}t ~fto tma`rmb rf rjm om{xfkery6

^jkij xtfdamly j`sm {f} fdymtsmb ke frjmt xmfxamy ~fto6

Jf~ if}ab {f} klxtfsm rj`r }yken rjm om{ xfker6

Jf~ bkb {f} `xxa{ rjm om{ xfker yf c`t6

Jf~ if}ab {f} klxtfsm {f}t `dkakr{ rf }ym rjky om{ xfker6

^j`r xtfdamly ft fdyrìamy if}ab {f} cìm ke {f}t tmà ~ftab6

^jme affoken `r rjm 0= om{ xfkery fc ITL ke bmr`ka rjmtm `tm l}arkxam ~`{y rf

bf yf% Kr ky fdskf}y rj`r rjm ifeimxr `y ` ~jfam ~`y itm`rmb cft `xxaki`rkfe ke

tmà xtìrkim rf t`kym x`rkmer y cmr{% Jf~msmt rjm lmrjfb èb rjmft{ klxakmb ky

lfyra{ r`}njr ke ykl}a`rkfe imermty yf kr if}ab dm rj`r x`trkikxèry bf efr c}aa{

rtèycmt rjm xtkeikxamy rf rjmkt b`ka{ akcm%


29/47


, 4: ,

Lfyr klxftrèr ymmly rf yr`rm f}r rj`r efr rjm `xxaki`rkfe fc fem fc rjm

xtkeikxamy àfem ~kaa y`sm rjm x`rkmer ctfl j`tl d}r c}eb`lmerà a`yrken

f}riflm,àrmtken ftnèkw`rkfeà ijènm ièefr iflm ~krj ykenam kermtsmerkfey

fc fem r{xm *Iffxmt 4882+% C}trjmtlftm }yken ykl}a`rkfe rf klxtfsm y`cmr{

~kaa tmp}ktm c}aa kermnt`rkfe fc kry `xxaki`rkfey kerf rjm tf}rkem yrt}ir}tmy èb

xtìrkimy fc jmàrj *N`d` 4882+%

^krjf}r rjm c}aa klxamlmer`rkfe fc ITL ~krjke ` iakekià cìkakr{ rjm ykl}a`rkfe

rt`keken ièefr j`sm c}aa mccmir% Krhy akom ` x`trkikxèr ky yflmdfb{ ~jf ~mer rf `

cftmkne if}ert{ ~jkij ~`y kebmmb kermtmyrken d}r jky *èb jky c`lkakmy+ f~e

i}ar}tà xtfntmyy ~kaa yr`{ }erf}ijmb ctfl rjmym mzfrki mzxmtkmeimy ke ` rt}yrken

~jkam itfyy,ijmioken mesktfelmer% ITL klxakmy rf yxmò }x ~jme ifeimtemb

ef l`rrmt fc jkmt`tij{% @aa rff ctmp}mera{ mccmirksm ifll}eki`rkfe ky ykr}`rkfe

ft xmtyfeàkr{ bmxmebmer eb rjky ymmly i}ar}tàa{,bmxmebmer xtfdaml`rki%

@iiftbken rf Amfe`tb Nt`j`l # Dfeì}l *4808+ rjm Gfker Ifllkyykfe fe

@iitmbkr`rkfe fc Jmàrji`tm Ftnèkw`rkfey *GI@JF+ `yy}lmy `crmt èà{wken

42== tmxftrmb msmery rj`r rjm xtkl`t{ tffr i`}ym ke fsmt >8- ~`y

ifll}eki`rkfe c`ka}tm% Lkeft lky}ebmtyrèbkeny ke f}t b`ka{ akcm l`{ ymml rfdm ìimxr`dam d}r ~jme ràoken `df}r lmbkià rtm`rlmer ft e}tyken

kermtsmerkfey rjfym lky}ebmtyrèbkeny iè yflmrklmy am`b rf c`rà f}riflm%

ITL ky xtkl`tka{ ` lmrjfb rf yrèb`tbkwm ifll}eki`rkfe cft keikbmer

lè`nmlmer rf lòm y}tm rj`r msmt{fem ky ke rjm y`lm lfskm èb ef

y}txtkymy *Amfe`tb mr à% 4808+%

Itkyky Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer iam`ta{ `bbtmyymy rjm yf iàamb efe,rmijekià

yokaay ifeykyrken fc rjm ifnekrksm èb yfikà yokaay tmp}ktmb ke è{ fxmt`rkfeà

r`yo kesfasken bmikykfe lòken èb rm`l ~fto y}ij `y `sk`rkfe ft y}tnkià

lmbkikem *Cake Camrijmt # LiNmftnm 4889+%


30/47


, 4; ,

Cake mr à% xtfxfym ke rjmkt @ERY y{yrml *@emyrjmrkyry Efe,Rmijekià Yokaay+

cf}t bklmeykfey fc dmj`skft ~jkij iè dm t`rmb d{ fdymtsmty7

0% Am`bmtyjkx # lè`nmlmer

4% Rm`l~fto # iffxmt`rkfe

9% Xtfdaml,yfasken # bmikykfe,lòken

2% Ykr}`rkfe `~`tmemyy

Mìj fc rjm ITL om{ xfkery iè dm ymme `y è kermntà xkmim fc ` x}wwam ~jkij

xkir}tmy è ftnèkw`rkfey i}ar}tà `xxtfìj rf~`tby j}lè cìrfty x`rkmer

y`cmr{ èb rjm lè`nmlmer fc itkrkià keikbmery% Rjmtm j`y rf dm ` iam`t

ifllkrlmer ctfl àa amsmay fc rjm ftnèkw`rkfe rf lkeklkwm xf~mt bkyrèimy

èb frjmt bkyrtìrmty ~jkij ommx xmfxam ctfl y`{ken yflmrjkeny ~tfen Khl

efr y}tm ~j r kr ky d}r K emmb {f} jmtm ef~ *Amfe`tb mr à% 4808+% Yf ITL ky

efr ìr}àa{ `df}r lmlftkwken 0= om{ xtkeikxamy d{ jm`tr% Kr ky t rjmt `df}r

af~mtken rjm rjtmyjfab rf fdr`ke jmax èb rtm`rken rjm tmp}myr tmyxmirc}aa{%

Amfe`tb mr à% rjmtmcftm xtfxfym rjm `bfxrkfe fc itkrkià aèn}`nm lfbmay `y

smt{ mccmirksm% _%%\ bmtksmb ctfl rjm I]Y xtfnt`l `r ]ekrmb @ktakemy% I]Y

yrèby cft K `l ifeimtemb K `l }eiflcftr`dam rjky ky }ey`cm _\ èb ky`bfxrmb ~krjke rjm i}ar}tm `y lmèken ^m j`sm ` ymtkf}y xtfdaml yrfx èb

akyrme rf lm *Amfe`tb mr à% 4808+ èb ky ` smt{ mccmirksm rffa rf dm kermnt`rmb

`y ` yrèb`tbkwmb i}m cft tm,msà}`rkfe èb kc emmbmb rjm kekrk`rkfe fc è

mlmtnmei{ xtfrfifa%


31/47


, 98 ,

=%3%2 Rjm 0= ITL om{ xfkery *Lkaamt 488;+7

Ke rjm cfaaf~ken àa 0= om{ xfkery `tm akyrmb èb dtkmca{ ifllmermb fe jf~

cìrfty iè keca}meim ykl}a`rkfe èb rjm cfaaf~ken bmdtkmcken% @ nmemt a

kermtxtmr`rkfe fc rjm om{ xtkeikxamy ky àtm`b{ cftl}a`rmb ke lè{ yf}timy

keia}bken Tàa # Bkmiolèe *Tàa # Bkmiolèe 488=+%

0% Oef~ rjm mesktfelmer

Emzr rf mp}kxlmer èb xy{ijfafnkià ckbmakr{ rjm mesktfelmerà ckbmakr{ ky rjm

rjktb l`gft iflxfemer fc ykl}a`rkfe ckbmakr{ *D`}dkme # Dòmt 4882+%

Bmxmebken fc rjm lfdkakr{ fc rjm y{yrmly `s ka`dam x`trkikxèry mkrjmt j`sm rjm

ijèim rf rt`ke ~krjke rjmkt c`lkak`t ~fto y}ttf}ebkeny ft rjm{ j`sm rf lfsm rf

rjm ykl}a`rft mesktfelmer rjm a`rrmt xtfsfoken rj`r rjm rt`kemmy `tm efr c}aa{

`dam rf oef~ rjm mesktfelmer% Rjmtmcftm kr ky lfyr klxftrèr rf xaè mef}nj

rklm cft rjm kertfb}irkfe rf rjm ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmer% Fem yjf}ab àyf lòm

y}tm rj`r rjky kertfb}irkfe ky yrt}ir}tmb èb keia}bmy àa klxftrèr kecftl`rkfe rf

rjm ykl}a`rmb ~ftoxaìm keia}bken mzxmirmb `trkcìry rj`r bmtksm ctfl rjm

ykl}a`rkfe krymac ft ykney èb y{lxrfly rjm x`trkikxèry ~f}ab mzxmir d}r rjm

y{yrml bfmy efr yjf~%

4% @erkikx`rm eb xaè

Ke rjm bmdtkmcken àa itm~ lmldmty yjf}ab yj`tm rjmkt lmer a,lfbmay fc rjm

ykr}`rkfe *Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+ rf lòm y}tm rj`r rjm{ `tm ke rjm y`lm

lfskm *Amfe`tb mr à% 4808+% Fem kebki`rft if}ab dm kc rjm{ àa yj`tmb rjm

y`lm xaè% Kc rjm{ ~mtm àa `~`tm fc rjm emzr yrmxy rjm rm`l ky nfken rf

`xxtfìj6 Kc rjm{ ~mtm `dam rf èrkikx`rm ~jkij ~`{y rjky keikbmer if}ab ròm6

^`y rjmtm mef}nj mzijènm fc tmamsèr kecftl`rkfe rf ca{ `jm`b fc rjm xaèm6

*Tàa # Bkmiolèe 488=+% Rf n}kbm rjm x`trkikxèry ~jme rjm{ `tm afyken rjmkt

xaè iflxamrma{ èb cft nksken `bbkrkfeà kecftl`rkfe rj`r ièefr dm xtmymermb

d{ rjm lèemp}ke rjmtm iè dm ` yf iàamb sfkim,fc,nfb keyràamb% Kr nksmy rjm

keyrt}irfty rjm xfyykdkakr{ rf `bb cmmbdìo b}tken rjm ykl}a`rmb ymyykfe èb

yflmrklmy jmax rjm rt`kemmy rf nmr dìo fe rtìo%


32/47


, 90 ,

9% Iàa cft jmax m`ta{

@ iàa cft jmax l`{ emsmt iflm rff m`ta{ d}r `y x`trkikxèry lmtma{ `~`kr `

itkrkià keikbmer rf `ttksm rjm{ l`{ iàa cft jmax kllmbk`rma{ `crmt rjm yime`tkf

yr`trmb% Rjmtm yjf}ab dm ` r~kyr ke rjm yime`tkf bmykne rf jfab jmax dìo ~krj `

xa`}ykdam t`rkfeàm% Ykl}a rkfe ky lfsken ~krjke kry f~e rklm ct`lm d}r kr yjf}ab

dm ifeykyrmer ~krj rjm tmà ~ftab ifebkrkfey rf keitm`ym xy{ijfafnkià ckbmakr{

èb rjmtmcftm fsmtàa ykl}a`rkfe ckbmakr{%

Kc rjm x`trkikxèry bf efr iàa cft jmax r àa rjm cìkakr`rft yjf}ab rt{ rf ckeb f}r

lftm `df}r rjm }ebmta{ken ct`lm rf rjmym ìrkfey *T}bfaxj 488>+ èb l`{dm

kc `xxtfxtk`rm dtkmca{ `bbtmyy rjm cìr rj r jmtfmy `tm bènmtf}y *Tàa #

Bkmiolèe 488=+%

2% Mzmtikym am`bmtyjkx eb cfaaf~mtyjkx *~krj `yymtrksmemyy+

Lmbkià mlmtnmeikmy `tm fcrme lè`nmb d{ yf iàamb rmlxft`t{ rm`ly *Cake #

L`tè 4882+ lmèken rj`r rjm kesfasmb xmfxam `r rjm ykrm fc keikbmer iè dm

p}krm }ec`lkak`t ~krj mìj frjmt% Ke rjm `sk`rkfe keb}yrt{ ìikbmer èà{ymy

ykl}a`rft tmym`tij èb ifioxkr sfkim tmiftbkeny tmsmàmb rj`r }ey`cm caknjr

ifebkrkfey ~mtm ctmp}mera{ tma`rmb rf c`ka}tmy ke xkafry efe,rmijekià *ifnekrksm

èb yfikà+ yokaay t`rjmt rjè ` aìo fc rmijekià oef~ambnm ca{ken `dkakr{ ft`ktit`cr làc}eirkfe *Cake # L`tè 4882+% Ifeimteken yfikà yokaay rjm ~`{

jkmt tijkià l`rrmty `tm `xxtfìjmb ymmly rf xa`{ è klxftrèr tfam *Amfe`tb

mr à% 4808+%

Xf~mt,bkyrèimy smt{ l}ij bmckem rjm ~`{ itkrkià kecftl`rkfe ky ifll}eki`rmb

*Amfe`tb mr à% 4808+% B}tken bmdtkmcken lòm y}tm rj`r rjm af~myr,ke,

jkmt`tij{ ky cktyr rf nf yf rj`r rjky kex}r ky efr dk`ymb d{ ~j`r rjm i`xr`ke y`kb

*Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+% Am`bmtyjkx eb cfaaf~mtyjkx `tm lfyr itkrkià `yxmiry fc

rm`l~fto% Xf~mt,bkyrèimy l`{ am`b rf dtmòbf~e ke ifll}eki`rkfe *Xjkaakxy

488;+% Y}ij rfxkiy `tm yflmrklmy bkccki}ar rf bmdtkmc dmi`}ym rjm{ `tm yrtfena{

ifeemirmb ~krj jf~ rjm tfam fc rjm am`bmt ky yfikàa{ ifeyrt}irmb ctfl è

kebkskb}à èb ftnèkw`rkfeà amsma lmèken jf~ rjm am`bmt ky amnkrklkwmb

*^mdmt 4883+%


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, 94 ,

=% Bkyrtkd}rm rjm ~ftoaf`b

Am`bmtyjkx keia}bmy rt{ken rf ommx è fsmtskm~ fsmt rjm ykr}`rkfe% Yf rjm am`bmt

yjf}ab xtkl`tka{ bkyrtkd}rm ~ftoaf`b bktmira{ men`nken fea{ ke yflm r`yoy% Rjm

am`bmt ky cft mz`lxam efr y}xxfymb rf bf mzj`}yrken ijmyr iflxtmyykfey%

3% Lfdkakwm aa s`ka dam tmyf}timy

^jme gfdy `tm dmken bfem ke rjm FT ft fe rjm KI] xtfskbmty ìr `y

xtfcmyykfeày ~jf mzìra{ oef~ ~j r ky nfken fe% Rjm{ `tm y}xxfymb rf ìr

èb tmìr ìiftbkena{ rf rjm x`rkmery yr`r}y% ^jme è mlmtnmei{ ykr}`rkfe

`tkymy rjmtm fcrme ymmly rf dm ` rjtmyjfab rf kecftl frjmt xmfxam rj`r {f}t

x`rkmer ky ke rtf}dam% Rjky iè dm fdymtsmb ~jme rjm *keyrt}irmb+ y}tnmfey

~jf ijtfekiàa{ aìo fc kecftl`rkfe `df}r rjm x`rkmery skrà x`t`lmrmty `yo kc

rjm x`rkmer l`{ dm ke rtf}dam èb rjm èmyrjmyk` rm`l tmyxfeby }eèklf}ya{

rj`r msmt{rjken ky ifttmir ef l`rrmt ~krj ~jkij ykr}`rkfe rjm{ `tm ifectfermb%

Rjky iè dm ` nffb jffo cft ` bmdtkmcken,xfker rj`r }yken àa tmyf}timy bfmy efr

lmè rj`r rjm rm`ly xmtcftlèim ky ~mò èb rj`r rjmtm ky efrjken rf dm

`yj`lmb fc% Rjm xtkftkr{ l}yr dm rj`r rjmtm ky efrjken amcr }ebfem rf jmax rjm

x`rkmer%

>% Ifll}eki rm mccmirksma{

Ifll}eki`rkfe ky rjm imertà `yxmir fc ITL dmi`}ym kr ky rjm lmèy fc

rtèyxftr`rkfe cft lfyr fc rjm frjmt r`yoy% Kecftl`rkfe ky x`yymb fe d{

ifll}eki`rkfe dmr~mme rm`l lmldmty ~ftoaf`b ky bkyrtkd}rmb èb tmyf}timy

`tm lfdkakwmb rj`r ~`{% Ifll}eki`rkfe iè dm ymme `y rjm dìodfem fc ITL%

Rf yrèb`tbkwm ifll}eki`rkfe ky rjm l`ke `kl fc ITL% Kr ky `xx`tmer rj`r

yrtmyy myxmikàa{ rjm fem fc è mlmtnmei{ ykr}`rkfe `ccmiry f}t ymeyftk}l yf

rj`r eftlà ifll}eki`rkfe ky mebènmtmb% ]ebmt rjm keca}meim fc yrtmyy

xmfxam rmeb rf fsmtjm`t mìj frjmt yf ke ITL kr ky yf}njr rf iafym rjm affx

lmèken rj`r rjm ymebmt fc ` lmyy`nm lòmy y}tm rj`r rjm ifermer fc rjm

lmyy`nm ky tmimksmb }ebmtyrffb èb ifeykbmtmb% Lmèr ky efr y`kb y`kb ky efr

jm`tb jm`tb ky efr }ebmtyrffb }ebmtyrffb ky efr bfem *Tàa # Bkmiolèe

488=+%


34/47


, 99 ,

:% ]ym aa `s`ka`dam kecftl rkfe

Rjky om{ xfker ky àyf iafyma{ tma`rmb rf ifll}eki`rkfe% Kecftl`rkfe keròm ky

lmtma{ ifll}eki`rken ~krj rjm mesktfelmer ~jkam ckarmtken tmamsèr ykneày

~jkij ifer`ke7 lfekrftken lèemp}ke sfkim fc nfb *keyrt}irmb+ y}tnmfey

tma`rksmy fe xjfem%

;% Xtmsmer eb lè`nm ckz`rkfe mttfty

Ckz`rkfe fii}ty ~krjke ykl}a`rmb `y ke tmà ykr}`rkfey% Tàa # Bkmiolèe

bkccmtmerk`rm dmr~mme rjtmm bkccmtmer r{xmy *Tàa # Bkmiolèe 488=+7

0% Rjky eb fea{ rjky!

Yflm ckz`rkfe mttfty `tm j`tb rf jèbam ~jme bmdtkmcken dmi`}ym rjm

x`trkikxèry ymml rf dmakmsm rj`r `deftlà ft }emzxmirmb dmj`skft ky rf dm

ymme `y ` ykl}a`rkfe `trkcìr% Keyrt}irfty ~`kr rf ymm rjm x`trkikxèr tmìr rf `

lmèkenc}a yrkl}a}y d}r rjm x`trkikxèr yklxa{ kneftmy rj`r *m%n% afyy fc

`s`ka`dam b`r` bmcmirksm mp}kxlmer+%

4% Msmt{rjken d}r rjky!

Rjky r{xm fc ckz`rkfe iè dm fdymtsmb ~jme x`trkikxèr ymml efr rf nt`yx ~j`rrf rtm`r% Rjm{ ymm rjm ykney èb y{lxrfly èb l`{dm msme rjm tknjr bk`nefyky

iflmy rf rjmkt lkeb d}r rjm{ yflmjf~ bf efr ~èr rf tmàkwm rj`r kr ky tmàa{

rjm ~ftyr,i`ym j`xxmeken d}r rjm x`trkikxèry ymml rf mzia}bm rjky xfyykdkakr{

yxmikckiàa{ cft ef tm`yfe d}r ckz`rkfe%

9% Msmt{rjken ky f%o%!

^jme àa rjm à`tly ommx tkenken ft `tm ifeyrèra{ x}yjmb `~`{ ~krjf}r è{

skykdam tmìrkfe rjm x`trkikxèry lknjr j`sm nfr yr}io ~krj rjmkt lèrt` fc

msmt{rjken ky fo! Ef l`rrmt ~j`r rjm x`rkmer ky y`cm èb rjmtm ky ef emmb cft

ìrkfe% Cft rjky èb àa rjm frjmt i`ymy fc ckz`rkfe lmèken rjm rm`l ièefr

myr`dakyj xtfb}irksm mccftr rf y`sm rjm yime`tkf rjmtm yjf}ab dm yitkxrmb

yime`tkf akcm,y`smty rj`r mkrjmt amr rjm keyrt}irmb ìrfty ft rjm keyrt}irfty

rjmlymasmy kermtcmtm eb nksm i}my%


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, 92 ,

08%Itfyy *bf}dam+ ijmio

Fem fc rjm l`ke y{lxrfly fc è ftnèkw`rkfey y`cmr{ i}ar}tm ky rjm ~`{ ifertfa

lmijèkyly `tm xmtimksmb sà}mb èb klxamlmermb èb jf~ itfyy,ijmioken

mìj frjmty ~fto ky ìimxrmb% @ y`cmr{ `rrkr}bm yjf}ab dm x`tr fc è{

ykl}a`rmb rt`keken yf rj`r rm`l,lmldmty iè tmàkwm rj`r kr ky ìr}àa{ ` nffb

rjken rf y}xmtskym mìj frjmt ke ` cm`t,ctmm mesktfelmer%

00%]ym ifnekrksm `kby

B}m rf rjm b{e`lki ymrrkeny x`trkikxèry ~kaa xtfd`da{ efr dm `dam rf }ym kby

mzrmeyksma{ d}r {f} iè lòm y}tm rj`r rjmtm ky ` iài}a`rft ke rjm ykl}a`rft

èb bmdtkmc fe ~j{&~j{ efr rjm x`trkikxèry }ymb kr% ^jmemsmt kr ky x`tr fc rjm

yime`tkf rf nt`bm rjm x`rkmery yr`r}y lòm y}tm rj`r `bmp}`rm yiftm r`damy `tm

`s`ka`dam èb `xxaki`dam ~krjke rjm ykl}a`rmb mesktfelmer% Fem if}ab àyf

xtmx tm fe ~`rmt,xtffc i`tby ifer`keken rjm 0= om{ xtkeikxamy fc ITL `y `

ròm,jflm%

04%Tm,msà}`rm tmxm`rmba{

Itkyky Lè`nmlmer ky ` b{e`lki xtfimyy `y rjm ykr}`rkfe xtfntmyymy

ifeyrèra{% Bmikykfe,lòken ky è kermntà x tr fc rjky xtfimyy `y rjm x`rkmeryykr}`rkfe ommxy bmlèbken rjml% Msme rf bf efrjken yjf}ab dm ` ifeyikf}y

bmikykfe ke rjm ifermzr fc mlmtnmei{ ìrkfe x`rrmtey% Yflmrklmy kr ky rf dm

fdymtsmb rj`r rjm rm`ly càa kerf ` okeb fc dakeb ìrkskr{ ~krjf}r è{ d`yki

fsmtskm~ ft l`gft xaè% Rf `sfkb rjky n`x fc bfken dmcftm rjkeoken Tàa mr à%

bmsmafxmb rjm 08,ymifeby,cft,08,lke}rmy xtkeikxam ~jmtm`y kr y`{y rj`r rjm

rm`l yjf}ab ròm kry rklm rf msà}`rm rjm ykr}`rkfe èb kecftl àa rjm rm`l,

lmldmty `df}r rjm xaèemb ìrkfe% @crmt `r am`yr rme lke}rmy rjm rm`l nmry

rfnmrjmt cft tm,msà}`rkfe fc rjm yime`tkf èb `xxtfxtk`rm `bfxrkfe fc rjm rm`ly

xaè *Tàa Na`ske # Cake 488:+%


36/47


, 9= ,

09%]ym nffb rm`l~fto

Yà`y mr à% ymm `y ` ifebkrkfe rj`r ykl}a`rkfe cft rt`keken ky mccmirksm ~jme rjm

ykl}a`rkfe ifer`key fxxftr}ekrkmy cft `yymyyken èb bk`nefyken kebkskb}à ft

rm`l xmtcftlèim *Yà`y # D}tom 4884+% Itm~ kermtìrkfe b}tken èb `crmt

rjm ymyykfe yjf}ab dm }ymb rf tmkecftim ITL% Rjm x`trkikxèry yjf}ab `bbtmyy

mìj frjmt bktmira{ èb bkyi}yy jf~ rjm{ ~mtm `ccmirmb d{ mìj frjmthy ìrkfe%

Cìkakr`rfty yjf}ab x}yj rjm itm~ rf nf dm{feb g}yr bmyitkdken ~j`r j`xxmemb

*Bkyl}omy mr à% 0;;>+%

02%@aafi`rm `rrmerkfe ~kyma{

@y fxxfymb rf rjm ifllfea{ ìimxrmb l{rj kr j`y rf dm yjf~e rj`r rjm l}ark,

r`yoken `dkakr{ fc mkrjmt làm ft cmlàm ky smt{ aklkrmb% ^jmemsmt ` ykr}`rkfe

r}tey rf dm fsmt~jmalken dmi`}ym rjmtm ky ymeyft{ fsmtaf`b ft lè{ ìrkfey

`tm rf dm bfem `r rjm y`lm rklm rjmtm ky ` rmebmei{ rf ifeimert`rm èb cfi}y

fe bmr`kay% Rjm `lf}er fc ifeimert`rkfe ~m `tm `dam rf kesmyr ky aklkrmb d{

`rrmerkfe yf kr ymmly }ymc}a rf tmlmldmt rj`r rjmtm lknjr dm rjkeny j`xxmeken

f}r fc cfi}y yf kr ky nffb rf j`sm ` tf}rkem ke x`{ken `rrmerkfe rf rjm

xmtkxjmtày `y ~maa% @aa rm`l lmldmty yjf}ab rjkeo `df}r rj`r myxmikàa{

~jme x`yyken fe skrà kecftl`rkfe%

0=%Ymr xtkftkrkmy b{e`lkiàa{

@aa fc rjm rm`l lmldmty yjf}ab }ebmtyrèb rj`r rjm mesktfelmer ke mlmtnmei{

ykr}`rkfey ky b{e`lki èb yf `tm bmikykfey rf dm l`bm% Rjmtm j`y rf dm yflm

rfamt eim rf ct}yrt`rkfe i`}ymb d{ ijènm èb `b`xrkfe fc rjm l`gft xaè%

Xtkftkrkmy lfyr fcrme ijènm èb yflmrklmy kr iè dm fdymtsmb rj`r rm`l

lmldmty tmb}im rjmlymasmy rf lmtm fxmt`rksm c}eirkfeken ~krjf}r yj`tken rjmkt

lfbma% Ke rjm dmnkeeken fc rjm yime`tkf rjm{ lknjr d{ m`nmta{ men`nmb d}r `y

yffe `y èfrjmt xmtyfe r}tey f}r rf dm rjm am`bmt èb j`y kneftmb ft fsmtt}amb

yflm bmikykfe xtfxfymb rjm xtkl`tka{ lfrks`rmb rm`l lmldmt yrmxy dìo yf

rj`r rjm am`bmt iè jèbam rjm i`ym%


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, 93 ,

]ebmt ef ikti}lyrèim yjf}ab rjm am`bmt eft è{ fc rjm rm`l,lmldmty dm

y}xxfymb rf afym `yymtrksmemyy eb rjm{ yjàa ommx ifll}eki`rken irksma{ eb

x`yyksma{ àa àfen rjm b}t`rkfe fc rjm keikbmer% Rjky iè dm ` nffb bmdtkmcken

xfker `y rf `yo jf~ rjm am`bmtyjkx p}myrkfey ~mtm jèbamb }ebmt rjm keca}meim

fc rjm b{e`lkiàa{ ijènken mesktfelmer fc rjm ykl}a`rkfe%

=%3%= Ykr}`rkfe Dìontf}eb @yymyylmer Tmifllmeb`rkfe *YD@T+

YD@T yrèby cft ykr}`rkfe dìontf}eb `yymyylmer èb tmifllmeb`rkfe èb

iè dm }ymb `y è mccmirksm rffa cft yrèb`tbkwken mlmtnmei{ ifll}eki`rkfe

*Amfe`tb mr à% 4808+% Rjm `}rjfty ymm ` n`x dmr~mme ifll}eki`rkfe i}ar}tmy

fc xj{ykikèy èb e}tymy `y xj{ykikèy fcrme mzxmir ` iam`t èb ifeikym

yr`rmlmer fe rjm x`rkmery ifebkrkfe kc efr yflm bk`nefyky% Rjm e}tymy ke

ifert`yr j`sm ` lftm jfakyrki `xxtfìj èb t`rjmt ymml rf x`ker rjm dkn

xkir}tm *Amfe`tb mr à% 4808+%

Rjky bkccmtmeim l`{ yflmjf~ am`b rf lkeft lky}ebmtyrèbkeny ~jkij yjf}ab

dm `sfkbmb% YD@T if}ab tmb}im rjky n`x d{ yrèb`tbkw`rkfe fc rjm

ifll}eki`rkfe xtfrfifa cft mlmtnmei{ ykr}`rkfey% Amfe`tb mr à% àyf yr`rm rj`rmzxmtkmeimb xmtyfeema fcrme j`y ` cmmaken cft yflmrjken dmken ~tfen ~krj rjm

x`rkmer ~krjf}r j`sken rjm xtmikym ~ftby cft ~j`r ky j`xxmeken% Kr ky xtmymermb

èb tmifllmebmb èb l}arkxam yf}timy *J`kn Y}rrfe # ^jkrrkenrfe 4883+%

Ykr}`rkfe7

Rjm bmyitkxrkfe fc rjm ykr}`rkfe yjf}ab mzxa`ke ~j`r j`xxmemb èb rtknnmtmb rjm

mlmtnmei{ xtfrfifa7 Rjm x`rkmer ifaa`xymb!

Dìontf}eb7

P}kioa{ bt`cry rjm x`rkmery jkyrft{ akom tmamsèr xtmmzkyrken ifebkrkfey7 Jmhy ky

` 2= {m`t fab bk`dmrki R{xm KK%


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, 9> ,

@yymyylmer7

Ifeykyry fc ~j`r ykney èb y{lxrfly bfmy rjm x`rkmer xtmymer ef~6 Jm ky

}eifeyikf}y d}r yrkaa dtm`rjken èb K iè cmma ` x}aym%

Tmifllmeb`rkfe7

@tm rjmtm è{ y}nnmyrkfey fe jf~ rf xtfntmyy6 ^m yjf}ab lm`y}tm rjm

x`rkmery daffb xtmyy}tm èb daffb y}n`t% ^m if}ab yr`dkakwm jky xfykrkfe ft akcr

rjm amny fc rjm x`rkmer rf t`kym rjm daffb xtmyy}tm%

=%3%3% Yrfx,Xtfimb}tmy

^krjke àa fc rjm ykenam kermtsmerkfey èb ifeimxry rf t`kym x`rkmer y`cmr{ efem

j`y xtfsme `y mccmirksm `y ymrrken yrèb`tbkwmb yrfx,xtfimb}tmy `r imtr`ke

itkrkià xfkery b}tken rjm fxmt`rkfeà xtfimb}tm akom xtfxfymb d{ rjm ^ftab

Jmàrj Ftnèkw`rkfe% Dmcftm keb}irkfe fc èmyrjmyk` dmcftm yoke keikykfe èb

dmcftm rjm x`rkmer am`smy rjm FT rjm ~jfam rm`l yrfxy rjm tf}rkem r`yoy rf

smtkc{ imtr`ke `yxmiry cfaaf~ken ` yrèb`tbkwmb ijmio,akyr% Rjky lòmy y}tm

lftm rjè è{ maym ykenam kermtsmerkfe rj`r msmt{dfb{ ky ke rjm y`lm lfskm

èb ef y}txtkymy *Amfe tb mr à% 4808+% Kr ky àyf ` nffb mz`lxam rj`r rt`kekenfe ` yfam d`yky ~kaa efr `ccmir x`rkmer y`cmr{ smt{ akoma{ d}r rj`r ke ` ykl}a`rft

em~ èb keefs`rksm `xxtfìjmy iè dm damebmb ~krj rtkmb èb rt}m xtkeikxamy rf

itm`rm è bmp}`rm y`cmr{ i}ar}tm ke è mzxa keken mesktfelmer%


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, 9: ,

3% Ifeia}ykfe

Ctfl rjm am`temt cmmbdìo ~m tmimksmb `r rjm XL] ykl}a`rkfe,d`ymb

èmyrjmyk` èb kermeyksm i`tm ITL if}tymy ~m am`temb rj`r kry smt{ tmàkyrki

èb rj`r rjm yrtmyy ky tmà% Fem x`trkikxèr yr`rmb kr akom rjky7 K emsmt am`temb

yf l}ij ke ` b`{% Rjm{ sà}mb smt{ l}ij rjm efe,x}ekyjken `rlfyxjmtm èb

rj`r rjmtm ~`y ckeàa{ ` ijèim rf lòm lkyròmy èb am`te ctfl rjml% Yf

`crmt ifeykbmt`dam mccftr ~m ymmlmb rf ef~ dm ifeb}irken }ymc}a ykl}a`rkfe

am`teken mzxmtkmeimy% Xmrmt Bkmiolèe è ftnèkw`rkfe a xy{ijfafnkyr yxfom

`r rjm èe}à y{lxfyk}l fc YMY@L *Yfikmr{ ke M}tfxm cft Ykl}a`rkfe @xxakmb

rf Lmbkikem+ ke 488;% Jm y}nnmyrmb ~m yjf}ab7 Rjkeo fc ` bèiken dm t%

Xmfxam `tm efr mzikrmb `df}r rjm cìr rj`r rjm dm`t ky bèiken yf ntìkf}ya{ d}rrjm cìr rj`r jm ky bèiken `r àa%

@arjf}nj rjfym ~jf ifeb}ir ykl}a`rkfe l`{ akom rf jm`t ctfl x`trkikxèry rj`r

rjm{ akomb rjm ykl}a`rkfe mzxmtkmeim rjm p}myrkfe tml`key7 Jf~ bf rjm{ nf fe

ctfl rjmtm6 Bkb rjm{ tmàa{ nt`yx rjm ifeimxry ~m ~èr rjml rf `xxa{6 ^j`r

`df}r ITL6 @tm rjm{ nfken rf iafym rjm affx6 ^j`r j`xxmey rjm cktyr rklm rjm{

jm`t rj r rjm{ yf}ebmb akom x ttfry ~jme tmxm`rken ftbmty6 If}ab rjmx`trkikxèr tmàa{ t`kym jky&jmt amsma fc ifeckbmeim&`yymtrksmemyy6 ^kaa rjm{ j`sm

rjm xfyykdkakr{ rf yxmò }x ~jme ifeimtemb6 @r rjky xfker rjmtm `tm ef cktl

èy~mty rf y}ij p}myrkfey%

Myr`dakyjken ` ykl}a`rkfe imermt ky m`y{% @aa rj`r ky emmbmb ky lfem{ rf

x}tij`ym mp}kxlmer èb yxìm% Jf~msmt ~jme fem `ttksmy `r rjm yrmmtken

~jmma fc ` xj{ykfafnki d`ymb c}aa,yiàm j}lè x`rkmer ykl}a`rft rt{ken rf jèbam

rjm y{yrml n}kbm x`trkikxèry èb ìrfty ~jkam affoken f}r cft nffb bmdtkmcken

xfkery fem l`{ ~maa yffe tm akwm rj`r rjky iè dm ` bkccki}ar èb bmlèbken

}ebmtròken% Ke rjm bmdtkmcken krymac fem l`{ ckeb f}r jf~ ~maa rjm yime`tkfy ckr

rf rjm am`teken emmby èb tmàkr{ fc rjm x`trkikxèry fe fem jèb èb rf rjm

`xxaki`rkfe fc ITL xtkeikxamy fe rjm frjmt%


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, 9; ,

@y rjm ~ftb rt`keken klxakmy rjky j`y rf dm ` tmxm`rmb xtfimyy rf j`sm a`yrken

klxìr fe b`ka{ xtìrkim àfenykbm ~krj ijènmy ke rjm ftnèkw`rkfey y`cmr{

i}ar}tm èb `xxtfìj rf mttfty% Ykl}a`rkfe ièefr c}ackaa àa rjm jfxmy kr ky

dtf}njr rf d}r l`{dm ke ifldke`rkfe ~krj àa rjm frjmt lm`y}tmlmery akom

yrfx,xtfimb}tmy ijmioakyry Itkrkià Keikbmery Tmxftr Y{yrmly `~`tmemyy fc

J}lè Cìrfty èb yf fe kr if}ab dm rj`r fem b`{ jfyxkrà i`tm ~kaa c}ackaa ykz,

yknl` itkrmtk` lmèken rj`r fea{ fem ke ` lkaakfe nfmy ~tfen%

Xtfgmirken rjm xìm fc rmijefafnkià `bsèim kerf rjm c}r}tm kr ymmly

tm`yfe`dam rf xtmbkir ` c}trjmt xtfntmyy ke rjm ckbmakr{ fc ykl}a`rkfe% Cìkakr`rfty

èb ykl}a`rkfe rjmftkyry `tm iàamb rf ommx }x ~krj rjky xìm ke bmsmafxken

xtfcf}eb ct`lm~ftoy rj r ifldkemb ~kaa msmer} aa{ jmax rf bmckem ` }ekckmb

rjmft{ fc ykl}a`rkfe ke jmàrj,i`tm rf amr rm`ly rt`ke rfnmrjmt kermtxtfcmyykfeàa{

fe è mskbmeim d`ymb yrèb tbkwmb xtfrfifa ke ` amyy rjtm`rmeken d}r lftm

mlxf~mtken èb ymac,tmcamirksm mesktfelmer% ^krj rjm y}iimyyc}a

klxamlmer`rkfe fc ykl}a`rkfe d`ymb Itkyky Tmyf}tim Lè`nmlmer *ITL+

rt`keken ke `sk rkfe ke lkeb rjmtm ky ef sàkb mzi}ym cft jmykr`rken fsmt rjm

klxamlmer`rkfe fc yklka`t lm`y}tmlmery rf rt`ke e}tymy `y ~maa `y àa frjmt

jmàrj i`tm xtfcmyykfeày ~jf lknjr nmr kesfasmb ke itkrkià keikbmery%


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, 28 ,

>% Tmcmtmeimy

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