Alvin Toffler, whose 1970book “Future Shock”foresaw a roar of societalchange accompanied byan avalanche of informa-tion, was 87. PAGE A24

OBITUARIES A24-25

Prophet of Change

C M Y K Nxxx,2016-06-30,A,001,Bs-4C,E2

In 2005, as he was making atransition from developing realestate to capitalizing on his famethrough ventures like a realityshow and product-licensing deals,Donald J. Trump hit upon a two-pronged strategy for entering thefield of for-profit education.

He poured his own money intoTrump University, which began asa distance-learning business ad-vising customers on how to makemoney in real estate, but left along trail of customers allegingthey were defrauded. Their law-suits have cast a shadow over Mr.Trump’s presidential campaign.

But Mr. Trump also lent hisname, and his credibility, to a sem-

inar business he did not own,which was branded the Trump In-stitute. Its operators rented outhotel ballrooms across the coun-try and invited people to pay up to$2,000 to come hear Mr. Trump’s“wealth-creating secrets andstrategies.”

And its customers had amplereason to ask whether they, too,had been deceived.

As with Trump University, theTrump Institute promised falselythat its teachers would be hand-picked by Mr. Trump. Mr. Trumpdid little, interviews show, besidesappear in an infomercial — onethat promised customers accessto his vast accumulated knowl-edge. “I put all of my concepts that

Trump Institute Offered Get-Rich Schemes With Others’ Ideas

By JONATHAN MARTIN

Continued on Page A17

U(D54G1D)y+$!_!&!#!]

LOS ANGELES — The Acad-emy of Motion Picture Arts andSciences invited many more mi-norities and women to join onWednesday as the first major stepin reshaping its membership afterthe #OscarsSoWhite controversythis year.

The announcement of the un-usually large new class — morethan twice last year’s number —followed a January pledge by theacademy to double its female andminority membership by 2020 af-ter it failed to nominate any mi-nority actors for an Oscar for thesecond year in a row.

By the academy’s count, 46 per-cent of this year’s 683 invitees arewomen, and 41 percent are minor-ities. Included were many of thestars and filmmakers who somefelt were snubbed when the Oscarnominations were announced thisyear, including the director RyanCoogler (“Creed”) and actors likeIdris Elba (“Beasts of No Na-tion”).

But the academy still has a longway to go to reach its goals, andthe pace of new membershipcould be hard to sustain. Even if allof the new invitees join, minoritymembership would rise to 11 per-cent from 8 percent, and the per-centage of women would increaseto 27 percent from 25 percent.

Many observers have said theroot problem lies not with theacademy, but with the film indus-try at large and the lack of oppor-tunities it provides for women andminorities. In reaching for a morediverse membership, the acad-emy moved well outside theUnited States, tapping new mem-

Film Academy

Adds to Ranks

To Lift Diversity

By MICHAEL CIEPLY

Continued on Page B2

WASHINGTON — Does theEuropean Union have a democ-racy deficit?

Leaders of the campaign forBritain to leave the European

Union haveproclaimed lastweek’s historicvote as a victoryfor democracy.The union, theyoften argue, is

elitist and undemocratic. Theonly way for member states toregain full control is to quit out-right.

The reality is more compli-cated. Scratch the surface, and itbecomes clear that neither theEuropean Union’s very realproblems nor the criticisms ofthe bloc are really about any-thing as straightforward as elec-tions or representation. This is adebate about democracy, but in away that is both more meaning-ful and harder to define than howwe usually think of it.

Technically, the EuropeanUnion has quite a lot of democra-cy going on.

The European Parliament,often referred to as the “lowerhouse” of the union’s legislature,is directly elected, via free andfair elections in the 28 membercountries, every five years. Ev-ery European Union citizen ofvoting age is entitled to cast aballot to select a representative.The legislature’s 751 seats areapportioned by the bloc’streaties.

The Council of the EuropeanUnion, or “upper house,” consistsof representatives sent by thegovernments of member states.They are not directly elected, butthe governments that send themare.

These two bodies, in turn,appoint a number of civil ser-vants, as well as members ofgroups such as the EuropeanCouncil. While these officials areboth powerful and unelected, theprocess is not different frommany democracies. The UnitedStates, for example, does notdirectly elect its secretary ofstate or, for that matter, anyState Department functionary.

So while defenders of theEuropean Union have evidenceto show that the bloc isdemocratic, this misses the point.Democracy, after all, is aboutmore than elections. It’s alsoabout accountability: whetherthe government is responsive to

Why the E.U.

Lacks the Feel

Of Democracy

Continued on Page A6

AMANDATAUB

THEINTERPRETER

PARIS — When the bodies of Is-lamic State fighters are recoveredon the Syrian battlefield, the pass-ports found on them have oftenbeen stamped in Turkey, whichthousands of recruits passthrough on their way to join theterror group.

Fighters who call relativesabroad often do so using Turkishcellphone numbers, and whenthey need cash, they head to West-ern Union offices in southern Tur-key, according to court and intelli-gence documents.

From the start of the IslamicState’s rise through the chaos ofthe Syrian war, Turkey has playeda central, if complicated, role inthe group’s story. For years, itserved as a rear base, transit huband shopping bazaar for the Is-lamic State, and at first, that mayhave protected Turkey from theviolence the group has inflictedelsewhere.

Now, the Turkish governmentand Western officials say the sui-cide bombings at Istanbul’s mainairport on Tuesday bore the hall-marks of an Islamic State attack,and they have added them to agrowing roll call of assaults attrib-uted to the group in Turkey in re-cent months.

Analysts said Turkey was pay-ing the price for intensifying itsaction against the Islamic State,also known as ISIS, ISIL or Daesh.Under mounting internationalpressure, the country began seal-ing its border last year, as well asarresting and deporting sus-pected militants. And last sum-mer, Turkey allowed the UnitedStates to use Incirlik Air Base tofly sorties over the group’s terri-tory in Syria and Iraq.

“Turkey has been crackingdown on some of the transit of for-eign fighters who are flowing intoas well as out of Turkey, and theyare part of the coalition providingsupport, allowing their territoryto be used by coalition aircraft,”the director of the Central Intelli-gence Agency, John O. Brennan,said in an interview this weekwith Yahoo News. “So there are alot of reasons why Daesh wouldwant to strike back.”

Soon after the government’s de-cision to allow airstrikes to be car-ried out from the base in southernTurkey, the Islamic State begannaming Turkey as a target, ac-cording to Michael S. Smith II, ananalyst who closely tracks thegroup’s messaging. Last fall, thecover of the group’s Dabiq maga-zine ominously featured a photo ofTurkey’s president, Recep TayyipErdogan, standing alongside

Ending Free Rein for ISIS,

Turkey Learns Its Wrath

Airport Bombing Shows Escalation After

Nation Tightened Clamps on Terror

By RUKMINI CALLIMACHI

Continued on Page A12Forces loyal to the United Nations-backed unity government exchanged gunfire with Islamic State snipers last week in Surt, Libya.

TYLER HICKS/THE NEW YORK TIMES

SURT, Libya — Perched on adoorstep, the teenage Juma broth-ers whiled away the afternoonwith a lazy game of checkers,pushing pebbles around a boardchalked in the dust, seeminglyoblivious to the crackle of gunfireand boom of artillery a few milesaway.

They had fled their home inSurt, the Islamic State’s Libyanstronghold, three weeks earlier asa Libyan fighting force, quietlysupported by American andBritish Special Operations troops,

swept toward the coastal city fromthe desert. Now, as the siege in-tensified, the Juma brothers weresitting out the battle at this farm-house on the southern edge ofSurt, their apprehension tem-pered by a wave of sheer relief.

“Life was hell,” said Hammad, alanky 16-year-old with a shock of

unkempt hair, describing the Is-lamic State’s brutal 18-month rule.Cafes were closed, schools re-named and girls flogged for notcovering their faces, he said. Hewatched in horror as a hooded fig-ure chopped off the hand of a thief— a desperate man who had stol-en medicine. Nightmares came af-ter the Islamists crucified peopleaccused of crimes at a major traf-fic junction, then left their bodiesto rot.

“I would wake in a panic, think-ing I was suffocating,” he said. Hisbrother Mohammed, 19, nodded in

Steady Siege Squeezes ISIS Stronghold in Libya

By DECLAN WALSH

Continued on Page A10

After Three Weeks of

Fighting, Progress

Comes in Yards

STEPHEN CROWLEY/THE NEW YORK TIMES

With Parliament Hill as a backdrop, three leaders posed Wednesday at the North American Leaders’ Summit in Ottawa. Page A11.

North America’s Big Three

Fati Abubakar, above, draws crowds inNigeria by photographing images of lifein Boko Haram’s birthplace. PAGE A4

INTERNATIONAL A4-14

Hope in Militancy’s Hometown

In the gridlock over gun control legisla-tion, small movement since the massa-cre in Orlando, Fla., counts for some-thing. On Washington. PAGE A16

NATIONAL A15-19

A Tiny Shift on Gun Safety

The social network says its news feedwill be adjusted so that people see lesscontent from media outlets. PAGE B1

BUSINESS DAY B1-9

See More Friends in Facebook

The billionaire Ronald O. Perelman saidhe would donate $75 million to reviveplans for a performing arts center atthe World Trade Center site. PAGE A20

NEW YORK A20-23

Arts Complex at Trade Center

Newly discovered documents suggestthe playwright cared very much about acoat of arms that reflected his status asa gentleman. PAGE C1

ARTS C1-8

Status-Seeking Shakespeare

VOL. CLXV . . . No. 57,279 © 2016 The New York Times NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 30, 2016

Late Edition

$2.50

Gail Collins PAGE A27

EDITORIAL, OP-ED A26-27Cuba’s national team is touring NorthAmerica with both newfound warmthand old-school wariness. PAGE B11

A Cuban Baseball Odyssey

Marcus Willis, left, who is No. 772 in therankings, fell but stole the show fromRoger Federer at Wimbledon. PAGE B10

SPORTSTHURSDAY B10-15

Cheers for a Losing Effort

Guy Trebay, in Paris, misses the fashionphotographer Bill Cunningham. PAGE D1

THURSDAY STYLES D1-8

Wish You Were Here

BULENT KILIC/A.F.P. — GETTY IMAGES

Istanbul mourned victimsfrom many nations. Page A14.

A City Grieves Again

The Senate passed a relief package forthe island, which is struggling with $72billion in debt. PAGE B1

Helping Hand for Puerto RicoJudges suspended the extradition ofJoaquín Guzmán Loera, the Mexicandrug kingpin, pending appeals. PAGE A9

‘El Chapo’ Extradition Halted

Today, plenty of sunshine, high 85.Tonight, partly cloudy, low 70. To-morrow, clouds and sunshine, show-ers and thunderstorms, high 83.Weather map, Page B12.