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Why Is Each Point on Why Is Each Point on Earth UniqueEarth Unique
LocationLocation
• Place Names
• Site
• Situation
• Mathematic Location
Place NamesPlace Names
• Toponym: name given to a place on Earth
• Persons, Religious Significance, Physical
features
• Can be changed: Political Upheavals
SiteSite
• May be referred to as Place theme
• Physical and cultural attributes of the place itself
• Essential in selecting locations for settlements
• Humans can modify
• Factors of Production: Land, Labor and Capital
SituationSituation
• Relative location
• Find an unfamiliar place by comparing to a familiar one
• External relations of a locale
• Helps to understand its importance
• Centrality: function of location
• Economics: Transportation/Movement
Mathematical LocationMathematical Location
• Longitude and Latitude: Meridians and parallels
• Longitude calculates time zones: 360 divided by 24 equals 15
• O degrees is a human creation: international agreement. International date line 180
• Latitudes derived by Earth’s space and rotation around the Sun
Region: Region:
• Cultural features• Economic features• Physical features• CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: VISIBLE
EXPRESSION OF HUMAN ACTIVITY• Sauer: “An area fashioned from nature by a
cultural group”• Sauer and Platt: Each region has its own
distinctive landscape: from combination of social relationships and physical processes
Formal RegionFormal Region
• Uniform or Homogeneous
• Common characteristic
• Characteristic may be Predominant rather than universal
• Significant elements of internal uniformity
and external differences from surrounding territories
• Explain broad global or national patterns
Functional RegionFunctional Region
• Also called nodal region
• Characteristic chosen dominates at a central focus and diminishes as move outward
• Centrality: function of location relative to other places. Relation to networks
• Typically tied by movement: Communication and transportation
Vernacular RegionVernacular Region
• Perceptual Region
• Exists as part of cultural identity
• Mental map: contains personal impressions
Spatial AssociationSpatial Association
• Region expands over widely varying scale
• Way that places and things are laid out, organized and arranged on the surface of the earth
Three spatial themesThree spatial themes
• Integration in place: how and why people or things found in same place influence each other
• Interdependencies between places: Nature and significance of patterns and networks that tie places together
• Interdependencies among scales: how processes operating at different scales influence each other
Human-Environment InteractionHuman-Environment Interaction
• Geographic study of relationships: cultural ecology
• Humboldt and Ritter: use methods of scientific inquiry
• H-R: apply laws from natural sciences to understand relations between physical and human actions
• Physical environment caused social development: environmental determinism
Human-Environment InteractionHuman-Environment Interaction
• Human behavior: individual and collective is strongly affected by the physical environment
• Ratzel, Semple agree. Huntington: climate a major determinant of civilization
• Reactions against determinism: possibilism: physical envir may limit actions but people have the ability toadjust
Human EnvironmentHuman Environment
• Choices on how we modify our environment
• Dependent on: technology, wealth, and socially acceptability
Physical features Physical features
• Necessary to understand distribution of human activities
• Climate: Koppen SystemA: TropicalB. DryC. Warm Mid LatitudeD. Cold Mid LatitudeE. Polar Climates
VegetationVegetation
• Influences the type of agriculture practiced
• Forest: Tropical, Coniferous, DeciduousChaparral
• Grasslands (Savannas, Prairies)
• Desert
SoilSoil
• Thin interface between air and rocks
• Human Geography Destruction of soil that results from natural processes and human action
• Concern with erosion and depletion of nutrients
LandformsLandforms
• Geomorphology: study of landforms
• Explains the distribution of people and the choice of economic activities at different locations.
• Topographic maps show relief and slope of localities