Why did Revolutions take place in 1848 on the continent?Unresolved Political RightsAgricultural ConditionsIndustrializationNationalismRole of the Domino Effect

Why Revolution doesn’t take place in Britain?Workers’ Chartism of the 1830s and 1840sFailure of Workers’ Charter vs. victory of middle classes by 1846

Goals of the revolutionWhy did revolutions fail?

Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848

•Why Revolutions in 1848?•Why did this not happen in Britain?•What were the goals?•Why did the majority of revolutions fail?•What lasting impact did revolutions have on Europe?

Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848

Illustrated London News (20 Feb 1847)

Why did Revolutions take place in 1848?Why did Revolutions take place in 1848?

•Unresolved political rights

•Agricultural conditions

•Industrialization

•Nationalism

•Role of the domino effect

Why violent revolution doesn’t take place in Why violent revolution doesn’t take place in BritainBritain

Chartism (1830s & 1840s)Chartism (1830s & 1840s) Working-class radicalsWorking-class radicals Change from within the Change from within the

political systempolitical system Six points of the CharterSix points of the Charter

– Universal manhood suffrageUniversal manhood suffrage– Equal electoral districts Equal electoral districts – No property qualification No property qualification

for MPsfor MPs– Payment for MPsPayment for MPs– Annual parliamentsAnnual parliaments– Secret ballotSecret ballot

Presentation of Charter three Presentation of Charter three times (1839, 1842, 1848)times (1839, 1842, 1848)

Ultimate failure of the CharterUltimate failure of the Charter– Internal DivisionsInternal Divisions– Role of Government to Role of Government to

stamp out Chartist Factionsstamp out Chartist Factions

Last Great Chartist Demonstration, Kennington Common, London (1848)

Goals of the Revolution in France, 1848

Goals of the revolution differed depending on your Goals of the revolution differed depending on your class:class:

Bourgeois liberal goals: Bourgeois liberal goals: Constitutional representative governmentsConstitutional representative governments

Limited democracyLimited democracyLimited state interference Limited state interference NationalismNationalism

Working-class radical republican goals: Working-class radical republican goals: Constitutional representative governmentsConstitutional representative governments

Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrageActivist stateActivist stateNationalismNationalism

From Restoration to RevolutionFrom Restoration to Revolution Louis XVIII (1815-1824) the Louis XVIII (1815-1824) the

Constitutional CharterConstitutional Charter Charles X (1824-1830) Charles X (1824-1830)

attempts at Grandeurattempts at Grandeur– July 1830: July OrdinancesJuly 1830: July Ordinances

1830 Revolution and the July 1830 Revolution and the July Monarchy Monarchy

Louis Philippe: the Louis Philippe: the “Bourgeois King” (1830-“Bourgeois King” (1830-1848)1848)

Louis XVIII (1814-1824)

Temporary alliances between middle and laboring Temporary alliances between middle and laboring classes fade with victory of Louis Philippeclasses fade with victory of Louis Philippe

Eugene Delacroix, “Liberty Leading the People” (1830)

Reign of Louis-Philippe (1830-1848)Reign of Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) July MonarchyJuly Monarchy ““Bourgeois” kingBourgeois” king Reforms:Reforms:

– Adopted the Adopted the Tricolor flag of the Tricolor flag of the revolutionrevolution

– Abolished Abolished censorshipcensorship

– Worked with the Worked with the parliament parliament

– Electoral ReformElectoral Reform Louis-Philippe’s Louis-Philippe’s

reforms helped mainly reforms helped mainly the upper middle the upper middle classes (wealthy classes (wealthy industrialists & industrialists & financiers).financiers).

Reign of Louis-Philippe (1830-Reign of Louis-Philippe (1830-1848)1848)

Industrialization took off during the reign Industrialization took off during the reign of Louis-Philippe.of Louis-Philippe.

Louis-Philippe did little to help the plight Louis-Philippe did little to help the plight of workers.of workers.

Lyon Uprisings (1831 & 1834)Lyon Uprisings (1831 & 1834) Louis-Philippe became increasingly Louis-Philippe became increasingly

reluctant to grant democratic reforms.reluctant to grant democratic reforms. Frustration finally erupted in February Frustration finally erupted in February

1848 when a cross-class alliance 1848 when a cross-class alliance overthrew Louis-Philippeoverthrew Louis-Philippe

February Revolution in FranceFebruary Revolution in France On 22 February, a grand political banquet was planned in On 22 February, a grand political banquet was planned in

Paris.Paris.– Louis-Philippe banned this banquet.Louis-Philippe banned this banquet.– Barricades went up.Barricades went up.

Louis-Philippe called out the National Guard.Louis-Philippe called out the National Guard. Without the support of the National Guard, Louis-Philippe Without the support of the National Guard, Louis-Philippe

was backed into a corner and began to make concessions.was backed into a corner and began to make concessions. Provisional Government established.Provisional Government established.

– Led by a group of moderate & radical republicans.Led by a group of moderate & radical republicans. Immediate Goals:Immediate Goals:

– Elections for a Constituent Assembly by universal Elections for a Constituent Assembly by universal manhood suffrage.manhood suffrage.

– New constitution (Republic)New constitution (Republic)– Abolished slavery Abolished slavery – Abolished the death penaltyAbolished the death penalty– Established the 10-hour workdayEstablished the 10-hour workday

The Course of the 1848 Revolution:January: Palermo

(Italy)

February: Paris

March: Berlin,

Munich, Vienna, Venice, Milan, Cracow

In Austria Kaiser Franz Joseph1849: Revolt in Hungary suppressed with Russian help

Metternich forced to flee in March 1848

Revolutions in EuropeRevolutions in Europe Austria:Austria:

– Meternich flees the revolution Meternich flees the revolution Ferdinand deposed, choice of his nephew Ferdinand deposed, choice of his nephew

Franz Joseph II (1848-1916)Franz Joseph II (1848-1916)– Hungarian revolt suppressed with Russian helpHungarian revolt suppressed with Russian help

Nicholas I, “the policeman of Europe.”Nicholas I, “the policeman of Europe.” Germany:Germany:

– Unification of German StatesUnification of German States Large Germany (Grossdeutsch), or Little Large Germany (Grossdeutsch), or Little

Germany (Kleindeutsch)Germany (Kleindeutsch)Frankfort Parliament offers imperial crown to Frankfort Parliament offers imperial crown to Prussian kingPrussian king

Italy: Revolts in Naples, Papal States, Tuscany, Italy: Revolts in Naples, Papal States, Tuscany, VeniceVenice– Goal: Unification under the House of SavoyGoal: Unification under the House of Savoy– Austrians reassert control in Tuscany & VenetiaAustrians reassert control in Tuscany & Venetia

Revolutionaries in city of Wartburg 1848

Split among RevolutionariesSplit among Revolutionaries Spring 1848 -- a split developed between Moderate Spring 1848 -- a split developed between Moderate

Republicans & radical groups (Left Republicans & Republicans & radical groups (Left Republicans & Socialists).Socialists).

23 April 1848 – Elections to the National Assembly. 23 April 1848 – Elections to the National Assembly. Moderate Republicans were victorious.Moderate Republicans were victorious.

15 May 1848 – People of Paris stormed the National 15 May 1848 – People of Paris stormed the National Assembly.Assembly.

May 1848 – Marked the end of the truly revolutionary period May 1848 – Marked the end of the truly revolutionary period of the Revolution.of the Revolution.

The new revolutionary government tried to alleviate The new revolutionary government tried to alleviate unemployment through a government-sponsored works unemployment through a government-sponsored works program (National Workshops).program (National Workshops).

Issue of the Workshops was the lightening rod that divided Issue of the Workshops was the lightening rod that divided the revolutionaries.the revolutionaries.

June Days (23-26 June 1848)June Days (23-26 June 1848) To many Europeans, June Days marked an important To many Europeans, June Days marked an important

departure in revolutionary politics. Now the new struggle: departure in revolutionary politics. Now the new struggle: bourgeoisie vs. the working classes.bourgeoisie vs. the working classes.

Karl Marx: “Only after baptism in the blood of the June Karl Marx: “Only after baptism in the blood of the June insurgents did the tricolor become the flag of the European insurgents did the tricolor become the flag of the European

revolution—the red flag.”revolution—the red flag.”

After the June Days in FranceAfter the June Days in France

June Days marked a victory for the Moderate June Days marked a victory for the Moderate Republicans.Republicans.

Each month grew more conservative.Each month grew more conservative. 4 Nov. 1848 – Second French Republic proclaimed4 Nov. 1848 – Second French Republic proclaimed 10 December 1848 – Presidential Elections held. 10 December 1848 – Presidential Elections held.

Nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon, Nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon, won.won.

His greatest support came from the peasantry.His greatest support came from the peasantry. March 1850 – Falloux LawMarch 1850 – Falloux Law 2 December 1851 – Louis-Napoléon’s coup d’état2 December 1851 – Louis-Napoléon’s coup d’état 2 December 1852 – Louis-Napoléon assumed the 2 December 1852 – Louis-Napoléon assumed the

title of Emperor Napoléon IIItitle of Emperor Napoléon III Conservative order had been re-established.Conservative order had been re-established.

Revolution in Berlin (Prussia)Revolution in Berlin (Prussia) 3 March 1848 – Revolution broke out in the Rhineland3 March 1848 – Revolution broke out in the Rhineland 15 March 1848 -- Revolutionaries revolted in Berlin, 15 March 1848 -- Revolutionaries revolted in Berlin,

demanding liberal democratic reforms.demanding liberal democratic reforms. King of Prussia (Frederick William IV) made concessions to King of Prussia (Frederick William IV) made concessions to

the revolutionaries.the revolutionaries. Soon afterwards, the other leaders of German states also gave Soon afterwards, the other leaders of German states also gave

their support for liberal democratic & nationalist reforms.their support for liberal democratic & nationalist reforms. Believing that the kings & princes were committed to a united Believing that the kings & princes were committed to a united

Germany, bourgeois liberal leaders began to meet in Germany, bourgeois liberal leaders began to meet in Frankfurt to write a new constitution for a united Germany. Frankfurt to write a new constitution for a united Germany. (Frankfurt Parliament)(Frankfurt Parliament)– Supported liberal democracySupported liberal democracy– Little Germany or Large Germany?Little Germany or Large Germany?– Supported a constitutional monarchy (under the leadership Supported a constitutional monarchy (under the leadership

of the King of Prussia) & a united Germany without of the King of Prussia) & a united Germany without Austria.Austria.

Police Breaking Up a Demonstration, Berlin, 1848

Revolution in the Austrian Revolution in the Austrian (Hapbsurg) Empire(Hapbsurg) Empire

While many revolutionaries While many revolutionaries advocated liberalism, most advocated liberalism, most were nationalists. were nationalists.

Calls for liberal democracy Calls for liberal democracy centered in Viennacentered in Vienna

12 March 1848, Revolution 12 March 1848, Revolution broke out in Viennabroke out in Vienna

Nationalist RevolutionsNationalist Revolutions Czechs, Hungarians, & Czechs, Hungarians, &

Italians, in particular, Italians, in particular, rejected the dominance of a rejected the dominance of a foreign, German-speaking, foreign, German-speaking, ruler. ruler.

Hungarian (Magyar) & Czech Hungarian (Magyar) & Czech RevolutionsRevolutions

Most powerful of the Most powerful of the minorities & the most minorities & the most successful of the successful of the revolutionaries.revolutionaries.

Louis (Lajos) Kossuth (1802-Louis (Lajos) Kossuth (1802-1894)1894)

3 March 1848 – Revolution 3 March 1848 – Revolution broke out in Budapestbroke out in Budapest

Frightened Metternich, who Frightened Metternich, who quickly agreed to allow the quickly agreed to allow the Hungarians to establish a Hungarians to establish a liberal democratic liberal democratic parliament. parliament.

March Laws: March Laws: Representation, freedom of Representation, freedom of the press, religious freedom, the press, religious freedom, equal justice before the law, equal justice before the law, taxation of the nobility.taxation of the nobility.

May 1848 – Czechs revolted, May 1848 – Czechs revolted, demanding political demanding political autonomy similar to what autonomy similar to what the Hungarians had the Hungarians had received.received.

Retreat of the Hapsburg EmpireRetreat of the Hapsburg Empire Seeing what was happening throughout Europe, the Austrian Seeing what was happening throughout Europe, the Austrian

Emperor (Ferdinand I) began to grant liberal concessions.Emperor (Ferdinand I) began to grant liberal concessions.– March 1848 – King dismissed MetternichMarch 1848 – King dismissed Metternich– 25 April 1848 – King agreed to a constitutional monarchy25 April 1848 – King agreed to a constitutional monarchy– Granted Universal manhood suffrage Granted Universal manhood suffrage – Emancipated the serfsEmancipated the serfs

15 May 1848 – Another wave of demonstrations broke out in 15 May 1848 – Another wave of demonstrations broke out in ViennaVienna

May 17 1848 – Emperor fled to Innsbruck (Austria)May 17 1848 – Emperor fled to Innsbruck (Austria) Beginning in the summer of 1848, Austria reasserted her Beginning in the summer of 1848, Austria reasserted her

dominance over the revolutionaries.dominance over the revolutionaries.– June 1848 – Emperor’s army crushed the Czech revolutionJune 1848 – Emperor’s army crushed the Czech revolution– October 1848 – Emperor crushed the revolt in Vienna.October 1848 – Emperor crushed the revolt in Vienna.– September 1848 1848 – Emperor sent troops into Hungary to September 1848 1848 – Emperor sent troops into Hungary to

suppress the revolution.suppress the revolution.– December 1948 – Emperor abdicated in favor of his nephew December 1948 – Emperor abdicated in favor of his nephew

(Francis Joseph I) who was determined to suppress these (Francis Joseph I) who was determined to suppress these revolutions. revolutions.

– March 1849 – Austrian forces conquered Hungary & imposed March 1849 – Austrian forces conquered Hungary & imposed military rule.military rule.

– June 1849 – Austrian joins with Prussia to crush revolutions in June 1849 – Austrian joins with Prussia to crush revolutions in the Rhineland, Saxony, & Bavaria.the Rhineland, Saxony, & Bavaria.

Milan, 1848Milan, 1848Fighting at the Tosa Gate, 1848Note green, white and red flagFlag of Cisalpine republic of Napoleonic Period

Revolution in ItalyRevolution in Italy January & February 1848 – Revolts erupted in Naples & January & February 1848 – Revolts erupted in Naples &

TurinTurin March 1848 – March 1848 – GuerraGuerra SantaSanta (Holy War) (Holy War) 22 March 1848 – Revolution broke out & Venetian 22 March 1848 – Revolution broke out & Venetian

Republic was established.Republic was established.– Came under the leadership of Garibaldi Came under the leadership of Garibaldi

March 1848 – Papal States were given a constitutionMarch 1848 – Papal States were given a constitution– February 1849 – Roman Republic proclaimed under the February 1849 – Roman Republic proclaimed under the

leadership of Mazzini.leadership of Mazzini. Goals: Liberalism & National UnificationGoals: Liberalism & National Unification Led by Charles Albert (King of Piedmont-Sardinia)Led by Charles Albert (King of Piedmont-Sardinia) 23 March 1848 – Piedmont-Sardina declared war on 23 March 1848 – Piedmont-Sardina declared war on

AustriaAustria New Republics: Venice, Tuscany, & RomeNew Republics: Venice, Tuscany, & Rome June 1848 – Austrians defeated Piedmont-Sardinia. June 1848 – Austrians defeated Piedmont-Sardinia.

Austrians re-established control over Lombardy & Venetia, Austrians re-established control over Lombardy & Venetia, destroying the republics.destroying the republics.

The Suppression of the 1848 Revolutions

Why do the Revolutions Fail?Why do the Revolutions Fail?•Problem of Idealism among Revolutionaries•Military Power•Weak Alliances

Lasting Significance of 1848Lasting Significance of 1848

•While there was a lasting challenge of liberal and While there was a lasting challenge of liberal and radical programsradical programs•Persistence of old regimePersistence of old regime•““Democracy” and 2nd Republic in France under Democracy” and 2nd Republic in France under Louis Louis Napoleon, president (1848-1852) then Napoleon, president (1848-1852) then Emperor Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870)Napoleon III (1852-1870)•““Representative” government (Representative” government (LandtagLandtag) in Prussia) in Prussia•Emigration of 1848’ers to United StatesEmigration of 1848’ers to United States•Eventual conservative cooption of liberal and radical Eventual conservative cooption of liberal and radical

platformsplatforms