CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Organization Profile

1.2 Abstract

In the EXISTING SYSTEM, there is no tracking of Buses happening. GPS based Vehicle is only the solution but still arrival Timing of the Buses are not intimated to the bus stop. In the PROPOSED MODEL, GPS Hardware installed in the Bus Passengers Mobile Phone or in the Drivers Mobile Phone is used for Tracking of the Buses. This GPS will Transmit it’s Longitude and Latitude Location Values to the Centralized Server via GPRS. Android Application is Created for the User’s Querying System for Tracking the Corresponding Buses. User will be giving Starting and Destination Place via Android Phone to the Server. In the MODIFICATION Part, We implement any one of the following Concepts. First one is using GPS based implementation, second one using Zigbee . One Zigbee is attached with the bus and another Zigbee is attached with the Vehicle. Once the vehicle crosses the Bus Stop corresponding IR Value is Transmitted to Server through Zigbee Communication. In the Third Implementation, We implement the same process using prototype manner with Graphical Path Virtualisation. Once the Bus starts from the Bus Depot it intimates to the nearest Bus Stop as it is approaching, Buses will be moving in a Map where it’s Position will be Transmitted to the Server as and then. In All the Three implementation, Android Part will be same. Android Mobile user can send the request of his / her Source and Destination of the Route so that the Server will identify the Nearest bus and the Time taken for the us bus to reach the requested stop. So that the Mobile user can plan his / her Travel according to the timing of the arrival of Bus.

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1.3 Problem Definition

CHAPTER - II

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 Existing System

there is no tracking of Buses happening. GPS based Vehicle is only the solution but still arrival Timing of the Buses are not intimated to the bus stop.

2.2 Proposed System

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GPS Hardware installed in the Bus Passengers Mobile Phone or in the Drivers Mobile Phone is used for Tracking of the Buses. This GPS will Transmit it’s Longitude and Latitude Location Values to the Centralized Server via GPRS. Android Application is Created for the User’s Querying System for Tracking the Corresponding Buses. User will be giving Starting and Destination Place via Android Phone to the Server.

IMPLEMENTATION PART :

METHOD : 1

First one is using GPS based implementation. Android Phone’s GPS Hardware is used for tracking the Vehicle. We will be having two Android Phones. One is for Tracking the Vehicle using GPS installed in the Android. Another is used for the User Request. There will be Three parts in this Implementation. Vehicle part is to communicate with the Server for continuous Tracking. Server part is to fetch all the Vehicles Current Positions and update them one by one as well as to handle and Responding the User’s Bus Query via Android Phone. Android Mobile user can send the request of his / her Source and Destination of the Route so that the Server will identify the Nearest bus and the Time taken for the us bus to reach the requested stop. So that the Mobile user can plan his / her Travel according to the timing of the arrival of Bus.

METHOD : 2

The second part is using Zigbee . One Zigbee is attached with the bus and another Zigbee is attached with the Vehicle. Once the vehicle crosses the Bus Stop corresponding IR Value is Transmitted to Server through Zigbee Communication.We build the Prototype car Implementation. This vehicle will be mobilizing in any Route and IR Trasnmitters are installed all along the Bus Stops of that Route. Once the Vehicle reached the Bus Stop, IR Transmitter installed in that Bus Stop will Transmit a Signal to the IR Receiver installed in the Vehicle. Vehicle will be moving in route where IR Transmitters are installed. This Vehicle communicates with the Every IR Transmitters installed in the Bus Stop. Corresponding Bus Stop ID is transmitted to the Server. Android Mobile user can send the request of his / her Source and Destination of the Route so that the Server will identify the Nearest bus and the Time taken for the us bus to reach the

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requested stop. So that the Mobile user can plan his / her Travel according to the timing of the arrival of Bus. Once User sends the request to the Server about the Destination, Server will update with Nearest Bus, Arrival Time and Distance between User and the Vehicle to the Android User. User can Plan the Travel accordingly.

METHOD : 3

In the Third Implementation, We implement the same process using prototype manner with Graphical Path Virtualisation. Once the Bus starts from the Bus Depot it intimates to the nearest Bus Stop as it is approaching, Buses will be moving in a Map where it’s Position will be Transmitted to the Server as and then. Android Mobile user can send the request of his / her Source and Destination of the Route so that the Server will identify the Nearest bus and the Time taken for the us bus to reach the requested stop. So that the Mobile user can plan his / her Travel according to the timing of the arrival of Bus. Once User sends the request to the Server about the Destination, Server will update with Nearest Bus, Arrival Time and Distance between User and the Vehicle to the Android User. User can Plan the Travel accordingly.

2.3 User Interface Requirements

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

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Platform :Windows XP

Front End : Java JDK1.5.

Back End :MY SQL

IDE :Eclipse

ANDROID OS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Processor : Intel Core 2 Duo processor (2.2 GHz)

Hard disk : 500 GB

RAM : 2 GB DDR

Android Phones : 2 Numbers

2.3.1 Modules1. Android User2. Bus Monitoring Server3. Embedded Hardware Construction 4. Zigbee Communication Setup5. Android Bus Query System6. Nearest Bus Detection System

Android UserMobile Client is an Android application which created and installed in the User’s Android Mobile Phone. So that we can perform the activities. The Application First Page Consist of the User registration Process. We’ll create the User Login Page by Button and Text Field Class in the Android. While creating the Android Application, we have to design the page by dragging the tools like Button, Text field, and Radio Button. Once we designed the

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page we have to write the codes for each. Once we create the full mobile application, it will generated as Android Platform Kit (APK) file. This APK file will be installed in the User’s Mobile Phone an Application.

Bus Monitoring ServerThe Server will monitor the entire bus route’s information in their database and verify them if required. Also the Server will store the entire bus route’s information in their database. Also the Server has to establish the connection to communicate with the Android Users. The Server will update the each route’s activities in its database.

Embedded Hardware ConstructionIn this module we are going to interfaced the Embedded Kit, by which NFC values can be observed. And NFC is communication via zigbee network is interfaced with the Microcontroller. So that the device can obtain the values

Zigbee Communication SetupThe ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to define an open global standard for making low-power wireless networks. The intended outcome of ZigBee Alliance is to create a specification defining how to build different network topologies with data security features and interoperable application profiles. in this every bus equipped with the Zigbee device so it create communication with every bus stop terminal

Android Bus Query System

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In the daily operation of a bus system, the movement of vehicles is affected by uncertain conditions as the day progresses, such as traffic congestion, unexpected delays, and randomness in passenger demand, irregular vehicle dispatching times, and incidents. In a real-time setting, researchers have devoted significant effort to developing flexible control strategies using android so that user can make query about the bus details through the android phone to the get the details for the destination route, depending on the specific features of public transport systems Nearest Bus Detection SystemA Real-Time Passenger Information System uses a variety of technologies to track the locations of buses in real time and uses this information to generate predictions of bus arrivals at stops along the route When this information is disseminated to passengers by wired or wireless media, they can spend their time efficiently and reach the bus stop just before the bus arrives, or take alternate means of transport if the bus is delayed. They can even plan their journeys long before they actually undertake them. This will make the public transport system competitive and passenger- friendly

2.4 Feasibility Study

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth

with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the

feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed

system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major

requirements for the system is essential.

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2.4.1 Economical Feasibility

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the

organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development

of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well

within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely

available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

2.4.2 Technical Feasibility

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical

requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available

technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This

will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest

requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

2.4.3 Social Feasibility

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This

includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel

threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity.

CHAPTER - III

DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

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3.1 Hardware Environment

The hardware requirements may serve as the basis for a contract for the implementation

of the system and should therefore be a complete and consistent specification of the whole

system. They are used by software engineers as the starting point for the system design. It shows

what the systems do and not how it should be implemented.

• Hard disk : 120 GB

• Monitor : 15’ color with vgi card support

• Ram : Minimum 256 MB

• Processor : Pentium iv and above (or) equivalent

• Processor speed : Minimum 500 MHZ

• Phone : Android

3.2 Software Environment

The software requirements are the specification of the system. It should include both a

definition and a specification of requirements. It is a set of what the system should do rather than

how it should do it. The software requirements provide a basis for creating the software

requirements specification. It is useful in estimating cost, planning team activities, performing

tasks and tracking the team’s and tracking the team’s progress throughout the development

activity.

• Operating system : Windows XP

• Languages : Java

• Mobile Technology : Android

• IDE : Eclipse

• Develop tool : SDK

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CHAPTER - IV

SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1.2 UML Diagram

UML is simply anther graphical representation of a common semantic model. UML

provides a comprehensive notation for the full lifecycle of object-oriented development.

ADVANTAGES

To represent complete systems (instead of only the software portion) using

object oriented concepts

To establish an explicit coupling between concepts and executable code

To take into account the scaling factors that are inherent to complex and critical

systems

To creating a modeling language usable by both humans and machines

UML defines several models for representing systems

The class model captures the static structure

The state model expresses the dynamic behavior of objects

The use case model describes the requirements of the user

The interaction model represents the scenarios and messages flows

The implementation model shows the work units

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4.1.2.1 Use Case Diagram

Use case diagrams overview the usage requirement for system. they are useful for presentations to management and/or project stakeholders, but for actual development you will find that use cases provide significantly more value because they describe “the meant” of the actual requirements. A use case describes a sequence of action that provide something of measurable value to an action and is drawn as a horizontal ellipse

User

Embedded Hardware Construction

Zigbee Communication Setup

Android Bus Query System

Nearest Bus Detection System

Server

Figure 4.1.2.1 Use Case Diagram

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4.1.2.2 Class Diagram

Android UserString UsernameString passwordString ip

submit()

ServerString ipString location

connect()

BusTrackingString busidString location

track()

Figure 4.1.2.2 Class Diagram

4.1.2.3 Sequence Diagram

Sequence diagram model the flow of logic within your system in a visual

manner, enabling you both to document and validate your logic, and commonly used for

both analysis and design purpose. Sequence diagram are the most popular UML artifact

for dynamic modeling, which focuses on identifying the behavior within your system.

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UserUser Embedded Hardware Construction

Embedded Hardware Construction

Android Bus Query SystemAndroid Bus

Query SystemNearest Bus

Detection SystemNearest Bus

Detection SystemServerServer

1:

2:

3:

4:

Figure 4.1.2.3 Sequence Diagram

4.1.2.4 Collaboration Diagram

Another type of interaction diagram is the collaboration diagram. A collaboration

diagram represents a collaboration, which is a set of objects related in a particular

context, and interaction, which is a set of messages exchange among the objects within

the collaboration to achieve a desired outcome.

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User Embedded Hardware Construction

Android Bus Query System

Nearest Bus Detection System

Server

1: 2:

3: 4:

Figure 4.1.2.4 Collaboration Diagram

4.1.2.5 Activity Diagram

Activity diagram are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. The activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. Activity diagram consist of Initial node, activity final node and activities in between.

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User

Embedded hardware Construction

Zigbee Communication Setup

Android Bus Query System

Nearest Bus Detection System

Result

Figure 4.1.2.5 Activity Diagram

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4.1.3 Data Flow Diagram

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Mobile User

BUS

RequestCentralized Server

CHAPTER - V

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

Overview of the MySQL Database Management System

What is MySQL?

MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. The MySQL Web site (http://www.mysql.com/) provides the latest information about MySQL software.

MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed, distributed, and supported by MySQL AB. MySQL AB is a commercial company, founded in 1995 by the MySQL developers. It is a second generation Open Source company that unites Open Source values and methodology with a successful business model.

The MySQL® software delivers a very fast, multi-threaded, multi-user, and robust SQL (Structured Query Language) database server. MySQL Server is intended for mission-critical, heavy-load production systems as well as for embedding into mass-deployed software. MySQL is a registered trademark of MySQL AB.

The MySQL software is Dual Licensed. Users can choose to use the MySQL software as an Open Source product under the terms of the GNU General Public License or can purchase a standard commercial license from MySQL AB.

The company name was given after co-founder Monty Widenius's daughter, My, the SQL is “Structured Query Language.”, AB is Sweedish for limited partnership.

• MySQL is a database management system.

A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple shopping list to a picture gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate network. To add, access, and process data stored in a computer database, you need a database management system such as MySQL Server. Since computers are very good at handling large amounts of data, database

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management systems play a central role in computing, as standalone utilities, or as parts of other applications.

• MySQL databases are relational.What is MySQL?

A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in one big storeroom. The database structures are organized into physical files optimized for speed. The logical model, with objects such as databases, tables, views, rows, and columns, offers a flexible programming environment. You set up rules governing the relationships between different data fields, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, unique, required or optional, and “pointers” between different tables. The database enforces these rules, so that with a well-designed database, your application never sees inconsistent, duplicate, orphan, out-of-date, or missing data. The SQL part of “MySQL” stands for “Structured Query Language”. SQL is the most common standardized language used to access databases. Depending on your programming environment, you might enter SQL directly (for example, to generate reports), embed SQL statements into code written in another language, or use a language-specific API that hides the SQL syntax. SQL is defined by the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard. The SQL standard has been evolving since 1986 and several versions exist. In this manual, “SQL-92” refers to the standard released in 1992, “SQL:1999” refers to the standard released in 1999, and “SQL:2003” refers to the current version of the standard. We use the phrase “the SQL standard” to mean the current version of the SQL Standard at any time

MySQL Overview

What does it do?

MySQL is a database management system.

A database is a structured collection of data. To add, access, and process data stored in a computer database, you need a database management system such as MySQL

Server.

MySQL is a relational database management system.

A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in one big storeroom. This adds speed and flexibility. The SQL part of “MySQL”

stands for “Structured Query Language.”

MySQL software is Open Source.

Open Source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify the software. Anybody can download the MySQL software from the Internet and use it without

paying anything. If you wish, you may study the source code and change it to suit your needs. If you want to redistribute altered versions MySQL, other licences are

available

MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

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The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a multi-threaded SQL server that supports different backends, several different client programs

and libraries, administrative tools, and a wide range of application programming interfaces (APIs).

A large amount of contributed MySQL software is available.

MySQL is a widely supported database, and very likely that most of your applications supports it.

MySQL Architecture

Three layer model:

The application layer contains common network services for connection handling, authentication and security. This layer is where different clients interact with MySQL these clients can written in different API's:.NET, Java, C, C++, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl, Eiffel, etc...

The Logical Layer is where the MySQL intelligence resides, it includes functionality for query parsing, analysis, caching and all built-in functions (math, date...). This layer also provides functionality common across the storage engines.

The Physical Layer is responsible for storing and retrieving all data stored in “MySQL”. Associated with this layer are the storage engines, which MySQL interacts with very basic standard API's. Each storage engine has it strengths and weakness, some of this engines are MyISAM, InnoDB, CSV, NDB Cluster, Falcon, etc...

Some internal components:

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Each client connection gets its own thread within the server process.

When clients (applications) connect to the MySQL server, the server needs to authenticate them.

Before even parsing the query, though, the server consults the query cache, which only stores SELECT statements, along with their result sets.

The storage engine does affect how the server optimizes query.

Storage engines:

MySQL supports several storage engines that act as handlers for different table types. MySQL storage engines include both those that handle transaction-safe tables and those that handle non-transaction-safe tables.

MySQL Files:

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In Linux the configuration file is typically located at /etc/mysql/my.cnf, but may vary for the different Linux flavours, this also applies to the database files them selves which are located in the /var/lib/MySQL.

Regardless of the storage engine, every MySQL table you create is represented, on disk, by a .frm file, which describes the table’s format (i.e. the table definition). The file bears the same name as the table, with a .frm extension. The .frm format is the same on all platforms but in the description of the .frm format that follows, the examples come from tables created under the Linux operating system.

/var/lib/mysql/db.frm #Table definition

/var/lib/mysql/db.MYD #MyISAM data file

/var/lib/mysql/db.MYI #MyISAM Index file

/var/lib/mysql/ibdata1 #Innodb data file

MySQL Cluster Overview

MySQL Cluster is a technology that enables clustering of in-memory databases in a shared-nothing system. The shared-nothing architecture enables the system to work with very inexpensive hardware, and with a minimum of specific requirements for hardware or software.

MySQL Cluster is designed not to have any single point of failure. In a shared-nothing system, each component is expected to have its own memory and disk, and the use of shared storage mechanisms such as network shares, network file systems, and SANs is not recommended or supported.

MySQL Cluster integrates the standard MySQL server with an in-memory clustered storage engine called NDB (which stands for “Network DataBase”). In our documentation, the term NDB refers to the part of the setup that is specific to the storage engine, whereas “MySQL Cluster” refers to the combination of one or more MySQL servers with the NDB storage engine. A MySQL Cluster consists of a set of computers, known as hosts, each running one or more processes. These processes, known as nodes, may include MySQL servers (for access to NDB data), data nodes (for storage of the data), one or more management servers, and possibly other specialized data access programs. The relationship of these components in a MySQL Cluster is shown here:

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5.2 N-Tier Architecture

 

Figure 5.1.6 N-Tier Architecture

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5.2.1 Java

The Java platform is the ideal platform for network computing. Running across all

platforms -- from servers to cell phones to smart cards -- Java technology unifies business

infrastructure to create a seamless, secure, networked platform for your business. The Java

platform benefits from a massive community of developers and supporters that actively work on

delivering Java technology-based products and services as well as evolving the platform through

an open, community-based, standards organization known as the Java Community Process

program. You can find Java technology in cell phones, on laptop computers, on the Web, and

even trackside at Formula One Grand Prix races. The fact is today, you can find Java technology

just about everywhere!

5.2.2 Business Benefits

A richer user experience - Whether you're using a Java technology-enabled mobile phone

to play a game or to access your company's network, the Java platform provides the

foundation for true mobility. The unique blend of mobility and security in Java

technology makes it the ideal development and deployment vehicle for mobile and

wireless solutions.

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The ideal execution environment for Web services - The Java and XML languages are the

two most extensible and widely accepted computing languages on the planet, providing

maximum reach to everyone, everywhere, every time, to every device and platform.

Enabling business from end to end - Java offers a single, unifying programming model

that can connect all elements of a business infrastructure.

5.2.3 Android

1.1 What is Android?

Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices which means developers need only develop for Android, and their applications should be able to run on different devices powered by Android. The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was released by Google in 2007 where as the first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of improving the user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance. The source code for Android is available under free and open source software licenses. Google publishes most of the code under the Apache License version 2.0 and the rest, Linux kernel changes, under the GNU General Public

1.2 History of Android

The history and versions of android are interesting to know. The code names of android ranges from A to J currently, such as Aestro, Blender, Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo,Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwitch,Jelly Bean and KitKat. Let's understand the android history pointy:

Initially, Andy Rubin founded Android Incorporation in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003.

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In 17th August 2005, Google acquired android Incorporation. Since then, it is in the subsidiary of Google Incorporation.

The key employees of Android Incorporation are Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Chris White and Nick Sears.

Originally intended for camera but shifted to smart phones later because of low market for camera only.

Android is the nick name of Andy Rubin given by coworkers because of his love to robots.

In 2007, Google announces the development of android OS. In 2008, HTC launched the first android mobile.

1.3 Features of Android

Android is a powerful operating system competing with Apple 4GS and supports great features. Few of them are listed below.

1.4 Feature Description

Feature Description

Beautiful UI Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.

Connectivity GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.

Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

Media support

H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg

Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP

Messaging SMS and MMS

Web browser

Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript

Engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets

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Such as the HTC Hero.

Multi-tasking

User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run

Simultaneously.

Resizable widgets

Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink them to

save space

Multi-Language

Supports single direction and bi-directional text.

GCM Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short message data

to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution.

Wi-Fi Direct A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer

connection.

Android Beam

A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching two NFCenabled

phones together.

1.5 Android Applications

Android applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit. Once developed, Android applications can be packaged easily and sold out either through a store such as Google Play or the Amazon Appstore. Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide. This tutorial has been written with an aim to teach you how to develop and package Android application. We will start from environment setup for Android

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application programming and then drill down to look into various aspects of Android applications.

Android Versions, Codename and API

Let's see the android versions codename and API provided by Google.

Version Codename API

1.5 Cupcake 3

1.6 Donut 4

2.1 Eclair 7

2.2 Froyo 8

2.3 Gingerbread 9 and 10

3.1 and 3.3 Honeycomb 12 and 13

4.0 Ice Cream Sandwitch 15

4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 Jelly Bean 16, 17 and 18

4.4 KitKat 19

Next

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1.6 Android Core Building Blocks

A component is simply a piece of code that has a well defined life cycle e.g. Activity, Receiver, and Service etc. The core building blocks or fundamental components of android are activities, views, intents, services, content providers, fragments and AndroidManifest.xml.

Activity

An activity is a class that represents a single screen. It is like a Frame in AWT.

View

A view is the UI element such as button, label, text field etc. Anything that you see is a view.

IntentIntent is used to invoke components. It is mainly used to: Start the service Launch an activity Display a web page Display a list of contacts Broadcast a message Dial a phone call etc.

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Service

Service is a background process that can run for a long time.There are two types of services local and remote. Local service is accessed from within the application whereas remote service is accessed remotely from other applications running on the same device.

Content Provider

Content Providers are used to share data between the applications.

Fragment

Fragments are like parts of activity. An activity can display one or more fragments on the screen at the

same time.

AndroidManifest.xml

It contains informations about activities, content providers, permissions etc. It is like the web.xml file in Java EE.

Android Virtual Device (AVD)

It is used to test the android application without the need for mobile or tablet etc. It can be created in different configurations to emulate different types of real devices.

1.7 Android Emulator

Android Emulator is used to run, debug and test the android application. If you don't have the real device, it can be the best way to run, debug and test the application.It uses an open source processor emulator technology called QEMU.The emulator tool enables you to start the emulator from the command line. You need to write:

emulator -avd <AVD NAME>

In case of Eclipse IDE, you can create AVD by Window menu > AVD Manager > New.In the given image, you can see the android emulator, it displays the output of the hello android example.

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1.8 Installing software for Android

Android supports java, c++, c# etc. language to develop android applications. Java is the officially supported language for android. All the android examples of this site is developed using Java language and Eclipse IDE. Here, we are going to tell you, the required softwares to develop android applications using Eclipse IDE.

Simple way by ADT Bundle

It is the simplest technique to install required softwares for android application. It includes:

Eclipse IDE Android SDK Eclipse Plugin

If you download the ADT from android site, you don't need to have eclipse IDE, android SDK and eclipse Plugin because it is already included in adt bundle.

If you have downloaded the ADT bundle, unjar it, go to eclipse IDE and start the eclipse by clicking on the eclipse icon. You don't need to do any extra steps here.

1.9 How to setup Android for Eclipse IDEIn this page, you will learn what softwares are required for running an android application on eclipse IDE. Here, you will be able to learn how to install the android SDK ADT plugin for Eclipse IDE. Let's see the softwares required to setup android for eclipse IDE manually.

1. Install the JDK2. Download and install the Eclipse for developing android application3. Download and Install the android SDK4. Intall the ADT plugin for eclipse5. Configure the ADT plugin6. Create the AVD

7. Create the hello android application

1) Install the Java Development Kit (JDK)

For creating android application, JDK must be installed if you are developing the android application with Java language. download the JDK

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2) Download and install the Eclipse IDE for developing the android application

For developing the android application using eclipse IDE, you need to install the Eclipse. you can download it from this location download the Eclipse. Eclispe classic version is recommended but we are using the Eclipse IDE for JavaEE Developers (Eclipse Helios).

3) Download and install the android SDK

First of all, download the android SDK. In this example we have installed the android SDK for windows (.exe version). Now double click on the exe file, it will be installed. I am using the android 2.2 version here.

4) Download the ADT plugin for eclipse

ADT (Android Development Tools) is required for developing the android application in the eclipse IDE. It is the plugin for Eclipse IDE that is designed to provide the integrated environment.

For downloading the ADT, you need to follow these steps:

1. Start the eclipse IDE, then select Help > Install new software...2. In the work with combo box, write https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/ 

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3. select the checkbox next to Developer Tools and click next4. you will see, a list of tools to be downloaded here, click next5. click finish

6. After completing the installation, restart the eclipse IDE

5) Configuring the ADT plugin

After the installing ADT plugin, now tell the eclipse IDE for your android SDK location. For this:

1. Select the Window menu > preferences2. Now select the android from the left panel. Here you may see a dialog box asking if

you want to send the statistics to the google. Click proceed.3. Click on the browse button and locate your SDK directory e.g. my SDK location is C:\

Program Files\Android\android-sdk .

4. Click the apply button then OK.

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6) Create an Android Virtual Device (AVD)

For running the android application in the Android Emulator, you need to create and AVD. For creating the AVD:

1. Select the Window menu > AVD Manager2. Click on the new button, to create the AVD3. Now a dialog appears, write the AVD name e.g. myavd. Now choose the target android

version e.g. android2.2.

4. click the create AVD1.10 ARCHITECTURE

Android operating system is a stack of software components which is roughly divided into five sections and

four main layers as shown below in the architecture diagram.

Linux kernel

At the bottom of the layers is Linux - Linux 2.6 with approximately 115 patches. This provides basic system functionality like process management, memory management, device management like camera, keypad, display etc. Also, the kernel handles all the things that Linux is really good

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at such as networking and a vast array of device drivers, which take the pain out of interfacing to peripheral hardware.

Libraries

On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including open-source Web browser engine WebKit, well known library libc, SQLite database which is a useful repository for storage and sharing of application data, libraries to play and record audio and video, SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc.

Android Runtime

This is the third section of the architecture and available on the second layer from the bottom. This section provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially designed and optimized for Android. The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management and multi-threading, which is intrinsic in the Java language. The Dalvik VM enables every Android application to run in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries which enable Android application developers to write Android applications using standard Java programming language.

Application Framework

The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to applications in the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed to make use of these services in their applications.

Applications

You will find all the Android application at the top layer. You will write your application to be installed on this layeronly. Examples of such applications are Contacts Books, Browser, Games etc.

1.11Application Components

Application components are the essential building blocks of an Android application. These components are loosely coupled by the application manifest file AndroidManifest.xml that

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describes each component of the application and how they interact.There are following four main components that can be used within an Android application:

Activities: They they dictate the UI and handle the user interaction to the smartphone screen

Services They handle background processing associated with an application.

Broadcast Receivers They handle communication between Android OS and applications.

Content Providers They handle data and database management issues.

Activities

An activity represents a single screen with a user interface. For example, an email application might have one activity that shows a list of new emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity for reading emails. If an application has more than one activity, then one of them should be marked as the activity that is presented when the application is launched.

An activity is implemented as a subclass of Activity class as follows:

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

}

Services

A service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-running operations. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user is in a different application, or it might fetch data over the network without blocking user interaction with an activity.A service is implemented as a subclass of Service class as follows:

public class MyService extends Service {

Simply Easy Learning

}

Broadcast Receivers

Broadcast Receivers simply respond to broadcast messages from other applications or from the system. Forexample, applications can also initiate broadcasts to let other applications know that some data has beendownloaded to the device and is available for them to use, so this is broadcast

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receiver who will intercept thiscommunication and will initiate appropriate action.A broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver class and each message is broadcasted as an Intent object.

public class MyReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {

}

Content Providers

A content provider component supplies data from one application to others on request. Such requests are handled by the methods of the ContentResolver class. The data may be stored in the file system, the database or somewhere else entirely. A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider class and must implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions.

public class MyContentProvider extends ContentProvider {

}

Additional Components

There are additional components which will be used in the construction of above mentioned entities, their logic,and wiring between them. These components are:

Components Description

Fragments Represents a behavior or a portion of user interface in an Activity.

Views UI elements that are drawn onscreen including buttons, lists forms etc.

Layouts View hierarchies that control screen format and appearance of the views.

Intents Messages wiring components together.

Resources External elements, such as strings, constants and drawables pictures.

Manifest Configuration file for the application.

1.12Android Life Cycle of Activity

We can control and manage the resource through the life cycle methods of activity. There are 7 life cycle methods of android.app.Activity class. They are as follows:

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Method Description

onCreate called when activity is first created.

onStart called when activity is becoming visible to the user.

onResume called when activity will start interacting with the user.

onPause called when activity is not visible to the user.

onStop called when activity is no longer visible to the user.

onRestart called after your activity is stopped, prior to start.

onDestroy called before the activity is destroyed.

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1.13 Dalvik Virtual Machine

As we know the modern JVM is high performance and provides excellent memory management. But it need to be optimized for low-powered handheld devices. The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is optimized for mobile devices. It optimizes the JVM formemory, battery life and performance.Dalvik is a name of a town in Iceland. The Dalvik VM was written by Dan Bornstein.The Dex compiler converts the class files into the .dex files that run on the Dalvik VM.Let's see the compiling and packaging process from the source file:

The javac tool compiles the java source file into the class file. The dx tool takes all the class files of your application and generates a single .dex file. It is a platform-specific tool. The Android Assets Packaging Tool (aapt) handles the packaging process.

CHAPTER - VI

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

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6.1 Client Side Coding

6.2 Server Side Coding

}

CHAPTER - VII

TESTING

SYSTEM TESTING AND MAINTENANCE

TESTING:

Testing is a set of activities that can be planned in advance and

conducted systematically. For this reason a template for software testing, a set of

steps into which we can place specific test case design techniques and testing

methods should be defined for software process.

Testing often accounts for more effort than any other software

engineering activity. If it is conducted haphazardly, time is wasted, unnecessary

effort is expanded, and even worse, errors sneak through undetected. It would

therefore seem reasonable to establish a systematic strategy for testing software

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TYPE OF TESTING

There are two type of testing according their behaviors

I. Unconventional Testing

II. Conventional Testing

UNCONVENTIONAL TESTING

Unconventional testing is a process of verification which is

doing by SQA (Software Quality Assurance) team. It is a prevention technique

which is performing from beginning to ending of the project development. In this

process SQA team verifying the project development activities and insuring that

the developing project is fulfilling the requirement of the client or not.

In this testing the SQA team follows these methods:

1. Peer review

2. Code walk and throw

3. Inspection

4. Document Verification

CONVENTIONAL TESTING

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Conventional Testing is a process of finding the bugs and validating

the project. Testing team involves in this testing process and validating that

developed project is according to client requirement or not. This process is a

correction technique where testing team find bugs and reporting to the

development team for correction on developed project built.

UNIT TESTING:

The procedure level testing is made first. By giving improper inputs,

the errors occurred are noted and eliminated. Then the web form level testing is

made. For example storage of data to the table in the correct manner.

In the company as well as seeker registration form, the zero length

username and password are given and checked. Also the duplicate username is

given and checked. In the job and question entry, the button will send data to the

server only if the client side validations are made.

The dates are entered in wrong manner and checked. Wrong email-id

and web site URL (Universal Resource Locator) is given and checked.

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INTEGRATION TESTING:

Testing is done for each module. After testing all the modules, the

modules are integrated and testing of the final system is done with the test data,

specially designed to show that the system will operate successfully in all its

aspects conditions. Thus the system testing is a confirmation that all is correct and

an opportunity to show the user that the system works.

MODULE TESTING:

Module Testing is a process of testing the system, module by module.

It includes the various inputs given, outputs produced and their correctness. By

testing in this method we would be very clear of all the bugs that have occurred.

INTERFACE TESTING:

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The Interface Testing is performed to verify the interfaces between

sub modules while performing integration of sub modules aiding master module

recursively.

VALIDATION TESTING:

The final step involves Validation testing, which determines whether

the software function as the user expected. The end-user rather than the system

developer conduct this test most software developers as a process called “Alpha

and Beta were testing” to uncover that only the end user seems able to find.

The compilation of the entire project is based on the full

satisfaction of the end users. In the project, validation testing is made in various

forms.

MAINTENANCE:

The objectives of this maintenance work are to make sure that

the system gets into work all time without any bug. Provision must be for

environmental changes which may affect the computer or software system. This is

called the maintenance of the system. Nowadays there is the rapid change in the

software world. Due to this rapid change, the system should be capable of adapting

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these changes. In our project the process can be added without affecting other parts

of the system.

Maintenance plays a vital role. The system liable to accept

any modification after its implementation. This system has been designed to favour

all new changes. Doing this will not affect the system’s performance or its

accuracy.

TESTING STRATEGIES

A number of software testing strategies have been proposed in the

literature. All provide the software developer with a template for testing and

all have the following generic characteristics:

Testing begins at the component level and works “outward” toward

the integration of the entire computer-based system.

Different testing techniques are appropriate at different points in

time.

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The developer of the software conducts testing and for large projects,

independent test group.

Testing and debugging are different activitccommodated in any

testing strategy.

CHAPTER - VIII

PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATION

8.1 Conclusion

We are Developing an Android based User Interface for Fetching the Nearest available Bus, its Time to reach the Source and the Distance which will surely avoid the waiting time for Android User.

8.1.1 Merits of the System

1. Blind People can read their incoming through voice output. And also they can identify

the phone number.

2. They can identify the incoming phone number through voice output.

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3. Identify the current location when they travel to different place through voice output of

every two minutes.

4. The blind people can also access the smart phone through my application.

8.1.2 Limitations of the System

1. Missed call cannot able to define by blind people.

2. Unread SMS cannot able to define and read.

3. Satellite breakage happen means they cannot able to find the location.

8.2 Future Enhancements

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APPENDICES

9.1 Sample Screens

REFERENCES

Book References

[15] M. Haridasan, I. Mohomed, D. Terry, C. A. Thekkath, and L. Zhang, “Startrack next generation: A scalable infrastructure for track-based applications,” in Proc. USENIX OSDI, 2010. [16] M. Keally, G. Zhou, G. Xing, J. Wu, and A. Pyles, “PBN: Towards practical activity recognition using smartphone-based body sensor networks,” in Proc. ACM SenSys, Seattle, WA, USA, 2011, pp. 246–259.[17] F. Li, Y. Yu, H. Lin, and W. Min, “Public bus arrival time prediction based on traffic information management system,” in Proc. IEEE SOLI, Beijing, China, 2011, pp. 336–341.

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[18] Y. Liu, L. Chen, J. Pei, Q. Chen, and Y. Zhao, “Mining frequent trajectory patterns for activity monitoring using radio frequency tag arrays,” in Proc. IEEE PerCom, White Plains, NY, USA, 2007.[19] H. Lu, W. Pan, N. D. Lane, T. Choudhury, and A. T. Campbell, “SoundSense: Scalable sound sensing for people-centric applications on mobile phones,” in Proc. ACM MobiSys, Kraków, Poland, 2009, pp. 165–178.[20] J. Paek, J. Kim, and R. Govindan, “Energy-efficient rate-adaptive GPS-based positioning for smartphones,” in Proc. ACM MobiSys, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2010, pp. 299–314.[21] J. Paek, K.-H. Kim, J. P. Singh, and R. Govindan, “Energy-efficient positioning for smartphones using cell-ID sequence matching,” in Proc. ACM MobiSys, Bethesda, MD, USA, 2011, pp. 293–306.[22] C. Peng, G. Shen, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, and K. Tan, “BeepBeep: A high accuracy acoustic ranging system using COTS mobile devices,” in Proc. ACM SenSys, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2007, pp. 1–14.[23] S. Reddy et al., “Using mobile phones to determine transportation modes,” ACM Trans. Sensor Netw., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1–27, Mar. 2010.[24] A. Thiagarajan, J. Biagioni, T. Gerlich, and J. Eriksson,“Cooperative transit tracking using smart-phones,” in Proc. ACM SenSys, Zurich, Switzerland, 2010, pp. 85–98. [25] A. Thiagarajan, L. Ravindranath, H. Balakrishnan, S. Madden, and L. Girod, “Accurate, low-energy trajectory mapping for mobile devices,” in Proc. USENIX NSDI, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2011.

Web References

[1] www.android developer.com

[2] www.analog.com/DSP-Software-Kit

[3] http://developer.android.com/sdk/

[4] www.w3school.com

[5] http://developer.samsung.com/android/technical-docs/Gestures-in-Android

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