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Why are nitrogen and phosphorus both in group 5?
What is an element?
Where do we find all the elements?
How are electrons arranged in an atom?.
Label the diagram to show the structure of an atom.
Complete the table below.
What do the following tell you?Atomic number:
Mass number:
Why are the alkali metals so reactive?
Complete the table to show the properties of the sub-atomic particles.
What sub-atomic particle is the same in all atoms of a particular element?
Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of magnesium.
Write the chemical symbols for the following elements:Oxygen Sodium FluorineNitrogen
What is the overall charge on an atom? Explain your answer.
Why are the noble gases unreactive?
.
Give the electronic configuration of the following elements.SiliconHelium Lithium Argon
Sub-atomic particle
Relative charge
Relative mass
Proton 1
0
1/1840
Element Number of
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Potassium
Hydrogen
30
M g
Describe how a metal and non-metal react to form an ionic bond.
Complete the equation
Sodium + Oxygen
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water
What type of boding occurs between non-metals?
What happens to mass in a chemical reaction?
Balance the equation below and explain what it shows.
Li + O2 Li2O
Why are nitrogen and phosphorus both in group 5?They both have five electrons in their highest energy level
What is an element?Substanve made of only one type of atom.
Where do we find all the elements?In the periodic table
How are electrons arranged in an atom?. In different energy levels.
Label the diagram to show the structure of an atom.
Complete the table below.
What do the following tell you?Atomic number: number of protons in an atomMass number: number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Why are the alkali metals so reactive?They only have one electron in their outer energy level.
Complete the table to show the properties of the sub-atomic particles.
What sub-atomic particle is the same in all atoms of a particular element?Protons
Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of magnesium.
Write the chemical symbols for the following elements:Oxygen OSodium NaFluorine FNitrogen N
What is the overall charge on an atom? Explain your answer. NeutralThe number of electrons, which are negtive, is equal to the number of protons, which are positive
Why are the noble gases unreactive?They have a full outer shell of electrons.
Give the electronic configuration of the following elements.Silicon 2, 8, 4Helium 2Lithium 2, 1Argon 2, 8, 8
Sub-atomic particle
Relative charge
Relative mass
Proton +1 1
Neutron 0 1
Electron -1 1/1840
electron
nucleusproton
neutron
Element Number of
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Potassium
19 21 19
Hydrogen 1 0 1
Zinc 30 35 30
M g
Describe how a metal and non-metal react to form an ionic bond. Metal loses electrons, and becomes a positive ionNon-metal gains electrons and becomes of positive ion
Complete the equation
Sodium + Oxygen Sodium oxide
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water Lithium+ Hydrogen Hydroxide
What type of boding occurs between non-metals?Covalent
What happens to mass in a chemical reaction?It is conserved.
Balance the equation below and explain what it shows.
2Li + O2 Li2O
2 atoms of lithium React with one molecule of oxygen To form 1 molecule of lithium oxide
Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
Give the chemical name and formula for limestone.
What is a thermal decomposition reaction?
Complete the following equations to show what happens when an acid reacts with a carbonate.
Magnesium + HydrochloricCarbonate Acid
+ Copper + Carbon + Water Sulphate Dioxide
+ Nitric Zinc + + WaterCarbonate Acid Nitrate
Why don’t all the group 1 metal carbonates decompose in the lab?
Give one use of calcium hydroxide
Give 2 environmental problems with the extraction of limestone.
Describe a positive test for carbon dioxide.
Write word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of limestone
Complete the following equations
Calcium + CarbonHydroxide Dioxide
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
Complete the flow chart to show how different substances can be made from limestone.
Limestone
Heat with clay
Mix with sand
Mix with ______
____________
Concrete
Use the following formula CaCO3to complete the table below:
Symbol Element
Number of atoms in compound
Ca
C
OGive an advantage to residents of having a limestone quarry in the local area.
Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
Calcium + Water Calcium Oxide hydroxide
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Give the chemical name and formula for limestone. Calcium carbonateCaCO3
What is a thermal decomposition reaction?Breaking down a substance using heat
Complete the following equations to show what happens when an acid reacts with a carbonate.
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Magnesium + Carbon + WaterCarbonate Acid Chloride Dioxide
Copper + Sulphuric Copper + Carbon + WaterCarbonate Acid Sulphate Dioxide
Zinc + Nitric Zinc + Carbon + WaterCarbonate Acid Nitrate Dioxide
Why don’t all the group 1 metal carbonates decompose in the lab?Bunsen burner does not reach high enough temperatures
Give one use of calcium hydroxideNeutralising acidic soils or lakes
Give 2 environmental problems with the extraction of limestone.•Quarries destroy habitats•Vehicles used to transport limestone increase carbon dioxide emissions•Dust pollution
Describe a positive test for carbon dioxide. Limewater turns from clear to cloudy
Write word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of limestone
Calcium Calcium + Carboncarbonate oxide dioxide
CaCO3 CaO + CO2Complete the following equations
Calcium + Carbon Calcium + WaterHydroxide Dioxide Carbonate
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
Complete the flow chart to show how different substances can be made from limestone.
Limestone
Cement
Mortar
Heat with clay
Mix with sandMix with sand and
aggregate
Concrete
Use the following formula CaCO3to complete the table below:
Symbol Element
Number of atoms in compound
Ca Calcium
1
C Carbon 1
O Oxygen
3Give an advantage to residents of having a limestone quarry in the local area.•Provides jobs•Increases local trade
What is an ore?
What does it mean if a metal is found native? Give an example.
Give two problems with the extraction of copper.
What element is used to reduce metal oxides?
What is meant by reduction?Why do we have to use chemical reactions to extract most metals?
Write word and symbol equations for the reduction of iron oxide.
Why is electrolysis so expensive?
Why can’t aluminium be extracted by reduction with carbon?
What is electrolysis?
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to work?
Name two novel methods of extracting copper and describe each.
Explain why copper can be extracted using scrap iron.
Why are aluminum and titanium expensive to extract?
.
Give two reasons for recycling metals
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited in terms of usefulness?
What is an alloy?
Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of steel.
Give a property of Low carbon steels: High carbon steels:Stainless steels:
Why are metals such as copper and gold normally made into alloys?
What two things are metals good at conducting?
What is the name given to the group of metals in the centre of the periodic table?
What properties of copper make it useful for:Piping?
Electrical wiring?
What properties of aluminium and titanium make them useful?
What is an ore?A naturally occurring rock that contains enough metal to make it economic to extract.
What does it mean if a metal is found native? Give an example. Metal found as it’s element e.g Gold
Give two problems with the extraction of copper.Copper rich ores are becoming scarceMining and extraction cause major environmental problems
What element is used to reduce metal oxides?Carbon
What is meant by reduction?The removal of oxygen
Why do we have to use chemical reactions to extract most metals?They are reactive so are found in the crust as compounds.
Write word and symbol equations for the reduction of iron oxide.
Iron + Carbon Iron + Carbonoxide dioxide
2Fe2O3 +3 C 4Fe + 3 CO2
Why is electrolysis so expensive?It uses large amounts of energy
Why can’t aluminium be extracted by reduction with carbon?Aluminium is more reactive than carbon
What is electrolysis?Using electricity to remove a metal from its ore.
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to work?So the positive metal ions are free to move to the negative electrode
Name two novel methods of extracting copper and describe each. Phytomining - plants absorb the metal compounds; plants then burned to produce ash to release metal compounds
Bioleaching – uses bacteria to produce a leachate from which metal can be extractedExplain why copper can be extracted using
scrap iron.Iron is more reactive than copper so displaces it from its salt.
Why are aluminum and titanium expensive to extract?there are many stages in the processeslarge amounts of energy are needed.
Give two reasons for recycling metals•Extracting them uses up limited resources•Extraction requires large amounts of energy•Extraction is harmful for the environment
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited in terms of usefulness?It contains about 4% carbon so is brittle
What is an alloy?Mixture of a metal with other elements
Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of steel.
carbon
iron
Give a property of Low carbon steels: malleableHigh carbon steels: hardStainless steels: resistant to corrosion
Why are metals such as copper and gold normally made into alloys?They are too soft to use in their pure form
What two things are metals good at conducting?HeatElectricity
What is the name given to the group of metals in the centre of the periodic table?Transition metals
What properties of copper make it useful for:Piping? Resistant too corrosion; hard but easy to shapeElectrical wiring? Ductile; good conductor of electricity
What properties of aluminium and titanium make them useful?Low densityResistant to corrosion
Why are alkanes considered to be saturated?
What is a hydrocarbon?
Why is crude oil called a mixture?
What process is used to separate crude oil?
For alkanes, describe how the following properties of a molecule change with increasing size:■ boiling point
■ viscosity
■ flammability
What type of bonding occurs in alkanes?
Why are carbon dioxide and water produced when an alkane burns?
Give the formula for the following molecule
What dangerous gas is produced when a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen? Why is it dangerous?
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil.
What is the general formula for an alkane?
Write word and symbol equations for the combustion of propane.
Name the first 3 alkanes, give their formulae and draw their structure.
What are particulates?
Name two gases that cause acid rain
What is the name used to describe the reaction between an element and oxygen to form an oxide?
Give an environmental consequence of: Carbon dioxide
Particulates
What is a biofuel?
Give 2 examples of biofuels.
What are the advantages of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?
Give a disadvantage of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?
Why are alkanes considered to be saturated?They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible per molecule
What is a hydrocarbon?Compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
Why is crude oil called a mixture?It contains many different hydrocarbons that are not chemically bonded to each other.
What process is used to separate crude oil?Fractional distillation
For alkanes, describe how the following properties of a molecule change with increasing size:■ boiling point Bigger molecules have higher bps
■ viscosityBigger molecules are more viscous
■ flammabilityBigger molecules are harder to light
What type of bonding occurs in alkanes?Covalent
Why are carbon dioxide and water produced when an alkane burns?The hydrogen and carbon in the fuel react with oxygen in the air.
Give the formula for the following molecule
C6H14
What dangerous gas is produced when a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen? Why is it dangerous?Carbon monoxidePrevents transport of oxygen in the blood
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil. •Crude oil is evaporated•The gases are condensed at different temperatures•Larger molecules collect first at base of column (higher temperatures)
What is the general formula for an alkane? CnH2n + 2
Write word and symbol equations for the combustion of propane. Propane + Oxygen Carbon + Water
Dioxide
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
Name the first 3 alkanes, give their formulae and draw their structure.Methane CH4
Ethane C2H8
Propane C3H10
What are particulates?Small solid particles of soot and unburnt hydrocarbons
Name two gases that cause acid rainSulphur dioxideNitrogen oxides
What is the name used to describe the reaction between an element and oxygen to form an oxide?Oxidation
Give an environmental consequence of: Carbon dioxideGlobal warmingParticulatesGlobal dimming
What is a biofuel?Fuel made from plant matter
Give 2 examples of biofuels.BiodieselEthanol
What are the advantages of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?RenewableUses plant wasteLess pollution
Give a disadvantage of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?Uses crops that could be food / require lots of land
Give a definition of a polymer. What is the raw material for making plastics?
Why is it important to recycle plastics?
What is an alkene.
Describe how you would test a hydrocarbon to find out if it was unsaturated. Include the expected result in your answer.
Complete the diagram below to show the formation of PVC from chloroethene
Give a definition of a hydrocarbon
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of making ethanol from sugar cane.
What is cracking?
Draw the structure of propene and give its molecular formula.
What is a biodegradable polymer?
What substance is used to make a plastic biodegradable?
What is the name of the process when ethanol is made from sugar?
What catalyst is used to crack hydrocarbons in the lab?
What is the function of a catalyst?.
Draw a diagram to show the product of reaction between ethene and bromine water?
Name this molecule
What is the general formula for an alkene?
Write an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene. l
Why are hydrogels useful?
What groups of molecules are produced by cracking?
What special property does a shape memory polymer have?
Give a definition of a polymer. Very large long chain molecule made up of lots of small repeating units called monomers
What is the raw material for making plastics?Crude oil
Why is it important to recycle plastics?They are made from crude oil, which is a finite resource. We are running out of landfill space
What is an alkene. Unsaturted hydrocarbon.
Describe how you would test a hydrocarbon to find out if it was unsaturated. Include the expected result in your answer. Shake with bromine waterTurns orange to colourless if unsaturated.
Complete the diagram below to show the formation of PVC from chloroethene
Give a definition of a hydrocarbon Compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of making ethanol from sugar cane. There is a plentiful supply of sugar cane / sugar cane is renewable (unlike crude oil)Uses crops that would otherwise be used for food / takes a lot of space
What is cracking?Breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful molecules.
Draw the structure of propene and give its molecular formula.
C3H6
What is a biodegradable polymer?Polymer that can be decomposed by soil microbes
What substance is used to make a plastic biodegradable? Cornstarch
What is the name of the process when ethanol is made from sugar?fermentaiton
What catalyst is used to crack hydrocarbons in the lab?Ceramic pot
What is the function of a catalyst?To speed up a chemical reaction.
Draw a diagram to show the product of reaction between ethene and bromine water?
Name this molecule
ethene
What is the general formula for an alkene? CnH2n
Write an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene. Ethene + water -> Ethanol
Why are hydrogels useful?They absorb water
What groups of molecules are produced by cracking?Alkanes and alkenes
What special property does a shape memory polymer have?Returns to its original shape following heating or cooling
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s structure.
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using pressing rather than distillation to extract vegetable oil. AdvantageDisadvantage
Name two types of emulsion.
What is an advantage of using oil rather than water in cooking?
Draw a diagram to show how an emulsifier works.
How can you distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?
Which are healthier, unsaturated or saturated fats? Explain your answer.
What happens when you add oil to water?
How could you turn an unsaturated vegetable oil into margarine? Give the reaction conditions.
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?
What is a disadvantage of using vegetable oil rather than water for cooking?
Give two uses of vegetable oil
Give two sources of vegetable oil.
Complete the diagram to show the hydrogenation of propene.
+ H2
Why are vegetable oils hardened?
What is the name of the reaction when hydrogen is added to an alkene?
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s structure. Substance that makes two immiscible substances mix. Has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tail
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using pressing rather than distillation to extract vegetable oil. Advantage Quicker; cheaperDisadvantage Product is less pure / may need further treatment
Name two types of emulsion. salad dressings,, paints, ice creams, cosmeticsWhat is an advantage of using
oil rather than water in cooking?Oil has a higher boiling point so food cooks quickerFood tastes better / is crispier
Draw a diagram to show how an emulsifier works.
How can you distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?Add bromine water. Unsaturated turns bromine water colourless. Saturated stays orange.
Which are healthier, unsaturated or saturated fats? Explain your answer. Saturated – they can raise blood cholesterol (which can lead to cardiovascular disease)
What happens when you add oil to water?They don’t mix / form separate layers
How could you turn an unsaturated vegetable oil into margarine? Give the reaction conditions.Add hydrogen; Nickel catalyst60oC
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil? Unsaturated has a double carbon-carbon bond
What is a disadvantage of using vegetable oil rather than water for cooking?Vegetable oil has a high calorific value
Give two uses of vegetable oilCookingFuel / biodiesel
Give two sources of vegetable oil. Fruits, seeds, nuts
Complete the diagram to show the hydrogenation of propene.
+ H2
Why are vegetable oils hardened? The hydrogenated oils have highermelting points so they are solids at roomtemperature, making them useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries
What is the name of the reaction when hydrogen is added to an alkene?Hydrogenation
Head – attracted to water
Tail – attracted to oil
Emulsifier molecule
What is a tectonic plate?
Label the diagram of the earth
How did the Earth’s early oceans form?
What parts of the Earth do we get our minerals from?
Explain the differences in the amount of carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere compared to today.
What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?
How can the gases in the air be separated?
Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen?
What was responsible for the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere?
Explain why the plates move
Why is there so little carbon dioxide in today’s atmosphere?.
.
What evidence is there that the plates are moving?
Label the pie chart with the names and percentages of gases to show the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today.
Why is an increase in the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for marine life?
Give 2 pieces of evidence that support Wegener;s theory.
Why was Wegener;s theory initially rejected?
What is a tectonic plate?Section of the crust
Label the diagram of the earth
How did the Earth’s early oceans form?As the earth cooled, the water vapour in the atmosphere condensed
What parts of the Earth do we get our minerals from? The crust, the atmosphere andthe oceans
Explain the differences in the amount of carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere compared to today. Plants photosynthesisedUsed up carbon dioxideProduced oxygen
What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?That amino acids could be formed from the interaction of hydrocarbons and ammonia with lightning.
How can the gases in the air be separated?By fractional distillation as they have different boiling points.
Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen?Sudden movements at plate boundaries
What was responsible for the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere?Volcanic eruptions
Explain why the plates moveRadioactive decay in the coreReleases heat that is transferred to the mantleAnd causes convection currents
Why is there so little carbon dioxide in today’s atmosphere?. Most of it is dissolved in the oceans or trapped in sedimentary rocks as carbonates or fossil fuels.
What evidence is there that the plates are moving?Sea floor is spreading
Label the pie chart with the names and percentages of gases to show the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today.
Why is an increase in the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for marine life?Carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans, making them more acidic.
Nitrogen – 80%
Oxygenn –20%
Carbon dioxide –0.003%
Trace gases (argon, water vapour) – 1%
Atmosphere
Crust Mantle
Core
Give 2 pieces of evidence that support Wegener;s theory.Land masses on different continents have coastlines that fit togetherSimilar fossils found on different continents
Why was Wegener;s theory initially rejected?No evidence at timeTheory of land bridge more popularPresent day animals not similar on different continents
