Why NCBI Tools are important for breeding plants studies

genetically modified organism:

the impossibility of intergenic crosses caused by the genetic incompatibility between two species related e.g. between barley and wheat , make the process of integration of a gene responsible of the expression of a trait with a big agronomic interest so dificult

This is why genetic engineering has become a very important tool to solve this big issue

• At the end of the process of transformation we need to do a screening to reveal the integration of the new gene in the recipient organism .

How can we reveal the integration?

One of the most succesfull screening process is the PCR!

How NCBI Tools can help us with our PCR

• The Main factor to amplify the target gene is the primer.

• So how can we design the suitable primer to do the revealing experiment ??

Welcome to Pick primer

• Step 1: open the NCBI Home page.

• Step2: target gene sequence reaserch.

Step 3: research results

Step 4: The GenBank Format

Step 5: convert from GenBank format To Fasta Format

GenBank format

FASTA Format

Step 6:click on the Tab"pick primers"

Step 7:Enter accession or FASTA sequence and the primer parametres

Step 8 : Primer Pair Specificity Checking Parameters

Step 9: Click

Sequences of the first primer Pair

• Things you can do to maximize the chance of finding primers specific for your template.

• Use refseq accession or GI (rather than the raw DNA sequence) as template whenever possible. In addition, make sure you are using the latest version of a refseq entry (i.e., the accession with the highest version number or simply just use the accession without the version number as you will automatically get the latest version).

• Even if you are only interested in part of the sequence (for example, a region on chromosome), you should still use the accession or GI but you do need to specify the range (use forward primer "From" field for your sequence start position and reverse primer "To" field for your sequence stop position). The reason is that an accession or GI carries accurate information about its identity which allows primer-blast to better distinguish between intended template and off-targets.

• Choose a non-redundant database (such as refseq_rna or genome database). The nr database contains redundant entries which can interfere with the process of finding specific primers.

• Specify an organism for database search if you are only amplifying DNA from a specific organism. Searching all organisms will be much slower and off-target priming from other organisms are irrelevant.

• Exclude certain sequences such as predicted transcripts from database search if you are not concerned about these.

• Lower the primer specificity requirements if you are only concerned with targets that have perfect or nearly perfect matches to your primers...By default, primer-blast uses stringent parameters that can detect targets having significant number of mismatches to primers (in addition to perfectly matched targets). See Primer specificity stringency under Primer Pair Specificity Checking Parameters for more details.

• Loosen other restrictions if necessary. Sometimes specific primers may have been excluded due to location restrictions such as exon junctions, SNPs, low complexity and repeat sequence filtering.