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A STYLISTICS ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE PATTERNS OF NEWS
NARRATION IN THE PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Analisis Stilistika Pola-Pola Bahasa pada Narasi-Narasi Berita yang terdapat pada
Media Cetak dan Elektronik
WIDIASTUTI
ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2013
A STYLISTICS ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE PATTERNS OF NEWS
NARRATION IN THE PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Analisis Stilistika Pola-Pola Bahasa pada Narasi-Narasi Berita yang terdapat pada
Media Cetak dan Elektronik
Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Magister in English Language Studies
Written and submitted by
WIDIASTUTI
to
ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
2013
THESIS
A STYLISTICS ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE PATTERNS OF NEWS
NARRATION IN THE PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Written and Submitted by:
WIDIASTUTI
Register Number: P0600210029
Has been defended in front of the Thesis Examination Committee
on 20th August 2013 and has fulfilled the requirements
Approved by:
Head of Member of
the Supervisory Committee, the Supervisory Committee,
Prof. H. Burhanuddin Arafah, M. Hum., Ph.D. Dr. H. Mustafa Makka, M.S.
Head of English Language Director of Postgraduate
Study Program, Program of Hasanuddin University,
Prof. Dr. Abdul Hakim Yassi, Dipl. TESL, MA Prof. Dr. Ir. Mursalim
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini
Nama : Widiastuti
Nomor Mahasiswa : P0600210029
Program Studi : Bahasa Inggris
Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa tesis yang saya tulis ini benar-benar
merupakan hasil karya saya sendiri, bukan merupakan pengambil alihan tulisan atau
pemikiran orang lain. Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti atau dapat dibuktikan bahwa
sebagian atau keseluruhan tesis ini hasil karya orang lain, saya bersedia menerima
sanksi atas perbuatan tersebut.
Makassar, 20 Agustus 2013
Yang menyatakan
WIDIASTUTI
Truly dedicated to:
My Beloved Husband, Zaenal ArifinZaenal ArifinZaenal ArifinZaenal Arifin
My Parents, Muchsin HarunaMuchsin HarunaMuchsin HarunaMuchsin Haruna and Nurjannah Nurjannah Nurjannah Nurjannah
DahlanDahlanDahlanDahlan
ABSTRACT
WIDIASTUTI. A Stylistics Analysis of Language Patterns of News Narration In the Printed and Electronic Media (Under the supervision of Burhanuddin Arafah and Mustafa Makka)
This research aims to (1) find out language patterns used by printed and electronic media, and (2) to present the way of the editors in composing the news narration based on the selected patterns.
The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected through (1) recording, (2) observation, (3) documentation, and (4). notes taking. The sources of data were printed media : “Tribun Timur”, and “Fajar” whereas electronic on the Media: “Metro TV” and “TV One” started from July 2012 to May 2013. The Population in this research was several of newspaper in Makassar and national news television program whereas the samples were a number of news narrations which obtained from “Tribun Timur” and “Fajar” as printed media and “Metro TV” and “TV One” as electronic media chosen by purposive sampling.
The result of this research indicates that Language patterns used by the printed and electronic media, using figurative language (metaphor, personification, hyperbole, repetition and metonymy), lexical choice or selection of diction (foreign term / word usage), denotative and connotative meaning, idiom (idiomatic phrases and idiomatic sentence), proverb, acronym and pejoration. Then, editors put the distinctive language patterns in composing the news narration. The data show that the selected language patterns which are used by the editors are mainly figurative language especially metaphorical expression
ABSTRAK
WIDIASTUTI. Analisis Stilistika Pola-Pola Bahasa pada Narasi-Narasi Berita yang terdapat pada Media Cetak dan Elektronik. (Dibimbing oleh Burhanuddin Arafah dan Mustafa Makka)
Penelitian bertujuan untuk (1).mengetahui pola-pola bahasa yang digunakan oleh media cetak dan elektronik, dan (2) cara editor dalam menyusun narasi-narasi berita berdasarkan pada pola-pola yang dipilih.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan, yaitu (1) teknik rekam, (2) teknik pengamatan, (3) teknik dokumentasi, dan (4). teknik catat. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah media cetak meliputi: Tribun Timur dan Fajar sedangkan media elektronik yang meliputi Metro TV dan TV one yang dimulai dari bulan juli 2012 sampai mei 2013; Adapun populasi pemilihan ini ialah beberapa surat kabar di Makassar dan program berita televisi nasional, sedangkan sampelnya adalah sejumlah narasi-narasi berita yang diperoleh dari Metro TV dan TV One sebagai media elektronik dan Tribun Timur dan Fajar sebagai media cetak yang dipilih berdasarkan sample purposif.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola-pola bahasa yang digunakan oleh media cetak dan elektronik adalah bahasa kiasan (metafora, personifikasi, hiperbola, repetisi dan metonimia), pilihan leksikal atau diksi (penggunaan istilah atau kata asing), penggunaan makna denotatif dan makna konotatif, idiom yang berbentuk frase atau kalimat, peribahasa, akronim dan peyorasi. Kemudian editor menggunakan pola-pola bahasa yang khusus dalam menyusun berita. Data menunjukkan bahwa pola-pola bahasa khusus yang digunakan oleh editor adalah bahasa kiasan khususnya ekspresi metafora.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahi Rabbil Alamin. First of all, the writer would like to express gratitude
to ALLAH SWT Who has given healthy and blessing, so the writer has the opportunity to
complete her thesis. She also does not forget to send great respect to the Prophet
Muhammad SAW, who has guided the human being from the worst to the peace.
Unlimited thanks are dedicated to her beloved parents, Drs. Muchsin Haruna,
MM and Nurjannah Dahlan, her beloved brother Tesar Dwi Cahyo and her aunty
Nurming for their encouragement, pray, deep love, and support. Special thank also the
writer offers to the writer’s beloved husband “Zaenal Arifin” for all his love, praying,
patience, suggestion, and understanding during completing her research.
In completing this thesis, the writer has found many problems. However, those
problems could be solved with support and help by people surrounding her.
Hereby, the writer would like to express her thanks to:
1. Prof. Drs H. Burhanuddin Arafah, M. Hum., Ph.D. the first consultant and
Dr. H. Mustafa Makka, M.S. as the second consultant for their guidance,
critiques, and correction for the improvement of the writer’s thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. M. L. Manda, M. A., M.Phil., Prof. Dr. H. Hamzah A. Machmoed,.
M.A. and Dr. Hj. Sukmawati, M.Hum as the writer’s board of examiners for
their critics, corrections, and suggestions during the seminar on research
proposal and finding.
3. Dr. H.Sudarmin Harun, M. Hum for his suggestions and corrections to the
writer.
4. To all lecturers at ELS for sharing their knowledge and motivation. All staffs
on Hasanuddin University for all the best things they have done.
5. Thanks to the writer’s “Best friends” My X’Lers Team (Dewi, Ibby, Ratna,
and Yoga) for their togetherness, support, advice, and always
there whenever the writer needs them.
6. Thanks to Hikmah, K’ Wawa, Nuni, Nita, K’ Erny, Nur Faizal for their
helping and good advice for the writer.
7. For the writer’s friends “ELS 2010” at the language program whose ideas and
discussion have been a wealthy inspiration to this thesis.
Makassar, 09 July 2013
Writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE .................................................................................................................... i APPROVAL FORM .............................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background ..................................................................................... 1 B. Identification of the Problem .............................................................. 6 C. Scope of the Problems .................................................................... 6 D. Research Questions ......................................................................... 6 E. The Objectives of Writing ................................................................ 7 F. Significance of the Research ............................................................ 7 G. Sequence of Presentation ................................................................ 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Previous Studies .............................................................................. 9 B. Theoretical Background .................................................................... 11
1. Stylistics ..................................................................................... 11 2. Style ........................................................................................... 14 3. Features of Style .......................................................................... 15 a. Style in a newspaper Headline ................................................ 15 b. Style as Motivated Choice ....................................................... 15 c. Style in Context ........................................................................ 16 d. Style and Effect ........................................................................ 17 4. Language Pattern ........................................................................ 17 5. Figurative Language .................................................................. 18
a. Metaphor .............................................................................. 20 (1) Nominative Metaphors ................................................. 20 (2) Predicate Metaphor ....................................................... 21 (3) Sentence Metaphor ...................................................... 21 b. Personification ...................................................................... 22 c. Hyperbole ............................................................................. 22 d. Repetition ............................................................................. 23 e. Metonymy ............................................................................ 24 f. Ellipsis .................................................................................. 25 g Euphemism .......................................................................... 25 6. Meaning Change ......................................................................... 26 a. Meaning Extension ............................................................... 26 b Narrowing of the Meaning………………………………….. 26 c. Amelioration .......................................................................... 27
d. Pejoration ............................................................................. 27 7. Diction ...................................................................................... 28 8. The Meaning of the Word .......................................................... 31 a. Denotative Meaning ............................................................ 31 b. Connotative Meaning .......................................................... 33 9 Idiom .......................................................................................... 34 10 The Media .................................................................................. 36
a. Kinds of Media ...................................................................... 37 (1). Newspaper ..................................................................... 37 (2) Television ...................................................................... 37
Conceptual Framework ................................................................... 38
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Design ................................................................................. 39 B. Research Time ..................................................................................... 39 C. Source of the data ................................................................................ 39 D. Population and Sample ....................................................................... 40 E. Method of Data Collection .................................................................... 41
1. Recording technique ................................................................... 41 2. Observation technique ............................................................... 41 3. Documentation technique .......................................................... 41 4. Notes taking ................................................................................ 42
F. Method for Analyzing Data .................................................................. 42
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A Findings ................................................................................................ 43 1. Data Analysis of Printed Media ..................................................... 48 a. Tribun Timur Newspaper ........................................................ 48 b. Fajar Newspaper .................................................................... 69 2. Data Analysis of Electronic Media ................................................ 82 a. Metro Tv .................................................................................. 82 b. Tv One ..................................................................................... 99 B Discussions ......................................................................................... 116
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 126 B. Suggestion ............................................................................................ 127 BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Data Classification of Printed Media …………………………………………46
Table 2 Data Classification of Electronic Media ……….……………………………..47
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Tt =Tentang
DPW = Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
PKB = Partai Keadilan Bangsa
PILWAKOT = Pemilihan Walikota
PDIP = Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan
POLRI = Polisi Republik Indonesia
DSB = Dan Sebagainya
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In daily life, media is one of the tools that is used to convey the information to
people. Media is a tool to connect between writer and the reader, both in written and
pictorial form or a combination of both. It is a tool of communication for public (Ratna,
2009 : 318). As a tool of communication, media delivers message and news to the
public. In drawing up the news, the editors sometimes choose a specific vocabulary to
provide specific information, and make readers interested in reading the news. The use
of diction, vocabulary, rhyme, and structure by the writers in composing the news
narrations are considered as style in language.
The term style is commonly used in everyday conversation and writing. It is
regularly used to refer to the shape or design of something. ‘The elegant style of a
house and when talking about the way in which something is done or presented “his
style of leadership or to describe someone’s manner of writing is “a vigorous style of
writing”
In language, style refers to a distinctive manner of expression through whatever
medium this expression is given. Yet, in line with the other description of style
mentioned above, it needs to be considered what makes an expression distinctive –
having a quality that makes it different and easily noticed. – Why it has been devised
and what effect it has.
In composing a news narration, both in the printed and electronic media
proficiency is required. Mastery of language can not be separated from the mastery of
words because the vocabulary is one aspect of language acquisition. The editor must
be able to understand and use the vocabulary that will be used, a person who has a
vast vocabulary, will have a high capability in choosing a word to the letter which most
harmonious to represent the intention or idea to be conveyed.Tarigan (1986:2) suggests
that the quality of a person speaking is highly dependent on the quality and quantity of
his/her vocabulary. Increasingly rich vocabulary possessed the greater the likelihood
that a person skilled in. so that, the editor who has a good vocabulary can create a
message that appeals to the readers and listeners. From his/her vocabulary, the editor
should be able to select or prefers the appropriate words. The choice of word is having
the same meaning to the term diction. The precise word choice is talking about the
ability of a word to pose the right ideas at the imagination of the reader or listener, like
what is thought or felt by the author.
From the above description, it can be concluded that the diction has a very
important role both language role in the oral and written language to master one's
diction, the more skilled a person also convey his/her ideas through language.
The news narrations compiled by the editors in the the printed and electronic
media should be interesting. So that, languages are created on the news narration
become increasingly effective and not boring for the readers and listeners of that news.
Furthermore, in composing the news narration, the editors use the certain
packaging of the message in accordance with the intent of the message. Junus
(1989:990) says that the language style of dealing with manipulation attempts, the
possibility of choice, and style as a variation. Style is reflected through the choice of
words used. Through the choice of words that can be delivered in a variety of
impression that the imagination of the reader or listener of the news.
In line with the above statement, it means that vocabulary is very closely related
to the act of speaking. Usually in the act of speaking the words used is clear and plain.
But there is also a writer who likes to use words with implied meanings and wished. The
author means using specific packaging in conveying his/her thoughts. It is also one of
the styles disclosures. In this case the use of the language involved in the choice of
what will be delivered and how to deliver it. If someone is always using the language
option in certain ways, means a personal style that shows his trademark because
everyone has personal characteristics in both speaking of how to choose the type of
sentences, vocabulary and style used. Language style used by the author in compiling
the news in printed and electronic media allow for the use of imaginative language or
figurative language in wrapping of the editor’s idea.
In language and literature field, Stylistics means the ways of using the distinctive
languages so that it can give certain effects. Therefore, all processes associated with
the analysis of language pattern which has a distinctive expression. That analysis is
used to reveal aspect of language in the text such as: diction, sentence, or the use of
figurative language, the form of discourse, rhetoric and other facilities. So that, Stylistics
is the authors’ way to express their intention by using language as facility.
The study of style or stylistics can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect (Verdonk, 2002: 3-4).
In arranging the news, it is important to know that how such analysis and
description should be implemented and how is the relationship among them? The
analysis description of purpose and effect are established remains debatable since
concept of style crucially involves choice. Different choices will produce different style
and effects. The effects depend on the reader assuming that. These verbal features are
matter of choice on the part of the writer.
There is one example of the text which contains the distinctive expression in one
article in the internet:
Setelah Angelina Sondakh alias Angie ditahan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK), siapa lagi elite politik yang akan menyusulnya. KPK harus mampu membersihkan “tikus-tikus” berdasi yang selama ini menggerogoti uang rakyat, terutama “tikus-tikus” yang bersarang di gedung parlemen Senayan, Jakarta, bermarkas di kantor-kantor partai politik, kantor pemerintahan dan lembaga-lembaga negara. After Angelina Sondakh or Angie is detained by The General Election Commision, who else is going to catch up with the political elite. The General Election Commision should be able to clean up "the rats" tie that had been eating away the money of the people, especially the "rats' nest in parliament Senayan, Jakarta, is headquartered in the offices of political parties, government offices and state institutions. (Kompas, Saturday 28th April 2012).
The words “rats” in the above sentence have two meanings. They are denotative
and connotative meanings. Denotative meaning is a true or lexical meaning. It refers to
the literal meaning of a word. On the other hand, connotative meaning refers to the
associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related
to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative
meanings. The denotative meaning of the “rats” is a smelly and disgusting animal. But
in the connotation meaning the word “rats“ is synonymous with the corruptors. So that,
the word “rats” has been negatively stigmatized.
To this end, the writer would like to focus on the language patterns through
the news narration that have distinctive language expression through the language
analysis of the selected expression presented appropriately in accordance with the
language norms that certainty cover patterns, grammar, structure, vocabulary and other
elements of the English Language.
B. Identification of the Problem
Based on the background above, the writer can identify the problems as follows:
1. There are some forms of language patterns used in news narration in the printed
and electronic media.
2. The way of editors in composing the news narration based on the selected
patterns.
C. Scope of the Problems
In this research, it is necessary to make clear the scope of the problems, in
order this thesis focus. The writer focuses on the pattern and the distinctive expression
of language by using a stylistics analysis.
D. Research Questions
Based on the background of the above problems, the formulation of research
questions can be written as follows:
1. What are the forms of language pattern used by the printed and electronic media?
2. How do the editors compose the news narration based on the selected language
patterns?
E. The Objective of Writing
In achieving the objectives of this research, the writer would like to search and
examine the problems systematically as follows:
1. To find out the form of language patterns used by the printed and electronic media.
2. To present the way of the editors in composing the news narration based on the
selected language patterns.
F. Significance of the Research
Significance of the research consists of two parts, as follows:
The significances of this research in theoretical point of view are:
1. Give contributions in a general Linguistics development especially in language
patterns that contained in the news narration.
2. Give information to other researchers who want to conduct the future research with
the relevant topic.
The significances of this research in practical point of view are:
1. Useful for some researchers and the news readers. For the researcher who wants
to do further research, this thesis can be a reference for him/her and for the news
reader. This thesis can help him/her to understand and to know the figurative
languages of the newspaper’s author from the meaning which is presented in the
language pattern of the newspaper.
2. Useful for the other editors in improving their vocabulary and the style in composing
the news narration in the media.
G. Sequence of Presentation
In order to get a good presentation, this writing is ordered systematically to
some chapters. Chapter one contains introduction which consists of the background,
identification of the problem, scope of the problems, research questions, the objectives
of writing, significance of the research and sequence of presentation. Chapter two
includes review of literature which explains the theories which have relation to the topic
of this writing. Chapter three includes the research methodology. In this chapter the
writer explains the method used in collecting and analyzing data.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
To support this present study, the writer presents a number of previous studies
and related literatures. This chapter also presents the conceptual framework of the study
which attempts to connect the important parts in this study
A. Previous Studies
Some researchers have done studies on the Stylistics. Some of the research
findings are presented in the following section. Haeba (2003), from Hasanuddin University
investigated Stylistic Analysis to the language of Gusdur’s anecdotes. The title of his
research is Stylistic Analysis to the language of Gusdur’s Anecdotes. He used the
descriptive qualitative interpretative method and the result of his study showed that there
were three kinds of humor style manipulated by Gusdur in his anecdotes; namely pun,
irony, cynicism, sarcasm, satire and wit.
Furthermore, the study about stylistics conducted by Haryeni (2004) who states
that to understand the meaning of a poem depends on a number of cases. One of them is
being able to understand the way a poet uses his language which may possibly mark his
individual style. Studying stylistics elements in a poem can lead to a better understanding
of and appreciation for its meaning. It is also expected that through this study the
individual style of the poet would be brought out. She used qualitative descriptive study.
The aim of her study is to reveal the language use of the poet Toto Sudarto Bachtiar and
his stylistic feature in the selected poem. This is a qualitative – descriptive study. His
study indicated that the poet tends to use words that to some extent relate to nature or
maritime context.
Min li (2009) also applies a Stylistics analysis in writing his article ‘The Stylistic
Analysis of the Magazine Advertisement -----Atkins Chocolate Chip Granola Bar (2009)’.
Min li gives an overall analysis of the advertisement of “Atkins Chocolate Chip Granola
Bar” from the aspects of linguistic description (graphological style markers, lexical style
markers, syntactic style markers, grammatical style markers, and semantic style markers),
textual analysis (the layout and the paragraph development, cohesive devices) and
contextual analysis (medium of communication and role-relationship) by the application of
modern linguistic theory and stylistic analysis pattern in order to find out the general
stylistic characteristics of commercial advertisements.
The next researcher on Stylistics Analysis is Johar (2000). In the article “Stylistics
Analysis of Amin Rais and Gusdur’s Political Statements” He says that the political
statement by Amin Rais and Gusdur are interesting to study scientifically. In his research
the analysis is used based on the meaning of stylistic that is the use of language to
express idea, especially the use of language style. He used descriptive qualitative method.
The result of the study indicated that the collective characteristics are (1) The use of style
as a choice of probability which is marked by the use of antithesis and repetition, and (2)
the use of style as a variation which is marked by the use which is marked by the use of
satire and polysindeton. The purpose of his research is to describe the choice of words,
meaning and style used by Amin Rais and Gusdur.
Another study involving Stylistics analysis is the study conducted by Dorcas
(2011). In his study, he analyzes the campaign speeches of President Goodluck Ebele
Jonathan by using the elements of Stylistic under Phonology, Morphology, Graphology,
Lexico-syntactic and Cohesion
In contrast to previous studies which use the Stylistics analysis of the political
figures speech and language in poetry, this study had focused on the language patterns in
the media that have distinctive expression include diction, figurative language, meaning of
the sentence, structure and their effect on the reader when they read the news.
B. Theoretical Background
1. Stylistics
According to Sudjiman (1993 : 13) Stylistics is the science of style. Style is the
center of stylistics’ attention. That is the ways in which a speaker or writer expresses
his/her point by using the language. Sudjiman (1993:3) also added that stylistics is how
to use the language in a particular context by a particular person for a particular
purpose.
Furthermore, Lyons (1978:614) states that stylistics can be used in a variety of
terms. It can be used to refer to the kind of systematic variations in the text covered by
the term - the formal term, colocial, (the market), and pedantic.
In other words Stylistics is the science of style. Shipley in (Ratna, 2009:8)
defines stylistics as the study about language (style), whereas ”style” is derived from
the word’s root of “Stillus” from the Latin word. As for the term, stylistics is a science
that examines the use of language and style of language in any text containing any
distinctive language expression by examining the elements of language as a medium of
the text.
Verdonk (2002 :3-4) defines Stylistics
As the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect.
So that, if we talk about Stylistics in the news narration, It is not only just read
that news narration, but also consider with the effect that will be happened in the reader.
Abrams and Noth in Ratna ( 2009 : 22 ) say that theoretically, the research can
be divided into two kinds, they are traditional and modern stylistics research. Traditional
stylistics researches are still influenced by the dichotomy of content and form, what and
how to describe an object. The contents include information, message and meaning,
while the shape is style of language itself. Modern stylistics research analyzes formal
characteristics of languages.
Murry in Ratna (2009:160) says that Stylistics is the quality of language that
communicates between thoughts and feelings so that both elements can be implicit or
explicit meaning. In brief, stylistics analysis involves linguistic quality, esthetic, and the
emotional response of the reader.
Regarding the scope of the study stylistics, proposed by Junus (1984:8)
includes language, words, meanings and structure of sentence. Field study of stylistic is
style, the way in which a writer or speaker expresses his/her point by using language as
a tool.
Elements of language used and style become the focus of attention in stylistics.
Actually, the use of force and the force of science broadly covers all aspects of human
life, how everything is done, declared and disclosed.
From some views on Stylistics, it can be concluded that Stylistics is the study or
science that investigates the use and style of language that is part of the discipline of
applied linguistics as the study of linguistics is closely associated with language
assessment.
2. Style
Style is characteristic, the standard language, and the style is a way of
expression. However, in general, the style is considered as a specific term, merely
discussed and thus utilized in a particular field, especially in language.
Enkvist in Junus (1989:4) points out that there are three views about Style: (1)
Style is from of authors’ standpoint, (2) Style is seen as a characteristic of the text,
which can be seen by studying the text and (3) The meaning of style is connected with
the audience’s impression.
Sudjiman (1993:13-17) states that language style includes diction, structure of
sentence, figurative language, and rhyme pattern which are the author used in his/her
work.
Ratna (2009: 302-303) differentiates style into three kinds as follows:
a. Style as a particular form of language usage
b. Style as having the power of artistic styles.
c. Style as a way to use and has a distinctive artistic power that once came from the
community.
Style according to Kridalaksana (1993:63) as follows: (1). Utilization of property
by a person in a language to speak and write. (2). Use of a particular variety to obtain
certain effects, (3) Overall characteristics of a group of authors of literary language
3. Features of Style
Accoding to Verdonk (2002 : 4) “There are some features of style. They are: (a)
Style in a newpaper headline. (b) Style as motivated choice, (c) Style in context and (d)
Style and effects.
a. Style in a Newspaper Headline
Headline writers use a wide range of devices to create a very specific style,
which is sometimes called ”headlines”. Their one-liners must put in a nutshell the main
point of the news story they relate to and at the same ti me capture the reader’s
attention. Therefore, an essential feature of headlines is their typographical form. They
are usually in a larger and bolder typeface than that of the articles they introduce. As a
result of the size of the print and the restricted space available in the layout of the page,
elipsis (which means that some words have been missed out) is very often a feature of
the language headlines. The result is a succinct, pungent style, which has a direct and
powerful effect on the reader. Usually, the ommission can be recovered or guessed
from context.
b. Style as Motivated Choice
Style is indeed a distinctive way of using language for some purpose and some
effect. It has also demostrated that in order to achieve his or her purpose effect. In
fact, all the devices which have been used to create an attention seeking and effective
result of the choice of certain forms and structures over others that could have been
chosen but which were not. For instance, the words, the grammar, the sound effects,
and another text are all a matter of choice among other possibilities. So in making a
stylistical analysis the writer doesn’t really focus on every language form and structure
in a text. The writer also focuses on a distinct patterning or parallelism in a text’s
typography, sounds, word-choice, grammar, or sentence structure. Other potential style
markers are repetitions of some linguistic element, deviations from the rules of language
in general or from the style you expect in a particular text type or context.
From all explanations above it can be concluded that the concept of style
crucially involves choice: it rests on the fundamental assumption that different choice
will produce different style and thereby different effect.
c. Style in Context
At this point, it should be distinguished between two types of context: linguistic
and non-linguistic context. Linguistic context refers to the surrounding features of
language inside a text, like the typography, sound, words, phrases, and sentences
which are relevant to the interpretation of other such linguistic elements. The non-
linguistic context is a much more complex notion since it may include any number of
text-external features influencing the language and style of a text.
d. Style and Effect
When language is used, it creates effects on its readers. Important effects
created by language included engaging its readers, moving them emotionally,
surprising, attracting or entertaining them, creating authority and trust, and so on
4. Language Pattern
According to the KBBI (1997: 778) the definition of pattern is the permanent
shape or structure. So that, language pattern is the permanent shape or structure of the
language. The writing or speech/utterance will be more effective, if it has a good
stucture of the sentences and also has the attracted style. Language patterns are the
conventional way in making sentence and clause. In line with the title of this research,
the meaning of language patterns are all of the expressions of languages that contain in
many news narrations in the printed and the electronic media. In that media, the
language pattern is used to compose the news naration media by the editors.
Sometimes the form of language pattern is normal (it has subject, predicate, object and
complement) and also it can use the certain form. The certain form of the language
patterns such as the using of figurative language, the lexical choice or selection of
diction (foreign term / word usage), denotative and connotative meaning, idiom
(idiomatic phrases and sentence), proverb, acronym and etc. The intention of the
language pattern usage is in order to make a beautifully writing. So that, it can make the
readers like and interest in reading the news
5. Figurative language
Dale cited by Tarigan (1985:112) said that figurative language is the beautiful
language that is used to elevate and enhance certain effects with a way to introduce
and compare the objects and other things that are more common. Figurative language
is the use of words that go beyond their ordinary meaning. It requires you to use your
imagination to figure out the author's meaning. It is may involve analog to similar
concepts or the other context, and may involve exaggerations.
Many experts had given their opinions and definitions about the figurative
languages. All of those help the readers to get more understanding about the figurative
language.
Perrine (1969:65) assumes that:
Figurative language is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way, and some rhetoricians have classified as many as 250 separate figures. For our purpose, however a figure is more narrowly definable as a way of saying one thing and meaning another, and we need be concerned with no more than a dozen. –FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE- Language using figures of speech – is language that cannot be taken literally.
The information which is given from the explanation above can be concluded
that figurative language is a language that is used to compare one thing with another to
influence the reader. Style of language used by the author in general has a figurative
meaning. Language style which has figurative meaning, firstly formed by comparison of
something or equation by comparing something to something else and try to find a
characteristic that shows similarity only between the two languages style which have
figurative meaning aims to obtain certain effects to arouse the reader’s or listener’s
attention. In short, the use of a particular style will be able to change and cause the
value of a particular flavor.
Keraf divides the types of figurative language, namely in terms of language and
non-language. To see the figurative language extensively, then the distribution of non-
language based issues still needed, even to give the ability and skills, it will be
necessary. Division in terms of non-language based on: author, period, medium,
subject, place, audience and purpose. Then, the division based on terms of the
language which can be distinguished based on the starting point of the language
elements are:
a. Style languages based on word choice
b. Style language based on tones contained in the discourse
c. Style based on the structure of the sentence.
d. Style languages based on direct or absence of meaning.
There are some of figurative languages based on direct and indirect meaning.
Such as: Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, Litotes, Repetition, Metonymy,
Euphemism, Dysphemism, etc.
Thus, in this part, the writer refers to the opinion from Keraf (1988:129), which
limits the division of figurative language only based on the direct and indirect meaning.
a. Metaphor.
Reaske (1966:36) says that metaphor is a figurative language which compared
a thing to another directly. A metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else or
its a comparison made between things which are essentially not alike. It is similar to a
simile, but does not use like or as.
Wahab (1990:142) has written some kinds of metaphor based on the view of
syntax. According to him, metaphor is divided into three groups. They are Nominative
metaphors, 2. Predicate metaphor and Sentence metaphor.
(1) Nominative metaphors
Nominative metaphor is the marker of metaphor which is only found in the noun
sentence. Because the position of the noun in the sentence differently. So that,
nominative metaphor can also divided into two kinds, namely subjective nominative
metaphor and objective nominative metaphor, or commonly known as the nominative
metaphor and complementary metaphor.
1. Subjective nominative metaphor is figurative symbol which is found in the subject
of the sentence, while the other parts are still expressed with words that have a
direct meaning.
2. Objective nominative metaphor is figurative symbol is found in the object of the
sentences.
Example:
Longsoran tanah menutupi badan jalan
(Landslide covered the main part of street).
(2) Predicate metaphor.
In predicate metaphor, metaphorical expressions are placed in predicate
sentences, while other parts are expressed literally.
Example:
Penggunaan BBM telah menggerus biaya operasional kapal sekitar 40-
50%.
(The usage of oil has waisted the ship operational cost approximately 40-
50%).
(3) Sentence Metaphor
Sentence metaphor is a metaphor in the form of sentences. That means that all
parts of the sentence expressed metaphorically and would have no real meaning.
Example:
Raja singa telah pergi keperaduannya.
(Lion king has gone to his stall).
b. Personification
According to Keraf (1988:140), personification is a kind of figurative language
depicting inanimate objects or items that do not animate as if it has a humanitarian
nature. Personification is figurative language which shows an analogy to draw a thing as
if human characteristic, or these thing, animal, and abstract term is made as human.
Personification is a figurative language that draws an animal an object or an
ideas having human characteristic (Kinayati, 2006:19). When something that is not
human is given human-like qualities, this is known as personification
Example:
Beberapa ranting pohon patah ditebas angin
(Some branch of tree broke cut by wind).
c. Hyperbole
According to Perrine (1969:110) hyperbole or overstatement is simply
exaggeration in the service of truth. Exaggerating, often in a humorous way, to make a
particular point is known as hyperbole. Reaske (1966:34) says that hyperbola is a figure
of speech, which employs exaggeration. Hyperbola differs from exaggeration in that it is
extreme or excessive. It can produce a very dramatic effect. He also states that the idea
of seeing a thousand errors is of course an exaggeration or hyperbolic expression of the
poet.
Hyperbole is an expression of exaggeration such as a bombastic.
Consequently, Hyperbole is kind of figure of speech which is used by the poet to
exaggerate something. Exaggeration of the description of what we see and feel followed
by emotion, so the users of language do not satisfy that they express only what we can
say, but it is added by other words to show their expression more attractive. In fact, we
can prove the truth because the truth sometime is an opposite expression. Sometimes
hyperbole is called overstatement.
For example:
Rapat Paripurna DPR pada selasa 5 juni 2007, diwarnai hujan interupsi
terkait ketidakhadiran presiden dalam memberikan klarifikasi.
(The legislative main meeting on Tuesday 5 June 2007, colored by lots of
interruption deal with the absence of president in giving clarification).
d. Repetition
Repetition is a figurative language, which used by the writer to repeat several
words in his/her sentence. It can be whole repetition or half repetition. Repetition
consists of some expression like repetition of sounds, words.
Example:
Sekali merdeka tetap merdeka
(Always in freedom).
e. Metonymy
According to Perrine (1969:65) metonymy is the reference of something using
words that have become its charactheristic, brand or attribute.
Example:
Menurut Kroda, dibanding tahun lalu, pada 2012 ini penjualan Daihatsu mengalami peningkatan di wilayah Indonesia timur. Dari sejumlah daerah di Indonesia timur, permintaan Daihatsu yang mengalami peningkatan signifikan adalah dari wilayah Kalimantan (Tribun Timur Makassar, Thursday 21st June 2012).
The news narration above contains one of the figurative languages. Namely:
metonymy. Metonymy is the figurative language that use characteristic of the body, title
or position a person as a substitute for proper name. The word “Daihatsu” in that article
means “car”. “Daihatsu” is one the type of car.
f. Ellipsis
According to Keraf (1988:132), ellipsis is a style which manifested removes one
element of a sentence that can easily be filled or interpreted by the reader, so the
grammatical structure meets the prevailing pattern
g. Euphemism
According to Keraf (1988:132), euphemism is a reference in the form of
expressions that do not offend others or subtle expressions to replace references that
might be perceived insult, offend or suggest unpleasant something.
Example:
Juanda, bocah yang tertangkap membawa ganja di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan
(LP) Binjai, bakal ditahan Polres Binjai.
(Lembaga pemasyarakatan” is more politeness than “penjara” (prison)).
Figurative language is used to create a special effect or feeling. It is
characterized by figures of speech language that compares, exaggerates, or means
something other than what it first appears to mean. Every writer wants his/her writing
gets a good response from the reader or listener. So that the goal can be achieved,
then the writer must be very clever in choosing the words interesting and beautiful. So
that, their writing will feel alive and doesn’t boring.
6. Meaning Change
From time to time, the meaning of words can change, so will pose the new
difficulties for users who are too conservative. Therefore, to keep always the right
choice of words, each speaker should always pay attention to the meaning of the
changes that occur (Keraf, 2009 : 95).
a. Meaning extension
Meaning extension is a process that changes the meaning of a word that had
experienced it contains a special meaning, but then expanded to cover a class of more
general significance. (Keraf, 2009 : 97)
Example:
Formerly, the word “Bapak” and “Saudara” is only used in a biological
relationship, now all the people who are older or of higher social status is called a father
“bapak” and others with relatives “saudara”.
b. Narrowing of the meaning
Narrowing of the meaning is a process that experienced a long word where the
meaning is broader in scope than a new meaning. ( Keraf, 2009 : 97)
Example:
The word “sarjana” formerly is used to mention all the smart people. Now used
for a title of university.
c. Amelioration
Elevation or amelioration of meaning is the meaning of the change process that
resulted in higher perceived meaning of a new, more respectful, or better value than the
old or original meaning. (Suwandi, 2008)
Example:
The word “istri” feels more has better value than “bini”.
(The word “tunakarya” is more polite than “pengangguran”).
d. Pejoration
Pejoration is a process that changes the meaning or significance resulting new
meaning now perceived lower, less good, less fun, or worth less refined than the
original meaning (old meaning) (Suwandi, 2008).
Example:
The sentence “Presiden Soeharto dilengserkan oleh mahasiswa”, this sentence
had pejoration. The word “dilengserkan” in line with the meaning of the word reign
forcibly terminated. The meaning of “dilengserkan” considered impolite.
7. Diction
Diction derived from the Latin word, meaning to say “dictum”. Diction means of
selecting and words arranging in speech or writing. (Scott, 1980:107).
Diction is the selection of words to express ideas and feelings (Achmadi,
1988:126). Good diction is the choice of words effectively and appropriately in
accordance with the meaning and subject matter, audience, and events.
So that, based on the explanation about diction above, it can say that diction is
not only used to indicate which ones need to be used to express ideas, but also
includes matters of style, expressions and so on. Thus, the choice of words can not be
seen as a stand alone but must be viewed in the context.
The function of diction is to acquire power in order to increase the beauty of
expressivity. Then a word would be more obvious, if the word choice is appropriate and
suitable. Precise word choice intended to avoid different interpretations between the
writer or the speaker to the reader or listener, while the suitability of the intended order
not to spoil the atmosphere. In addition it serves to soften the words and sentences in
order to feel more beautiful.
The choice of words is very important to turn the sentence. For the selection of
diction is required mastery of the vocabulary. Tarigan (1986:2) argues that the quality of
a person's skill depends on quality and quantity of its vocabulary. Increasingly rich
vocabulary they have the greater the chances for a skilled person is speaking.
In connection with the above opinion, Parera (1990:66) argues that the choice of
words is closely linked to syntactic rules, the rules of the meaning of language, the
language of social rules, norms fabricated reef. In essence, the choice of words
intended to create effective communication, both verbal and written. So it is clear that
one of the efforts to achieve optimal communication, one needs to master the choice of
words or diction in accordance with the rules.
Dealing with a sense of diction, Keraf (1984:25) argues that there are three items
on the diction.
a. Diction includes understanding which words are used to convey an idea, how to form
a grouping word or phrase that right, and which styles are best used in a situation.
b. Diction is the ability to accurately distinguish nuances of meaning from the idea to be
conveyed and the ability to find a shape that suits your situation and a sense of
value owned by the community of listeners.
c. Word choice and suitable only made possible by a large number of vocabulary or
vocabulary word. The definition of vocabulary words or the vocabulary of a language
that is owned by the whole word of a language.
In this case the diction is not just which words are used to express the idea of
communication, but more than that, which includes questions that follows:
1. The words in the grouping or style that involves specific ways tangible expression.
2. Style that is related to individual expressions or certain characteristics, and
3. Expressions.
From the various opinions raised abov it can be affirmed that the diction has two
meanings concerning two main problems, namely: (a) Use the right words on the rules
of language and (b) The use of words according to the rules of its use in the community.
William Kenney tries to explain about the diction, in his book how to analyze
fiction, “Diction is meant simply the author’s choice of words. The author’s way of using
language and arranging words into such larger units as sentences” (Kenney. 1966: 60)
Gorrys Keraf also try to explain about diction that,
Diksi adalah pemilihan kata yang dipergunakan bukan hanya untuk menyatakan kata-kata mana yang dipakai untuk mengungkapkan suatu idea atau gagasan tetapi meliputi persoalan fraselogy, gaya bahasa dan ungkapan (Keraf. 1990: 20).
Sense of the word refers to the use of certain words are deliberately chosen
and used by the author. If viewed from the ability of language users, there are several
things that affect the choice of words, such as: Just select a word to express the idea or
the 'mandated', the ability to precisely distinguish the nuances of meaning in
accordance with the idea to be conveyed and the ability to find form appropriate to the
situation and the sense of its readers. Master a vocabulary in the communities the
language, and able to mobilize and leverage their wealth into a web of clear and
effective sentences.
The function of Diction is the choice of words or to add beauty to gain power
expressivity. Then a word will be clearer, if the choice of the word is appropriate.
Precision of word choice is not intended to create a different interpretation of the writer
or speaker to the reader or listener, while the suitability of the word intended not to
damage the atmosphere. In addition it serves to soften the words and sentences in
order to feel more beautiful.
8. The Meaning of the Word
a. Denotative Meaning
Denotation is the dictionary meanings or literal meanings of word. Laurence
Perrine from America gives a definition about denotative meaning is:
Denotation is the basic part of this meaning; that is, the dictionary meaning or mening of the word. The general meaning, non emotional meaning that a word has. It is the general significant a word gives up as it names predentifies its referent object or concept. The word in Home, for instance, by denotation means only a place where one lives (Perrine, 1983: 38).
William Kenney explain that denotation and connotaion as follows:
A word’s denotation is simply its dictionary meaning, its connotation are the suggestions and associations aroused by it. A number of different words may have essentially the same denotation, while differing significantly in their connotation. (Kenney. 1966: 59).
Meanwhile, Chaer Abdul in Rahmatullah also tries to explain about denotation
meaning and connotation meaning, he says that;
Makna denotatif adalah makna konseptual yang diberi penjelasan sebagai makna yang sesuai dengan hasil observasi menurut penglihatan, penciuman, pendengaran, perasaan atau pengalaman lainnya. Jadi makna denotative ini menyangkut informasi factual objektif. Denotative meaning includes matters designated by the symbols or words (the
so-called referential meaning) that we usually find in the dictionary. Denotative meaning
is straightforward, namely that there is special meaning in a mark, and in essence can
be called a picture of a marker
Kennedy (1991 : 560) also states that: Every world has at least one denotation; a meaning as defined in a dictionary, but the English language has many a common word, with so many denotation; a meaning as defined in a dictionary, but the English language has many a common word, with so many denotation that a reader may need to think twice to see what it means in a specific context.
For example: the word “cat” has denotative meaning “a carnivorous animal,
domesticated as a rat catcher or pet”. In other word, the word cat (kucing) can be
defined as the depiction of four-legged animals, furry, and a mustache.
Concerning of denotative and connotative meaning Blomfield in Armady (1998:
17) gives a term, normal or central meaning which refers to denotative meaning and
marginal or metaphoric meaning to connotative meaning. Meanwhile Berlo (1963: 191),
states about denotative meaning that: denotative meaning consists of a relationship
between a word sign and an object. In fact, denotative meaning is as sign object
relationship. Another definition of denotative meaning also stated by Palmer (1983 : 17).
He says that…. The former (denotation) is used to indicate the class of person, thing,
etc.
b. Connotative Meaning
Beyond its denotations, a word may also have connotations. The connotations
are what it suggests beyond what it expresses. It overtones of meaning Perrine (1969 :
38):
Connotation refers to the definition a person has for a word, based on experience with ideas, the word represent. Connotative meanings are often based on a person feeling about the personal images the word convey to her or him. Connotation refers to the feelings and attitudes we have built up about a word (Palmer, 1983 : 19). Connotative meaning is subjective in the sense that there is a shift from a
general meaning (denotative) because there has been the addition of flavors and a
certain value, its form of symbols A symbol can be called if the word has connotations of
meaning, that if the word has positive or negative of the value of the good feeling.
Connotation is the sign level that explains the relationship between signifier and
signified within which to operate meaning that no implicit, indirect, and uncertain (open
to the possibilities)
Connotative meaning is the emotions that a word creates. For example the
sentence “kucing garong” is not associated to the animals but rather, to the nature of a
man who often "play around" with women. The existence of connotative phrase is a
wider aspect of the denotative aspect, which emerged when the denotative words are
no longer able to explain something more emotional.
Based on the previous discussion about denotative and connotative, it is clear
for us that denotative meaning is mostly used in scientific writing, where defined
meaning as sign-object relationship. It is used to indicate the class of person, thing, etc
and also it’s meaning as defined in a dictionary. Meanwhile connotative meaning is
used in all literary works, which gives effect to the reader. It is often based on a person
feeling about the personal images the world convey to her or him
9. Idiom
Idiom is one style of the many styles that use human language to communicate
with each other, using this idiom deliberately done primarily to express something
indirectly to the listener, by stating something outside the context of the actual word
more easily digested and understood by the listener without misperceptions between
speakers and listeners.
Idiom derived from the Greek, “idios” which means special, independent,
personal. According to Keraf (2005:109), “idiom” is a structural pattern which is deviate
from the rules of the common language, usually shaped phrases, while meaning can not
be explained logically or grammatically, by focusing on the meaning of the words that
make it up.
In line with the above opinion, Chaer (2009: 74) suggests that idiom is language
units (can be a word, phrase, or sentence) whose the meaning can not be predicted
from the lexical meaning of its elements and grammatical meaning of these units.
Alwasilah (1993:165) says that “idiom” is a group of words that have a special
meaning different from the meaning of each word in that group. Kridalaksana (2008:90)
states that the idiom is a construction of the elements that each vote, each member has
a meaning that is simply because with the others, the construction of meaning is not the
same as the meaning of the combined meanings of its members.
Example: kambing hitam” in the sentence “dalam peristiwa kebakaran itu hansip
menjadi kambing hitam padahal mereka tidak tahu apa-apa”. in here, the meaning of
phrase “kambing hitam” as a whole is not equal to “kambing” or “hitam”.
Based on the opinions of experts can be seen that the idiom has characteristics:
1. It is a unit of language (can be a word, phrase, or sentence).
2. It has a special meaning, its elements can not be replaced or eliminated, and deviate
from lexical or its grammatical meaning.
10. The Media
In KBBI (1997), Media is the plural of the word medium. In communication science,
media can be interpreted as a channel, connecting means, and tools of communication.
Media sentence actually comes from the Latin, literally has the meaning intermediaries or
introduction.
In journalism field, media categorized into the following three types:
a. Printed media, consisting of daily newspapers, weekly, tabloid, magazine, newsletter
or journal.
b. Electronic media, consisting of radio and television.
c. Media On-Line, Internet media, such as Website, Blog.
In general, "media" refers to various means of communication. For example,
television, radio, and the newspaper are different types of media.
a. Kinds of Media
(1). Newspaper
Newspaper is sheets of paper with the news. It is divided into columns,
published daily or periodically (KBBI, 1997:525). A newspaper is a publication
containing news, information and advertising; it is usually printed on low-cost paper
called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or
weekly. Newspapers reach people in countries worldwide, keeping readers in their
respective nations abreast of local, national and international stories that editors and
writers find of interest. Prior to newspaper publishing, transmission of information
primarily takes place verbally, through word-of-mouth messaging.
(2). Television
Television is a medium of communication which provides a variety of the latest
information, and distribute the information to the public. Baksin (2006:16) says that
television is the result of high-tech products that delivers the message content in the
form of audiovisual motion. Audiovisual motion message content has a very high
strength to affect mental, mindset, and individual acts.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
THE EDITORS’ WAY
OF COMPOSING THE
NEWS NARRATION
THE MEDIA
STYLISTICS
(VERDONK)
DISTINCTIVE
EXPRESSION
LANGUAGE PATTERNS
NEWS NARRATION IN THE
MEDIA
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted in order to know the language patterns in the
media that have distinctive patterns or expression included diction, language style,
figurative language, idiom, direct and indirect meaning of the sentence structure and
their effect for the reader when they read and heard the news.
A. Research Design
This research was descriptive research using qualitative method to describe
language pattern which has a distinctive expression contained on the printed and the
electronic media.
B. Research Time
The research started from July 2012 until May 2013 in the some of the printed and
electronic media.
C. Source of the Data
The data used in this research came from the oral and written data. For the
purposes of this research, the news narrations of oral data were obtained through the
national television - “Metro Tv” and “Tv One”. The written data were obtained through
printed media such as “Tribun Timur” and “Fajar”.
D. Population and Sample
Population is the total number of units of analysis characteristics will be suspected
(Singarimbun, 1987:152). Population is an overall phenomenon that becomes the
foundation of a research.
Based on the above explanation, the population in this research was several of
newspapers in Makassar and national news television program.
Considering the amount of the population and expecting the research can run
smoothl. So that, the overall news narration in the printed and electronic media is only
taken in accordance with the purpose of data. In selecting sample, the writer used
purposive sampling method because the writer selected the news narration which has
distinctive language patterns and felt that the sample compiled from the three samples are
representative.
The sample of the research was obtained from the printed and electronic media. In
the printed media, the writer took two samples of newspapers published by local
(Makassar) namely “Tribun Timur” and “Fajar”. From each newspaper the writer took three
rubrics, the rubrics for “Tribun Timur” are Politik, Super ball, and Tribun Metro whereas
rubrics for “Fajar” are Politika, Sportif and Metropolis”. All of the rubrics which were from
the printed media, then the writer chose five news narrations which have distinctive
language patterns. So that, the overall samples is 60 news narrations.
As well as the printed media, the writer chose two kinds TV station. They are
“Metro TV” and “Tv One”. In each TV station, the writer took three the same rubrics.
Namely: Politic, Sport and Social and each rubric the writer took five news narrations.
E. Method of Data Collection
The data collected in accordance with the purpose of this research is to describe
and analyze a wide range of language pattern of the news narration in the media
therefore, taking all the data and information used techniques of data collection as follows:
1. Recording Technique.
Recording technique used a tape recorder or mobile phone as a tool. This
technique is used to obtain data of news narration through the recording on television
news.
2. Observation Techniques
Observation technique is a way of collecting data by conducting direct observation
of an object in a given period and held a systematic recording of certain things observed.
Before doing the research, the writer observed the media which become the data of the
research.
3. Documentation Techniques
Documentation means some news articles in the media especially in the
newspaper. The technique is used to capture data written and the various sources that
had been predetermined.
4. Notes Taking
This method was used to identify and classify the news narration in the printed
and electronic media. Noting the new narration hosted by news anchor on television.
F. Method for Analyzing Data
In analyzing the collected data the writer used descriptive method, especially
descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive method was used to analyze the data by
describing the facts and the phenomenon as the way they were. The descriptive
qualitative method will carry out by using narration in presenting and analyzing the data
that have been collected. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this research
with the following work-procedures.
Data collection and recording of documents, then the data selected for the
purpose of this study so that data collected from documents and records can be
complementary. From the results of these studies, it can be analyzed in accordance with
the following steps:
a. Locating the fragments of data in each of the documents accordingly.
b. Data that have been located were classified according to the distinctive language
patterns consisting of lexical choice of style, diction, figurative language, and their
structure.
c. The transcribed data were analyzed by using stylistics analysis to identify their
language patterns.
d. Summing up the results of data analysis
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Findings
Media is one of the means for us to get the information and also can add our
knowledge. Therefore, in the language the media use of both structured and should be
realized, in order to convey what we can understand fully. Therefore, the using of
language in the media has an important role. Any news journalism is meaningless
without the support or publicity through the media, so the media is a place to publish
news.
Media can be defined as any form of media or means of communication to
distribute or publish the news to the public. Form of media or journalism means known
consists of the print media, electronic media and on-line media. In the world of
journalism, media categorized into the following three types:
a) Printed Media, consisting of daily newspapers, weekly newspapers, tabloids,
magazines, bulletins or journals.
b) Electronic Media, consisting of radio or television.
c) Media On-Line, Internet Media, such as Website, Blog.
Of several media types described above, the author will discuss patterns of
language used in many examples of media that we often encounter, some of
which are newspaper as one of the printed media and television as the electronic
news media.
This chapter presents findings and discussion of this research. The data are
explained by descriptive qualitatively. The qualitative data describes the news
narrations in the printed and the electronic media in Makassar.
Data were collected for three main variables whose style is based on lexical
choice (diction), a style based on sentence structure, and style of language based on
direct and indirect of meaning.
In connection with this, the news narrations that exist in the printed and electronic
media in this paper examined using stylistics approach (linguistic) style. Intent of style in
here is the mark chosen to resemble the mind. The general idea how to package using
stylistics approach aims to achieve beauty. However, in this study only as a sideline
purposes. The main purpose is to convey thoughts.
According to Junus (1989:103) there are various strategies that are used to
package mind, they are :
1. Style as packaging
2. Style as manipulation
3. Styles as possible options
4. Style as a variation
Figure 1 Data Classification of the media based on the source.
According to the table, the writer took two samples of media,
and electronic media. Printed media consisted of
Timur and Fajar newspaper, both of them, the writer took three kinds of topic. The
topics of Tribun Timur are Tribun Politik, Tribun Super Ball
of Fajar are Politika, Sportif and Metropolis.
consisted of Metro TV and TV One
topics. They are Politic, Sport and Social. The taken of the sample based on the
credibility and the reputation from the media itself, including the popularity and
specification of those media.
Printed
Tribun Timur
Politik, Superball and Trubun
Metro
Politika Sportif and Metropolis
According to the table, the writer took two samples of media, they are printed
and electronic media. Printed media consisted of Tribun Timur and Fajar.
newspaper, both of them, the writer took three kinds of topic. The
Tribun Politik, Tribun Super Ball and Tribun Metro
Politika, Sportif and Metropolis. On the other hand, Electronic media
TV One. In each TV program, the writer took three same of
topics. They are Politic, Sport and Social. The taken of the sample based on the
credibility and the reputation from the media itself, including the popularity and
Media
Fajar
Politika Sportif and Metropolis
Electronic
Metro TV
Politic, Sport, and Social
Politic, Sport, and Social
they are printed
Fajar. In Tribun
newspaper, both of them, the writer took three kinds of topic. The
Metro and topics
On the other hand, Electronic media
program, the writer took three same of
topics. They are Politic, Sport and Social. The taken of the sample based on the
credibility and the reputation from the media itself, including the popularity and
Electronic
Tv One
Politic, Sport, and Social
The media sometimes uses the language pack using certain languages so that
readers are more interested in reading and language style used by the author in
compiling the story characterizes the author.
In addition, the writer divided each media becomes some categories. The
categories are the best topic and always exists, the categories also becomes their own
signature that distinguish from others. The categories are sport, politic and social
aspect. From those categories, the writer took five examples in each source the data
because all of the data are enough to represent as the source.
Table 1. Data Classification of Printed Media
TRIBUN TIMUR FAJAR TOTAL
Politik Superball Tribun
Metro
Politika Sportif Metropolis
Frequency 5 5 5 5 5 5 30
Percentage
(%)
16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 100%
The table above shows that the data of printed media “Tribun Timur” where the
source of the data is about politics as much as 5 or 16.6%, consisting of (Nyanyi,
boomerang, syahwat, (langkah catur, boneka), (DPW, PKB, uang ketuk pintu). For
“Superball” there are five data or 16,6% which consisting of (kacamata, (pilar, diparkir),
mogok, (gol kilat, jatuh mental), (raksasa, eksplosif), and for “Tribun Metro” there are
five data, they are (oknum, bom ecek-ecek, turun tangan, batereinya, (panas,
menggelar)
At the same media “Fajar” where the source data about “Politika” which
consisted of statements such as (statement, menyejukkan), (bertarung, pilwakot, no
fear), kucing-kucingan, saling-sikut, (gamang, mengusung)) there are five data or
16,6%, “Sportif” (tidak terbendung, menyapu bersih), naik podium, Kasta),
menggantungkan, and berlabuh, last from “Metropolis” dana tak bertuan, (Xenia, Mio),
otak, dana segar, adu jotos)
Table 2. Data Classification of Electronic Media
METRO TV TV ONE TOTAL
Politic Football Social Politic Football Social
Frequency 5 5 5 5 5 5 30
Percentage
(%)
16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 16,6 100%
The above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of data on
electronic media. In which the writer chose two television programs of electronic media,
namely: Metro TV and TV One. From the Electronic media, the writer took 3 rubrics
which have the same frequency. Each frequency is five kinds (16,6%). The rubrics are:
politic, sport and social. From Metro TV. In Politic they are: (menggelembungkan,
bulan-bulanan, (diusung, disambut hangat), membekukan, (ujung tanduk, musuh dalam
selimut), Sport : (melumat, tampil apik, menumbangkan), umpan matang, turun minum,
(bertandem, bawah payung, mengaspal), membukukan and subur. Then in the last
rubric is social rubric. The data are: (tulang punggung, lahan tidur, pemeriksaan
marathon, diselimuti, pelabuhan tikus)
In other electronic data “Tv One”. The data from politics are (politik uang, PDIP,
menjaring, tumpang tindih, prakter kotor kepolisian, and nilai merah, Sport: ((kandang
sendiri, mencukur, gol hiburan), memetik angka, (bertandang, poin penuh,
menenggelamkan), (laga tandang, membungkam), (menjamu, bersarang), dan Social:
(mati suri, ditanggapi dingin, keganjilan, bajing loncat, (oknum, gerah), and tanpa
pandang bulu)
1. Data analysis of Printed Media
a. Tribun Timur Newspaper
(1). Politik (Politic)
One example of the news narration comes from Tribun Timur newspaper (April 6,
2013. Page: 1). its news narration used words of figurative language such as the
following:
(a). Saksi kasus sprindik “Nyanyi…(1) di twitter.
The witness’s case of “sprindik” tweets…(1). in twitter.
Analysis:
The word tweets “nyanyi” is a predicate metaphor. The denotative meaning of
tweets “nyanyi” is:
Mengeluarkan suara bernada, berlagu. (KBBI, 1997: 696)
(The result of singing or being sung).
. The word tweets “nyanyi” in the sentence above comes from news narration. It
means that the word “nyanyi” doesn’t have the same meaning in an ordinary sentence.
Any media in their news narration uses a standard language denotatively or
connotatively.
Based on the above, the author argues that the word tweets “nyanyi” is choosen
to express a distinctive expression in relation to the witness’s case. The sentence
“Sprindik Nyanyi” is a kind of personification language style. It is because above news
narration shows that the thing “sprindik” can make an act like a human
The studies of language in narrative style news on printed and electronic media
are intended as an attempt to express the uniqueness of the using language as the
author's personal characteristics.
(b). Alhamdulillah kalau ada yang memuji. Tapi sebenarnya pujian itu adalah boomerang…(2). Saat ini saya hanya akan fokus di KPU Sulsel,” kata Faisal Amir “komisioner baru kpu sulsel (Senin 27 mei 2013. Hal : 09).
Thank God, praise is obtainable. But actually the compliment is boomerang…(2) Currently I will only focus on the General Elections Commision South Sulawesi, said Faisal Amir “The New General Elections Commissioner of South Sulawesi (Monday, 27th May 2013. Page: 9).
Analysis:
The word “Boomerang” has two meanings, namely:
(a) Senjata lempar berbentuk lengkung dari kayu yang dipergunakan oleh penduduk
asli Australia, yang dapat kembali pada pelemparnya jika tidak mengenai
sasaran.
(b) Perkataan (perbuatan, ulah, peraturan dsb) yang dapat merugikan atau
mencelakakan diri sendiri.
(a) Arch-shaped throwing weapon of wood used by Australian aborigins, who can
return to the thrower if not on target.
(b) Words (action, act regulations, and so on) that can harm or harm themselves.
(KBBI, 1997: 154)
Based on the above meanings, semantic characteristics of the “Boomerang” can
be expressed as follows:
a. Nouns.
b. A weapon.
c. Usually made of eucaliptus.
d. Can be turned to the user.
The word “boomerang” is a complementary metaphor. In this case the mass
media uses the word “Boomerang” as imagery in this article sentence. The original
meaning is a tool used in a way that can be thrown as a weapon to strike back the users
of such weapons. In KBBI, the word “Boomerang” already has two meanings, the first
meaning of an object used as a weapon and the second means an utterance that can
harm for the speakers. It makes the word "boomerang" as the word is commonly used
in the mass media since the word has its own apart from the original meaning.
"Boomerang" which came as a weapon used by Australian Aboriginal people
undergoing expansion has the same meaning because of the properties owned by the
weapon that when thrown always come back to the thrower. Thus many people who
often use this word to facilitate the delivery of the purpose (to be delivered). This means
that in a discourse that currently using the word "boomerang" is definitely meaningful
utterance or act of someone who can strike back at him. So that, from that meaningful
utterance can make a distinctive expreesion of the person. In the news narrative above
the word "Boomerang" is used by "Amir Faisal" he wanted to convey that it may not be
a compliment "Boomerang" for himself. It becomes something that makes him harder
work and make him self better instead of vice versa.
(c). Sudah hilang “syahwat….(3)” PILWALI. Sekarang fokus pemilu. Mudah-mudahan ini yang terbaik,” kata Andry di salah satu warkop di kawasan Boulevard (Senin, 27 Mei 2013. hal: 09).
Having lost his passion..(3) in Makassar Major’s Election “pilwali”, he is only focusing on the election right now. Hopefully this is the best, "said Andry in one “warkop” in Boulevard (Monday, 27th May 2013. Page: 09).
(The word “syahwat” is translated into passion)
Analysis:
The word passion “syahwat” is an Objective Nominative Metaphor. The real
meaning of passion “syahwat” is:
Nafsu atau keinginan bersetubuh; keberahian (KBBI, 1997 : 983).
(Desire, inclinantion or a strong impulse).
In This news narration, the writer uses passion “syahwat” to inform the reader
that "Andry" no longer has a strong passion to nominate himself in the mayoral election
but rather focus on the election. Here he uses the word passion “syahwat” to indicate
that once he has a very strong desire (in him) to become a mayor. This sentence uses
metaphorical expression where the writer uses passion “syahwat” to replace word
“wish”. This is done by the author in order that the resulting paper more attractive
because it uses a different diction election
(d). Hari ini langkah catur… (4) SBY telah selesai, Anas sudah jadi tersangka dan ibas sebagai Sekjen otomatis menggantikan Anas walaupun sesungguhnya Ibas hanya boneka…(5) di bawah control ayah kandungnya sendiri yang menjabat ketua majelis tinggi partai (Minggu, 24 Februari 2013. Hal: 2). Today SBY’s chess move…(4) has been completed, Anas has become suspect and Ibas automatically replaced Anas as General Secretary although in fact Ibas is only a puppet…(5) under control of his father who is the chairman of the party senate (Sunday, 24th February 2013. Page: 02).
Analysis:
In the news narration above, there are two kinds of distinctive language. They
are chess moving “langkah catur” and puppet “boneka”.
“Langkah catur” is an idiomatic phrase which is containing metaphorical
expression. Metaphorical expression is an expression which describes a person or
object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar
characteristics to the person or object you are trying to describe. It’s marked with the
word chess moving “Langkah Catur” through of as a step in the deadly world of politic
used by SBY. So SBY stopped his step in the political words as Anas has been accused
of corruption.
Metaphorical expression is an expression which describes a person or object in a
literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics
to the person or object you are trying to describe. It’s marked with the word chess
moving “Langkah Catur” through of as a step in the deadly world of politic used by SBY.
So SBY stopped his step in the political words as Anas has been accused of corruption.
On the other hand, the word puppet “Boneka” is an objective nominative
metaphor. The lexical meaning of puppet “boneka” is :
a) Tiruan anak untuk permainan; anak-anakan.
b) Orang (negara dsb) yg hanya menjadi mainan orang (negara dsb)
lain
a) Children’s imitation to play.
b) People (country, etc) are just a toy person (state etc) other (KBBI,
1997 : 142 ).
If it relates the connotatition meaning of “boneka” with the news narration above,
it means that SBY considers “Ibas” just a political puppet. So that, all of the Ibas’s act in
the political word is according the willing and control from his father (SBY).
(e). Ketua “DPW…(6) PKB…(7) Sulsel, Abu Djaropi, mengatakan, terkait dukungan ini belum ada pembicaraan nilai “uang ketuk pintu…(8)” yang akan dikenakan kepada pasngan IA. PKB mematok tariff Rp. 300 juta kepada kandidat kepala daerah kabupaten/kota (Kamis, 1Maret 2012. Hal: 03).
Board area Chairman of national revival party of South Sulawesi, Abu Djaropi states in relation to support, there is no talk for money
of "door knock"…(8) to be charged to the “IA” pair. National Revival Party has fixed tariff of Rp.300 million to the candidates of regents (Thursday, 1st March 2012. Page: 03).
Analysis :
Frase “uang ketuk pintu” is an idiomatic phrase. “uang ketuk pintu” is likened to
the party registration money. In other word we can also say that “uang ketuk pintu” is
the money to ask a potential partner’s willingness to support the candidate. The money
is given when a person first intended to stand in the local election. The money can also
be interpreted as a sign of money.
DPW is an acronym from “Dewan Pimpinan wilayah”
PKB is an acronym from “Partai Kebangkitan Nasional”
(2). Superball (a). Pertandingan babak pertama antara tuan rumah Persibo Bojonegoro
melawan PSM Makassar di Stadion Letjen H Sodriman, Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, Minggu (3/3) berakhir dengan "kaca mata…(9)" alias 0-0 (Minggu, 3 Maret 2013).
The first half match between Persibo Bojonegoro against PSM Makassar in Letjen H Sodriman Stadium, Bojonegoro, East Java, on Sunday (3/3) ends “goalless draw”…(9) 0-0 (Sunday, 3rd March 2013).
Analysis:
The word “kacamata” is complementary metaphor. The denotative meaning of
“kacamata” is:
(a) Lensa tipis untuk mata guna menormalkan dan mempertajam
penglihatan (ada yg berangka dan ada yg tidak).
(b) Sepasang kaca yg berangka, berfungsi sebagai pelindung lensa mata.
(c) Pandangan seseorang terhadap suatu hal yg ditinjau dari sudut (segi)
tertentu; sudut pandang (KBBI, 1997 : 427).
(a) Thin lens of the eye in order to normalize and sharpen eyesight (some
framed and some are not).
(b) A pair of framed glass serves as a protective lens of the eye.
(c) One's perspective on a thing in terms of certain; viewpoint.
Generally, the use of the word glasses “kacamata” is often met as noun, but in
this case it uses as adverb. This news narration above explains that using glasses
“kacamata” here does not use as it should be. Glasses “Kacamata” that common
people know is the thing someone always wears in the eyes. Refers to the shape of
the glasses “kacamata”, it is so easily known it must be look like a circle. That is why
the using glasses “kacamata” means here as the symbolic meaning. Glasses
“Kacamata” is used to illustrate a shape of circle that is same shape with the zero
number.
In the other word, glasses “kacamata” represents the meaning of draw
score, which is the point of zero and zero. The people’s mindset when hearing
the diction of the glasses “kacamata” in the football sport strongly refers to the
condition when both teams can not produce the goal. It describes that the use of
the denotation meaning to the sport news gives the other influence toward the
standard pattern in writing sport news and adds new treasures.
(b). Dua pilar…(10) PSM, M Rahmat dan Satrio Syam, masih diparkir…(11) sebulan (Senin, 29 April 2013. Hal:40).
Two pillars…(10) of PSM, M Rahmat and Satrio Syam were not allowed…(11) to take part the football competition for a month (Monday, 29th April 2013. Page: 40).
Analysis:
The sentence above using two words which have distinctive patterns especially
in distinctive diction. The words are: pillars “pilar” and parked “diparkir”.
The first word pillars “pilar” is a Subjective Nominative Metaphor. The denotative
meaning of pillars “pilar” is:
Tiang penguat (dari batu, beton, dsb) (KBBI, 1997 : 768).
(Pole reinforcement of concrete and so on: basic).
The meaning of the word is a pillar “pilar” in the leading players. Two Pillars of
PSM, PSM means two leading players. Pilar (pilar) as its function is as sturdy poles that
support the building, so the building is impossible without pillars that can stand firm.
Whereas the second bolding word parked “diparkir” is a Predicate Metaphor. It
means stop or put a motor vehicle for a few moment in places that have been provided.
Relate to the news narration above, In the second bolding word in Indonesia
language parked “diparkir” means two football players from PSM won’t join in the
football competition. This sentence has distinctive language in diction where it is using
connotative word parked “diparkir” in denotative meaning means to stay in one place.
Do not stir and do not do any activities. That word is suitable for the things. Particularly
for vehicles. Such as: car, motorcycle or bus.
(c). Para pemain PSM mogok…(12) berlatih sejak kepulangan mereka dari tur Aceh menghadapi Persiraja Banda Aceh dan PSLS Lhokseumawe (Senin 29 April 2013).
All PSM players strike to train…(12) strike since their return from tour of Aceh faced Persiraja Banda Aceh and PSLS Lhokseumawe (Monday 29th April 2013).
Analysis:
The word “mogok” is a predicate metaphor. The true meaning is:
Tidak dapat berjalan (bekerja) sebagaimana biasanya, tidak dapat
berjalan (bekerja) sebagaimana biasanya (kendaraan) (KBBI, 1997:662)
(An act which is intentionally do not want to do an activity, in this case is
not like practicing, can’t work as usual. The word “mogok” is identic just for
vehicle).
The word “mogok” is used on objects (thing), such as vehicles. Such as: car,
motorcycle, bus, etc. The original meaning of “mogok” means silent placed strike can’t
walk or move. But the meaning contained in the data above, the word “mogok” is
assumed that the players do not intend to perform any activity in the PSM’s exercise. In
this news narration, it shows that the word “mogok” uses a connotative meaning. The
word “mogok” can replace with other word such as being lazy. However, the media
prefer to uses the word that makes the reader being surprise with choosing the diction
(d). Itu gol kilat…(13) yang sangat mengejutkan. Gol itu mengispirasi kami, dan pada sisi lain membuat lawan langsung jatuh mentalnya…(14) (Rabu, 15 Agustus 2012. Page 31).
It was a very shocking goal…(13) .The goal encouraged us on the other hand the opponent was instantly mental fall…(14) (Wednesday, 15th August 2012. Page: 31).
Analysis:
The phrase shocking goal “Gol kilat” is a metaphorical expression. Shocking goal
“gol kilat” in here is identified as a goal very fast like lightning so that is included as a
metaphorical expression. Where we know that lightning is a very quickly object. Even
the speed of lightning can be up to a matter of seconds. If we associate goals with
lightning here interpret as goals made by a football player that goal very quickly. So that
opposing players can not see the movement of the ball until the ball into the goal. So
because of the rapidity of the goal, the goal is to inspire other players that can score the
same or maybe even better goal faster. On the other hand, the opposing player makes
them pessimistic goal to win the match.
Phrase “jatuh mental” is an idiomatic phase as metaphorical expression.
(e) Berita seputar transfer “Gareth Bale” kian menarik untuk disimak. Pasalnya, tiga tim Premier League dan raksasa…(15) Liga Perancis siap merusak rencana Real Madrid mendapatkan gelandang eksplosif…(16) Tottenham Hotspur tersebut, dengan menawarkan harga yang jauh lebih fantastis (Kamis, 30 Mei 2013.hal: 33).
The News about “Gareth Bale” transfer gets more interesting to be heard. Because three- Premier League teams and the giant club…(15) of Ligue one is ready to ruin the Real Madrid’s plan to get the explosive midfielder…(16) of Tottenham Hotspur by offering more fantastic prices (Thursday, 30thMay 2013. Page:33).
Analysis:
The first bolding word “raksasa” is subjective nominative metaphor. The
denonative meaning of “raksasa” is:
Makhluk yg menyerupai manusia, konon berbadan tinggi besar (KBBI,
1997 : 812).
(Human-bodied creatures are very big and tall).
The using of the word giant “raksasa” in here refers to denotative meaning. If
we see from the language style the word “raksasa liga perancis” is a hyperbole
expression. It means that the biggest Club in France league. Giant “raksasa” in this
case actually does not have one meaning only. There are two possibilities meaning at
least, the first one is the biggest club, and the second one is the riches club. The fact,
in the European league shows that the sport of football becomes and industry. It can
give a big profit not only to the club but also for the players. So that, the media usually
associates two word “biggest” and “richest” in a word that illustrated a huge capacity
which is “giant” word can reflect that meaning.
The second bolding word is explosive “mudah meledak”. It is a predicate
metaphor. The lexical meaning of explosive “mudah meledak” is:
a) Mudah meledak (tentang karbit, fosfor, gas, bensin, dsb).
b) Dapat (mudah) meletus (tentang perang dsb).
c) Cepat marah (tentang watak) (KBBI, 1997:254).
a) Easy to explode (about carbide, phosphorus, gas, gasoline)
b) Can erupt (about war).
c) Quick- tempered (about temperament, etc).
The word explosive “mudah meledak”, according to the dictionary the explosive
means blew out. Base on the content, the word explosive here expressed the
aggressive character existing in that player. Aggressive here is a characteristic of a
person that is always tries to show the best effort and quality in every performance.
(3). Tribun Metro
(a). Oknum…(17) anggota itu memasuki rumah orang dan mengajak pergi perempuan itu tanpa sepengetahuan suaminya “Kata kepala bidang humas” (Sabtu, 23 Februari 2013).
The individual member…(17) entered the house and took away the woman without her husband notice "Said the Head of Public Relations (Saturday, 23rd February 2013).
Analysis:
The denotative meaning or lexical meaning of “oknum” is:
a) Orang seorang; perseorangan.
b) Orang dengan arti yang kurang baik (KBBI, 1997:700).
a) An individual person.
b) People with a poor sense.
“Oknum” is a person in a certain capacity with the negative connotation.
The news narration above describes “oknum” here means a person who has
worked in a institution and has good position, capacity, authority, and power. The
meaning of the word “oknum” in the dictionary is an individual person.The
negative perception appears because the word “oknum” is always used for a
person who makes mistakes in one institution, organization or group. So that,
with the using of this word “oknum”, the mistakes of the person from one
institution who has done wrong act, it can be avoided from that institution where
he comes from.
The word “oknum” in above news narration belongs to the dysphemism language
style. The word “oknum” in the above news narration gets the meaning changes. The
meaning changing means a shift of meaning from antiquity to the present. Decline in
significance or better known as pejoration. pejoration is the process of changing the
meaning of a new word that has meaning lower/poor/ less refined/less fun than the
meaning of the value beforehand.
The word “Oknum” which the former meaning is the doer “pelaku” but now
its meaning changed to perpetrators Crimes Unit” (Pelaku kejahatan). So the news
narration above would like to emphasize that one of the members of the institution is a
person who acts as criminal.
(b) Firdaus sepakat, Menurutnya, terror bom yang akhir-akhir ini ditebar di Makassar masih tergolong bom ecek-ecek…(18) (Sabtu, 16 Februari 2013. Hal: 8). Firdaus agreed that according to him, bombs terror that has recently spread in Makassar was mock…(18) bomb (Saturday, 16th February 2013. Page: 8).
Analysis:
The words “Ecek-ecek” in KBBI (1997 : 249) means:
a) Tidak sungguh-sungguh.
b) Pura- pura.
a) Not really
b) Pretend.
The word “ecek-ecek” itself means a mock fake, imitation, cheap amateurish. It is
usually used to describe something that is not qualified. So if paired with the word
bomb to mock bombs “bom ecek-ecek” So the meaning of the above news narrative is a
bomb for terror is only stocked in Makassar. Mock bombs are used to scare the
residents of Makassar that may be made by the terrorists with a specific purpose.
(c) Kasus hilangnya perabot Rujab Ketua DPRD Kota Makassar, Jl. Hertasning nomor 18 Makassar, akhirnya membuat Inspektorat Kota Makassar Turun Tangan…(19) (Selasa, 21 Februari 2012. Hal: 9).
Case of the furniture loss in Chairman of the Makassar Parliament home office on Hertasning No.18 Makassar, finally made office of Makassar intervene"….(19) (Tuesday, 21st February 2012. Page: 9).
Analysis:
Phrase “Turun tangan” is a kind of idiomatic phrase. Idiom is called the
combination of the words that makes up a new meaning that is not related to the
forming essentially. According to the dictionary, the true meaning of “turun tangan” is:
a) Turut mencampuri (suatu urusan dsb).
b) Bertindak untuk membereskan sesuatu.
c) Menolong (orang miskin dsb)
a) Contributed to interfere (a business etc.).
b) Act to settle something.
c) Help (the poor, etc.).
Phrase “Turun Tangan” formed by two kinds of words. They are “turun” and
“tangan”. Idiom “Turun Tangan” can not be recognized directly from the context of the
sentence. If we do not see the situation in the previous sentence, there will be a sense
that the Inspectorate of Makassar was doing an act that is lower hand “menurunkan
tangan”. Yet its meaning is not referring to the action, but the idiomatic meaning. This
phrase has a lexical meaning and idiomatic meaning. The meaning is depending on the
context of the sentence. The idiomatic meaning of “turun tangan” means that to help
(the poor, etc), acts to clear whole hog, contribute interfering (business t etc)
So the purpose of the newes narration above is Inspectorate of Makassar city
helped to solve the disappearance of furniture Rujab chairman of the parliament of
Makassar. The using of idioms in the news narration above in order to the readers more
interested in reading the news
(d). Perjalanan karir anak-anak muda sekarang masih sangat panjang. Waktu yang kelak menguji apakah prestasi mereka tetap oke. Pada era penuh persaingan saat ini, siapapun anak muda itu, mereka selalu mengisi batereinya…(20) agar tak ketinggalan (Selasa, 21 Februari 2012. Halaman: 6). The journey of adolescent’s career is still very long. Time would test whether their achievements are still okay. In the era in which full of competition, any young men, they always fill their battery…(20) so as not outdated (Tuesday, 21st February 2012. Page: 6).
Analysis:
The word “baterai” is an objective nominative metaphor. The lexical meaning of
“baterai” is:
Alat untuk menghimpun dan membangkitkan aliran listrik (KBBI,
1997:98).
(A tool to collect and generate electricity).
In the news narration above, the meaning of “baterai” in above statement is not
like with the true meaning. But it has the connotation meaning because it is related to
our young generation. “Baterai” likened to a young self. So that, our young generation
must increase knowledge and skills so that they continue in the future they can compete
and not lose with young people from other countries because they have good
preparation from now to increase knowledge and skills so that they continue in the
future they can compete and not lose with young people from other countries because
they have a good preparation from now.
(e). Situasi di Teluk Persia semakin panas…(21) setelah Iran hari Selasa (18/9/2012) menggelar…(22) kapal selam yang dibeli dari Rusia pada awal 1990-an (Selasa, 18 September 2012. Hal: 9). The situation in the Persian Bay gets heat up…(21) after Iran on Tuesday (18/09/2012) held…(22) submarine which was purchased from Russia in the early 1990s (Tuesday, 18th September 2012. Page: 9).
Analysis:
According to the KBBI (1997 : 720). The word “panas” means:
a) Hangat sekali, lawan dingin.
b) Kemarau (tentang musim).
c) Demam (suhu badannya lebih tinggi daripada biasa)
d) Terasa seperti terbakar atau terasa dekat dengan api, bersuhu relatif
tinggi.
e) Gerah.
f) Sangat iri; sakit hati.
g) Berbahaya.
h) berpengaruh buruk (tentang uang yang mudah memperolehnya, tetapi
mudah juga menghabiskannya, uang pinjaman dng bunga besar, dsb)
a) Once warm, cool opponent.
b) Dry (season).
c) Fever (body temperature higher than normal).
d) Feels like a burn or feel close to the fire; relatively high temperature.
e) Sultry.
f) Very jealous; heartache.
g) Dangerous.
h) Adverse effect (on money that easy to obtain, but also easy to spend,
money loans with huge interest.
The word heat up “panas” is used on objects or anything that can be perceived
such as stoves, water, weather and more. But in the sense that the data contained in
the word heat up “panas” has a meaning that is messy, complicated, and has a high
level of emotion and addressed to the situation in the “Persian Gulf” an increasingly
chaotic after Iran sends submarines purchased from Russia. Go to the situation that
literally has suddenly become hot, or cold. So the word heat up “panas” is often used by
many people today and in the mass media is also used to assuming the current
chaotic picture of the situation, precarious or dangerous. In the news narration
above, the word heat up “panas” included in the figure of speech hyperbole. Where the
news narration above using the word hotter “semakin panas” so that the meaning of that
sentence is very exaggerated.
For the second word “menggelar” is a predicate metaphor. It means:
a) Menghamparkan. (tikar dsb)
b) Mengatur terhampar.
c) Memperagakan; mempertontonkan; memperkenalkan (kepada umum)
(KBBI, 1997 : 301 ).
a) Spread (mats etc.).
b) Set unfold.
c) Demonstrating; exhibit; introduced (to the public)
b. Fajar Newspaper
(1). Politika (Politic) (a). Ada statement…(23) ketua KPK Abraham Samad yang cukup
menyejukkan…(24) bagi pembaca Koran dan public sulsel soal fenomena korupsi yang terjadi di daerah ini (Rabu, 20 Maret 2013. Hal: 8).
There is a statement…(23) from the chairman of Anti-Corruption Commission Abraham Samad which is quite soothing…(24) for newspaper readers and South Sulawesi public. It’s about the phenomenon of corruption in this area (Wednesday, 20th March 2013. Page: 8).
Analysis:
For the first bolding word “statement” is the example of foreign word usage. The
use of foreign languages in the above news narration serves to show the intellectual
impression of the author.
In the second bolding word “menyejukkan” is a kind of figurative language.
Namely: predicate metaphor. The denotative meaning (true meaning) of “menyejukkan”
is:
a) Menjadikan sejuk; menyamankan; menyegarkan.
b) Mempersenang (hati); menghiburkan (KBBI, 1997 :891).
a) Making cool, comforting; refreshing.
b) Pleasing; entertaining
The word soothing “menyejukkan” means that give free and calm feeling. So that,
if we relate with the news narration, the using soothing here is able to give a good
feeling and positive effect to the newspaper readers. Phenomenon in here, could be
mean as a incident that could be happen in a social reality and nature and always exist
our environment. As we know that corruption is a criminal action that mostly happens in
our country in all fields of our life. It also becomes a popular issue and always be a
headline topic in the current news. Relate to the phenomenon of corruption in our
country is like a commonly activity that we can see in our daily life. It happens not only in
social life but also often present in the public institution that involved the “oknum” who
plays.
(b). Kemarin, Irman mulai menunjukkan keseriusannya bertarung…(25) di Pilwalkot…(26) Beberapa baliho bergambar sketsa wajahnya dengan tulisan "NO FEAR…(27)" tersebar di beberapa titik dalam kota (Kamis, 30 Mei 2013).
Yesterday, Irman began to show her seriousness to fight…(25) in mayor election (Pilwalkot)….(26). Some billboard pictorial sketch of his face with the words "NO FEAR"….(27) spread over several points in the city. (Thursday, 30th May 2013).
Analysis:
The news narration above there are three words which have distinctive
pattern. All of them have different patterns. They are “bertarung”, “Pilwakot”
and “No Fear”.
For the first bolding word “bertarung” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical
meaning of “bertarung” is :
Berkelahi, bentrok, berdebat, bertanding (KBBI, 1997 : 1013).
(Fighting, collide, argue, competeting).
The word fight “bertarung” in the mayoral election in the above sentence implies
that “Irman” participates in the mayoral election. The author uses fight “bertarung” in the
above sentence to emphasize the seriousness of Irman to become mayor of Makassar.
He will be out ideas, energy, and demonstrating his ability to Makassar society to realize
a world city that developed in the days that will come. It is marked by the installation of a
billboard with a picture of his face, accompanied by the words "NO FEAR" spread
across several cities of Makassar. The second bold word “Pilwakot” is an acronym of
“pemilihan walikota” (mayoral election) and the third bold word “No Fear” is a kind of
foreign term usage.
(c). Entah sampai kapan kucing-kucingan…(28) antara Zaki & KPK berakhir (Jumat. 24 Mei 2013. Hal: 10).
Don’t know how long “hide and seek”…(28) between Zaki and KPK ends (Friday, 24th May 2013. Page: 10).
Analysis:
According to the KBBI (1997:535) the word “Kucing-kucingan” means:
a) kucing-kucing (benda).
b) Berlaku (bersifat) seperti kucing (satu pihak mengejar, pihak lain
bersembunyi, apabila si pengejar sedang lengah, yg dikejar muncul dan
berkeliaran untuk kemudian bersembunyi kembali) (verb).
c) Main sembunyi-sembunyian (tentang permainan anak-anak).(verb).
d) Mainan (boneka) yang menyerupai kucing; bukan kucing sebenarnya; kucing
tiruan (benda).
a) Cats (noun).
b) Apply (be) like a cat (one hand catch, others hiding, when the pursuers were
off guard, which appeared in the chase and roam to then hide again). (Verb).
c) Playing hide and seek. (Verb).
d) Play (dolls) that resembles the cats, not the actual cat; cat’s imitation. (Noun).
Basically, the repetition of the word is meant to give another meaning to the
word. In the news narration above, the cat “kucing” if it repeated it means that to be a lot
of cats. But, in addition to question of meaning, we also recognize the existence of the
types of words are different. if the word “kucing” is repeated to the “kucing-kucingan”
meaning is not many cats but can weigh down a cat toy, or the name of a children's
game.
“Kucing-kucingan” is a repetition figure speech where the news narration above
repeating the word “kucing” become “kucing-kucing” but repetition in here news
narration doesn’t work as an affirmation of a thing or something. So that, “kucing-
kucingan” is a metaphorical expression. It is a metaphorical expression because the
word that compare two kinds of thing which have the same meaning. They are “kucing-
kucingan” and one of the children games which we call that “hide and seek”
The word “kucing-kucingan” means that there are those who pursues and others
hide, so it is difficult to reconcile. In this case the zaki and the KPK had never met.
Through the word “kucing-kucingan”, it can be concluded that this sentence uses the
methaporical expression. The meaning of “kucing-kucingan” here is playing hide and
seek between Zaki and KPK.
(d) Apalagi di Makassar, Golkar adalah partai pemenang jangan malah kader sibuk saling-sikut”…(29) sebutnya (Kamis 23 Mei 2013. Hal: 8).
Especially in Makassar, Golkar is the winning party while cadres do not even busy to fight…(29) each other "he said (Thursday, 23rd
May 2013. Page: 8).
Analysis:
The word “saling-sikut” is an idiomatic phrase. In this news narration, “saling-
sikut” means that the unsupported behavior or an attitude that making down each other.
The statement content of the “Golkar” party which is the winner of the election in
Makassar region undergo the chaos situation and have an internal problem among the
members. They do not compact in their organization where the members have opposite
opinion each other.
(e) Partai keadilan sejahtera (PKS) masih gamang…(30) Niat untuk mengusung…(31) kader sebagai bakal calon walikota tampaknya bakal berubah lagi (Kamis 23 Mei 2013. Hal: 8).
Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) is still giddy…(30). The intention to carry…(31) cadres becomes mayor candidate seem to be changing again (Thursday, 23rd May 2013. Page: 8).
Analysis:
There are two bolding words in the news narration above. The first bolding word
is “gamang” (adj). According to KBBI, the word “gamang” means:
Merasa takut (ngeri serta khawatir) ketika melihat ke bawah dsb (KBBI,
1997 : 287 ).
(Nervous, afraid, feel dizzy from heights).
The word “gamang” is a complementary metaphor.
While “mengusung” in (KBBI, 1997 : 1114) means:
a) Mengangkut (membawa) sesuatu dengan cara menempatkannya di atas
bahu.
b) Membawa (mengangkat) sesuatu dilakukan oleh beberapa (banyak)
orang (dengan alat atau tidak).
a) Lifting (bring) something by placing it over the shoulder.
b) Carry (lift) something done by some (many) people (with a tool or not).
In the news narration above, the word mengusung is not means like in the
dictionary but it uses a connotative meaning. if we see from the news narration’s
context above, the word “mengusung” means support “mendukung”. For the second
bold word “gamang”. According to the context, “gamang” means that is still undecided.
It has not found the decision really convincing.
(2). Sportif (Sport)
(a). Pembalap asal Jerman, Nico Rosberg tidak terbendung…(32) pada sesi kualifikasi GP Monako, Sabtu, 25 Mei. Setelah menyapu bersih…(33) sesi latihan bebas, Rosberg kembali tercepat dalam
sesi kualifikasi dengan catatan satu menit 13,876 detik (Minggu, 26 Mei 2013).
German rider Nico Rosberg was unstoppable…(32) at Monaco Grand Prix qualifying session on Saturday May 25. After getting all of the score…(33) in the free practice sessions, Rosberg was the fastest in the qualifying session again with a record of one minute 13.876 seconds (Sunday, 26th May 2013).
Analysis:
The meaning of the word “terbendung” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical
meaning of “terbendung” is :
Tidak dapat terbendung, tidak tertahan (KBBI, 1997 : 116).
(Can not be unstoppable, not restrained).
In this narration, there is the using of denotation meaning to complete the
paragraph. The using of “tidak terbendung” is used to make a dramatical effect to the
statement in order to pay attention the reader and underlines the main idea of the
statement. In this case, the word “tidak terbendung” here means there is nothing can
block the rider’s way. This sentence is definetally intended to give a hyperbole effect.
The rider is described as a best rider who there is no one can beat him. The diction of
“tidak terbendung” delivers the massege that in the GP Monaco qualification session;
the rider won the first position and becomes the number one successfully.
The second is “menyapu bersih”, is used to emphasize the winning of the reader.
It is an idiomatic sentence. This paragraph has to denotative dictions, the first one to
make a dramatical sense in the sentence and the second one is to emphasize the
meaning. The word “menyapu bersih” means the rider is absolute winner and he doesn’t
provide the opportunity for other riders to compete him.
(b) Kegagalan Jorge Lorenzo naik podium…(34) dalam balapan di Moto GP Prancis dinilai bukan karena faktor ban seperti yang dikeluhkannya (Kamis 20 Mei 2013. Hal: 30).
Failure of Jorge Lorenzo” to get podium…(34) in Moto GP France assessed was not because of the tire as he complained (Thursday, 20th May 2013. Page: 30).
Analysis:
Phrase “naik podium” is an idiomatic sentence. The news narration above uses
“naik podium” to express the denotation meaning. Podium is a place for athelete
especially racing sport where is reserved only for the winner. So that, the chance to
come up the podium is such a prestiscious pride for all riders and becomes a sweet
dream for them.
(c). Jalan menuju kasta…(35) tertinggi Eropa tampak kian sulit ketika Milan harus kehilangan Massimo Ambrosini yang menerima dua kartu kuning dalam waktu 6 menit saja (Selasa, 21 Mei 2013. Hal: 6).
The way to the highest caste…(35) of Europe looked increasingly difficult when Milan lost Massimo Ambrosini who received two yellow cards within 6 minutes (Tuesday, 21st May 2013. Page: 6).
Analysis:
The word “kasta” is an objective nominative metaphor. According to the KBBI
(1997 : 450), casta “kasta” (noun) means that:
Golongan (tingkat atau derajat) manusia dalam masyarakat beragama
Hindu.
(Classes, degrees, or levels of the Hindu society).
However, in this case the content of caste is unlike the real meaning. Caste here
is used to describe a structural model in a football system that regulated by FIFA as
international statute. In particular, in European league has been determined a pattern
that regulates the class system in league. The highest class becomes a competition by
all clubs where the highest achivement can be chased.
(d) Banyak pihak yang menyayangkan keputusan Beckham untuk menggantungkan…(36) sepatunya (Selasa, 5 April 2013).
Many people regretted of Beckham’s decision to retire….(36) (Tuesday, 5th April 2013).
Analysis:
The word “menggantungkan” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of
“menggantung” is:
Mengaitkan pada sesuatu yang tinggi sehingga tidak menjejak tanah (dasar,
lantai, dsb) (KBBI, 1997:292).
(Hooked on something high so it is not planted on the ground (foundation, floor,
etc.)).
The news narration above using a figurative language. The word “menggantung”
has two meanings. They are denotative and connotative meaning. The denotative or
the real meaning of “menggantung” is hanging shoes or boots but in this context, we
use the connotative meaning. The connotative meaning of “menggantung” means stop
playing football. Beckham retires for all the football competition.
(e). Penyerang Brazil, Neymar akhirnya memastikan diri berlabuh…(37) ke Spanyol bersama dengan Barcelona (Senin, 27 Mei 2013).
Brazilian striker, Neymar finally anchored…(37) to Spain with Barcelona (Monday, 27th May 2013).
Analysis:
The word anchored “berlabuh” is a predicate metaphor. The real meaning of
“berlabuh” is:
Berhenti; menurunkan sauh (tentang kapal, perahu) (KBBI, 1997:550)
(Stopped, dropped anchor ships or boats).
(3). Metropolis
(a). MAKASSAR, FAJAR –PT Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja (Jamsostek) Kantor Wilayah Makassar terus melakukan sosialisasi atas dana “tak bertuan…(38)” yang belum diambil pemiliknya (Selasa, 8 Mei 2012. Hal: 14).
Makassar, Fajar - PT Workers' Social Security (Social Security) Makassar Regional Office continued to disseminate the unclaimed fund…(38) which has not been taken by the owner (Tuesday, 8th May 2012. Page: 14).
Analysis:
The word “dana tak bertuan” is an idiomatic phrase. The meaning of “dana tak
bertuan” is the fund is not known who the owner is. The money is unknown where it
came from.
(b). Menurut saksi mata, seusai ditabrak “Xenia…(39) bus masih melaju dan akhirnya menabrak ”Mio…(40) (Jumat, 09 November 2012. Hal: 18).
According to witnesses, after being hit Xenia…(39), the bus was speeding and ended up crashing Mio…(40) (Friday, 09th Nopember 2012. Page: 18).
Analysis:
The words “Xenia” and “Mio” in here as a brand name of vehicle. “Xenia” for the
car whereas the word “Mio” for motorcycle. The news narration above is a metonymy.
(c) Jajaran satuan narkoba polrestabes Makassar berhasil mengintai keberadaan Bandar & otak…(41) peredaran narkoba (Jumat, 24 Mei 2013. Hal: 19).
Makassar Police drugs unit succeed to peer over the existence of brain drugs distribution (41) (Friday, 24th May 2013. Page: 19).
Analysis:
The word brain “otak” is an objective nominative metaphor. The denotative
meaning of brain “otak” is:
a. Benda putih yang lunak terdapat di dalam rongga tengkorak yang
menjadi pusat saraf.
b. Biang keladi; tokoh; gembong (KBBI, 1997:709).
a. Soft white objects contained within the skull cavity that becomes the
nerve center.
b. Culprit; figures; kingpin.
Through the explanation above, the real meaning of brain should be not
representated the using of the word “otak” in that sentence. “Otak” here, means the
main actor of this criminal action. “Otak” is the essencial, crucial and vital organ in our
body. “Otak” can be associated with other meaning like in this sentence. Referring to the
function of brain, brain has the important function. It organizes and commands the whole
work of our body member, without its function the other body can not work as will.
Likewise the using of “otak” here the function is the same. The analogy that is used not
has opposite meaning with the real meaning. Brain holds the control of all the parts, and
related to the content of the narration, it means that brain here as the person (main
actor) who hold the control and he also automatically has an authority and responsibility
to handle and organize the drugs crime.
(d). Indonesia Lions Clubs berhasil mendapatkan dana segar…(42) Rp. 5,2 Miliar untuk menjalankan programnya di Makassar (Kamis, 23 Mei 2013. Hal: 10). Lions Clubs Indonesia managed to get fresh funding…(42) Rp. 5.2 Billion to run the program in Makassar”. (Thursday, 23rd May 2013. Page: 10).
Analysis:
“Dana segar” is an idiomatical phrase. The meaning of that it’s not a fresh
funding. The real meaning is 1). Injection of money that is obtained through the
exchanges that are on the rise. 2) Injections of funds to improve and strengthen the
financial structure of the capital.
(e). Warga sempat terlibat adu jotos…(43) & saling lempar batu dengan petugas gabungan satpol PP, TNI & polisi yang dibekali tameng dan pentungan (Kamis, 23 Mei 2013. Hal: 10). Residents had engaged in fist fights…(43) and throwing stones with combined Satpol PP officers, military & police equipped with shields and batons (Thursday, 23rd May 2013. Page: 10).
Analysis:
The phrase “adu jotos” is an idiomatic phrase which means that fighting. Fighting
in here means that the person fight using boxing.
2. Data Analysis of Electronic Media
a. Metro Tv
(1). Politic
(a) Ketua Fraksi Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) Marwan Jaffar tersinggung dengan tudingan Dipo Alam. Menteri Sekretaris Kabinet itu menyebutkan ada ketua fraksi di DPR bermain “menggelembungkan…(44) APBN (Selasa, 13 November 2012).
Chairman of the National Revival Party (PKB) Marwan Jaffar was offended by accusations Dipo Alam. The Secretary Cabinet Minister said there was floor leader in the House played bubbled…(44) national budget (Tuesday, 13rd November 2013).
Analysis:
The lexical meaning of “menggelembungkan” is:
Menjadi besar karena berisi udara dan sebagainya (KBBI, 1997:302)
(Bigger because the air contains etc).
The word “menggelembungkan” in here is a kind of personification. It is because
the news narration said that inflated the budget “menggelembungkan” APBN”.
(b). Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Dahlan Iskan menjadi bulan-bulanan…(45) Panitia Kerja Hulu Listrik Komisi VII DPR saat membahas dugaan inefesiensi Perusahaan Listrik Negara yang pernah dipimpin Dahlan. Namun Dahlan tetap tenang dan santai menjawab pertanyaan anggota Dewan (Selasa, 13 November 2012).
State-Owned Enterprises Minister “Dahlan Iskan” became a butt….(45) of the Working Committee Hulu Electricity of parliament
Commission VII while discussing alleged inefficiency when discussing the state electricity company once headed by Dahlan. However, Dahlan remains calm and relaxed answering questions of the Board members (Tuesday, 13rd November 2012).
Analysis:
According to the (KBBI, 1997 : 153). The word “Bulan-bulanan” means:
a) (Gambar) benda buatan menyerupai bulan.
b) Orang yang (mudah) dijadikan korban sehingga seperti alat permainan;
sasaran.
a) Picture made objects that resemble the moon.
b) People who are easily victimized so like a plaything (target).
The word “bulan-bulanan” is formed from looping the word “bulan” so that, the
word is going repetition of the word moon “bulan”. But the meaning of the word is
different from the word that makes it up. The word “bulan-bulanan” is a repetition
expression but not serve as an affirmation as a function of repetition.
The meaning of “bulan-bulanan” in the news narration above is connotation
word. Because it has a connotative meaning of the word “bulan-bulanan” is included in
a proverb that means an object of derision, ridicule, or mockery of the people. Or it
could mean a lot of people targeted anger.
So if we associate the word "bulan-bulanan" with the news narrative above the
point is: that the Minister of “BUMN” Dahlan Iskan becomes the target of scorn or
ridicule committee.
(c). Calon Gubernur Sumatra Utara yang diusung…(46) Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan, Effendi Simbolon, disambut hangat…(47) ribuan pendukungnya saat tiba di terminal kedatangan Bandara Polonia Medan, Sumut, Rabu (14/11) (Rabu, 14 November 2012 ).
Candidates for Governor of North Sumatra who was carried…(46) by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, Effendi Simbolon, was warmly greeted…(47) by thousands of supporters on arrival at Polonia Airport arrivals terminal in Medan, North Sumatra, on Wednesday (14/11) (Wednesday, 14th November 2012).
Analysis:
The word “usung” means that:
a) Mengangkut (membawa) sesuatu dengan cara menempatkannya
di atas bahu.
b) Membawa (mengangkat) sesuatu dilakukan oleh beberapa
(banyak) orang (dengan alat atau tidak) (KBBI, 1997 : 1114).
a) Carry something by placing on the shoulders.
b) Lifting something is done by some people with a tool or not.
The word “diusung” is one kinds of metaphorical expression. Namely: predicate
metaphor. The second bolding word “warmly greeted” is an idiom. The shape of this
idiom is a sentence. The meaning of “warmly greeted” is his arrival spliced with
excitement
(d). Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) akan membekukan…(48) aset Inspektur Jenderal Polisi Djoko Susilo. Djoko adalah tersangka kasus dugaan korupsi pengadaan simulator SIM di Korps Lalu Lintas (Korlantas) Polri tahun anggaran 2011 (Selasa, 04 Desember 2012).
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) will freeze…(48) the assets of the General Inspector of Police Djoko Susilo. Djoko was suspect in the case of alleged corruption in the procurement of SIM simulator Traffic Corps (Korlantas) Police in the 2011 budget (Tuesday, 04th December 2012).
Analysis:
According to the (KBBI, 1997 : 107 ), The word “membekukan” (v) means that :
Menjadikan beku, tidak mengoperasikan (senjata, kendaraan, dsb).
(Be frozen, does not operate, no activities again (weapon, vehicle, etc)).
The word “membekukan” is a predicate metaphor.
(e). Dewan Pertimbangan (Wantim) Partai Golkar memberi surat peringatan untuk Aburizal Bakrie agar meningkatkan elektabilitasnya. Sikap Wantim dinilai menunjukan pencapresan Ical sudah di ujung tanduk…(49) "Makanya Ical harus waspadai musuh dalam selimut…(50)" ujar Bintang (Rabu, 19 Desember 2012). The Advisory Council of Golkar Party gives a memorandum to Aburizal Bakrie to improve his electability. Advisory Council’s Attitude is judged to show the presidential nomination of “Ical” is in a very dangerous situation…(49), “Then Ical must wary to the snake in the grass…(50)”. Said Bintang (Wednesday, 19th December 2012).
Analysis:
In the first bolding word “ujung tanduk” is an idiomatic phrase which the meaning
has a metaphorical expression. The author's intent to use shaped packaging idiom
above is to draw the attention of the public and that the ideas in narrative news
delivered more easily understood.
“Ujung tanduk” is a metaphorical expression. The meaning of “ujung tanduk” is a
situation where we cannot do anything else. We can only surrender to the state. Only
choice we remain in the end we maintain a balance because if we cannot survive then
we will fall. So that, the phrase “ujung tanduk" means a state which is very dangerous
(crisis/critical).
Phrase “di ujung tanduk” in above states that something to be in a critical
situation or emergency situation. Therefore, to state the situation is expressed by the
phrase “di ujung tanduk” to make it more subtle.
If the phrase “ujung tanduk” associated with news narration above, that phrase
described the situation in the face of his nomination as a presidential candidate. The
situation today shows that electability "Aburizal Bakri" had declined so he was in an
unsafe condition because it is considered not to have sound support.
The second bolding word is “Musuh dalam selimut” is a proverb. The meaning of
a proverb “musuh dalam selimut” is opponent which is difficult to know because they
cannot be distinguished by their own comrades or someone close to us who want to do
harm to us. In connection with the news narration above, it says that Aburizal Bakri
should be aware of “musuh dalam selimut”. The meaning of “musuh dalam selimut” in
here news narration means that Aburizal Bakri must be careful of the people around
him. It is because not everyone around him that has good intentions. There may even
be people who pretend to be good. Who pretend to be friends but he or she is most
dangerous enemy.
(2). Sport (metro TV)
(a). FC Internazionale semakin mendekati Juventus di puncak klasemen Serie A. Pasalnya, Inter mampu melumat…(51) penghuni posisi dua klasemen sementara, Napoli. Bertanding di Giuseppe Meazza, Ahad (9/12), Inter tampil apik…(52) dengan menumbangkan…(53) Napoli 2-1 (Senin, 10 Desember 2012).
FC Internazionale was getting closer Juventus to the top of Serie A. Because Inter was able to crush…(51) the occupants second place standings, Napoli. Played at the Giuseppe Meazza, Sunday (9/12), Inter performed well…(52) to defeat…(53) Napoli 2-1 (Monday, 10th December 2012).
Analysis:
There are three words in the news narration above which have distinctive
pattern. They are “melumat”, “tampil apik” and “menumbangkan”. The first word
“melumat” is a predicate metaphor. The real meaning of “melumat” is:
Menghancurkan secara perlahan-lahan (KBBI, 1997:606).
(Slowly destroying).
By the word above, textually “melumat” is identic with the activity uses the help of
mouth, tounge and teeth. So far, the using the word “melumat” is usually used to
describe the activity when people eat. However, this narration proves that the using of
word “melumat” can use for different meaning. Here, it is clearly enough that the using
of “melumat” is not used to the actual allotment. The word “melumat” in this narration
means that the team of Inter Milan can lose the Napoli. The media sometimes uses the
subtitle word that has the same meaning to change the common word. The purpose is
sometime to make a variation word and make it interesting with dramatical effect then
finally hopes the reader is not bored with the clise words.
The second bolding word is “tampil apik” is an idiomatic phrase. The last word
is “menumbangkan” (verb). In the KBBI (1997 : 1080), the word “menumbangkan”
means that:
a) Merobohkan (pohon yang besar).
b) Menjatuhkan (meruntuhkan) kekuasaan, negara, dsb.
a) Knocking down the big trees.
b) Dropped (overthrow) of power, the State, etc.
The word “menumbangkan” is a predicate metaphor. By the explanation above,
it can be concluded that the using of “menumbangkan” here has a similar meaning with
the actual one. The purpose of using the word is to describe the effort of the team in
struggling the game. In the other word, “menumbangkan” means to try to lose the rival.
The “Menumbangkan” is also the word that merely uses to give the strong meaning that
illustrates a bitter game seen by both team.
(b). Di menit 18, Ashley Cole melepaskan umpan matang…(54) yang diselesaikan dengan baik oleh Mata. 0-1 untuk Chelsea bertahan hingga turun minum…(55)(Kamis 13 Desember 2012).
In the 18th minute, Ashley Cole passes the good shot…(54) which then finished well by Mata. 0-1 to Chelsea last until halftime…(55) (Thursday, 13rd December 2012).
Analysis:
According to the KBBI ( 1997 : 637 ), the word ripe “matang” (adj) is:
a) Masak dan dapat dimakan sudah sampai waktunya untuk dipetik,
dimakan, dsb (tentang buah-buahan).
b) Sudah empuk (kering dsb) dan sudah sampai waktunya untuk diambil,
diangkat, dsb (tentang makanan).
c) Sudah dipikirkan (dipertimbangkan) baik-baik; sudah diputuskan (disetujui
bersama); sudah sempurna atau sudah pada tingkatan yang terbaik
(terakhir).
d) Mulai dewasa (tentang perkembangan manusia secara fisik dan
psikologis).
e) Sudah selesai dikerjakan.
a) Ripe and can be eaten, it was the time to be picked (about fruits and so
on)
b) Already tender and the water is reduced, its time tobe taken or removed
(about cooking)
c) It was considered really, already thinking, already considered perfect;
began to mature (about the period of the development of human
psychology),
d) It has completed educated, prepared and so are finished
“Matang” in the news narration above, is not suitable with the actual meaning.
The word “matang” is usually allowed only for the fruit and food. But in this case, the
using of “matang” shows that this word also can be applied in the other a news narration
especially sport topic. “Matang” here has a positive meaning which is good, preety, and
unique or something like that. So, if the word “matang” is combined with “umpan”
becomes “umpan matang” means a good technique of football player to create goal.
“umpan matang” is an idiomatic phrase.
Last word “Turun minum” is an idiomatic phrase. The real meaning of “turun
minum” is having a rest.
(c). Sementara Doni Tata Pradita juga resmi terdaftar di daftar pebalap yang dirilis FIM. Doni akan mengenakan nomor tujuh bertandem…(56) dengan Rattahpark Willairot di bawah payung…(57) Federal Oil Gresini Moto2. Doni Tata bukan orang asing dalam balapan Moto GP. Sebab, ia pernah mengaspal…(58) di kelas 250 cc pada 2008 lalu (Selasa, 04 Desember 2012).
Doni Tata Pradita was also officially registered in rider list released by the FIM. Doni will wear number seven partnered..(56) with Rattahpark Willairot under Federal Oil Gresini Moto2…(57). Doni Tata is not newcomer in the race of “MotoGP”. Because, he has ever raced…(58) in 250 cc Class in 2008 ago (Tuesday, 04th December 2012).
Analysis:
The words “bertandem”, “di bawah payung” and “mengaspal” is words which
have distinctive
The first word “bertandem” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of
“bertandem” is very different with the lexical word in the dictionary.
According to the (KBBI, 1997:1003), the word “tandem” (noun) is:
Sepeda yang dinaiki dua orang atau lebih dengan duduk berurut ke
belakang dan semuanya turut mengayuh.
(Bicycle ridden by two people or more sequential sit back and every
people is co-pedaling).
So that, from that word. It can conclude that the word “bertandem” means step
together or they are partnered. Phrase “di bawah payung” is an idiomatical phrase
under the umbrella “di bawah payung” has a denotation meaning. In the real meaning, it
simply easy means the condition when someone be under the umbrella. However, the
using of that phrase may not meant simply like the actual meaning and why must
associate with umbrella. As the usual, in the motor race sport it is a tradition when the
rider will begin, there are some umbrella girls who are near from the rider side by side.
Because the thing of umbrella is familiar with the motor race sport, so that umbrella is
able to be one iconic thing that is usually used in the news narration. In this case, the
word of under the umbrella means that the rider belongs to the other motorcycle club.
Under the umbrella means a rider has signed a contract and commitment with a
supporting brand or club. So that riders must work for the brand. They will ride their
brand motor each other then they will be earned by their brand.
The third word “mengaspal” is a predicate metaphor. The word “mengaspal” has
different meaning from the original meaning. According to the KBBI (1997 :62 ). The
word “mengaspal” means:
Melapisi jalan dengan aspal.
(Covering the street with asphalt).
The original meaning describes an activity which is covering the street with
asphalt. But, in this case it means start the game or play in. it informs the reader that
Doni Tata ever race in the class of 250cc. This sentence shows to the readers that the
riders start to play in that class game. But the media uses the diction that can represent
and near with race sport environment because the motor race sport take a play in the
circuit which is has an asphalt street. So that, the word “mengaspal” has became a part
of that sport. The meaning asphalt in this news narration is the track of the race
competition.
(d). Pasangan Riky Widianto-Richi Dili Puspita juga membukukan…(59) kemenangan atas pasangan Thailand Patiphat Chalardchaleam-Savitree Amitrapai 21-15, 21-16 (Rabu, 14 November 2012).
The pair Riky Widianto-Richi Dili Puspita also got…(59) a victory over Thailand pair Patiphat Chalardchaleam-Savitree Amitrapai 21-15, 21-16 (Wednesday, 14th November 2012).
Analysis:
The word “membukukan” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of
“membukukan” is:
a) Mencatat dalam buku.
b) Menerbitkan sebagai buku; menjadikan buku.
c) Memperoleh, merebut, dsb (KBBI, 1997 : 152 ).
a) Recorded in the books.
b) Published as a book, making book.
c) Acquire, seize, etc.
Based on the news narration above, the word “membukukan” means the players
has made a record or score. Not like in the office environment, the word “membukukan”
has an own meaning. ”Membukukan” in the office means work or do some job with the
mathematics and accountancy work or something like doing some journal, registration
and reports. However, in the sport, it means the athelete has created the result or the
final record of the scores.
(e). Osvaldo sendiri memang pemain yang cukup subur…(60) (Minggu, 2 Juni 2013).
Osvaldo himself is a scored enough player…(60) (Sunday, 2ndJune 2013).
Analysis:
The word “subur” is a complementary metaphor. The lexical meaning of “subur”
is:
a) Dapat tumbuh dengan baik dan terlihat segar (tentang tumbuhan).
b) Baik dan sehat (tentang badan).
c) Gemuk (tentang tanah, yaitu banyak mengandung zat yg baik untuk
tumbuhan).
d) Hidup dengang baik (berkembang biak, bertambah maju, besar, kuat,
dsb) (KBBI, 1997:967).
a) Can grow quickly and looks fresh (about plants).
b) Well and healthy, and healthy fat (about the body).
c) Loose and fat (on the ground).
d) Happy life, easy to make a living, to live with well, progressing, getting
bigger and stronger. Fertile: growing well, great irritability, and healthy;
well developed.
Players who can scored the goal in every match. So in the above sentence we
can know that Osvaldo is a pretty talented player in the winning goal for his team.The
word “subur” here has different meaning with the original meaning, the real meaning of
“subur” is usually used to the flowers, trees, soil, or something like that. But, this word
has a positive connotation. “Subur” is used to describe the condition where something in
a very good and unideal situation. In this case, the word “subur” is used to describe a
very good stuation, productive.
(3). Social
(a). Permohonan dikabulkan majelis hakim setelah kuasa hukum terdakwa mengatakan keduanya adalah tulang punggung…(61) keluarga (Selasa, 27 November 2012).
The request is granted by judges after defendant's attorney said that they are the support…(61) of the family (Tuesday, 27th November 2012).
Analysis:
Phrase “tulang punggung” is an idiomatical phrase. The phrase “tulang
punggung” means that:
Tulang belakang (KBBI, 1997:1079).
(Back bone).
The word “tulang punggung” in here does not mean that there are bones in the
human body that supports the human back but here has meaning people who support
their family economy, who every day work to support their families. The backbone is a
metaphorical ekspression. Phrase “tulang punggung” is an expression in the form of a
phrase that means the main power. The backbone is assumed as a proponent of the
bone. The bones that make our body can stand up straight. So, if the phrase “tulang
punggung” associates with the news narration above, people are the backbone of a
very important person in the family and without them, their families will bear a life of
misery.
(b). Kementerian Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal (KPDT) berjanji akan menuntaskan masalah sertifikasi status tanah dan pemanfaatan lahan tidur…(62) di 183 kabupaten/kota daerah tertinggal (Minggu, 18 November 2012).
Ministry of Rural Development (KPDT) promised to solve the problem of the certification of land status and utilization of unproductive land…(62) in 183 districts / cities disadvantaged areas (Sunday, 18th November 2012).
Analysis:
Phrase “lahan tidur” is an idiomatic phrase. It means the land is not utilized
properly. The land which does not produce any crops.
(c). Kepolisian Penang, Malaysia, berjanji mengusut tuntas kasus pemerkosaan SM, tenaga kerja Indonesia (TKI) asal Jawa Tengah, yang diduga dilakukan tiga anggotanya. ML, SR, dan RAD kini menjalani pemeriksaan marathon…(63) (Selasa, 13 November 2012). Police Penang, Malaysia, promised to thoroughly investigate the rape cases of SM, Indonesian workers (TKI) from Central Java, who allegedly committed by three members. ML, SR, and RAD are now going a marathon investigation…(63) (Tuesday, 13rd
November 2012).
Analysis:
The phrase “pemeriksaan marathon” is an idiomatical phrase. According to the
KBBI (1997 : 630 ), phrase “pemeriksaan maraton” means that :
a) Perlombaan lari jarak jauh.
b) Terus-menerus (tanpa berhenti).
a) The competition of distance running.
b) Continuously (without stopping)
Phrase “pemeriksaan maraton” is a metaphorical expression.
(d). Hingga pukul 06.00 wib kawasan mojokerto, jalur antar-kota tersebut masih diselimuti…(64) kabut putih (Kamis, 29 November 2012).
Until 06.00 pm mojokerto regional, inter-city lines are still shrouded…(64) in white mist (Thursday, 29th November 2012).
Analysis:
According to the KBBI (1997 : 899), the word “diselimuti” means:
Covered or given blanket.
(Menyelubungi atau memberi selimut; menyelubungi).
The word “diselimuti” is a predicate metaphor. The sentence “ Jalur antar kota
tersebut masih diselimuti kabut putih” contain a figurative language namely
personification.
(e). Polda Bali terus menyisir sejumlah pelabuhan tikus…(65) di pulau itu guna mengamankan penyelenggaraan KTT APEC tahun ini (Minggu, 5 Februari 2012).
Bali Police continue to comb an unauthorized port…(65) on the island in order to secure this year's APEC summit (Sunday, 5th February, 2012).
Analysis :
“Pelabuhan tikus” is an idiomatic phrase. Phrase “pelabuhan tikus” is not mean
that the port for the mouse. But the meaning of “pelabuhan tikus” is port that is
unlicensed illegal for loading and unloading of goods especially imported goods.
“pelabuhan tikus” numerous in Batam which is used by rogue importers to enter goods
illegally to avoid taxes.
b. TV ONE
(1). Politic
(a). Pemilihan Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta putaran kedua semakin dekat. Pusat Kajian Politik Universitas Indonesia menemukan bahwa masih adanya politik uang…(66) dalam pemilukada (Minggu, 9 September 2012).
The Governor and Deputy Governor of DKI Jakarta Election second round is getting closer. Political Studies Center, University of Indonesia found that there is still money politics…(66) in the election of regional head (Sunday, 09th September 2013).
Analysis:
“Politik uang” is an idiomatic phrase. Phrase “politik uang” means bribery. It is a
form of bribe or promise of a good person so that people do not exercise their right to
vote and that he was exercising his right in a certain way at the time of the general
election. Purchases can be made using cash or goods. Political money is a form of
campaign violations. Political money is generally done sympathizers, volunteers or even
a political party officials the day before the general election. Practice of money politics is
done by giving the form of money, food such as rice, oil and sugar to the public in order
to attract public sympathy in order for them to vote for the party in question.
(b). Partai Amanat Nasional dan PDIP…(67) menggelar psikotes calon anggota legislatif, Rabu (20/3). Psikotes dirancang untuk menjaring…(68) kader yang berkualitas dan sesuai visi misi partai ( Rabu, 20 Maret 2013).
National Mandate Party and PDIP…(67) hold psychological test for legislative candidates, Wednesday (20/3). Psychological test designed to attract…(68) qualified cadres according to the vision and mission of the party (Wednesday, 20th March 2013).
Analysis:
The word “menjaring” is a predicate noun. The lexical meaning of “menjaring” is:
Menangkap ikan dengan menggunakan jaring (KBBI, 1997:403).
(Catch fish with net).
The word “menjaring” in the news narration above doesn’t mean like a meaning
of the dictionary (denotative meaning) but it has connotative meaning. It means “obtain”.
So the news narration means that the word “menjaring” is to obtain the qualified cadres
by Pychological test not by net.
(c). Mabes Polri…(69) membantah ada tumpang tindih…(70) dalam penyelidikan kasus korupsi pengadaan alat Simulator SIM, yang menyeret..(71) nama seorang Jenderal Bintang Dua. KPK dan Polri sepakat berbagi tugas untuk mengusut kasus ini (Rabu, 1 Agustus 2012).
National Police…(69) denied there was any overlap…(70) in the investigation of cases of corruption procurement of SIM simulator, which dragged…(71) the name of a two-stars General. KPK and the police agreed to share the duty to investigate this case (Wednesday, 01st August 2012).
Analysis:
Phrase “tumpang tindih” is an idiomatic phrase. It means the circumstances
indicate that the same work is done by some people or groups resulting in dobel
multiple jobs.
The word “menyeret” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of “menyeret”
is :
Memaksa ikut (turut); menarik dengan paksa; membawa (orang) dengan
paksa di depan banyak orang. KBBI (1997:925).
(Insisted on coming, pull forcefully sentence; she or he dragged her in
front of many people).
(d). Polemik penyidikan kasus korupsi pengadaan simulator kendaraan di Korlantas Polri disikapi oleh beberapa ahli hukum di Indonesia. Menurut Jimly Asshiddiqie, Undang-Undang KPK pasal 50 disusun untuk menegaskan kewenangan KPK. Sedangkan Yenti Ganarsih berpendapat bahwa sikap polisi terkait kasus ini semakin mencerminkan praktek kotor… (72) kepolisian (Minggu, 5 Agustus 2012).
Investigation Polemic of corruption cases in the procurement of vehicle simulators Police Traffic Coordinator addressed by several legal experts in Indonesia. According to Jimly Asshiddiqie, the Law Commission article 50 was drafted to assert the authority of the Commission. While Yenti Ganarsih found the police attitude on the case reflects filthy practice of police (72) (Sunday, 5th August 2012).
Analysis:
Phrase “praktek kotor” is an idiomatical phrase.
(e). Sejumlah Menteri Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu Jilid II mendapat nilai merah, Selasa (13/11). Nilai merah…(73) ini didasarkan pada hasil kinerjanya yang tidak mencapai sasaran (Selasa, 13 November 2012).
A number of Indonesian Cabinet united Minister Volume II gets bad grade, Tuesday (13/11). Bad grade…(73) is based on the performance result that does not reach the target (Tuesday, 13rd November 2012).
Analysis:
Phrase “nilai merah” is idiomatic phrase. The original meaning of “nilai merah” is
a bad score. If it relates to the news narration above, “nilai merah” means the poor
performance of the ministers where a decline in performance so that the performance
does not achieve the desired goals.
(2). Sport
(a). Bertanding di kandang…(74) sendiri, Munchen berhasil mencukur…(75) Stuttgart dengan skor telak 6-1. Enam gol Munchen dicetak masing-masing oleh Thomas Muller (32, 49), Toni Kroos (34), Luis Gustavo (44), Mario Mandzukic (47) dan Bastian Schweinsteiger (51). Sedangkan gol hiburan…(76) Stuttgart dicetak oleh Martin Harnik (25') (Senin, 3 September 2012).
Playing in their home…(74), Munich defeated…(75) Stuttgart with a landslide score 6-1. Muenchen scored six goals each by Thomas Muller (32, 49), Toni Kroos (34), Luis Gustavo (44), Mario Mandzukic (47) and Bastian Schweinsteiger (51). While Stuttgart consolation goal…(76) scored by Martin Harnik (25) (Monday, 3rd
September 2013).
Analysis:
The word “kandang” is a complementary metaphor. The true meaning of
“kandang” is:
a. Bangunan tempat tinggal binatang.
b. Tempat untuk menyimpan barang-barang.
c. Desa atau kota, contohnya kelompok yang akan bermain di rumahnya
sendiri (KBBI,1997 : 439).
a. A building which is used as an example of an animal shelter.
b. Place to store things.
c. Village or country, examples of teams that will be playing at home .
According to the narration above, the word “kandang sendiri” (stable) has the
real meaning as a life place of animal or pet that made for keeping them save.
However, in this case, the word “kandang” does not use as the commonly using. This is
the example of denotation meaning, the football club actually has a place to assemble.
The place is usually called as home base. The media always uses kandang as the
pronoun of football club’s home base. The phrase “kandang sendiri” in the reality often
used by animal not for human. Otherwise, the life place for human has so many
vocabularies depend on their function each other.
The second bolding word is “mencukur” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical
meaning of “mencukur” is:
a. Memotong (membersihkan) rambut dsb dengan pisau cukur.
b. Mengalahkan benar-benar lawannya (tanpa perlawanan yang seimbang),
terutama dalam permainan sepak bola. (KBBI,1997 : 198 ).
a. Hair cutting or cleaning, etc with a razor; cutting hair or something
resembling hair.
b. Actually beat his opponent without resistance balanced especially in the
game of football
Basically, the word cutting always met in the barber shop or usually used to
describe the activity like home tasks such as cutting the grass or cut the tree. In this
case, cutting itself has other meaning than the real one. Here, cutting is used to explain
the condition when a football club can make an amazing record and score to their rival.
Not all of games can use this word, only certain and specific condition could have this
word to illustrate how intersenting the games. The word cutting only uses to describe a
big won with very different interval of scores and also to view out the power of the
winner.
The last word is consolation goal “gol hiburan". Phrase “gol hiburan” is an
idiomatic phrase. In daily life, the word entairtaiment used to confirm the portrait of
happiest feeling, refresh and enjoyfullness. This case shows that “gol hiburan” is the
goal that can make the happiest sense to the supporter after their club is lose. The
using the word hiburan, at least gives positive effect like feeling the therapy aromatic
smell that is able to make everyone fell enjoy.
(b). Usai dipermalukan Sampdoria di laga pembuka Liga Seri A Italia, AC Milan akhirnya memetik angka…(77) sempurna di kandang Bologna. Gianpaolo Pazzini yang diboyong…(78) dari Inter Milan menandai debutnya bersama Il Rossoneri dengan hat-trick(79) (Minggu, 2 September 2012).
After defeat of Sampdoria in the opening match of Italian Serie A, AC Milan finally got the perfect…(77) victory against Bologna. Giampaolo Pazzini who was transferred…(78) from Inter Milan marked his debut for II Rossoneri with hat-trick…(79) (Sunday, 2nd
September 2012).
Analysis:
The word “memetik” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of “memetik”
means:
a) Mengambil dengan mematahkan tangkainya (bunga, buah, dsb).
b) Mengambil.
c) Mengutip (sebagian) dari karangan dsb.
d) Mengisap (rokok, cerutu) (KBBI, 1997 : 764 ).
a) Took a while to break the stems (about flower vine, etc.).
b) Take
c) Citing in part a sentence.
d) Smoking a cigarette
In this narration above uses the word “memetik” which is it sometimes heard and
identic with the fruit or flower. It can be analyzed that the word “memetik” here has
same meaning, which is the result. Pick “memetik” the flowers, the fruits, same with if it
is used in this sentence. “memetik” here means that take an advantage from the effort
during the game. The point is that to get the result from the effort.
The second word “diboyong” also the predicate metaphor. According to the in
KBBI ( 1997 : 145 ) means :
Membawa pindah ke tempat lain (membawa barang-barang).
(Take to move to another place (to carry stuff)).
The word “diboyong” here has meaning is that Gianpaolo is come by Inter Milan.
This word is usually occurred to the thing or stuff, but in this case it occurred to human.
Something that brought out is not the stuff but the people. Why the people? Because in
the football business, people is transferred is normal, the palyer is sold and bought, the
players is also sometimes lended. That is the business in modern football industry
nowdays. The players is earn and respected by the fee and money that they can get
from that business, in the same time, the club also get many benefits and profits from
that business. So that, the word “diboyong” is enough to illustrate how develop the
football industry in our society right now.
Last but not least, the word hat-trick is used as the code switching. It is a foreign
term usage. In this case, the code switching is meant for efficiate the narration because
in the real meaning, hat trick itself has a long meaning. It is the condition when the
football player can make three goals in one game.
(c). Bertandang…(80) ke Giuseppe Meazza, kandang Inter Milan, As Roma berhasil memetik poin penuh…(81) Roma berhasil menenggelamkan…(82) Inter dengan skor telak 3-1” (Senin, 3 September 2012).
Played…(80) in the Giuseppe Meazza, Inter Milan’s home, AS Roma succeeded brought three points…(81). Roma defeated…(82) Inter with a big score 3-1) (Monday, 3rd September 2012).
Analysis:
The word “bertandang” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of
“bertandang” is:
Bertamu ke suatu tempat (KBBI, 1997:1003)
(Visiting in somewhere place).
In this sentence, “bertandang” means when a football club come to the other
club’s home base. In the other word, they act as guess of this game. Next, phrase “poin
penuh” is an idiom. In the rule of the football game, if one club wins they will get three
points, but if both of them get draw, they just get one point each other. So that, “poin
penuh” here represents the three points, they do not devide point, they get full of the
three points.
The last, the word “menenggelamkan” is a predicate metaphor.
“menenggelamkan” means that :
a. Masuk terbenam ke dalam air.
b. Karam (tentang perahu, kapal).
c. Terbenam (tentang matahari).
d. Jatuh ke dalam kesengsaraan (kesusahan dsb) KBBI (1997 :1038).
a. Makes the sink, immerse in water, put into the water.
b. Shipwrecked (about boa, ship)
c. Go down (about sun)
d. Flopping into misery.
The word “menenggelamkan” is usually used to describe the condition when a
person or things fall under the water. It must be occured under the water, not on the air
or in other places. But in this case, the using of the word has different function. The
media chooses the word with the purpose to emphasize that the club of Roma
successfully embarrassed the reival Inter Milan. So that, the using of this word does not
connect to the real meaning and does not have a relevancy between them, the real
meaning must use only under water accident but in this narration the content is very
different with the real meaning.
(d). Melakoni laga tandang…(83) Paris Saint Germain berhasil membungkam…(84) Lille di depan pendukungnya dengan skor tipis 2-1 (Senin, 3 September 2012).
Play the away match…(83), Paris Saint Germain managed to silence…(84) Lille in front of supporters with a thin score 2-1 (Monday, 3rd September 2012).
Analysis:
The word “membungkam” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of
“membungkam” is :
a. Menutup mulut supaya diam.
b. Membuat tidak berbunyi (bersuara, berbicara). (KBBI, 1997:156)
a. Shut the mouth to shut.
b. Making no sound (have a voice, making it talk).
(e). Bertanding di Stadion Santiago Brenabeu, Real Madrid tampil beringas saat menjamu…(85) Granada. Alhasil, tiga gol bersarang…(86) di gawang Granada berkat sepakkan Cristiano Ronaldo dan Gonzalo Higuain (Senin, 3 September 2012).
Compete at the Santiago Brenabeu Stadium, Real Madrid superbly performed against…(85) Granada. As a result, three goals scored…(86) in Granada’s goal by Cristiano Ronaldo and Gonzalo Higuain (Monday, 3rd September 2012).
Analysis:
The word “menjamu” is a predicate metaphor. According to the KBBI ( 1997 : 399
) means that:
Menerima kedatangan dan menghidangkan makanan kepada
tamu.
(Received a visit and serve food to guests).
The narration above proves that the using of denotation meaning has made an
interesting sense to read the news. Although, the word treat “menjamu” is usually used
for the special moment happens, like treat friends when a birthday, etc. Here, the word
treat “menjamu” has other meaning. Real Madrid as the host here faces the rival
Grenada in Madrid’s home base. The word treats “menjamu” can change the position of
the word faces in that news narration. Meanwhile, in the fact itself the word treat has the
meaning when people entertain the other people with food, beverage, and other
facilitates. But, because the Madrid acts as the host and the Grenada act as guess, so
that the word treat can be used here as the similar meaning with the content which is
Madrid faces Grenada. So that, the word “menjamu” means as the host “Real Madrid”
offers to compete with the opponent “Granada”.
The second word “bersarang” is a predicate metaphor. The denotative meaning
of “bersarang” according to the KBBI ( 1997 : 880) means that :
a. Membuat sarang.
b. Bertempat (berkediaman, bersembunyi, dsb).
c. Mengenai (tentang pukulan dsb.
d. Masuk (tentang tikaman, peluru, dsb). Masuk ke dalam gawang (gol).
a. Build nests.
b. House (resides, hiding, etc).
c. Regarding (about a blow etc).
d. Entrance (about stab, bullet, etc). Into the goal).
The common meaning of nest is the bird job to build their home. It always birds
that have nest for their own home. But, in this case nest is not a noun but a verb. And
the using also does not mean like it used to. In the fact that, a nest is intentionally made
by the mother as the place to keep its eggs and the place to grow up the bird children
but that place is made just for temporarlly time, not for everlasting home like human’s
house. Like the function of the nest itself as a place to keep the things, it can be
concluded that the using of nest here has a similiarity which is nest here means to kick
the ball to the goal gate.
(3). Social
(a). Mantan Presiden dan Menristek BJ Habibie mengungkapkan bahwa dirinya akan membangkitkan…(87) lagi industri pesawat di Indonesia. Namun kali ini Habibie bekerjasama dengan pihak swasta karena menganggap PT Dirgantara Indonesia sudah mati suri(88) (Sabtu, 11 Agustus 2012).
Former President and Minister of Technology BJ Habibie said that he would revive…(87) the aircraft industry in Indonesia. But in this time “Habibie” collaborate with the private sector because of considering PT Air Indonesia has been dead faint…(88) (Saturday, 11th August 2012).
Analysis:
The word “membangkitkan” is a predicate metaphor. The lexical meaning of
“membangkitkan” means:
Membangunkan, mengangkat (KBBI, 1997:88).
(Awaked, lifting).
The word “membangkitkan” in this news narration is a kind of personification. It is
because the word becomes “membangkitkan industry pesawat”.
Phrase “mati suri” is an idiomatic metaphor and it is a kind of metaphorical
expression.
(b). Ratusan buruh di Bandung, Jawa Barat, Selasa (31/7) berunjukrasa menuntut Tunjangan Hari Raya (THR) sesuai undang-undang ketenagakerjaan. Namun unjuk rasa PT Wintay KH Grup dan CV Vhileo itu ditanggapi dingin…(89) oleh pihak manajemen (Selasa, 31 Juli 2012).
Hundreds of labors in Bandung, West Java, on Tuesday (31/7) protested demanding allowance (THR) according to labor laws. Unfortunately, the protest of PT Wintay KH Group and CV Vhileo was coldly responsed…(89) by the management (Tuesday, 31st July 2012).
Analysis:
Phrase “coldly responsed” is an indiomatic sentence. It is a kind of metaphorical
expression.
(c). Sebuah SPBU di Kota Tangerang, Banten berbuat curang dengan menukar bahan bakar Pertamax dengan Premium, Jumat (27/7). Kecurangan itu diketahui setelah seorang konsumen merasakan keganjilan…(90) pada mesin mobilnya usai mengisi BBM jenis Pertamax di SPBU tersebut (Jumat, 27 Juli 2012)
A gas station in Tangerang, Banten cheated by swapping fuel Pertamax with Premium, Friday (27/7). Cheating was caught when a consumer feels oddity…(90) in his car after filling pertamax there (Friday, 27th July 2012).
Analysis: The word “keganjilan” is a complementary metaphor. According to the KBBI
(1997:291). The word “keganjilan” means that:
Keajaiban, keanehan, ketidaklaziman, ketidakwajaran.
(Wonders; oddity; irregularity; irregularities).
(d). Modus yang digunakan para bajing loncat…(91) dalam memperdaya korbannya yakni dengan berpura-pura menyamar sebagai petugas jalan tol (Jumat, 22 Februari 2013 ).
Mode used in the footpads….(91) when they deceive the victim by pretending to be disguised as highway officers (Friday, 22nd February 2013).
Analysis:
The bolding word above news narration consists of two words. They are “Bajing”
and “Loncat. According to the KBBI ( 1997 : 80 ), the word “bajing” (noun) is “sejenis
binatang yang bernama tupai” a kind of animal namely: squirell and the second word is
“loncat” (verb) means that :”lompat dengan menggunakan dua atau empat kaki secara
bersama-sama (seperti kodok, kelinci)” jumps by using two or four legs together (such
as frogs, rabbits).
“Bajing loncat” in the above news narrative is an idiom. So that, the meaning of
the two word is not connected each other. “Bajing Loncat” does not mean squirrel
jumped but it means to be thief who stole the cargo of the vehicle (such as truck, bus)
which is running.
(e). Adik kandung Bupati Lampung dilaporkan ke polisi dalam kasus dugaan korupsi pengadaan mobil dinas dan penganiayaan. Korban penganiayaan mengadukan kasus tersebut ke polisi dan menuntut agar polisi segera memproses tanpa pandang bulu…(92) (Rabu, 10 April 2013 ).
Lampung Regent’s younger’s brother was reported to the police in cases of alleged corruption in the procurement of official cars and persecution. Victims denounced the case to the police and demanded that the police immediately process indiscriminately…(92) (Wednesday, 10th April 2013).
Analysis:
“Tanpa pandang bulu” is a kind of idiom. The meaning of “tanpa pandang bulu”
does not discriminate against people in doing an act.
B. DISCUSSION
Table 3. Characteristics of Language in the Printed and Electronic Media.
No Characteristic Data
1. Figurative language
a. Metaphor:
1) Nominative Metaphor
Subjective Nominative
Metaphor
Pilar(10), raksasa(16)
Objective Nominative
Metaphor.
Syahwat(3), boneka(5), baterei(20), kasta(35) ,
otak(41).
2) Predicate Metaphor.
Nyanyi(1), diparkir(11), mogok(12), eksplosif(16),
menggelar(22), menyejukkan(24), bertarung(25),
mengusung(31), menggantungkan(36),
berlabuh(37), menggelembungkan(45),
diusung(46), membekukan(48), melumat(51),
menumbangkan(53), bertandem(56),
mengaspal(58), membukukan(59), diselimuti(64),
menjaring(68), menyeret(71), mencukur(75),
diboyong(78), bertandang(80),
meneggelamkan(82), membungkam(84),
menjamu(85), bersarang(86),
membangkitkan(87).
3) Complementary
Metaphor
Boomerang(2), kacamata(9), gamang(30),
subur(60), kandang(74), keganjilan(90).
b. Personification Menggelembungkan APBN (44), memetik
angka(77)
c. Hyperbole Semakin panas(21), tidak terbendung(32)
d. Repetition Kucing-kucingan(28), bulan-bulanan(45)
e. Metonymy Xenia(39), mio(40).
2. Lexical choice (diction):
Foreign Term/Word Usage
Statement(23), No fear(27), hat-trick(79)
3. Idiom
a. Idiomatic Phrase
Langkah catur(4), uang ketuk pintu (8), gol
kilat(13), jatuh mental(14), bom ecek-ecek(18),
turun tangan(19), saling sikut(29), dana tak
Having analyzed the data, the writer found that there are some of language
patterns based on the distinctive language which exist in the printed and electronic
media. The examples of language patterns such as: the using of Figurative Language
(Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, and Repetition), Lexical Choice (Diction),
Metonymy, Idiom, Proverb, Acronym, and Pejoration.
bertuan(38), dana segar(42), adu jotos(43), ujung
tanduk(49), tampil apik(52), umpan matang(54),
turun minum(55), bawah payung(57), tulang
punggung(61), lahan tidur(62), pemeriksaan
marathon(63), pelabuhan tikus(65), politik
uang(66), tumpang tindih(70), praktek kotor(72),
nilai merah(73), gol hiburan(76), poin penuh(81),
laga tandang(83), mati suri(88), bajing loncat(91).
b. Idiomatic Sentence Menyapu bersih (33), naik podium(34), disambut
hangat(47), ditanggapi dingin(89), tanpa pandang
bulu(92).
c. Proverb Musuh dalam selimut(50).
d. Acronym DPW(6), PKB(7), PILWAKOT(26), PDIP(67),
POLRI(69)
e. Pejoration Oknum(17)
1. Figurative language
a. Metaphor
Metaphorical expression according to Quintilian in Wahab (1990:142) is linguistic
expression to say something to live for another creature, living for the dead, the dead to
the living, or the dead to the dead. Wahab (1990:142) has written some kind of
metaphor is based on the view of syntax. He divided metaphor into three kinds. They
are Nominative Metaphor, Predictive Nominative Metaphor and Sentence Metaphor.
1) Nominative metaphor
Nominative Metaphor is the marker of metaphor which is only found in the noun
sentence. Because the position of the noun in the sentence differently. So that,
nominative metaphor can also divided into two kinds, namely subjective nominative
metaphor and objective nominative metaphor, or commonly known as the nominative
metaphor and complementary metaphor.
(a). Subjective Nominative Metaphor
Subjective Nominative Metaphor is figurative symbol which is found in the subject
of the sentence, while the other parts are still expressed with words that have a direct
meaning. The example of subjective nominative metaphor:
“Pilar(10), and raksasa(16)”
The explanation of data “Dua pilar… PSM, M Rahmat dan Satrio Syam, masih
diparkir sebulan. “pilar” in here as the figurative language. The real meaning is pole
reinforcement of concrete and so on: basic, the essence of substance from which a
large amount develops (KBBI, 1997 : 768). Pole reinforcement of concrete and so on:
basic, the essence of substance from which a large amount develops (KBBI, 1997 :
768). It relates with the strategy in football competition. The player who becomes “pilar”
is a player who has a good ability in the team and has a great share in the victory of his
team
(b). Objective Nominative Metaphor
The example: is syahwat(3), boneka(5), Baterei(20), kasta(35), and otak(41)
2) Predicate Metaphor.
In the predicate metaphor, metaphorical expression is located in predicate of the
sentences, while other parts are expressed literally. The data contain the predicate
metaphor is nyanyi(1), diparkir(11), mogok(12), eksplosif(16), menggelar(22),
menyejukkan(24), bertarung(25), mengusung(31), menggantungkan(36), berlabuh(37),
menggelembungkan(45), diusung(46), membekukan(48), melumat(51),
menumbangkan(53), bertandem(56), mengaspal(58), membukukan(59), diselimuti(64),
menjarin(68), menyeret(71), mencukur(75), diboyong(78), bertandang (80),
meneggelamkan(82), membungkam(84), menjamu(85), bersarang(86), and
membangkitkan(87).
“Irman mulai menunjukkan keseriusannya bertarung…in PILWAKOT”
The figurative language of the word “bertarung” the real meaning is fighting .
(KBBI, 1997 : 1013 ). The word “bertarung” in the mayoral election in the above
sentence implies that “Irman” participates in the mayoral election. In the other
word, Irman is competing in Mayoral Election
3) Complementary Metaphor
The data which is contain the Complementary metaphor is “boomerang(2),
kacamata(9), gamang(30), subur(60), kandang(74), and keganjilan(90)
b. Personification
Menggelembungkan APBN(44), memetik angka(77)
Menteri Sekretaris Kabinet itu menyebutkan ada ketua fraksi di
DPR bermain “menggelembungkan APBN…
c. Hyperbole
Semakin panas(21), tidak terbendung(32).
Situasi di Teluk Persia semakin panas…
d. Repetition
Kucing-kucingan(28), bulan-bulanan(45).
Entah sampai kapan kucing-kucingan…(28) antara Zaki & KPK berakhir”.
2. Lexical Choice (Diction)
The foreign words/term usage that poured in news narration of electronic and
printed media can cause various impressions, such as intellectual impression, adding
prestige, smoothing etc. The term of foreign language is one form of packaging varied
thoughts. Actually, in passing along the news narration impressed with the use of
foreign terms that smoothes the words in question. However, after observing the context
of sentences which is expressed, the meaning of the sentence or phrase can be seen,
even by implication already disclosed. Therefore, based on consideration of the
background speakers of foreign terms are used only to show intellectual impression.
Means including a variety of styles as there are some data collected, preceded by the
term in Indonesian, and vice versa, foreign terms are used with the meanings so
impressed foreign terms that appear as variations
The data contain the foreign term/word usage is “statement(23), no Fear(27),
and hat-trick(79)”.
The use of foreign term/word in news narration is contained in the electronic and
printed media as a confirmation of the author's mind packaging. Talking about beauty,
the data listed above, the level of beauty does not stand out, but create the intellectual
impression with foreign terms used
3. Idiom
Idiom is the word or group of words that means something special to express the
figurative sense. Idiom which is found by writer in news narrations are of two kinds,
namely (a). Idiomatic phrases (b) Idiomatic Clause.
Statement in the form of idiom is not addressed directly but likened the situation
or events around humans. In other words, the meaning of the idiom is contained in a
figurative language. When associated with the definition of style as expressed by Junus
relate with style and packaging, the packaging is said to have the meaning contained in
the expression of figurative meaning. Means the author uses beautiful language support
so that the actual meaning of a cryptic
The data contain of idiomatic phrase is : langkah catur(4), uang ketuk pintu (8),
gol kilat(13), jatuh mental(14), bom ecek-ecek(18), turun tangan(19), saling sikut(29),
dana tak bertuan(38), dana segar(42), adu jotos(43), ujung tanduk(49), tampil apik(52),
umpan matang(54), turun minum(55), bawah payung(57), tulang punggung(61), lahan
tidur(62), pemeriksaan marathon(63), pelabuhan tikus(65), politik uang(66), tumpang
tindih(70), praktek kotor(72), nilai merah(73), gol hiburan(76), poin penuh(81), laga
tandang(83), mati suri(88), and bajing loncat(91).
Pencapresan Ical sudah di ujung tanduk…
Based on the examples presented in the above sentence (6) there is a clause in
the form of idiom “di ujung tanduk ". This phrase is a metaphor. The true meaning is not
likely to occur. In this case the definition is in line with the definition of the style which is
proposed by Junus, namely: the style and packaging. It means that the news narration
presented in the media is packed with beautiful language, so it does not seem obvious
to the true meaning.
Next, some of the data contain the idiomatic sentence is menyapu bersih(33),
naik podium(34), disambut hangat(47), ditanggapi dingin(89), tanpa pandang bulu and
(92).
4. Proverb
Proverb is a group of words that keeps its structure and usually has a special
meaning or metaphor (Jatmikoningtyas, 2009:102). So with the explanation, Proverb is
a group of words or phrases that remain purposeful arrangement which allegorized.
Proverb can also be interpreted using the figurative language. The autors use proverb in
the news narration in order to abbreviate the sentence. Thus, the intent and purpose of
the sentence directly fixed on the core.
Example:
Makanya Ical harus waspadai musuh dalam selimut…
News narrations presented in the form of proverbs in the form of phrases and
clauses in above sentence is beautiful packaging. The figurative language that used
seems beautiful heard, thus attracting the attention of the public. So the author does not
intend to disguise his/her ideas but he/she does not compare directly with other things
with beautiful language as packaging. The goal is to attract attention and allow people
to understand the notion of news to be conveyed by the author.
5. Acronym
DPW(6), PKB(7), PILWAKOT(26), PDIP(67), POLRI(69)
DPW is an acronym from Dewan Pimpinan wilayah
6. Pejoration
Oknum… anggota itu memasuki rumah orang
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
From the finding that shown in previous chapter, the writer may conclude that:
Language patterns which are used by the printed and electronic media using a
style of language (metaphor, personification, hyperbole, repetition and metonymy), the
lexical choice or selection of diction (foreign term / word usage), denotative and
connotative meaning, idiom (idiomatic phrases and sentence), proverb, acronym and
pejoration, having important meanings and role in news narration.
The editors put the distinctive language patterns in composing the news
narration. The data shows that the selected language pattern which is used by the
editors is figurative language especially metaphorical expression. The way of the
editors to pack their mind using figurative language words is vary widely. It can be seen
in the using of metaphorical expression and idiom.
The use of metaphorical language style is intended that the reader or the
audience is interested in news and easily to understand the meaning to be conveyed by
the authors. Metaphorical expression that is a bit rough language will be sounding good
or polite.
B.Suggestion
In this research, the writer examined the patterns of language used a stylistics
analysis method. It is still limited to the language patterns in terms of style, the choice of
diction, sentence meaning, and idiom used in the printed and electronic media.
The writer hopes that there will be a futher reasearch that examines widely of
language patterns contained in the printed and electronic media and more varied based
on the level of semantic, phonological and other linguistic sciences. So that, the reader
can better know in depth the differences owned by news narration that exist in the
printed and electronic media that are reviewed at the level of linguistic sciences.
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