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Why is self-efficacy positively associated with activity in older adults?
Rachel G. CurtisTim D. Windsor
Flinders Centre for Ageing StudiesCollege of Education, Psychology and Social Work
Flinders University
Why Study Predictors of Activity?
Associated with positive outcomes: • Happiness (Menec, 2003)
• Life satisfaction (Menec & Chipperfield, 1997)
• Reduced incidence of dementia (Wang et al., 2002)
• Longevity (Glass et al., 1999)Activity declines with age
Self‐Efficacy Predicts Activity
Beliefs that one can successfully perform desired behaviours (Bandura, 1977, 1997)
Positively associated with activity in older adults
I can exercise this week
SpecificI can solve problems that come my way
General
Possible mediators
Perceived ease of activity?
Perceived difficulty
Perceived demands
Perceivedabilities
Social cognitive theoryWe are more likely to try activities that we think are within our capability
Possible mediators
Use of adaptive strategies?
Self‐efficacy
Effort Persistence Problem‐solving Compensation
Method: Participants and Design
• Convenience sample (n = 412) aged 50 to 93 years• Online survey
– General self‐efficacy (Schwarzer & Jerusalem 1995)
– Activity participation (Activity Characteristics Questionnaire; Bielak 2017)
– SOC strategies (selection, optimization, and compensation; Baltes 1999)– Perceived ease of activity (social, physical, and mental activity)
– Covariates
Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
Method: Analysis
a1*b1 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via SOC
a2*b2 = indirect effect of self‐efficacy on activity via Perceived Ease of Activity
ActivitySelf‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Activity
SOC
a1
a2
b1
b2
Total Effect c
Direct Effect c’
Results: Social ActivitySOCa1*b10.01 [‐0.02, 0.03] 0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.04 [0.02, 0.07]0.04 [0.02, 0.07]
Social Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Social Activity
SOC0.13 [0.08, 0.19]0.14 [0.08, 0.21]
0.27 [0.17, 0.36]0.26 [0.15, 0.36]
0.06 [‐0.13, 0.27]0.07 [‐0.12, 0.28]
0.15 [0.09, 0.23]0.17 [0.11, 0.25]
Total Effect 0.09 [0.04, 0.16]0.10 [0.04, 0.17]
Direct Effect 0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
Results: Social ActivitySOCa1*b10.01 [‐0.02, 0.03] 0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.04 [0.02, 0.07]0.04 [0.02, 0.07]
Social Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Social Activity
SOC0.13 [0.08, 0.19]0.14 [0.08, 0.21]
0.27 [0.17, 0.36]0.26 [0.15, 0.36]
0.06 [‐0.13, 0.27]0.07 [‐0.12, 0.28]
0.15 [0.09, 0.23]0.17 [0.11, 0.25]
Total Effect 0.09 [0.04, 0.16]0.10 [0.04, 0.17]
Direct Effect 0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
Results: Social ActivitySOCa1*b10.01 [‐0.02, 0.03] 0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.04 [0.02, 0.07]0.04 [0.02, 0.07]
Social Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Social Activity
SOC0.13 [0.08, 0.19]0.14 [0.08, 0.21]
0.27 [0.17, 0.36]0.26 [0.15, 0.36]
0.06 [‐0.13, 0.27]0.07 [‐0.12, 0.28]
0.15 [0.09, 0.23]0.17 [0.11, 0.25]
Total Effect 0.09 [0.04, 0.16]0.10 [0.04, 0.17]
Direct Effect 0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]0.05 [‐0.02, 0.12]
Results: Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Physical Activity
SOC0.14 [0.08, 0.20]0.14 [0.09, 0.20]
0.21 [0.12, 0.31]0.06 [‐0.01, 0.13]
0.32 [‐0.11, 0.84]0.32 [‐0.09, 0.82]
0.74 [0.56, 0.95]0.61 [0.41, 0.85]
Total Effect 0.18 [0.04, 0.33]0.07 [‐0.07, 0.20]
Direct Effect ‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.11]‐0.02 [‐0.15, 0.12]
SOCa1*b10.04 [‐0.02, 0.11] 0.04 [‐0.01, 0.11]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.16 [0.08, 0.25]0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
Results: Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Physical Activity
SOC0.14 [0.08, 0.20]0.14 [0.09, 0.20]
0.21 [0.12, 0.31]0.06 [‐0.01, 0.13]
0.32 [‐0.11, 0.84]0.32 [‐0.09, 0.82]
0.74 [0.56, 0.95]0.61 [0.41, 0.85]
Total Effect 0.18 [0.04, 0.33]0.07 [‐0.07, 0.20]
Direct Effect ‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.11]‐0.02 [‐0.15, 0.12]
SOCa1*b10.04 [‐0.02, 0.11] 0.04 [‐0.01, 0.11]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.16 [0.08, 0.25]0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
Results: Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Physical Activity
SOC0.14 [0.08, 0.20]0.14 [0.09, 0.20]
0.21 [0.12, 0.31]0.06 [‐0.01, 0.13]
0.32 [‐0.11, 0.84]0.32 [‐0.09, 0.82]
0.74 [0.56, 0.95]0.61 [0.41, 0.85]
Total Effect 0.18 [0.04, 0.33]0.07 [‐0.07, 0.20]
Direct Effect ‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.11]‐0.02 [‐0.15, 0.12]
SOCa1*b10.04 [‐0.02, 0.11] 0.04 [‐0.01, 0.11]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.16 [0.08, 0.25]0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
Results: Mental Activity
Mental Activity
Self‐Efficacy
Perceived Ease of Mental Activity
SOC0.12 [0.08, 0.19]0.13 [0.08, 0.20]
0.19 [0.09, 0.28]0.17 [0.07, 0.28]
0.03 [‐0.22, 0.30]0.02 [‐0.22, 0.28]
0.07 [‐0.001, 0.14]0.07 [‐0.01, 0.14]
Total Effect 0.10 [0.03, 0.17]0.12 [0.05, 0.21]
Direct Effect 0.08 [0.004, 0.16]0.11 [0.03, 0.20]
SOCa1*b10.004 [‐0.03, 0.04] 0.003 [‐0.03, 0.04]
Perceived ease of activity a2*b20.01 [0.000, 0.03]0.01 [‐0.001, 0.03]
Summary and Discussion
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity
Social activityPhysical activity
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity Mental activity
Self‐efficacy Adaptive strategies
Activity
Summary and Discussion
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity
Social activityPhysical activity
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity Mental activity
Self‐efficacy Adaptive strategies
Activity
Summary and Discussion
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity
Social activityPhysical activity
Self‐efficacy Perceived ease of activity Mental activity
Self‐efficacy Adaptive strategies
Activity
Implications
• Intervention– Self‐efficacy interventions should include methods aimed at improving evaluations of ease of activity
– Could we target perceived ease of activity directly if self‐efficacy is resistant to change?
• Longitudinal studies are needed
Funding• Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship• Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Population
Ageing Research
