Wibowo-346019

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N Lidia S Wibowo, 346019

1 2 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 1 . R e p o r t V e r s i o n . 2 5 6 0 w o r d s

Southbank Future (2040) Needs

Transport System, CVEN40011

21 August 2011/Report 1 of 13 N Lidia S Wibowo


TRANSPORT SYSTEM, CVEN40011

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ......................................................................... 2

Table of Figures ........................................................................... 2

Aim ............................................................................................. 3

2. Introduction: Working in Southbank .......................................... 3

3. Future Sustainable Transport System ........................................ 6Predicted Growth in 2040 ......................................................................... 6Issues ....................................................................................................... 6Transport Infrastructure Development Actions ......................................... 7Southbank map ...................................................................................... 14

................................................................................................. 15

Transport System Management Actions ....................................... 16

Goals in 2040 ............................................................................. 19Economic Goal........................................................................................ 19Social Goal............................................................................................. 20Environmental Goal................................................................................ 20

Conclusion ................................................................................. 21

References ................................................................................. 22

Appendix ................................................................................... 24

Glossary ................................................................................... 25

Table of Figures

Figure 1. Southbank Map..............................................................5

Figure 2. Inactive built form.........................................................8

Figure 3. The absence of bike-lanes..............................................9

Figure 4. Concrete barriers (left: Swanston street; right: Ottawa,Canada).....................................................................................10

Figure 5. Bicycle parking facilities (source: VicRoads)..................11

Figure 6. Changing and Showering Facilities (Source: cycling-infrom.com)...............................................................................11

Figure 7. Southbank's Current Transport Network Map...............14

Figure 8. Proposed Actions.........................................................15

Figure 9. Me visiting Southbank area .........................................24

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Aim

The purpose of this report is to assess the accessibility of the

transport system in Southbank in year 2040 for a particular

demographic group. The chosen demographic group being studied in

this report is people who go to work in Southbank on foot. This report

will identify the issues associated with predicted growth in 2040

especially for the chosen group. Furthermore, it will determine

transport infrastructure development actions and transport system

management actions. Finally, it will discuss how the proposed actions

will further support the economic, social and environmental goals of

Southbank local government and local council.

2. Introduction: Working in Southbank

I am a 23 years old female full time accountant. I work in

FreshWater Cooper, which is located near Southbank Boulevard and

Southbank Promenade. I live in a unit apartment on Wells Street,

Southbank with a younger sister who is currently a high schoolstudent.

I work from 9 am to 6 pm from Monday to Friday. I usually go to

work on foot. The walking path from home to office is demonstrated

in Figure 1 with travel time of 15 minutes. I usually walk along Power

Street from office to home in the evening. This results in security and

safety issues for a young female pedestrian to walk alone at night.

During spare time, I sometime take my dog for a walk to

botanical garden or to a smaller park near my apartment. I also like

to swim or to do other sport activities during my leisure time.

However, there is a lack of open space and sports center available for

residents and workers in Southbank. Thus, it would be great to

construct more open spaces and more community infrastructures

such as library, sport centers, retail shops, restaurants and other

gathering places into Southbank areas to allow younger people to


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socialize and to provide them with recreation places.

Moreover, I need to do groceries shopping for my daily needs

every week in South Melbourne Market, Safeway or Coles that can be

reached by foot, which I usually do in the evening. Therefore, the

safety and convenience of the pedestrian path are required to be

improved.

There is likely to be an increase in the number of people

working in Southbank who is also lives nearby and hence travel on

foot to work in year 2040. This is because the possibility in the

increase in the number of employment in Southbank in the future is

relatively high. Furthermore, in year 2040, it becomes increasingly

significant for workers to travel to work on foot in order to decrease

environmental impact and to cope with the increase in the number of

pedestrians regarding the future population growth.


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Figure 1. Southbank Map


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3. Future Sustainable Transport System

Predicted Growth in 2040As Southbank has been a very popular, it attracts more

residents, workers and visitors. Therefore, in year 2040, it is

predicted that Southbank will need to accommodate approximately

70,000 residents, 60,000 workers, and 10,000 visitors.

Issues

There are several issues raised by future growth especially in

terms of the transport system in Southbank as follow.

1. Issues regarding transport infrastructure

The increase in the number of residents, workers and visitors in

Southbank leads to the increase in travel demand that affects the

roads performance and public transport operation. With the

current infrastructure capacity, it will not be able to meet the

increase future demand. The roads are congested and the public

transports are overcrowded. This will influence the reliability of

the public transport as it causes delays and reduces the speed

and hence travel time increases.

2. Suppressed economic growth

As the economic growth depends on the density activity in the

area, it requires transport system that makes the most efficient

use of time. Therefore, low capacity transport infrastructure

suppresses the economy growth in Southbank.

3. Issues for pedestrians and cyclists

There are two major pedestrian and cyclists issues raised

concerning the future growth. Firstly, the congested traffic

decreases the safety for pedestrians and cyclists. And secondly,the pedestrian paths and crosswalks may be overcrowded and

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consequently reduce the accessibility for pedestrians.

A worker in Southbank who travel to work on foot is likely to

need more infrastructure improvement especially development for

pedestrian.

Transport Infrastructure Development Actions

In order to manage the issues associated with the future

growth, there are several proposed actions regarding infrastructure

development. In managing the infrastructure, it is important to target

at strengthening the connection between Southbank and Central

Business District (CBD) in order to provide the residents and workers

with access to community infrastructures in CBD. This good

connection between Southbank and CBD might be achieved through

the proposed infrastructure development actions in the following.

Improve walkability

The main pedestrian issue in Southbank is the lack of safety

and quality of infrastructure for pedestrians. There are several

measures in improving the walkability in Southbank as follow

1. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

CPTED is an approach to crime prevention designed by Victoria

Police.

• Natural access control targeted at decreasing criminal

accessibility including limiting access and increasing natural

surveillance such as constructing gates, fences, walls,

footpaths, landscaping and lighting.

• Natural surveillance is a design concept to increase

safety through the creation of environment such as maximizing

visibility and surveillance possibilities, and applying minimum

lighting standards. For instance, constructing more communityservices, retails, restaurants, cafes and other public places in


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order to generate a passive surveillance onto the street.

2. Streetscape vision (Active Built Form)

There are approximately more than 80% of the building form is

inactive which creates dead environments that are uninteresting,

unsafe and unattractive in Southbank areas as demonstrated in

Figure 2 below.

Figure 2. Inactive built form

It is important to renovate and construct more attractive built

forms along these streets in order to generate Southbank as a

walking city. Buildings with streetscape vision frontage at their

ground level create a more vibrant atmosphere for pedestrians

which attracts and encourages more people especially young

residents and workers to walk instead of travel by motor vehicle.

This includes retail shops, cafes, restaurants and etc.

3. Pedestrian facilities improvement


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There are several areas in Southbank that has poor pedestrian

facilities needed to be improved in order to increase the number

of pedestrian. In regard to the future growth, the current

pedestrian footpaths and crosswalks might not be able to cope

with the increase in the future number of pedestrian. Therefore,

widening the pedestrian paths and crosswalks to a minimum of

three meters allows more pedestrians to walk across Southbank

area. In addition, a new pedestrian bridge crossing the Yarra River

is also required to be constructed near St Kilda Road as the

current Princes Bridge is crowding during peak times.

Expand the bicycle network

The bicycle facilities in Southbank area are considered fairly

poor. There are only a few areas in Southbank that has bike lane

along the street and most of the streets in Southbank does not have

bike lane as shown in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3. The absence of bike-lanes

This causes safety and convenient issue for cyclists. Therefore,


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in order to increase cycling for transport, bicycle network in

Southbank requires to be expanded through implementing two

developments as follow.

1. Additional bike-lanes

Additional bike-lanes and advanced safety for cyclists are needed

to be implemented in Southbank. There are two types of bike

lanes, namely on-road lane and off-road lane. On-road bicycle

lane with concrete barrier as separation from vehicles and

pedestrians as shown in Figure 4 is essential to create safety

environment for both pedestrians and cyclists. Moreover, through

incorporating landscaping opportunities into these separation

areas provides engaging environment that may establish cycling

encouragement to residents and workers in Southbank.

Figure 4. Concrete barriers (left: Swanston street; right: Ottawa, Canada)

2. Bicycle facilities implementation

It is important to provide suitable parking and changing facilities

as adequate parking facilities which are convenient and secure in

order to encourage more people to cycle more often.

• Cycle Parking


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There are several types of bicycle parking designed by

VicRoads depending on the level of security needed in the

location as shown in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5. Bicycle parking facilities (source: VicRoads)

Bicycle parking rails are the most suitable parking facilities tobe implemented in Southbank area.

• Changing and Showering Facilities

It is also important to provide changing and showering

facilities as some cyclists may want to shower and change

their clothes when they reach their destination as

demonstrated in Figure 6 in the following.

Figure 6. Changing and Showering Facilities (Source: cycling-infrom.com)

Maximize the potential of PT

There are several issues related to the public transport in

Southbank including reliability, capacity and accessibility. The

accessibility of the public transport in Southbank is fairly poor as

there is a lack of east-west public transport services through


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Southbank. There are several infrastructure developments in dealing

with these issues.

1. New tram routes

Investigate the potential for constructing new tram routes on

Power Street and Whiteman Street in order to provide east-west

connection through Southbank which eventually create a more

integrated neighborhood.

2. Increase service frequency

Through increasing tram service frequency during peak hours,

morning and evening time, delays are reduced and availability is

increased. Furthermore, it increases the convenience to public

transport users. And finally it increases the reliability of public

transport.

3. Enhance the night time public transport service

At the present time, there is only bus service (nightrider), whichonly runs during weekend. Further inquiries into the needs for

night time public transport in the future is necessary.

4. Tram stops upgrade

Improving the tram stops to platform tram stops may increase the

safety and convenience to public transport users as it protects

passengers from traffic, provides shelters, seating, lighting andtram service information display. It also allows a large number of

passengers to get on and off trams more quickly.

Open Space and other Community Infrastructure

The lack of community infrastructure and open space in

Southbank is also considered as the main issue. Providing more open

spaces and community infrastructures within a walking and cycling

distance for residents and workers in Southbank helps in reducing car


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use, hence minimizing traffic congestion. Thus, design for community

infrastructures are necessary to be further analyzed. In addition,

additional open spaces around Southbank area create a more vibrant

place for pedestrians and cyclists. It not only provides passive

recreation but also green connection across Southbank area.


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Southbank map

Figure 7. Southbank's Current Transport Network Map

Reference: http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/location/view/30


http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/location/view/30


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Figure 8. Proposed Actions


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Transport System Management Actions

In order to support future sustainable access and mobility for

workers who travel on foot to work in Southbank, there are three

proposed transport system management actions presented further in

the following.

Travel Demand Management (TDM) or Road Demand

Management (RDM)

The aim of this action is to reduce traffic congestion by

reducing the need to travel, the amount and the impacts of travel. As

traffic congestion decreased, it creates safety environment for

walkers. There are three measures in TDM as follow.

1. Traffic congestion charge

This system surcharges users of transport network in peak period

in order to reduce traffic congestion. This system has been

applied in several places including London, Stockholm, Singapore,

etc. For instance, the London Congestion Pricing, motorists driving

within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) during peak hours on

weekdays are charged.

2. Sustainable transport programs: TravelSmart

TravelSmart is a voluntary program that aims to inform and

motivate people to change their travelling behavior. It

accommodates commuters who are interested in carpooling or car

sharing, an arrangement between people to make a regular

journey in a single vehicle.

3. Regular road closures


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There are several roads in Victoria closed at some various periods

of time. For instance, Little Collins Street is regularly closed during

lunchtime from 12 to 2pm. Recalling the streetscape vision

project, several streets are going to create a more vibrant

environment than at present time, such as Kavanagh street and

City road. If restaurants and cafes filled these streets in the

future, the streets will be occupied with high pedestrian activities

during some periods of time. Therefore, regular road closures

during lunchtime might be necessary on Kavanagh Street

(between Southbank Boulevard and Kings Way) and on City Road

(between Power Street and Kings Way).

Criteria to assess success: reduced the use of private vehicles and

traffic congestion.

Intelligent Transport System (ITS)

In order to increase the safety for pedestrians in Southbank,

several technologies and approaches are used as follow.

1. Pedestrian User Friendly Intelligent (PUFFIN) Crossing

The average signal crossing time requires people to walk with

speed of 1.5 meters per second. However, many pedestrians walk

slower than this speed. PUFFIN crossings automatically detect the

presence of pedestrians crossing the road. Also, it further detects

the presence of individuals requiring additional time to cross and

accordingly allocate extra time.

2. Count-Down Signal

The count-down signal for pedestrian crossing provide the amount

of time remaining to cross the street. This will hopefully help

pedestrians in making better decisions about when to enter the

crosswalk.

3. GPS Mobile ITS for Pedestrian Safety


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It uses GPS mobile phones to detect pedestrians and alert drivers

of the presence of pedestrians using technologies in the vehicle. It

collects the pedestrian position using GPS mobile phones carried

by pedestrians. This position data is then sent to the server which

the data then is forwarded to the vehicles if the driver needs to be

alerted. Thus, this system may reduce traffic accidents involving

pedestrians in areas blocked from the driver’s vision.

4. Reverse Collision Warning

It uses proximity detection sensors to detect and warn the driver

of any slow moving or stationary objects including vehicles and

pedestrians. It helps increases pedestrian safety.

5. Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)

ISA provides two alternatives, namely speed alerting and speed

limiting system. It uses satellite to obtain the position of the

vehicle and electronic signals transmitted to the vehicles

regarding the speed limit in the area. The speed alerting system

warns the driver for exceeding the speed limit. On the other hand,the speed limiting system makes it impossible for the driver to

exceed the speed limit transmitted to the vehicle.

Criteria to assess success: increase in the number of pedestrians and

decrease in the number of traffic accidents.

Road Safety Program

1. Road safety education program

The hierarchy of modes on roads is an important knowledge to be

demonstrated to all traffic users in order to increase road safety.

The order is disabled users, walkers, cyclists, public transport and

private vehicles, which disabled users being the highest priority

and private vehicles the lowest. For instance, on-road public

transport may cut through congestion and is given greater priorityat intersections. Therefore, by being aware of this hierarchy of


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modes, it not only may increase safety for pedestrians and

cyclists but also increase efficiency for public transport.

2. Speed limitation

The speed limit in Southbank region is relatively high which is

60km/h while the default speed limit in victoria is 50km/h. This

may be one of the reasons of the safety issue for pedestrian and

cyclists. Therefore, it needs to examine the road condition and

evaluate the current speed limitation in order to achieve more

suitable and safer speed limit.

Criteria to assess success: decrease in the number of traffic

accidents.

Goals in 2040

Economic Goal

The economic growth of a community relies on the density of

activity and labor productivity. This density and labor productivity

depends on how efficient the transport system is. A reliable and

integrated transport system leads to prosperous economic future for

Southbank community. As the population increases and traffic

congestion grows, it causes delays to both public transport and

private transport system. Hence, it may further suppress the

economic growth. The proposed transport actions help in minimize

the risk in the occurrence of delays in order to ensure stable

economic growth. Constructing community infrastructures such as

retail shops, restaurants and cafes increases job opportunities in

Southbank area and hence increase the economic growth. Moreover,

the maximization in the use of public transport including the

establishment of new tram routes and the increase in tram service

frequency may increase accessibility within Southbank area,

Southbank with city which has the highest rate of employment and


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Southbank with other inner Melbourne suburbs. Finally, the TDM

measures may reduce traffic congestion, hence reduce delays and

therefore ensure the stability in economic flow.

Social Goal

Connecting and integrating areas within Southbank region as a

whole in order to achieve the social goal of the community to create

Southbank as a connected city. A more integrated transport

infrastructure in Southbank develops social activities for residents

and workers in Southbank. The proposed actions may support this

goal in several ways. Constructing streetscape vision and active

built form around Southbank areas may support in creating

Southbank a more connected and integrated city. Furthermore,

establishing new tram routes connecting east and west of

Southbank region creates convenience to residents and workers to

travel within Southbank area. Finally, integrated Southbank area

may be achieved by road safety improvement in Southbank region

through developing pedestrian safety and bicycle safety

improvement such as implementation of additional bike-lanes,

expansion of pedestrian paths and crosswalks, upgrade in tram

stops, application of regular road closures, implementation of

several intelligent transport systems and the execution of the road

safety program. These may create convenient environment for local

residents and workers to interact with other people.

Environmental Goal The environment goal of the community is to construct a city

for people and an eco-city that allows people to travel on foot and

hence generates less impact on the environment. This goal might be

achieved through improving the walkability and developing several

intelligent transport systems related to pedestrian safety

improvement. Furthermore, by creating a more vibrant environment

around Southbank through the streetscape projects encourages more


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people to walk. Consequently, it creates the independency from

public transport and private cars.

In addition, several proposed actions mentioned earlier may

support in achieving an eco-city with minimum impact on the

environment. As private vehicles produce large amount of

greenhouse gas, it is significant to reduce the use of cars in order to

minimize the environmental impact. Car use reduction may be

achieved by improving other alternative forms of transport.

Therefore, several proposed actions such as walkability improvement,

bicycle network expansion, public transport development and

transport demand management measures may help to achieve the

alteration of transport modes from private vehicles to more

sustainable forms of transport across Southbank.

Conclusion

In Conclusion, in year 2040, Southbank will face major growth

issues which requires the local authority to advocate severalproposed actions in dealing with these issues, especially in regard to

its transport system. Further improvements on existing

infrastructures and several implementations of new infrastructure

developments require to be accomplished in dealing with the future

growth issue and creating Southbank a better place to live.


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References

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. 2006 Census Data. [ONLINE]

Available at: http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/. [Accessed 8

September 2011]

City of Melbourne. 2010. Southbank Structure Plan. [ONLINE]

Available

at:http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/ProjectsandIniti

atives/Southbank2010/Documents. [Accessed 14 August 2011]

City of Melbourne. 2011. Transport Strategy Update. [ONLINE]

Available

at:http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutCouncil/PlansandPublicatio

ns/strategies/Documents. [Accessed 15 August 2011]

City of Melbourne. 2011. Demographic Profile Young People. [ONLINE]

Available at:

http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/Statistics/Docume

nts/Demographic_Profile_Young_People.pdf . [Accessed 20 August

2011]

Metlink, 2011. Melbourne Public Transport Routes. [ONLINE}

Available at: http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/location/view/30.

[Accessed 20 August 2011]

Monash University Accident Research Centre, 2011. On-Road

Evaluation of Intelligent Speed Adaptation, Following Distance

Warning and Seatbelt Reminder Systems: Final Results of the TAC

SafeCar Project. [ONLINE] Available at:


http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/

http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/ProjectsandInitiatives/Southbank2010/Documents


http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutCouncil/PlansandPublications/strategies/Documents


http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/Statistics/Documents/Demographic_Profile_Young_People.pdf



http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/








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www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc253.pdf . [Accessed 8

September 2011]

NISSAN, 2011. GPS Mobile ITS for Pedestrian Safety. [ONLINE]

Available at: http://www.nissan-

global.com/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/gps_mobile_its.html .

[Accessed 8 September 2011]

VicRoads, 2011. Bicycle Parking and End-of-trip Facilities. [ONLINE]

Available at:

http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/Moreinfoandservices/Bicycles/StrategicDirectionsForCycling/ParkingAndEndOfTripFacilities.htm.


Victoria Department of Transport, 2011. Sustainable Transport

Projects and Programs. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/projects/sustainable/sustainable-

transport-projects-and-programs. [Accessed 8 September 2011]

Victoria Police, 2011. Crime Prevention Through Environmental

Design (CPTED). [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?document_id=10444. [Accessed

20 August 2011]

Walking Info PedSmart, 2011. ITS Applications for Pedestrians.

[ONLINE] Available at:

http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/saferjourney/library/pdf/Pedsmart.pdf .



http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc253.pdf

http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/gps_mobile_its.html



http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/Moreinfoandservices/Bicycles/StrategicDirectionsForCycling/ParkingAndEndOfTripFacilities.htm


http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/projects/sustainable/sustainable-transport-projects-and-programs


http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?document_id=10444

http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/saferjourney/library/pdf/Pedsmart.pdf



http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc253.pdf







http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?document_id=10444


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Appendix

Figure 9. Me visiting Southbank area(left: Grant/Sturt Street; right: Queensbridge Street/Southbank Promenade)


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Glossary

ACCESSIBILITY

An indication of the proximity of a person, site or zone to a particular

activity or group of activities. It has also been defined as the ease or

difficulty of making trips to/from each zone.

CBD

The central business district (CBD) of Melbourne is the commercial

centre of Melbourne, and is usually regarded as the area bounded by

Spring, Flinders, Spencer and La Trobe Streets.

DESTINATION

The point or area of termination of a trip.

DISAGGREGATE DATA

Data at the level of individual persons, households, etc.

EMPLOYMENT

The number of employees or jobs in relation to the zone of work. This

may be stratified by employment type e.g. retail, manufacturing etc.

HOME

A group of rooms or a single room, occupied or intended for

occupancy as separate living quarters, by a family or other group of

persons, or by a person living alone.

INFRASTRUCTURE

The fundamental facilities and systems serving a country,city, or area

, as transportation and communication systems,power plants, and sch

ools.


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LINK

A section of a highway or public transport network defined by a node

at each end.

SOUTHBANK

A suburb in Victoria. Postcode: 3006

OPEN SPACE

It includes parks and gardens.

ORIGIN

The point or zone at which a trip begins.

PERSON TRIP

Any trip made by a person.

TRANSPORT MODEL

Used to define the relationships between people, the land use /

transport system and their behaviour. This term should not be

confused with transport modelling packages such TRIPS, which are

used to develop and run transport models.

TRAVEL TIME The time taken to travel between two points.

TRIP

A one-way movement from an origin to a destination for a particular

purpose. It may be a person trip, a vehicle trip, walking trip or public

transport trip.