Wikijunior Big Cats

8/14/2019 Wikijunior Big Cats

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Wikijunior

Big Cats


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Copyright 2006-2007, by Theresa Knott, Robert Horning, Laura K Fisher,

John H Burkitt, E Kelly Wiggins, Percival Ross Tiglao, Gabriel Hurley, Milton

Tan, Eduardo Lachy, Nicholas Moreau, Angela Beesley, Robin Shannon, Bart

Niday, Ben Goodger, and many anonymous contributors.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under

the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later

version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant

Sections and no Front-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the

section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

A machine-readable version of this publication is available at

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior_Big_Cats

However, it may be different from the text in this book, as it continues to be

edited by online contributors. The source package for this publication can

also be downloaded from http://liberslibres.wik.is/

This book uses many Public Domain images. Non-Public Domain images are

noted on the page entitled Image Credits. These images are released

under Free licenses like the GFDL (pg 37-40) and Creative Commons

licenses. To read the Creative Commons licenses, go tohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses


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Foreword.............................................................................

Meet the Cats....................................................................

Lions.....................................................................................

Tigers...................................................................................

Pumas..................................................................................Cheetah.............................................................................

Lynx....................................................................................

Caracal..............................................................................

Serval.................................................................................

Jaguar................................................................................

Ocelot................................................................................

Leopard.............................................................................

Snow Leopard.................................................................

Clouded leopard............................................................

Extinction.........................................................................

Keeping cats....................................................................

Glossary............................................................................

GNU Free Documentation License...........................

Image Credits..................................................................

Contents7

911

17

21

35

43

2

3

5

13

15

19

23

25

27

29

31

37


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ForewordWikijunior books welcomes you to the children's book Big Cats". Wcats are some of Earth's grandest treasures, and their stories excite t

imagination of kids of all ages. Many of these lords of the wild a

endangered, and the children who will one day bear our responsibilit

need to admire and love the world so they can enjoy it and pass it on

good as or better than they found it. After all we appreciate what w

understand, and save what we appreciate. The importance of this ta

has led many experts at Wikibooks to donate their time and talentsbring this volume together.

Wikibooks is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, aimed at providi

free, easily available quality reading for adults and children to promo

the global spread of knowledge. Traditional publishing houses make t

bulk of their income from re-issues of classic books, new books

authors with long track records, or celebrities who are famous in th

own right. The chances of a truly good new work being published sol

on the basis of merit skyrocket when you overturn the tradition

business model and tap the wellspring of new talent out there using t

'net.

With this project we have reached a crossroad between the books

yesterday, and the encyclopedia of everything for tomorrow. Simply

reading this book and telling your friends, you have advanced the cauof free access to information and of democratizing the field

publishing. Thank you, and once again, welcome.


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Superb Predators

Meat on the Menu

n Africa, they say that a male lion roars Ha inchi na yanni? Yangu, yangu,yangu! (Whose land is this? It is mine, mine, mine!). It is hard to listen to this

ancient challenge without edging a little closer to the campfire. But what is

behind that remarkable call? Certainly, to some degree, cats are cats around the

world. You look at one of the neighborhood tabbies stalking a squirrel and you can

see in miniature a tiger stalking deer on the meadows of Rhanthambore. And yet

partly because they are so majestic these big cats are different from the neighbor's

feline.

Tigers and lions are among nature's grandest predators. A grizzly bear may be

arger than a Siberian tiger, but the tiger is much quicker. A wolf may have a better

sense of smell than a jaguar, but a jaguar can handle large prey alone while

wolves hunt in packs. Cats have excellent night vision, sharp hearing and enor-

mous physical strength. They sneak up on their prey; the camouflage patterns in

their fur and their graceful, quiet movements make the cats difficult to notice.

The natural order is carefully balanced. There are a few big predators. Under

them are more medium sized cats that eat medium sized prey like antelopes and

deer. Finally, there are many small cats that eat small prey like rodents, lizards,

and birds. Each species has a niche, a special job they hold that keeps them from

competing with others. A natural environment keeps order by having a variety of

plants, prey species, and hunters. The field mice that don't interest the lion keep

the wild cat happy, and the cheetah zooms after a small antelope while leaving

the buffalo for the stronger lions.

Cats hunt because they need meat to survive. Animals that eat grass and leaves

have special stomachs that allow bacteria time to break down complex plant

ugars into the simpler sugars animals can digest. Cats have a very short digestive

ract that quickly breaks down meat and extracts its energy and building materi-

als. Cats cannot survive on a diet of grass.

I


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Cats are native to all continents but Australia and Antarctica. Unfortunately, m

of these wonderful creatures face extinction or are endan-

gered. Cats are often hunted for their fur or meat. Theyare also killed by people who want

the animals that cats hunt all to them-

selves. Worse, the healthy environ-

ment that cats need to survive is not

being treated with the respect it

deserves.

Fortunately, more and more peo-

ple now think of cats as compan-ions to be admired rather than

enemies to be destroyed. Learn

more about these great cats

and their remarkable world and

share what you learn with your

family and friends. Cats,

large and small, are

worth protecting.T o k e e p t h e s e

superb predators in

the world our chil-

dren and grandchil-

dren will live in, we

must learn to make

room for other living

things to use Earth'slimited resources.

Intelligence

Seen Everywhere, Safe Nowher

Cats are among the most intelligent species on Earth. They are ranked just beh

primates (monkeys and apes), cetaceans (whales and dolphins), elephants, se

and canids (dogs, foxes, and bears). All cats are very curious and can learn quic

Large predators need to be extra smart to be successful as hunters. Mother cspend one to two years teaching their offspring the many things they need

know to survive. This is like their school time, when they learn how to deal with

world in which they live.


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How d

The majestic lion is theembodiment of wild Africa. Theyare large, bold and ruggedly

beautiful, fierce on the hunt, and still tender to theiryoung and loyal to their companions.

ions eat large prey, such as gazelles, zebras, wildebeests, and buffalo. They have

been known to take down prey as large as a young giraffe. When food is scarce,

ons will hunt smaller prey or sometimes eat the kills of other animals.

Where do they live?Despite the nickname King of the Jungle, most lions live on

the flat, grassy plains called savannas. In ancient times, lions

roamed nearly every continent. Today, they can commonly

be found across central and southern Africa. There is also a

small population in the Gir forest of India.

Places where lionslive are marked indark green

What do they look like?

What do they eat?

ions have tawny, or yellowish brown, fur. They grow to a length of about 10 feet

3 m) and stand about 4 feet (1.2 m) tall. Male lions are larger than the lionesses

females), weighing as much as five men or about 550 lb (250 kg). The slen-

der lioness usually weighs about as much as three and a half men or 400

b (180 kg).

Adult males can be recognized by the furry mane that

uns around the heads and down the neck. There isno other big cat with such a dramatic difference in

appearance between males and females. Both

have tufts on the end of their tails, something

no other cat has. If you could touch a male

on's tail, you would feel a sharp bone

ucked into the tail tuft. One legend claims

hat lions would use the tail spur to whip

hemselves into a frenzy before fighting.5

Lion


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Lions are social animals, living in large groups called prid

Prides are made up of one to three related adult ma

along with as many as thirty females and cubs. Fema

do most of the hunting in groups. They tend to

faster and better hunters than males. The female

has been known to reach speeds as high as 35m

(56 kmph) while chasing prey. However, most p

can run much faster than the average liTherefore, lions must stalk their prey, using th

tawny coats as camouflage in the tall grass. To ai

camouflage, lions hunt at night. This allows

group of lions to get close to the prey. When

time is right, the lions charge. While lions mi

spend hours stalking prey, the kill is made in m

utes.

When a kill is made, the females will let out roars. This tells the pride to join them for a me

Adult males eat first, followed by females, and th

cubs. While males do not do the hunting, they

serve an important role in the pride. The male lio

much stronger than the female. This makes h

an able protector. Male lions use th

muscles and fighting skills to gu

the land and keep enemies away

How do they raise their young

hey hunt?

Lion cubs are raised in prides, which are family groups of related female lions, th

cubs, and an unrelated male, who fathers the cubs. The female lions do most of

hunting, bringing back meat for the cubs, while the male lion defends the pri

When a younger male lion is fully grown, he usually leaves the pride, though oin a while they can take over their own pride.

How do they hunt?


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igers live in forests and grasslands of eastern and

outheastern Asia. They live in countries such as

B a n g l a d e s h ,

B h u t a n , B u r m a

(Myanmar) China,

I n d i a , N e p a l ,C a m b o d i a , L a o s ,

Malays ia, Thai land and

Vietnam, Indonesia (Sumatra),

and the Russian Far East. The

Bengal Tiger is the national ani-

mal of India and Bangladesh.

TigerWhere do they live?

Places where tigers liveare marked in dark green

A well rounded athlete, thetiger can swim, leap great

distances and pull with fivetimes the force of a strong human.

The tiger is the largest and most powerful cat.

What do they look like?Tigers are usually orange or reddish orange with very bold, uneven black

tripes, and white areas on the chest, neck, belly and inside of the legs.

Their stripes act as camouflage, making it difficult for them to be seen

when they are among the trees and shrubs of the jungle. The stripes can

ary with each individual tiger. A few tigers, all of them descendants of

igers that once lived in India, are white with black stripes. Theblack and white variation never became widespread in nature

because it makes it harder for tigers to hide from their prey.

A tiger usually is about 5 feet 10 inches to 9 feet 1 inch. A large tiger might be 10

eet (3 meters) long. The tail is about 36 inches (91 cm). Tigers weigh about 350 to

550 pounds (160 to 250 kg).

Tigers have very strong teeth and jaws. Their paws are soft and heavily padded.

They also have short, thick, and soft fur and thick long whiskers.7


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Tigers mostly eat plant-eaters, or herbi-

vores, like elk, deer, wild pigs, and buf-

falo. Like the majority of other cats, they

hunt alone. Tigers often hide close tothe ground and wait for the perfect

moment to ambush their prey.

People avoid tiger attacks by using a

face-mask on the back of their heads.

Tigers prefer to approach from behind

and think twice about pouncing when they can see a face. Fortunately, they ra

attack humans unless they are too ill to hunt their normal prey.

How do theyraise theiryoung?Tigers have 1-5 cubs litter, with an average o

3. After 8 weeks of age

cubs begin to join

mother for hunting. T

usually have learned h

to successfully kill prey

the age of 6 months

are not ready for inpendence until 1

to 1 1/2 years of a

The father plays no r

in their upbringi

though there are oc

sionally reports of male tigers socializ

with their mates and cubs outside

breeding season.

What do they eat?

Cool Fact

Tigers are striped through

and through. If you were to

shave a tiger, and few ever

have, you would see the

stripes on the skin.

(Do not try this at home)


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Puma The Puma is a big cat thatis sometimes called a"mountain lion", but theyare more closely related to leopards than to lions. Insome places, pumas are called cougar, mountainlion, catamount, or painted cat.

Where do they live?Pumas are widely spread in North, Central and South

America. They can be seen in a variety of habitats from

desert to forest all the way from northern British Columbia in

he north to the southern end of the Andes mountain range.

Pumas were driven out of the eastern half of North America byhuman pressure; a small population remains in Florida and occa-

ionally there are puma sightings in other eastern states.

Most pumas are a light brown color, with black-

tipped ears and tail. The pumas that liveclosest to the Equator are the small-

est, and increase in size in popu-

lations closer to the poles. The

e n d a n g e r e d F l o r i d a

Panther is the smallest of

the Pumas. They can

retract their sharp

laws into their paws, which have four toes.Male pumas can be as big as 8 feet (2.4

metre) long, and females can be as large

as 7 feet (2.1 metres). The males weigh

n a bit less than the average Adult at

about 150 pounds (70 kilograms),

with females weighing even

maller at 75 pounds (35 kilo-

grams) or less.

Places wherepumas live aremarked indark green


9


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What do they eat?

Pumas are born in litters of 2-4 kittens and

raised by their mothers. When they are born

they weigh about one pound (about half a

kilogram) and are about one foot (30 cm) inlength. The ki tt en s ha ve

d a r k s p o t s

that fade by

the time

they are 8 to 12 months old. The mot

teaches them to hunt, and when they

a year and a half to two years old (a

have their adult teeth) the kittens se

rate from their mother and find th

own territory, though the sibli

might stay together for a while af

they separate from their mother.

Pumas mostly eat large animals like

deer. Because the puma can run very

fast, as much as 30 mph (50 km/h), and

because they can jump 20 ft (6 m) for-

ward from a standing position, they can

very easily catch slower animals. Pumas

can jump 8 ft (2.5 m) straight up and can

climb on rocks and in trees to hunt. Their bite

is very strong, much stronger than a strong

dog's bite, and their largest teeth are abouttwice the size of a large dog's teeth.

Pumas have a very powerful hunting instinct, and have sometim

been known to chase and catch humans on bicycles. A favorite food

pumas is the deer, but they will also eat smaller animals. In areas wh

pumas and people live close together, pumas have hunted dogs a

cats for food, but usually not people. If you are around a puma,

better not to run fast or to ride a bicycle, because their insti

is to chase, catch and kill running animals.



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Cheetahs are medium-sized doglike spotted cats with long

egs and lean bodies. They have a white belly and a dark

stripe that looks like a tear on both sides

of their face. Cheetahs also have round

dark spots on their fur. Adult cheetahs

weigh from 90 to 140 pounds (40-65

kg), and are around 4 to 5 feet (112-

135 cm) long. Cheetahs are built to

be the best runners. They have a big

chest, a narrow waist, and

powerful hind legs. They

have a small head and muzzle, large nostrils

or increased oxygen intake, and small round

ears. All of this makes the cheetah very sleek

and aerodynamic when it runs.

A fast mover,the Cheetahcan sprint for

very short distances at very high speed. They cannotretain this speed for long, unlike their prey. Cheetahs

are the fastest land animals in the world.

Where do they live?


Today, most cheetahs that are found

in sub-Saharan Africa, though a few

are still seen in Iran. In the past, they

used to be found throughout northern

India and Iran. They prefer to live in semi-

deserts, savannahs, prairies, and thick

brush. Because they rely upon speed to

hunt, they avoid dense forests.

Placeswherecheetahslive aremarked indark green

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Females give birth to three to five cubs at a time.

Many cubs are killed by a lack of food or their

natural enemies (lions and hyenas). An old African

legend says the tear stain marks on the cheetah'sface are from the mother weeping for her lost

cubs. The mother cheetah must train the young

cubs to hunt food for themselves so they can sur-

vive on their own. The cubs leave their mother

about one or two years later, and will usually live in groups of two

three while reaching adulthood. Female cheetahs eventually go th

separate ways, but brother cheetahs usually form lifelong partn

ships and share in the hunt to survive.

Cheetahs mostly eat mammals like gazelles, impa

gnu calves, and hares, which are all about the sa

size as, or smaller than, an adult cheetah.

Cheetahs stalk their prey until they are clo

than about thirty meters from each other, athen give chase. The chase is usually over in

than a minute and if the cheetah does

catch its prey quickly it will often give

rather than waste energy. This is beca

cheetahs use a lot of energy when chas

prey at such high speed. About half

chases are successful.

Cheetahs must eat their catch quicklyrisk losing their food to other stron

predators. Cheetahs will not fi

with a larger animal over fo

because they can't risk an injury t

would mean certain starvation.

In the Kalahari desert, they have be

estimated to travel an average of

km between drinks of water.


What do they eat?


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These odd-shaped, ruff-facedcats are not as lordly as the lionor powerful as the tiger. They are

too big to bother with mice and too small totackle a healthy adult deer. But they do one job

rather well: keeping rabbits in control.

Where do they live?


The four species of lynx

are very widespread. The

European Lynx lives in

northern Europe and Asia.

The Canadian Lynx lives in

North America. The Iberian

(or Spanish) Lynx is one of the

most highly endangered

cats and only lives in wild

parts of Spain. Bobcats are the smallest type of lynx, living in North America.

Because they hunt small prey, they live in a wide range of places. habitats.

Places where lynxeslive are marked indark green

Not all lynx look the same. Some of them have dark spots, while oth-

ers have plain yellow or gray fur. All of them have white bellies. Lynx

have long hairs at the tops of their ears, and a beard around their

aw. A bobcat is much smaller than a regular lynx, lacks the

distinctive ear tufts, and looks more like a big house cat. Theyhave smaller feet and shorter legs compared to other lynx,

and almost always have spots.

The most unique part on the lynx and bobcat is their

ail. The bobcat was named after its tail, because it is

bobbed" or short. Their tails are about half the

ength of a normal house cat's tail. None of the other

big cats have this unique trait.

13

Lynx


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Lynx have three to five cubs, while bobcats usually ha

three cubs. No male lynxes help raise their offspring. T

may sound selfish, but in the animal world, the s

responsibility for finding food for the young rests upon female. Lynx would be too noisy hunting in pairs, and t

they would have less of a chance to catch their prey.

Lynx are born from May to June

or as late as July, the time of the

year when prey is most

abundant. Bobcats are usually

born in April or May. Before

winter closes in, the femalemust begin teaching the young how to survive on their o

Rabbits have sensitive hearing, and the mother must tea

her boisterous, playful cubs to use patience and stealth to

close enough to the rabbits for a good charge. Not all hu

are successful, even when the young are skilled hunters. T

young tend to leave their mother at 10 months of age, and

from the same litter may remain together for a while bef

they go their separate ways. Adult lynx are mostly solitary.

What do they eat?

How do they raisetheir young?

Lynx eat mainly arctic hares (a large member of the

rabbit family). They sometimes eat squirrels,

ptarmigan (birds that look like large pigeons), and

grouse (which look like fancy chickens).Bobcats eat smaller animals like

squirrels, rabbits, and mice. Their odd shape with long leg

short neck and short tail, is an adaptation to hunting p

that must be captured with a sudden burst of speed an

killing pounce. In order to catch their prey, they must f

sneak up as carefully and close as they can, and only mak

final rushing attack when the prey makes a run for it.


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Caracals are distributed over Africa and Asia.

Their habitat is dry steppes and deserts, but also

woodlands, savannahs, and scrub forest. They are

solitary, or paired, territorial cats.

The Caracal,also calledPersian lynx, is

a medium-sized wild cat. The caracal resembles alynx and is related. Caracals are the heaviest of all

small cats as well as the fastest.

Where do they live?

What do they look like?The length is 65 cm (about

3 ft), plus 30 cm tail

(about 1 foot). It has

longer legs and a

s l i m m e r

appearance

than a lynx.

The color of the fur may be wine-red, gray

or sand-colored. Young caracals beareddish spots on the underside, while

adults do not have markings except

or black spots above the eyes. The

aracal has long, tufted black ears,

which also explain the origin of its

name karakulak", Turkish for

black ear".

15

Placeswherecaracalslive aremarkedin green.

Caracal


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What do they eat?A caracal may survive without drinking for a long period - the water deman

satisfied with the body fluids of the prey. It hunts at night (but in colder seasons a

in the daytime) for rodents and hares; rarely it may even attack a gazelle, a sm

antelope or a young ostrich.They are picky eaters, and discard the internal organs of the mammals they cat

partially pluck the fur off of hyraxes and larger kills, and avoid eating hair by she

ing meat neatly from the skin. But they will eat the feathers of small birds and

tolerant of rotten meat. Caracal ears are controlled by 20 different m

cles. Tufts of fur on their ears help th

pinpoint their prey accurately.

They are most well-known, howev

for their skill with hunting birdcaracal is able to snatch a b

in flight, sometimes m

than one at a t im

Caracals can jump a

climb exceptiona

well, which enable

t o ca t ch hyr a x

better than probaany other carnivore.

Caracals are born inlitters of 1-4 kittens,

with 2 on average.

They stop drinking their

mothers milk at ten weeks

old, and stay with her for up to

one year before leaving.

How do they raistheir young


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Servals usually eat birds, fish

and small rodents. When

hunting a bird, the serval will

jump up in the air and bat the bird

with its front paws. This stuns the

bird and makes it fall to the

g r o u n d . W h e n h u n t i n grodents, the serval uses its

arge ears to listen for them under the ground. It then jumps

traight up into the air six feet or higher, and comes straight down

on its prey. Like most cats, a serval will take advantage of other

opportunities that come along, taking on anything it feels it

an safely subdue. However a serval never poses a threat

o humans.

Serval The serval lives in tallgrass, where the lionshunt gazelles andbuffalo. It does not attempt to compete with the"king of beasts", content to tackle smaller prey.Gliding along on stilt-like limbs, with a long neck andlarge ears, the serval looks like no other cat.

Where do they live?

What do they eat?

Servals live in the savannahs (grass-

lands) of Africa. This allows them to

see both their prey and their preda-

tors. As a medium sized cat they haveto be wary of lions and hyenas. Servals

are good swimmers and often live near

open water where they can take an

occasional dip to hunt for fish or swipe

at birds that stop by.

Places where servals liveare marked in green.

17


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How do they raise

their young

The serval's lanky body gives them the most

advantage for their bulk in coping with the

tall grass where they roam. It gives them the

appearance of being larger than they reallyare. In fact, the smaller female ranges from

less than twenty pounds up to about thirty-

five pounds. Males generally weigh thirty to

fifty pounds. Their large ears give them

an advantage in hearing their prey

before it hears them. Their fur is yellow

with black spots. On the back of the

ears are horizontal gray bars. Servals

use the position of their ears to communicate with each other. They also

a great deal, but this sound can have friendly meanings too. People of

think a captive raised serval is being aggressive that is only trying to say he

There are usually two or three young servals,

called kittens, in a litter. They are born

in areas of long grass, but are

moved around often, because

many animals eat servals.

They learn to hunt from

w a t c h i n g t h e i rmother. She will

c h a s e m a l e s

away as soon

as they can hunt, at about 8 to

months of age, but will let fema

stay with her for a little longer,

to a year.


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Jaguar The jaguar iscalled Ona bySouth Americansand El Tigre by Central Americans. Long ago,they called it Yaguara, the cat that kills with a singlespring. Both names convey the awe and reverencethis largest New World cat inspires.

Where do they live?Jaguars live in the rain forests and more open coun-

tryside in South and Central America, and are the

largest members of the cat family there. Jaguarsare strong swimmers and climbers, and they often

prefer to live by rivers, in swamps, and in dense

forest with thick cover for stalking prey.

Jaguars once lived as far north as the southwestern

United States. The last wild jaguar in the United

States died around 1960, however some of these

cats are once again migrating north from Mexico.

aguars mostly take large prey, which they mainly hunt on the ground at night.

Their very strong jaws let them hunt deer and peccaries, but they are great oppor-

unists and will eat anything from frogs and mice to birds, fish, and

domestic livestock. They can even crunch through

a turtle's shell quickly. Jaguars can runquite quickly, but do not have much

endurance and rarely make long

hases. Jaguars are noctur-

nal and have very good

night vision

What do they eat?

Placeswherejaguars liveare markedin green.

19


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How do they raise their youngJaguars usually live and hunt alone, but they do meet up during the breeding

season. Female jaguars give birth to as many as four cubs in each litter, but

usually can raise no more than two of them to adulthood. The young cubs are

born blind and can see after two weeks. They remain with their mother for along time, up to two years, before leaving to establish a territory for themselv

At first, young males will wander around from place to place, jostling with the

older male jaguars, until they succeed in claiming a territory.

What do they look like?Jaguars look very similar to leopards, but they behave more like tigers. The jaghas the strongest jaw structure in the cat family. Its powerful cheek muscles a

lower jaw gives the Jaguar a much more rounded face than the leopard. Jagu

are also rather short-legged compared to other cats, which increases th

strength rather than their speed.

Jaguars usually have background fur that is orange-yellow in color. There

numerous rings of spots on their flanks and spots on their he

and necks. Jaguars and leopa

can be distinguished by the fthat jaguars have spots within

centers of their ring markin

while leopards do not. So

scientific evidence sugge

these two cats are very clos

related but jaguars are native

the New World while leopards

native to the Old World . Th

are some jaguars that seem to

entirely black in color, but the sp

can still be seen if you look clos

Jaguars with the all black color

are sometimes called bl

panthers, but they

really jaguars.


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Ocelot The ocelot is abeautiful small-to-medium sized catwhose markings resemble the larger jaguar. Thatbeauty once brought them close to extinction,though they are now faring better with legalprotection.

Where do they live?Ocelots mostly live in South and Central America, but

there are some as far North, as south of United States of

America. There are are eleven different types (or

subspecies) of ocelot. These live in different

parts of the south of the Americas.

Three of these eleven subspecies live in

Mexico, and a different subspecies lives in

each of the Amazon Rainforest, Atlantic

Forest, the Northern Andes (Venezuela and

Guyana) and all other countries of South America, Argentina,

Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay.

Ocelots mostly come out at night. During the day they sleep inrees, bushes and thick grasses. Some ocelots live alone, while oth-

ers have been reported to live in pairs, maintaining contact by mew-

ng to each other.

Ocelots grow up to 3 feet and 2 inches (100 cm) in length, plus a footand a half (45 cm) tail length. It is similar in appearance to the

oncilla and the margay, who inhabit the same region,

but the ocelot is larger. Their

ur is gold with black

pots. They are very thin,

have huge teeth, and can

ump quite far.


21

laces

herecelots livere markedn green.


25/46

How do they raise their youngOcelots typically have two offspring in a

litter, kept safely in a rocky den or

hollow log. In the tropics there is

no set breeding season, but

further north young are

usual ly born in the

autumn months. Whilelittle is known about

ocelot social struc-

ture, observers indicate that ocelot kittens s

with the mother for about one year, and t

they may remain in their mother's territory

up to an additional year before going

entirely on their own.

How to Catch an OcelotScientists at a wildlife refuge in southern Texas were having a

hard time finding the few ocelots that lived in the area. They tried

using all kinds of animal smells but the ocelots would never

show up. So it was very lucky for the scientists when an

amazing accidental discovery took place. A worker at therefuge wore the scent of Obsession, a men's cologne (think of

it as a perfume for men). One day an excited ocelot tried to

rub against the worker to better catch the scent. The scientists

then knew that ocelots love Obsession! They are now trying to

use the cologne to help raise the number of ocelots.

What do they eat?Ocelots like to eat small animals. They will catch monke

snakes, rodents and birds if they can. Almost all of the animals t

the ocelot hunts are far smaller than it is. Scientists think that ocelots fol

and find animals to eat by smell, sniffing for where they've been on the grou

They can see very well in the dark, and move very stealthily, too.


26/46

The leopardis thechampion

athlete of the cat world. It would take threeolympic weightlifters to "tie" at tug of war with one100 pound leopard. This amazing strength is shown

when a successful hunter scrambles up the side ofa tree with an antelope in its jaws.

Where do they live?


Places where leopards live aremarked in red.

eopards are usually 6.5 to 10 feet (2-3 m) long,

ncluding 23-43 inches (58-110cm) of tail, and

weigh about the same as a human or a large dog,

65-155 pounds (30-70 kg). They stand

7.530.5 inches (43-78 cm) tall. Female leop-

ards are usually only two-thirds the size of

male leopards.

A leopard's coat is short and sleek. Depending

on where it lives, a leopard's coat can be a

pale straw color, grey, ochre, or black.

Because the fur in a leopard's spots is thicker

and more coarse, they can be felt as

well as seen. All leopards

h a v e b l a c k

Leopards live in the Middle East, parts of Asia,

and Africa. This means they live in more placesthan any other big cat. Leopards spend a lot of

time in trees, often sleeping draped over a

branch. They will even pull entire prey animals

up into the branches where they can eat without

having to fight off other predators trying to

steal their food.

Leopard

23


27/46

Leopards tend to eat antelopes and similarly sized h

animals. They avoid the larger herbivores, such as wabuffalo, because the larger beasts can only be saf

captured by groups of animals that hunt in teams, s

as lions. Leopards also eat smaller animals includ

rodents, rabbits, and even large insects!

They are known to kill and eat dogs, so those pers

who bring a dog into leopard country are advised

cage the dog so that it does not become food

leopards.

What do they eat?

How do they raise their youngLeopards are born in litter of 1 - 3 cubs. Fathers do not take

care of the leopard cubs. The cubs closely are hidden for

the first two months, then follow their mother at 6-8 weeks.

They leave home at 13 - 18 months, and siblings (cubsborn together) may remain together for a few months

before separating.

Black leopards are

s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d

panthers, and they

were once thought to

be a separate species.

Though they are all

black, they still have

the black spots that leopards are famous for.

black leopards, these spots are only slightly dar

than the surrounding fur, but under very bright lig

they stand out from the lighter, somewhat purpl

background fur.

Leopard or Panther


28/46

Leopard

now Snow Leopardsdare to livewhere icygales would

freeze ahuman's

blood inminutes. Their bodies are adapted to survive andthrive in an icy wilderness of breathtaking beautyand great danger. Until recently, no one hadphotographed a snow leopard in the wild.

Where do they live?


Snow leopards live in the high

mountains of China and Central

Asia, particularly throughout

t h e H i m a l a y a s . T h e y

typically have a hunting

range or territory of 100

square miles (260 square km),

because very few prey animals live in the harsh,mountain habitat that is home to the snow

leopard.

Snow leopards have gray-and-white fur with rosettes on

the flanks and spots on the head and neck. This color

resembles the rocks and snow of their environment and

helps them stalk their prey. Their tails are unusually long,

thickly furred, and striped. Their paws are covered in fur to

keep them warm and to act like snowshoes. During blizzards,

they wrap their tail around their face, using it like a muff, to

keep warm. Their round eyes range in colour from pale yellow

to green-grey in colour. Male snow leopards weigh between

90-115 pounds (40-52 kg), and females weigh between 75-

90 pounds (34-40 kg).

Places where snoweopards live aremarked in green.

24


29/46

Cool Facts

The snow leopard has the longest tof any cat.

Snow leopards will attack prey

weighing four times as much as

themselves.

Snow Leopards have the thickest

fur of all cats.

What do they eat?


Snow leopards eat almost anything they can catch,

often hunting animals three times their size. Their

main sources of food include wild sheep and goats,

pikas, hares, and game birds. In the summer, they

eat mostly smaller prey, such as marmots. At other

times their prey includes wild boars, gazelles, mar-

khor, bobak, tahr, ibex, bharal, mice, and deer.

They stalk their prey and usually begin their attack

when they are 20 to 50 feet (6-15 m) away.

The snow leopard's broad paws act as snow shoes and give them traction as t

chase their prey across stone, snow, and icy surfaces. They are at their best wh

they can run across the hard, icy crusts that form above banks of deep snow w

their hooved prey breaks through the crust, getting mired in the soft, underlysnow.

Snow leopards give birth to two or three cubs in a litter, but

there can be as many as seven. At two months old, the

cubs begin to eat solid food. At three months old,

they follow their mother on hunts. They staywith her through their first winter and leav

only after they have reached the age of

22 months. Brothers and sisters may sta

together for a time after leaving the

protection of their mother.


30/46

Clouded leopards live

throughout southern

C h i n a , t h e e a s t e r n

H i m a l a ya n m ount a i ns ,

south-east Asia, and the

Indonesian islands. They prefer

to live in tropical or subtropical

forests at altitudes of up to about2,000 metres (6,500 ft), yet they

an also be found living in mangrove swamps and grass-

ands. Clouded leopards once lived in Taiwan, but are

now thought ot be extinct there.

Clouded Cloudedleopardsare nottrulyleopards at

all, butspend a great deal of time in trees, just as thetrue leopards of Africa do. Because of the shape oftheir large markings, they have sometimes beencalled mint leopards.

Where do they live?Places where cloudedleopards live are

marked in green.

Cool Facts

Clouded leopards can climb down treetrunks head first.

They will sometimes hang head-downfrom branches using their hind legs.

Young clouded leopards are born withspots that become open squares as theygrow older.

27

Leopard


31/46

The clouded leopard has short legs for its size. It

also has the longest canine teeth (2 inches) for

any similarly sized cat species that lives today.

Only the extinct sabretooth cats had longer

canine teeth for their body size.

Clouded leopards are excellent climbers andtheir major prey animals live in trees. Short, flexi-

ble legs, large paws, and keen claws combine

to make them very sure-footed in this environment. The clouded le

ard's tail can be as long as its body and helps to maintain the c

balance while moving through the trees. Amazingly, th

cats can hang upside-down under branches, and can ev

climb down tree trunks head-first. Other cats can

do this because their claws are not shaped in

same way.

The beautiful pattern of the clouded leopa

fur is its most interesting feature. The la

square rosettes look like clouds to so

people, and that is how they got

name "clouded leopard." Other peo

think the blotches look more like m

leaves, so they are also called "mleopards."


While not much is known about their behavior in the wild,

their prey is thought to be mostly mammals that live in

trees, particularly monkeys, along with small mammals,

deer, birds, porcupines, and domestic livestock.

What do they eat?

Clouded leopards usually have litters of between one a

five cubs. The young are blind and helpless at first, th

begin to see within ten days of their birth, and are ready

leave their mother by about ten months of age. Cloud

leopards are fully grown at two years old.



32/46

Extinction is Forever

Poaching

Folk Medicines

Some big cats throughout history have become extinct because they were

eplaced with newer species better suited to the environment. The Sabretooth is

one example of a large Ice-Age predator that died out because the large prey it

needed retreated with the glaciers. Pumas and jaguars now roam where the

mighty Sabertooth once ruled. Natural extinction is part of the grand drama of life

on earth. However, many more cat species are in danger of dying out due to the

killing of an entire species by humans for reasons having nothing to do with fitness

or survival. These species are not replaced with newer ones, their death merely

eaves a hole in the fabric of life on earth.

People who defy existing laws to kill predators for money, animal parts, or personal

easons are called poachers. As outlaws, many poachers are dangerous people

who are willing to protect their livelihood through violent means. The famous

onservation leaders George Adamson and Diane Fossey were killed by poacherswho saw them as a threat. Stopping poaching is very difficult because most big cat

habitat is remote land that is difficult to patrol and exists in some of the world's

poorest countries without many law enforcement resources. The most effective

way to curb poaching is to reduce the demand for the products they provide.

A number of people believe, without any scientific evidence, that folk medicinesmade from parts of big cats can treat or even cure certain illnesses and conditions.

Belief in sympathetic magic - that like-causes-like - leads people to seek the

attributes they most admire about big cats by using parts of their bodies. People

eeking courage, strength, or a greater capacity for physical intimacy attempt to

acquire those things through eating, drinking, applying or wearing parts of the

animals supposed to possess those traits. For nearly everything supposedly treat-

able with feline folk medicines, there are effective, safe and proven remedies

available in modern medicine.29


33/46

Predation

Fur Trade

Habitat Loss

Many big cats have been killed because they compete with humans for

same prey animals or because they occasionally attack human-raised livesto

Some big cats that become too weak to hunt their own natural prey find dome

livestock much simpler to acquire. Other big cats develop a taste for livestock of sheer opportunity. Sometimes, control of individual predators, through killi

appear to be justified. However there is a much more dangerous approach

predator control where an entire population or even an entire species is classif

as a "pest" and open to extermination. Extermination is an attempt to kill

entire population of a species. Once, pumas, bobcats, and jaguars were targe

for extermination campaigns. These days, most governments in the world ag

that extermination is not a viable form of human intervention, but sometimes lo

peoples ignore laws designed to prevent extermination.

either

The soft, warm, boldly patterned pelts (skins with fur) of big cats were long cons

ered the ultimate expression of fashion and extravagance. Even today, most fa

ion items made with real fur come from carnivores such as bobcats and m

Those legal for sale are produced from animals raised on fur farms rather th

taken from the wild. The vast majority of natural leopard, ocelot, lynx and jag

furs are banned on the international market by laws protecting endangered s

Habitat loss is the silent killer. An animal's habitat is an area where it can live, a

for most large predators that means cover, adequate prey, freedom of moveme

and water. Most big cats need lots of land - without many manmade barrie

where they can hunt and raise young. Uncontrolled development of wild are

such as slash-and-burn agriculture, reduces the number of places where big ccan survive and thrive. To some degree, protected areas known as Parks a

Wildlife Sanctuaries help preserve endangered species habitat. However, in m

poor countries there is not adequate law enforcement to prevent poaching

illegal development of land. Also, animals need more land than we can afford

protect in parks. More enlightened use of habitat by man can increase the num

of big cats and preserve their genetic diversity. For instance, a timber plantat

can provide both high quality wood and habitat for predators and their prey. Us

sustainable management techniques, land can provide a never-ending source

wood products while continuing to preserve wildlife.


34/46

Once zoos were terrible places for big cats. Theirneeds were poorly understood, and therefore poorly

met. Today we understand that there are four types of

fitness, all equally important. Physical Fitness is more

than basic life support. Animals evolved in a complex

environment, and meeting their whole range of needs

makes their life longer and better. Mental Fitness is as

mportant in captivity as it is in the wild. It promotes natural social behavior within

and between species and reduces neurotic behaviors such as pacing and self-njury. Emotional Fitness is the cornerstone of a humane, trusting partnership

between man and animal. When we bring life into the world, we owe it happiness

and contentment. Moral Fitness is a clear understanding of rules and expectations

by man and animal that promotes trust, minimizes stress, reduces accidents, and

helps cooperation.

Captive management of big cats is part of a strategy to keep endangered species

rom becoming extinct. It also provides a source of education and inspiration to

oo visitors and helps us study what these cats need to survive and thrive. What

ollows is from an interview with John Burkitt of Tiger Touch.

deally, safety is guaranteed for the animals, their staff, and the visiting public. Theanimals are protected as well as possible against items thrown over the fence that

may injure the cats or be eaten. When big cats eat the wrong sort of objects, such

as toys or bottle fragments, it causes potentially deadly blockages of the intestines.

The staff is protected by the use of "lockouts" and "air locks". Lockouts are areas

where big cats can be confined while someone performs maintenance on their

ving area. It is the only safe way to remove wastes, cut grass, remove foreign

objects, or repair fixtures. "Air Locks" are small chambers with a door on each end

The Four Types of Fitness

Safety

31


35/46

that allow people to enter and exit a cat enclosure without having an open

clear to the outside at any one moment. People come in the outer door, clos

behind them, then open the inner door to enter the cat enclosure. At no time ca

cat push past the keeper and escape. Guard rails around certain exhibits ke

visitors at least five feet (1.8 meters) away from the animal's outer fence at

times. This prevents people from being tempted to touch animals through

mesh or bars and get injured. Such injuries are more often fatal to the cat thanthe visitor since most states require the animal to be killed and tested for rabie

the victim refuses to take precautionary rabies vaccination shots. Zoo visitors t

follow the rules are completely safe. Zoos and animal parks also have are the o

hours security systems that protect the animals against nighttime intrud

Motion sensors, infrared cameras, and perimeter fences prevent people fr

disturbing the animals after hours. Finally, the animals are usually confined

smaller areas during off hours, and only released into their large enclosures sho

before opening time.

One function of zoos is to provide safe

places where endangered animals can

breed. To be effective in producing healthy

cats that are genetically diverse (born to

unrelated parents), zoos will often ship

animals long distances to find mates that

would make a good match. If you let closely

related cats have offspring together, their

young would be considered inbred, which

means they don't have a healthy mix of

different backgrounds in their physical makeup. Inbred animals are prone to

sick or even die. Computer technology helps zoos be sure which animals wo

make the best mates for each other and avoid inbreeding.

Animals used in a Species Survival Plan are sometimes taken out of the pu

viewing areas for a private, less stressful area to breed and care for their offspr

in the first critical weeks. Usually you can tell if animals on display in a zoo

involved in an SSP because there will be a sign posted on their enclosure.

One of the most important differences in zoos today from zoos long ago is t

they are more than just living museums. They are also valuable partners in

battle to save endangered species.

Species Survival Plans


36/46

ood has to be wholesome and free from disease and

parasites. It may be meat, a prepared diet such as

ZuPreem or Mazuri, or a combination of both. Food is

erved raw to prevent nutrient loss from cooking.Additives make up for the loss of calcium and micronut-

ients available in regular prey. Finally as part of good

animal husbandry, food is individually prepared for each

animal based on weight control and medication needs.

When, for one reason or another, the parents of young big cats cannot raise their

own offspring, the cubs and kittens are sent to a nursery where specially trainedoo staff and volunteers provide them with the food, stimulation, and affection.

Young cats of all species cannot properly pass solid wastes on their own. A warm,

wet washrag or sponge is used to wipe the backside of kittens and cubs to stimu-

ate them to pass wastes, something they usually do in the wild when their mother

leans them with her tongue. Proper nursing is especially important: cubs and

kittens are never given milk while they are lying on their back. This can cause pneu-

monia. The milk given to cats is different than the milk given to human children in a

number of ways. Zoo personnel know the right way to mix milk for the differentpecies of large and small cats in their care. Temperature is carefully controlled

ince these young animals are not as good at controlling their body temperature

as are adults.

Food Preparation

The Nursery

Keeping animals happy as well as healthy is a chal-

enge. The best way is a combination of several things:

physical interaction with others of its own kind or spe-ially-trained human companions, desirable features

n the enclosure such as swimming pools and ledges for

perching and sleeping, and toys to play with.

Sometimes food is hidden about or put on ropes where it can be jerked away to

timulate chase, hunt, and play behaviors and reduce boredom. Many zoo animals

are fond of visitors and develop routines to impress the people that come to see

hem. Large, natural enclosures give the animals more freedom of movement and

encourage physical activity.

Enrichment

33


37/46

Like all other animals in captivity, zoo animals require occasional trips to the v

The veterinarians that handle zoo animals are specially trained in exotic medic

the diseases and conditions of animals not usually kept as pets. Veterinary c

usually is done at the zoo in a special health care building that has the spe

equipment needed to fill cavities in a tiger's teeth or perform surgery on a lion.

Veterinary Care

While most modern zoos do not teach animals to

perform "tricks", they do train animals to respond

to certain commands to make them safer to han-

dle, move and examine. This training emphasizesrewards for good behavior rather than punish-

ment for bad behavior. Using the reward system

not only makes training easier and more humane,

it avoids the ever-present danger that an angry cat may find a chance to lash ou

its tormentor. That only needs to happen once briefly for tragedy to occur.

Although it is unpleasant to think about, death is a part of life. When a decisio

made by the zoo staff that a certain cat is in too much pain to have a good life,

life of that cat is humanely ended. The phrase put to sleep or put down is not ac

rate and does not confer the dignity that usually accompanies the act. Zookeep

almost always experience grief when one of their long-term friends d

Whenever possible, someone the cat loves is allowed to be with them as the dru

administered. This special drug is designed to calm the cat and lull it to sle

before death occurs. After death has been certified by the veterinarian, a necro

(animal autopsy) is performed to determine the exact cause of the animal's illn

or injury. This information is used to help protect other animals. Many zoos, a

most sanctuaries and animal parks, have special plots where beloved animals

laid to rest. These are rarely open to the public. Animals that are not buried

usually cremated (burned) for health reasons or used to provide skeletons a

skins for educational use at the zoo or in museums and universities.

Training

End of Life Issues


38/46

Canine teeth: Sometimes called fangs, they are teeth used as weapons and tograsp and hold prey.

Captivity: Animals that are kept by humans.

Carnivore: An animal that eats meat.

Classification: The way scientists give animals names that everyone around theworld will understand, in a way that reflects our scientific understanding of howlosely different animals are related to one another.

Conservation: Ways of reducing the amount of natural resources used, includingeusing and recycling.

Domestic: Animals that are taken from their natural habitat into the humanhabitat, and changed in ways that make them more suitable to living with humans.

Endangered: Animals that are in danger of becoming extinct.

Extinct: When all animals of a kind are gone, that kind of animal is extinct. Theyan never come back.

Family: A medium-sized group used in classification, it is made up of very closely

elated animals.Flank: The side part of an animal's body.

Habitat: An area able to support a type of animal.

Herbivore: An animal that eats plants such as leaves and berries.

nstinct: An animal's inherited knowledge; knowledge that did not have to beearned.

ungle: A large forest in warm countries with many different kinds of animals andplants.

itter: A group of baby animals with the same parents.

Mammal: A warm-blooded animal that has hair on its skin and gives its childrenmilk to drink.

Mane: The furry crown around a male Lion's head.

Muzzle: The part of an animal's face that includes the nose and jaws.

New World: North, Central and South America.

Nocturnal: Active at night and asleep during the day.

35


39/46

Offspring: The children of an animal.

Old World: Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa.

Pelt: The skin of a mammal with the fur on.

Poaching: Illegally killing an animal.

Prairie: A large, flat plain with a lot of grass and almost no trees, such as the GrPlains of North America.

Predator: An animal that hunts other animals and eats them.

Prey: An animal hunted by another animal for food .

Rainforest: A large forest that stays warm and wet year round with many differkinds of animals and plants .

Rosette: A mark in an animal's fur where a number of closely placed spots formunbroken circle.

Retract (claw): The hiding of claws inside a paw.

Savannah: A large, flat plain with a lot of grass and scattered groups of trees, such aEast Central Africa.

Siblings: All the offspring from one litter, or sometimes offspring with the same parefrom two different litters

Species: A group of animals that under normal conditions can have offspring togethe

Steppes: A large, flat plain with a lot of grass and almost no trees.

Subtropical: An area that never gets very cold in the winter, but which has differseasons.

Tropical: An area that never gets cold and does not have different seasons. Tropiareas are found close to the equator, and on a world map the area between the Troof Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer is considered the tropics.

Wildlife refuge: Land that is used to protect of wild animals. Sometimes parts o

wildlife refuge are not kept in a natural state to give certain species of animals a liextra help. Planting rice in a water bird area is one example.

Zoo: A type of living museum where animals are kept for people to learn about thand have fun.


40/46

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copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measur

obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may ac

compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow

conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering m

than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that cclearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back co

Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must presen

full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addi

Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these co

tions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many

reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either inclu

machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a compu


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etwork location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard

etwork protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter

ption, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to

nsure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after

he last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the

ublic.

is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any

arge number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

. MODIFICATIONS

ou may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above,

rovided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the

ole of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses

copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

ou may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified

Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an

rganization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

* A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of

previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You

may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

* B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifi-cations in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all

of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.

* C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.

* D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

* E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.

* F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the

Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

* G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the

Document's license notice.

* H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

* I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year,

new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section

Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the

Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the

previous sentence.

* J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the

Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based

on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was

published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers

to gives permission.

* K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and

preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or

dedications given therein.* L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section

numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

* M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.

* N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant

Section.

* O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a B

Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover

and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If

Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement mad

the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one

explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their name

publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defin

section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sec

of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work

license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections ma

replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different cont

make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the origauthor or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the sec

titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, form

one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sect

Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements.

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License,

replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in

collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents

other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this Lice

provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all o

respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works,

on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from

compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual wpermit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in

aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Docume

less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracke

Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic f

Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document unde


44/46

terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their

copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the

original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license

notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English

version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement

between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version

will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement

(section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under

this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will

automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or

rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in

full compliance.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License

from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to

address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a

particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of

following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been

published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version

number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software

Foundation.

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License,

and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included

in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the

documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License,

provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other

respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or

works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyrightresulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the

individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the

other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the

Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on

covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the

Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole

aggregate.

41


45/46

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document unde

terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copy

holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versio

these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in

Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of

License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the tra

tion and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirem

(section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for unde

License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automati

terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you u

this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License

time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to add

new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a partic

numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the t

and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draf

the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you

choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.


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over Page: 2004 Malene Thyssen, released under the GNU Free Documentation License, and the Creative Commonsttribution ShareAlike license versions 2.5, 2.0, and 1.0

age 4: 2006 Eric Gaba, released under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license versions 2.5, 2.0, and 1.0,nd the GNU Free Documentation License

age 5-6: 2004 , released under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License

age 8: 2003 Slawojar, released under the GNU Free Documentation License

age 9: 2005 Laura Scudder and Brion Vibber, released under the GNU Free Documentation License, and the Creativeommons Attribution ShareAlike license versions 2.5, 2.0, and 1.0

age 9-10: 2004 Beatrice Murch, released under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License

age 11T: 2005 Laura Scudder and Brion Vibber, released under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike licenseersions 2.5, 2.0, and 1.0, and the GNU Free Documentation License

age 13: 2005 Laura Scudder and Astrokey44, released under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike licenseersions 2.5, 2.0, and 1.0, and the GNU Free Documentation License

age 13-14: 2005 Bernard Landgraf, released under the GNU Free Documentation License

age 14B: 2005 Bernard Landgraf, released under the GNU Free Documentation License

ages 15-16: 2006 Raymond Fudge, released under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 License

age 16: 2004 Aaron Logan, released under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License

age 17T: 2007 Gabriel Hurley, released under the GNU Free Documentation License, and the Creative Commonsttribution ShareAlike license versions 2.5

age 17B: 2005 Schuyler Shepherd, released under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License

age 18T: 2006 Christopher Heschong, released under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License

age 19: 2005 Laura Scudder and Brion Vibber, released under the GNU Free Documentation License, and the Creativeommons Attribution Shar

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