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Why So Small?Describe why you think cells are so small?
Process Box
Cells are small!
• Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period.
• Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope.
• However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s
• Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses
• Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens
Discovery of Cells• In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens
compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork.
• He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments.
• He gave them the name “cells”
• Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space.
Discovery of Cells, cont.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth.
• This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes
• In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water
• Named these cells: “animalcules”
Discovery of Cells, cont.
• Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification
• This led more people to make more observations on more organisms.
• They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing
• Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come from?”
Cell Theory
• In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells.
• Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells
• Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells.
• In 1839 he proposed the 1st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products
Cell Theory, cont.
• Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation.
• This led scientists to study the process of cell division
• They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong
• In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells
_____________HOOKE
The first to ____________
cells. Responsible for ____________
them
_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________LEEUWENHOEK SCHLEIDEN SCHWANN VIRCHOW
Made better ______________
and observed cells in greater
______________. First to observe
______________
The first to note that
_____________ were made up of
___________
Concluded that all ___________ ___________
were made up of ___________
Proposed that all cells come from ____________
__________
IDENTIFY
NAMING
LENSES
DETAIL
NUCLEUS
PLANTS
CELLS
LIVING THINGS
CELLS
OTHER CELLS
CORK ANIMALCULES• Cell Theory
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS
THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.
ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS
Who is “The Man’After hearing about the Cell Theory, and the history of its development, which
one scientist do you feel influenced the Cell Theory most and why?
Process Box
Categories of Cells
Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________
• No membrane-bound _______________
• ___________is suspended within cytoplasm
• Are microscopic, ____________organisms
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
DNA
SINGLE-CELLED
Eukaryotes
• Have a ______________
• Contain membrane-bound _____________
• The nucleus encloses the ___________
• May be ___________ or ______________
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
DNA
MULTI-CELLULAR SINGLE-CELLULAR
Categories of Cells
EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
_________________
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SECTION 3.1 REVIEW1. How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory?
2. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
3. Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes.
Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists.
4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms?
The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles.Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles.
The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells.
Both have a nucleus.
Make PredictionsThink about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to
perform in order for you to survive.
Process Box
_______________
_______________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape and holds in cytoplasm.
(Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and out of the cell.)
CELL
MEMBRANE
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell
(Most of all cell activity occurs here.)
CYTOPLASM_______________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
______________
_
The control center of the cell.Parts of the Nucleus:
Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
NUCLEUS
____________________________
__
____________________________
__
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. ________________________________________
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
NUCLEAR
PORES
Nuclear Membrane in Green
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________
Thread-like cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have.
CHROMOSOMESChromosomes in Red
_______________
HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES. ________________________________________
NUCLEOLUS
_______________
MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY.
FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM
RIBOSOMES
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________
_______________
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear membrane and visa versa.
(Can usually find ribosomes on this network.)
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
INTERPRETING DIAGRAMSHow can you tell the difference between the locations of the
cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the
nucleus compared to the nucleolus?
• Process Box:
__________________________________________________________________________Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell.
____________MITOCHONDRIA
________________________________________________________________________________________
Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell.
____________LYSOSOMES
______________
______________
_______________________________________
GOLGI
APPARATUS
Packages materials for the cell. Animation
____________________________________________Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION
____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________Stores food and water for cell
________VACUOLE
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
Contains many small vacuoles Contains one large “central vacuole that takes up most of the space inside of a plant cell
Label the organelles of this animal cell. 1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
4. _________________
5. _________________
6. _________________
7. _________________
8. _________________
9. _________________
10._________________
11._________________
12._________________
13._________________
1. NUCLEOLUS
2. NUCLEUS
3. RIBOSOMES
4. VESICLE
5. ROUGH ER
6. GOLGI BODIES
7. CELL MEMBRANE
8. SMOOTH ER
9. MITOCHONDRIA
10.VACUOLE
11.CYTOPLASM
12.LYSOSOME
13.CENTRIOLES
Cell ComparisonStudy the cells on the board, what characteristics
sets the two types of cells apart?
• Process Box:
http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html
____________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell
membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape.
(More rigid than cell membrane.)
CELL WALL
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which are responsible for
producing food.
CHLOROPLASTS______________________
Inner life of cell
1. ____________________ 2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
6. ____________________7. ____________________
8. ____________________
9. ____________________
10. ____________________
Plant CellsThere are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from
animal cells.
• Process Box:
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. ____________
6. ____________
7. ____________
8. ____________
1._____________
2._____________3._____________
4._____________5._________
7.________
8._____________9._____________
11.___________
6._________
10.___________
12._______
12.__________
3._________
2.____________
1.____________4._________
5._________
6._________
7._________
8._________
9._________
10.___________
11.___________12.___________
1._____________
2._________________
3.__________
4.______________
5.______________
6.________________
7._________________
10.____________
9.____________
8.____________
7.____________
6._____________
5._____________
4.____________
3.____________
2.____________1._____________
1._______________
3._______________
4.______________
5._______________
6._______________
7._______________
8._______________
2._______________
1.__________________
2.__________________
3.__________________
4.__________________
5.__________________
6.__________________
7.__________________
8.__________________
9.__________________
10.__________________
11.__________________
12.__________________
1._________
2.____________
3._______________
4.______________________
5.______________________
6.______________________
7.______________________
8.______________________
9._____________________
11._____________________
10.___________
1. _____________
2. _____________
3. _____________
4. _____________
5. _____________
6. ________________
7. _____________
8. _____________
9. _____________
10. _____________
11. _____________
12. _____________
1. ____________________ 2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
6. ____________________
7. ____________________
8. ____________________
9. ____________________
10. ____________
11. __________
Assessment AnchorHomeostasis and Transport
• Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell.
– Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell
– Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane, (i.e., passive transport-diffusion, osmosis, facilitate diffusion; and active transport-pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis.
– Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.
• Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between their internal and external environments.
– Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).
KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.
3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis
Passive transport - does not require energy input from a cell.
• Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport.
• There are two types of passive transport.
• osmosis
• diffusion
3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis
• Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
• Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a large amount to where there is a small amount
3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis
• There are three types of solutions.
• isotonic – concentrations are equal
3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis
• Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell, cell expands and may burst
• hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell shrivels and dies
hypertonichypotonic
Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins.
• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion - diffusion through transport proteins.
3.4 Diffusion and 3.4 Diffusion and OsmosisOsmosis
Active transport - Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.
3.5 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Active Transport, Endocytosis, and ExocytosisExocytosis
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
• Exocytosis - the process of expelling material from inside the cell to outside the cell.
• Endocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell
• Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis
3.5 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Active Transport, Endocytosis, and ExocytosisExocytosis
• TissuesTissues - groups of cells that perform a - groups of cells that perform a similar function.similar function.
• OrgansOrgans - groups of tissues that perform - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.a specific or related function.
• Organ systems Organ systems - groups of organs that - groups of organs that carry out similar functions.carry out similar functions.
CELL TISSUE ORGAN
vascular tissue
leaf
stem
lateralroots primary
root
SYSTEMS
root
sys
tem
shoo
t sy
stem
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS
THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.
ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS
