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Challenges & Opportunities
Wi-Fi in Smart Cities paradigm
Smart Infrastructure
for
Smart Sustainable n Secure Cities
One of the most challenging Imperatives
for
“Smart City Stakeholders”
The most profound technologies are
those that disappear…
They weave themselves into the fabric
of everyday life until they are
indistinguishable from it…
Disruptive technology, is the bearer of
tremendous opportunity and equally, a
harbinger of obsolescence.
Technology’s impact on society and business is
substantial, if not underestimated.
Though product cycle times are accelerating,
the underlying technologies unfold over many
years.
Within each trend there are multiple enabling
technologies, all at various stages of maturity
and adoption.
.
The Internet of Things (IoT):
Most Disruptive Technology of the decade…
Internet of Things is all about“heterogeneous” and “aware”devices interacting to simplifypeople’s life
in some way or the other…
Defining the IoT Systems:
Hurdles in fast growth of IoT:
It is difficult for innovation to happen
across disjointed platforms & technologies
Creating the opportunity for ecosystem partners to
work across common open platforms facilitates
faster innovation
Hurdles in fast growth of IoT:
The IoT value chain is perhaps the most diverseand complicated value chain of any industry orconsortium that exists in the world.
In fact, the gold rush to IoT is so pervasive that ifyou combine much of the value chain of mostindustry trade associations, standards bodies,the ecosystem partners of trade associationsand standards bodies, and then add in thedifferent technology providers feeding thoseindustries, you get close to understanding thescope of the task.
In this absolutely heterogeneous scenario,coming up with common harmonized standardsis a major hurdle.
IoT Connectivity Technologies
LPWA IoT connectivity overview
Example: Different Standards & Layers
Applications & Services
Data & Control Points
Comms Protocols
Transports
Profiles, Data & Resource Models
Wi-
Fi*
1
Zig
Bee
*
Th
read
Z-W
ave*
IP
802.1
5.4
802.1
5.4
IP
Blu
etooth
® L
ow
En
erg
y
??
BL
EIP
?
IP = 6LoWPAN
Ex
ten
sib
le
1Local network
Identity Management – OAuth, SAML,
Open ID
Device Management – OMA DM, TR 69,
LWM2M
Vertical Specific Standards
Translating Application
Protocols to comm’s
and transport protocol.
Filling the Gap ??
Plethora of standards
here Interop between
verticals
Simple IoT Layers Model
Applications & Services
Data & Control Points
Comms Protocols
Transports
Profiles, Data & Resource Models
Apps and services deliver the value of IoT
Input: Data
Output: Control and/or Information (UI)
High level protocols for communications
Usually multiple layers
Physical layers and low level protocols
How IoT devices are represented to applications and services
How applications and services interact with the representations
Standards usually apply within these layers
Standards Landscape
Proximity Radios
Wi-Fi*
Bluetooth® (LE)
Z-Wave*
ZigBee*
Thread
Higher Level
OIC*
AllSeen
OneM2M
UPnP
W3C*
EEBus
Others
IIC
Hypercat
Proprietary
HomeKit
Weave
Global Neural Network of Networks…
Homogeneous Network of Heterogeneous Devices…
Industrial IoT v/s Consumer IoT…
Services v/s Applications…
Infrastructure v/s Enterprise v/s Homes
End to end Security in the Signal Chain…
IoT Paradigm & challenges ! ! !
System of Systems …..
Smart Grids…
Smart Buildings..
Smart Homes…
Smart Cities…
M2M or IoT…
Smart Networks
homogeneous & Secure paradigm for heterogeneous devices, systems & solutions..
Smart Infrastructure ! ! !
S.No. Top Ten Connected Applications in
2020
Value to the Connected Life
1 Connected Car US$600 billion
2 Clinical Remote Monitoring US$350 billion
3 Assisted Living US$270 billion
4 Home and Building Security US$250 billion
5 Pay-As-You-Drive Car Insurance US$245 billion
6 New Business Models for Car Usage US$225 billion
7 Smart Meters US$105 billion
8 Traffic Management US$100 billion
9 Electric Vehicle Charging US$75 billion
10 Building Automation US$40 billion
As per GSMA and Machina research, top ten connected applications
with approx. business impact in 2020 :-
Global Scenario
Smart Cities & Smart InfrastructureA sample Indian business case for next 5-10 years:
200 million Smart Electricity Meters are going to be procured & deployedunder the NSGM (National Smart Grid Mission).
All these Smart Meters are going to use 200 million Communication Modulesand minimum 0.4 million Gateways/DCUs (Data Concentrator Units).
Smart Streetlights are going to use more than 100 million CommunicationModules and at least half a million of DCUs/Gateways…
Smart Buildings are going to deploy more than 50 million smart Sensors and atleast 100K – 200K DCUs/gateways…
Automobiles shall be using at least 100-200 million communication nodes forVehicle O & M, V to V, V to I & other telematics applications…
Similarly, various applications of the Smart Infrastructure paradigm like SmartWater, Smart Gas, Smart Traffic, Smart Environment, Smart sewage Disposaletc. are going to use a few billions of Smart Sensors with CommunicationModules
To summarize, India ALONE, is going to need a minimum of 5 - 10 billionCommunication modules to be integrated into the Smart Sensors andControllers and 10– 50 million Gateways that shall be needed tooperate and maintain the Nation Wide Critical Infrastructure that needsto be deployed to enable and empower the citizens to lead asustainable, safe and secure life …
The shifting paradigms…
The rise of new paradigms:
The rise of new paradigms:
Critical Infrastructure are the assets thatare essential for the functioning of thesociety and economy.
Those facilities, systems, or functions,whose Incapacity or destruction wouldcause a debilitating impact on nationalsecurity, governance, economy andsocial well being of a nation.
Critical Infrastructures:
Critical Infrastructures:
A few essential components of theCritical infrastructure are:
Smart City
Smart Health
Smart Water
Smart Surveillance
Smart Grid
Smart Street Lighting etc.
They all need highly reliableCommunication Backbone.
The critical Information Infrastructure isthe backbone and foundation of anymodern society/community today.
Those ICT infrastructures upon which, thecore functionality of Critical Infrastructureis dependent.
Critical Information Infrastructures:
The contrast:
The contrast between IT and criticalinfrastructure networks is the factthat humans are the central featurefor IT networks, but are only a sidefocus of critical infrastructure.
In fact, the more effective andcapable a critical infrastructurenetwork becomes, the less a humanwill be involved in any way.
Infrastructure Protection
ICT Architecture for a Smart City
Information Security Infrastructure
Security Architecture for a Smart
City
The ISO Technical Management Board (TMB) in its 63rdmeeting held on 17-18 June 2015 passed a resolution andapproved the working definition of a Smart City in ISO asfollows:
''Smart City'' should be described as a city that:
dramatically increases the pace at which itimproves its sustainability and resilience, byfundamentally improving how it engages society,how it applies collaborative leadership methods,how it works across disciplines and city systems, andhow it uses data and integrated technologies inorder to transform services and quality of life tothose in and involved with the city (residents,businesses, visitors)
Definition of Smart Cities
The genesis of Smart City
In a Smart City-
‘Sustainability is the Destination’
‘Resilience is the Characteristic’
‘Smart is the Accelerator’
Standards are the Chromosomes of Smart Infrastructure
Smart City: What is it?
Walkable Cities:..Metro’s and Elevated Bus
stations can displace people
…Pathway can shorten Roads
…Can lead to less parking
Space
Green Cities:..Demand Response can deprive
people of power needs in
emergency
…What to do with old vehicles, is
there a ecosystem in place…
Intelligent Transport..People may have to walk longer to
find a public transport…
…What about people at the bottom
of the pyramid? Do we care?
Water Management…results in change in eco-system.
…Can impact the current immunity
levels of people leading to a disease
spread, and when combined with
health care can be deadly
combination..
Smart City: What is it?
Walkable Cities:..Metro’s and Elevated Bus
stations can displace people
…Pathway can shorten Roads
…Can lead to less parking
Space
Green Cities:..Demand Response can deprive
people of power needs in
emergency
…What to do with old vehicles, is
there a ecosystem in place…
Intelligent Transport..People may have to walk longer to
find a public transport…
…What about people at the bottom
of the pyramid? Do we care?
Water Management…results in change in eco-system.
…Can impact the current immunity
levels of people leading to a disease
spread, and when combined with
health care can be deadly
combination..
Smart City: What is it?
Define Goals
Define Models that allow- Integration of data
- Measuring the current status
Capture Interrelation between domains
and goals
Data Centric approach is the key to Smart Infrastructure
Urban Design
NON ICT
ICT
Three Dimension to Smart City
ICT Initiatives
• Municipal Wi-Fi,
• Smart Parking,
• Video Analytics and Citizen Apps
• Smart Building Installations
• Smart Kiosk Information Zone
Non ICT initiatives
• E-Busses- Hybrid & Pure
Electric
• DHI- Viability Gap Funding
• Solar powered Streetlights with
Smart Grid,
• Clean Rivers & Water Bodies
• Low Carbon/ Green & Clean
Fuel Zone
Urban Design
• Green Buildings
• Smart Street Furniture
• Online Building Plan Approval
• Ease of Doing Business
• Digital MMR
• GIS & GPS enabled Services
• Green Parks & Gardens
Brownfield Smart Cities - Smart
Phases
Smart City 3.0
Futuristic Initiatives
Smart City 2.0
Advanced Initiatives
Smart City 1.0
Foundational Initiatives
Congestion Charging
Intelligent Buildings
Car Pooling System
Smart Meters
Electric Vehicle Charging System
Urban Incubation Center
Interactive Sidewalk
Wi-Fi
Smart Parking
Intelligent Streetlight
Video Analytics
Citizen App
Pollution Monitors
Energy & Water
Efficiency
City Command Center
Smart Cities:
Equitable, Sustainable, Inclusive Collaborative and Participative
Smart City –
Citizen, Business and Environment friendlyCitizen Centricity
Identify & design the Smart
City solutions keeping
citizen in focus and citizen
benefits in focus.
Impact on Climate &
Reduction in Carbon
footprint
The design should keep in
mind the health of the planet
and be able to showcase a
reduction in carbon emissions
User Friendliness & Ease
of usage
Design the Smart city
solution to ensure ease of
usage for public at large.
The design should be
intuitive to use
Citizen Privacy
The privacy of the public
should be kept in mind and
all solutions should
safeguard it
Economic
Sustainability of
Projects
Where possible the
solutions should be
financially sustainable
with innovative cost
recovery/revenue
generation mechanism
Continuous Innovation
The solutions should be
robust enough to be able to
be upgraded continuously
when better innovations rise
up
Smart City
The success & failure of the Smart Cities &Smart Infrastructure shall highly depend onthe Electronics, IT & TelecommunicationTechnologies used & deployed.
A single mistake in choosing the wrongtechnology might result in a set-back thatshall take many years to rectify the problemsand move forward in the right direction, andthus, jeopardizing the progress of the nationsitself…
The Imperatives:
The technological trends in “Smart Homes”,“Smart Buildings”, “Smart Cities” & “SmartGrid” are being considered and pursued inisolation from each other by the respectivestake holders. In fact, they form a verytightly interwoven & homogenousconfluence of similar technologies beingapplied in different domains for a commoncause of making our planet earth “smart,green n secure”.
The Imperatives:
The Interplay –
Smart infrastructure – Smart Cities
The relationship between Smart Infrastructure andSmart Cities needs to be understood in this context: “Ina smart city, energy, water, transportation, publichealth and safety, and other key services aremanaged in concert to support smooth operation ofcritical infrastructure while providing for a clean,economic and safe environment in which to live, workand play”.
Hence, the perspective in Infrastructure Design for anycity has undergone a paradigm shift with advent ofconvergence and networking technologies, solutionsfor information, communication, entertainment,security and surveillance; which are beginning to havea profound impact on the way we look at theBuildings’ Design (be it residential or commercial) andTown Planning.
From a vertical, silo’d approach
Coordination, collaboration and harmonization can bebetter implemented by the effective use of open,common and shareable, information and communicationtechnologies that allows the creation of a trulyinterconnected system with seamless communicationbetween services. Even though the services andapplications can be diverse, they could leverage the useof common infrastructure to achieve this objective.
Other City
Services and
Departments
Waste
Management
Sensors
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Power
Meters
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Water
Meters
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Gas
Meters
Transportation
Sensors
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
To a converged common ICT
infrastructure pool
Internet
Co
mm
on
In
form
atio
n
Infr
astr
uct
ure
Waste
Manageme
nt
PowerWaterGasTransportation
Secure Open Data
Platform
Infrastructure Business
Support Systems (BSS)
Master Data
Management System
Integrated Data Acquisition /Integrated Data Management
Public Utility Companies
Common Data Platform
Common Network
Multiple Network Topologies
Secure VPN
Cities with Homes with Multiple Smart Meters
If “Data is the Oil of the 21st Century”
(without pollution side effects) Neelie Kroes, EU Commissioner responsible for the Digital Agenda
Then “Big Data” is the Crude Oil
As it needs lot of processing before it becomes usable
Two Underlying philosophies
Standards are the chromosomes
of
Smart Infrastructure
&
Narang N. Kishor, Convener, Panel on Smart Infrastructure, BIS, India
Knowledge Engineering in Smart CitySetting the Context:
The stake holders and the Goal
Smart City Stake
holders
Govt.
Utility Managers
Agents
Citizen
The ultimate goal is transforming the raw data to insights and actionable
/knowledge and/or creating effective representation forms for machines
and also human users and creating automation
Knowledge Engineering –In the context of Smart cities
Deriving inference from Multi-modal data is the key attribute of
Knowledge Engineering In the Smart City Context
Integrated Management Centre
There is also a recursive cycle to the data in a SmartCity. Information that is generated is information thatis consumed which in turn adds to the informationgenerated which becomes information used again.
At its very foundation, it will integrate with and ingestdata from all possible sources, then apply various datamodels, processes and tools and ensure quality with anaim to provide insight and intelligence on various cityresources and services while at the same timeestablishing a sharing and serving mechanism for allinformation resources and services in the city.
Different sources of information can blend together, insome ways compensating their own deficiencies,enriching the larger information pool and thereforeproviding the ability to offer services more efficiently. Adrill down of the above is depicted in the illustrationbelow.
Integrated Management Centre
Integrated Management Centre
Indian Smart Cities – Key Focus
Areas
Integrated Command Centre & Dash Board
Citizen Services
Unified & Secure ICT Back-bone
Energy, Water & Solid Waste Management
Integrated Transport System
Cyber & Network Security
India’s approach to a
Unified, Secure & Sustainable
ICT Framework
Smart Cities ICT Architecture
Information Management
Information Management (IM) is the means bywhich an organization seeks to maximize theefficiency with which it plans, collects, organizes,uses, controls, stores, disseminates, and disposes ofits information, and through which it ensures that thevalue of that information is identified and exploitedto the maximum extent possible.
Information Management
Conceptual Architecture view
7 Layers of Internet of Things (IoT)
Multiple Data Formats: The architecture must support a variety of structured and un/semi-structured data..
Standards Based Information Management: The architecture for information management mustbe based on a defined set of standards.
Separation of Concerns: When there are different purposes for information, which require differentstructures or management techniques, then each purpose should be handled separately in orderto avoid unnecessary or unacceptable compromises.
Volume and Velocity: Architecture must support an ever increasing volume and velocity of data.
Information Accessibility: The architecture must support various mechanisms to enable the abilityto access information in a controlled and secure, but timely manner.
Unified View of Information: Information must be presented in a business friendly form as a singleunified view rather than a collection of disparate schemas, even if multiple data sources aredeployed.
Information Abstraction: It must be possible to decouple the consumers of information from thesources of information such that changes required by consumers do not necessitate changes todata sources, and conversely, changes to data sources do not necessitate changes toconsumers.
Consistent and Complete Information: The system must provide a consistent and complete viewof information at all times.
Quality Data: Data must be trusted, fit for purpose, and be of the highest quality available.
Retention of Data: Facilitate the support of data retention with respect to organizations fulfillingboth enterprise and industry regulatory requirements.
Flexible and Agile: Information management must support the use of metadata to enable aflexible and agile information management platform
Architecture Principles
Treat All Data as an Asset
“Keeping it simple is the best way to scale
and manage complex systems”
Architecture Guidelines & Principals
Vendor agnostic
Should break across vertical silos and make it more harmonious
Compressive security and resilience
Extensible and reusable: modular as much as possible
Piggyback on existing, widely adopted standards
Interoperable: semantic interoperability
Open architecture
Affordable and cost-effective
Smart Utility
ICT
Architecture
Smart Utilities ICT Architecture
Domain 1 Domain n2..3..4…
………..
Domain 1 Domain n2..3..4…
………..
Smart Utilities ICT Architecture
Unified ICT
Backbone
Smart Infrastructure should ensure standardization,
interoperability and integration with existing
applications
Source: Adapted from NASSCOMM Presentation
Architecture Guidelines & Principles
Translating it to Architecture:
The Philosophy
Architecture Overview
Reference Architecture:
The Technology Layers
Deployment
Access
Transport/Route
Communicate
Register/Discov
er
Payload
Planning
Expanding the Last Mile Network
Smart
Street light
Air Quality
Monitoring
Smart Energy
Monitoring
Green Corridor
Security
Surveillance
Smart Street Poles – Providing Common Infrastructure for Smart City Solutions
across Multiple Domains
Smart Street Poles:
As a Deployment Option
Gateway
Semantic Broker Se
cu
rity
IoT Resource Virtualization
Data Storage and
Management
Data Services
Gatekeeper
Resource
Access
Management
Service
Management
Virtual Resource
Management
City infrastructure Management Services
Mapping the Deployment to Architecture
• Are the physical sensor connected to the gateway as a star topology using wireless /
wireline mode of communication
• Gateway: Provides a physical interface to the sensors and as data aggregation point
across all types of sensors
• Semantic Broker: Providers a virtual abstraction of the device, its capabilities and
constraints. All devices are accessed via the semantic broker
• Security: provides security mapping, and AAA functionality
Sensing
IoT Resource Virtualization
• Data Storage and Management: Provides infrastructure, algorithms, computational
resources for data storage, processing and query
• Gatekeeper: Provides policy and credential based access to
Data Services
Resource Access Management: Provides policy and credential based interfaces to services
to communicate with virtual instances of sensors and actuators.
Service Management: Exposes the virtualized devices as services to be accessed by the
applications via Resource Access Management.
Virtual Resource Management: Provides a abstraction of virtual devices at application layer
to be used to define and compose services.
City Infrastructure Services
Functional View of The layers
Architecture – “Key Element”:
(Smart City Middleware + Data Ocean)
M2M Evolution
Pipe (vertical):1 Application, 1 NW,
1 (or few) type of Device
Horizontal (based on
common Layer)Applications share common infrastructure, environments and network
elements
Local NW
Business
Application
Device
Communication
Network (mobile, fixed,
Powerline ..)
Gateway
Communication
Network 1
Communication
Network 2
Local NW
Device Device Device Device
Common Application
Infrastructure/Service layer
GatewayIP
Business
Application #1
Business
Application #2
Business
Application #nApplication Application
A A A A A
Things Things Things
Things
representationsThings
representations
(shared)
Application Application
OneM2M Architecture Approach
Abstraction and Semantics
From vertical to horizontal integration:
From raw data to semantic data
Communications
M2M Platform
Supported functions (CSFs)
RegistrationGroup
ManagementSecurityDiscovery
Data
Management &
Repository
Application &
Service
Management
Device
Management
Subscription &
Notification
Communication
Management
and Delivery
Handling
Service
Charging &
Accounting
Location
Network
Service
Exposure
Common Service Layer
Choosing a Technology Platform
for the Future
“The biggest challenge facing implementers is how to meet both
current and future smart grid requirements, while ensuring
interoperability and open-endedness among grid elements”
When evaluating communications platforms, it is important to look for a solution
that:
Provides cost-effective system architecture - Plug-and-Play
Provides real-time communications – Robust, long range, two-way
link
Includes security mechanisms - to protect grid assets and theft
Standards based - to ensure interoperability and open-endedness
Scalable and field upgradable
Strong industry support
Evolution of Wireless
Sensor Networks
ScalabilityPrice
Cabling
Cables
Proprietaryradio + network
20001980s 2006
Vendorlock-in
IncreasedProductivity
ZigBee
Complex middleware
6lowpanInternet
Open developmentand portability
Z-Wave, prop. ISM etc.
ZigBee andWHART
Any vendor6lowpanISA100
2008 ->
Last Mile Communication
Architecture
Last Mile Communication
Architecture
Network Architecture - Physical
Last Mile Communication
Backhaul Communication
M2M Protocol Stack for
Gateway/DCU
Another Representation of
Stack for Gateway/DCU
Another Representation of
Stack for Gateway/DCU
IEEE 802.15.4 Architecture
6LoWPAN Adaptation
MAC
RPL
UDP DTLS
CoAP, CoAPs
IP IPSec
PHY
L2: MAC
L4: ROUTING
L5: TRANSPORT
L6: APP
L3: NETWORK: L3
L1: PHY
Sta
nd
ard
ize/
Un
ify L
3 t
o L
6
for
an
y P
HY
/MA
C
com
bin
ati
on
Sensor Web: Field Device Stack
802.11 Standard
802.11 is primarily concerned with the lower layers of the OSI model.
Data Link Layer
Logical Link Control (LLC).
Medium Access Control (MAC).
Physical Layer
Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP).
Physical Medium Dependent (PMD).
From 3G/4G to 5G/WiFi…
The major difference, from a user point of view, betweencurrent and future technologies must be something otherthan faster speed (increased peak bit rate). For example –
higher number of simultaneously connected devices,
higher system spectral efficiency (data volume per areaunit),
lower battery consumption,
lower outage probability (better coverage),
high bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area,lower latencies,
higher number of supported devices,
lower infrastructure deployment costs,
higher versatility and scalability, or
higher reliability of communication.
Next Gen Technologies in
Smart Infrastructure
To support the main vertical sectors - namely automotive,transportation, healthcare, energy, manufacturing, andmedia and entertainment - the most important infrastructureperformance requirements are –
a latency below 5 ms,
support for device densities of up to 100 devices/m2 and
reliable coverage area,
a successful next generation deployment will integratetelecommunication technologies including mobile, fixed,optical and satellite (both GEO and MEO).
Expectations from 5G …
Data rates of tens of megabits per second should besupported for tens of thousands of users
1 gigabit per second to be offered simultaneously tomany workers on the same office floor
Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneousconnections to be supported for massive sensordeployments
Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhancedcompared to 4G
Coverage should be improved
Signaling efficiency should be enhanced
Latency should be reduced significantly compared to LTE.
Expectations from 5G …
A super-efficient mobile network that delivers a better performingnetwork for lower investment cost. It addresses the mobile networkoperators pressing need to see the unit cost of data transportfalling at roughly the same rate as the volume of data demand isrising. It would be a leap forward in efficiency based on the IETDemand Attentive Network (DAN) philosophy.
A super-fast mobile network comprising the next generation ofsmall cells densely clustered to give a contiguous coverage overat least urban areas and getting the world to the final frontier oftrue “wide-area mobility." It would require access to spectrumunder 4 GHz perhaps via the world's first global implementation ofDynamic Spectrum Access.
A converged fiber-wireless network that uses, for the first time forwireless Internet access, the millimeter wave bands (20 – 60 GHz)so as to allow very-wide-bandwidth radio channels able tosupport data-access speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s. The connectionessentially comprises “short” wireless links on the end of local fiberoptic cable. It would be more a “nomadic” service (like Wi-Fi)rather than a wide-area “mobile” service.
Imperative for the Wi-Fi Ecosystem
Performance at par with 5G Technologies
To enable seamless integration
Comprehensive Security framework for deployment in Critical Infrastructure
Ubiquity in upper layers of stacks for homogeneous data flow in heterogeneous
Power Efficient devices and protocols…
To become integral part of the
Unified, Sustainable, Secure n Resilient
“end-to-end ICT Infrastructure”
For Smart Cities
India is committed to building a
“Smart Secure & Sustainable Nation”
with comprehensive, structured &
inclusive approach in Standardization,
Regulatory Framework, Policy
Formulation, & conducive business
environment in a globally harmonized
& collaborative manner….
Standards are the chromosomes of Smart Infrastructure
Resilience….
Let us not pray to
be sheltered from
dangers but to be
fearless when
facing them
