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WHY PHYSICAL WHY PHYSICAL EDUCATION IS FAILING EDUCATION IS FAILING TO PROMOTE ACTIVE TO PROMOTE ACTIVE
AND HEALTHY AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLESLIFESTYLES
Steve JefferiesSteve Jefferies
Lloyd GageLloyd GageCentral Washington UniversityCentral Washington University
WAHPERD 2003WAHPERD 2003
2003 HEALTH STATUS OF 2003 HEALTH STATUS OF CHILDRENCHILDREN
Our nation’s young people are, in Our nation’s young people are, in large measure, inactive, unfit, and large measure, inactive, unfit, and increasingly overweight. increasingly overweight.
There are both long term and short There are both long term and short
term consequences of being inactive term consequences of being inactive
LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL INACTIVITYPHYSICAL INACTIVITY
Physical inactivity threatens to Physical inactivity threatens to reverse the decades-long progress reverse the decades-long progress we have made in reducing death we have made in reducing death from cardiovascular diseases and to from cardiovascular diseases and to devastate our national health care devastate our national health care budget. budget.
LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL INACTIVITYPHYSICAL INACTIVITY
The total costs of diseases The total costs of diseases associated with obesity have been associated with obesity have been estimated at almost $100 billion per estimated at almost $100 billion per year, or approximately 8% of the year, or approximately 8% of the national health care budget.national health care budget.
SHORT TERM CONSEQUENCES OF SHORT TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL INACTIVITYPHYSICAL INACTIVITY
Physical inactivity has contributed to Physical inactivity has contributed to an unprecedented epidemic of an unprecedented epidemic of childhood obesity that is currently childhood obesity that is currently plaguing the United States. The plaguing the United States. The percentage of young people who are percentage of young people who are overweight has doubled since 1980.overweight has doubled since 1980.
HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH INACTIVITYINACTIVITY
Heart diseaseHeart disease StrokeStroke Colon cancerColon cancer DiabetesDiabetes Osteoporosis Osteoporosis
CONSEQUENCES OF LEADING A CONSEQUENCES OF LEADING A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLESEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
Sedentary living is responsible for about Sedentary living is responsible for about one third of deaths due to heart disease, one third of deaths due to heart disease, colon cancer, and diabetes - three colon cancer, and diabetes - three diseases for which physical inactivity is an diseases for which physical inactivity is an established risk factor.established risk factor.
According to the American Heart According to the American Heart Association, 58,200,000 Americans are Association, 58,200,000 Americans are estimated to have one or more types of estimated to have one or more types of cardiovascular disease cardiovascular disease
More people die from CVD and stroke than More people die from CVD and stroke than all forms of cancer, accidents, and AIDS all forms of cancer, accidents, and AIDS combined.combined.
HEALTHHEALTH RISKS OF BEING RISKS OF BEING OVERWEIGHTOVERWEIGHT
Of children aged 5 to 15 who are Of children aged 5 to 15 who are overweight, overweight, 61%61% have one or more have one or more cardiovascular disease risk factors, and cardiovascular disease risk factors, and 27%27% have two or more have two or more
The negative health consequences linked The negative health consequences linked to the childhood obesity epidemic include to the childhood obesity epidemic include the appearance in the past two decades of the appearance in the past two decades of a new and frightening public health a new and frightening public health problem: problem: Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes among among adolescents.adolescents.
Physical Activity Physical Activity
RecommendationsRecommendations
ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS All adolescents should be All adolescents should be physically active daily, physically active daily,
or nearly every dayor nearly every day, as part of play, games, , as part of play, games, sports, work, transportation, recreation, physical sports, work, transportation, recreation, physical education, or planned exercise, in the context of education, or planned exercise, in the context of family, school, and community activities.family, school, and community activities.
Adolescents should engage in Adolescents should engage in three or more three or more sessions per week of activities that last 20 sessions per week of activities that last 20 minutes or more at a time and that require minutes or more at a time and that require moderate to vigorous levels of exertionmoderate to vigorous levels of exertion..
(The International Consensus Conference on Physical Activity Guidelines for (The International Consensus Conference on Physical Activity Guidelines for Adolescents. Italics are mine)Adolescents. Italics are mine)
YOUNG CHILDRENYOUNG CHILDREN
Accumulate Accumulate at leastat least 30 to 60 minutes30 to 60 minutes of age-and of age-and developmentally appropriate physical activity developmentally appropriate physical activity from a variety of activities on all, or most, days of from a variety of activities on all, or most, days of the week.the week.
An accumulation of An accumulation of more thanmore than 60 minutes60 minutes, and , and up to several hours per day, of age-appropriate up to several hours per day, of age-appropriate and developmentally appropriate activity is and developmentally appropriate activity is encouraged. encouraged.
Some of the child’s activity each day should be in Some of the child’s activity each day should be in periods lasting periods lasting 10 to 15 minutes or more10 to 15 minutes or more and and include moderate to vigorous activity.include moderate to vigorous activity.
This activity should alternate moderate to This activity should alternate moderate to vigorous activity with brief periods of rest and vigorous activity with brief periods of rest and recovery.recovery.
These recommendations These recommendations are NOT being met by are NOT being met by
today’s school PE today’s school PE programs!programs!
Class Time Typically Assigned To Class Time Typically Assigned To Physical EducationPhysical Education
GRADES 1-5GRADES 1-52 x 30 min/weekly2 x 30 min/weekly
60 min/weekly60 min/weekly
Total of 36 hours/yearTotal of 36 hours/year
GRADES 6-8GRADES 6-850 min/daily (except for 50 min/daily (except for Health)Health)
250 min/weekly250 min/weekly
Total of 150 hours/yearTotal of 150 hours/year
GRADES 9-10GRADES 9-1050 min/daily (except for 50 min/daily (except for Health)Health)
250 min/weekly250 min/weekly
Total of 150 hours/yearTotal of 150 hours/year
GRADES 11-12GRADES 11-12ElectiveElective
Impact of the Home Impact of the Home
& School Environment& School Environment
FAMILY LIFEFAMILY LIFE
Families play a critical role in shaping Families play a critical role in shaping a child’s physical activity a child’s physical activity experiences.experiences.
Opportunities and motivation to be Opportunities and motivation to be physically active begin in the home.physically active begin in the home.
Children are Children are more likely to be activemore likely to be active if: if:
Their parents or siblings are activeTheir parents or siblings are active Their parents support their participation in Their parents support their participation in
physical activitiesphysical activities They have access to convenient play They have access to convenient play
spacesspaces They have access to sports equipmentThey have access to sports equipment They have access to transportation to They have access to transportation to
sport and recreational programssport and recreational programs
But, what about changing demographics of But, what about changing demographics of families themselves?families themselves?
CHANGING FAMILY CHANGING FAMILY DEMOGRAPHICSDEMOGRAPHICS
Since 1970, the number of children living in a Since 1970, the number of children living in a single parent family has doubled. single parent family has doubled.
From 1992 single parent families represent 30% From 1992 single parent families represent 30% of U.S. householdsof U.S. households
Based on current trends, there are predictions Based on current trends, there are predictions that upwards of 70% of children born since 1980 that upwards of 70% of children born since 1980 will spend some time living in a single parent will spend some time living in a single parent home before their 18th birthday.home before their 18th birthday.
One out of two marriages will end in divorce.One out of two marriages will end in divorce. Children in divorced families may fall behind Children in divorced families may fall behind
academically and not be able to catch up academically and not be able to catch up
INCREASE IN SEDENTARY INCREASE IN SEDENTARY LIFESTYLELIFESTYLE
Young people aged 2–18 spend, on Young people aged 2–18 spend, on average, over average, over 4 hours a day4 hours a day watching watching television, watching videotapes, playing television, watching videotapes, playing video games, or using a computer.video games, or using a computer.
Most of this time—2 hours and 46 minutes Most of this time—2 hours and 46 minutes per day, on average—is spent watching per day, on average—is spent watching television. television.
One-thirdOne-third of children and adolescents of children and adolescents watch television for more than 3 hours a watch television for more than 3 hours a day, and day, and
Nearly Nearly one-fifthone-fifth (17%) watch more than 5 (17%) watch more than 5 hours of television a day.hours of television a day.
TRANSPORTATION CHANGESTRANSPORTATION CHANGES
Walking and bicycling by children aged 5–Walking and bicycling by children aged 5–15 dropped 40% between 1977 and 1995. 15 dropped 40% between 1977 and 1995.
More than one-third (37%) of all trips to More than one-third (37%) of all trips to school are made from one mile away or school are made from one mile away or less, but only 31% of these trips are made less, but only 31% of these trips are made by walking. by walking.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOLSPHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOLS
Majority of day is sedentary. Classroom Majority of day is sedentary. Classroom teachers do not know how to use teachers do not know how to use kinesthetic learning techniqueskinesthetic learning techniques
Time devoted to physical education is Time devoted to physical education is minimalminimal
Recess time reductions Recess time reductions Increased pressure on academics.Increased pressure on academics. Erroneous conviction that more time on Erroneous conviction that more time on
academics = increased learningacademics = increased learning School focus is on intellectual handicaps but School focus is on intellectual handicaps but
not handicapping physical conditionsnot handicapping physical conditions Result -Happy puppies turn into old dogsResult -Happy puppies turn into old dogs
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT ACTIVITY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT ACTIVITY LEVELSLEVELS
More than one in three (35%) do not More than one in three (35%) do not participate regularly in vigorous participate regularly in vigorous physical activity.physical activity.
Regular participation in vigorous Regular participation in vigorous physical activity drops from 73% of physical activity drops from 73% of 9th grade students to 61% of 12th 9th grade students to 61% of 12th grade students.grade students.
Nearly half (45%) do not play on any Nearly half (45%) do not play on any sports teams during the year.sports teams during the year.
Nearly half (44%) are not even Nearly half (44%) are not even enrolled in a physical education enrolled in a physical education class; enrollment in physical class; enrollment in physical education drops from 79% in 9th education drops from 79% in 9th grade to 37% in 12th grade.grade to 37% in 12th grade.
Only 29% attend daily physical Only 29% attend daily physical education classes, a dramatic decline education classes, a dramatic decline from 1991, when 42% of high school from 1991, when 42% of high school students did so. students did so. (YRBSS Data,1999)(YRBSS Data,1999)
Birth - K Birth - K Physical Activity Physical Activity
Patterns and Patterns and OpportunitiesOpportunities
INFANTSINFANTS
11.4% of children > 2 years and < 5 11.4% of children > 2 years and < 5 years are overweight, based on the years are overweight, based on the 2000 CDC growth chart percentiles 2000 CDC growth chart percentiles for BMI-for-age for children 2 years for BMI-for-age for children 2 years and older.and older.
(2000 Wisconsin Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance (2000 Wisconsin Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance Report, Centers for Disease Control and Report, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. (2001).)Prevention. (2001).)
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/pednss.htm
Infants & PreschoolersInfants & Preschoolers Evidence shows that infants Evidence shows that infants
learn to movelearn to move and and move to learnmove to learn.. Do children with limited physical Do children with limited physical
activity experience ever catch activity experience ever catch up?up?
Reading evidence suggests that Reading evidence suggests that the reading gap remains the reading gap remains constant throughout grades.constant throughout grades.
(Northwest Evaluation Association (Portland OR) data using a sample size of
approximately 500,000 students nationwide)
Infants & PreschoolersInfants & Preschoolers
What % of children entering What % of children entering kindergarten are already behind kindergarten are already behind in movement experiences and in movement experiences and will never catch up?will never catch up?
Necessity for early movement Necessity for early movement intervention for infants and intervention for infants and preschoolers?preschoolers?
Nutritional & Health Nutritional & Health PracticesPractices
Changes in nutritional content of children’s diets - fat Changes in nutritional content of children’s diets - fat increaseincrease
Increase in frequency of consumption of “fast” foodsIncrease in frequency of consumption of “fast” foods 79% of young people do not eat the daily recommended 79% of young people do not eat the daily recommended
five servings of fruits and vegetables.five servings of fruits and vegetables. Influence of media and commercializationInfluence of media and commercialization
• Availability of non-nutritious foods in schools (machines)Availability of non-nutritious foods in schools (machines)• Sponsorship of score boards, signs, etc.Sponsorship of score boards, signs, etc.
Increased portion size Increased portion size Excessive caloriesExcessive calories• ““Super Sized” soft drinks and food)Super Sized” soft drinks and food)• ““All you can eat”All you can eat”• 2 for 1, and 5 for $5.002 for 1, and 5 for $5.00• Salad + bread + dinner = “Normal”Salad + bread + dinner = “Normal”
Pre-school development of unhealthy nutritional habits Pre-school development of unhealthy nutritional habits contributes to obesity and physical activity limitations contributes to obesity and physical activity limitations beforebefore students even enter elementary school! students even enter elementary school!
NutritionNutrition
Every day, nearly 5000 young people try their Every day, nearly 5000 young people try their first cigarette.first cigarette.
More than 900,000 adolescents become pregnant More than 900,000 adolescents become pregnant each yeareach year
About 3 million adolescents become infected with About 3 million adolescents become infected with a sexually transmitted diseasea sexually transmitted disease
Approximately 20% of eighth graders, Approximately 20% of eighth graders, 35% of tenth graders, and 50% of twelfth graders 35% of tenth graders, and 50% of twelfth graders report having consumed alcohol during the past report having consumed alcohol during the past month.month.
More than one fifth of eighth graders, and 44% of More than one fifth of eighth graders, and 44% of tenth graders have been drunk at least once.tenth graders have been drunk at least once.
Health HabitsHealth Habits
Extracurricular, Extracurricular,
After School, & After School, & Community ActivitiesCommunity Activities
Extra Curricular, After School, and Extra Curricular, After School, and Community Activity OpportunitiesCommunity Activity Opportunities
Limited opportunities for elementary aged children within Limited opportunities for elementary aged children within schools.schools.
Most activities in schools that promote physical activity Most activities in schools that promote physical activity focus on competitive sports.focus on competitive sports.
An estimated 38 million young people participate in youth An estimated 38 million young people participate in youth sports programs but participation declines substantially as sports programs but participation declines substantially as children progress through adolescence.children progress through adolescence.
Dropping out of sports peaks among 14–15-year-olds.Dropping out of sports peaks among 14–15-year-olds. 90% of children drop out of sports programs between ages 90% of children drop out of sports programs between ages
12 to 17. 12 to 17. More than 2.5 million adults volunteer in youth sports but More than 2.5 million adults volunteer in youth sports but
few have formal training. few have formal training. ““Cutting” continues to negatively impact participation in Cutting” continues to negatively impact participation in
middle school and high school sports.middle school and high school sports.
WHY DO CHILDREN DROP OUT?WHY DO CHILDREN DROP OUT?
loss of interest, loss of interest, not having fun, not having fun, it took too much time, it took too much time, the coach was a poor teacher, the coach was a poor teacher, too much pressure, too much pressure, wanted to do a non-sport activity, wanted to do a non-sport activity, were tired of it, were tired of it, needed more study time, needed more study time, the coach played favorites, the coach played favorites, the sport was boring, the sport was boring, and an over-emphasis on winning. and an over-emphasis on winning.
Physical Education Physical Education Teaching & Teaching &
Curriculum DesignCurriculum Design
Characteristics of Quality Physical Characteristics of Quality Physical Education ProgramsEducation Programs
Daily physical education.Daily physical education.
Focus is instructional and on skill Focus is instructional and on skill development so students can enjoy a wide development so students can enjoy a wide variety of physical activity experiencesvariety of physical activity experiences
Includes competitive and noncompetitive Includes competitive and noncompetitive activities.activities.
All students are active for most of the All students are active for most of the class periodclass period
Characteristics of Quality Physical Characteristics of Quality Physical Education Programs (cont.)Education Programs (cont.)
Builds students’ confidence in their Builds students’ confidence in their physical abilities.physical abilities.
Influence moral development (provides Influence moral development (provides students with opportunities to assume students with opportunities to assume leadership, cooperate with others, leadership, cooperate with others, demonstrate responsibility etc.)demonstrate responsibility etc.)
Students are having fun (=Being Students are having fun (=Being successful)successful)
ConclusionsConclusions
Questions, Questions, Comments, Comments,
Suggestions?Suggestions?Contact Information: 509-963-2241Contact Information: 509-963-2241
[email protected]@cwu.edu
