Wikipedia of Pesticide

8/19/2019 Wikipedia of Pesticide

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Pesticide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A cropduster spraying pesticide on a field

A Lite-Trac four-wheeled self-propelled crop sprayer spraying pesticide on a field

Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, destroying, or mitigating any pest.[! They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products

"also known as crop protection products#, which in general protect plants from damaginginfluences such as weeds, plant diseases or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that theterm pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product , although it is in facta broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticideincludes all of the following$ herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator , nematicide,termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, a%icide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent,animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant "antimicrobial#, and saniti&er .['!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropdusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropdusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite-Trachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite-Trachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(animal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(animal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_growth_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_growth_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactericidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite-Trachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(animal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_growth_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactericidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_repellenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropduster


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(n general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent "such as a %irus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant# that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests.Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish,nematodes "roundworms#, and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease,or are disease %ectors. Although pesticides ha%e benefits, some also ha%e drawbacks, such as

potential to)icity to humans and other desired species. According to the *tockholm +on%entionon ersistent rganic ollutants, of the ' most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are pesticides.[/![0!

Contents

• 1efinition

• ' Types

o '. rganophosphate pesticides

o '.' +arbamate pesticides

o './ rganochlorine insecticides

o '.0 yrethroid pesticides

o '.2 *ulfonylurea herbicides

o '.3 4iopesticides

o '.5 +lassified by type of pest

o '.6 Further types of pesticides

• / 7ses

• 0 8anufacturing rocess of esticides

o 0. 9uantity and %ariety

• 2 +osts

o 2. :ealth effects

o 2.' ;n%ironmental effect

o 2./ ;conomics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Gilden_RC.2C_Huffling_K.2C_Sattler_B_2010_103.E2.80.9310-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Organophosphate_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Carbamate_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Organochlorine_insecticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Pyrethroid_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Sulfonylurea_herbicideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Biopesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Classified_by_type_of_pesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Further_types_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Manufacturing_Process_of_Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Quantity_and_varietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Health_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Environmental_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Gilden_RC.2C_Huffling_K.2C_Sattler_B_2010_103.E2.80.9310-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Organophosphate_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Carbamate_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Organochlorine_insecticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Pyrethroid_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Sulfonylurea_herbicideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Biopesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Classified_by_type_of_pesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Further_types_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Manufacturing_Process_of_Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Quantity_and_varietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Health_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Environmental_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#Economics


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• 3 4enefits

o 3. rimary benefits

o 3.' 8onetary

• 5 Alternati%es

o 5. ush pull strategy

o 5.' ;ffecti%eness

• 6


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Algicides or Algaecides AlgaeA%icides 4irds

4actericides 4acteriaFungicides Fungi and omycetes(nsecticides (nsects

8iticides or Acaricides 8ites8olluscicides *nails >ematicides >ematodes


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(n '==, the de%elopment of a new class of fungicides called paldo)ins was announced. Thesework by taking ad%antage of natural defense chemicals released by plants called phytoale)ins,which fungi then deto)ify using en&ymes. The paldo)ins inhibit the fungiDs deto)ificationen&ymes. They are belie%ed to be safer and greener .[!

Types

esticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. esticides can also beconsidered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and otherli%ing beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down$ it was the persistence of 11T, for e)ample, which led to itsaccumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain.Another way to think about pesticides is to consider those that are chemical pesticides or arederi%ed from a common source or production method. ['!

*ome e)amples of chemically-related pesticides are$

Organophosphate pesticides

rganophosphates affect the ner%ous system by disrupting the en&yme that regulatesacetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. 8ost organophosphates are insecticides. They were de%elopedduring the early th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects onhumans, were disco%ered in /'. *ome are %ery poisonous "they were used in World War (( asner%e agents#. :owe%er, they usually are not persistent in the en%ironment.

Carbamate pesticides

+arbamate pesticides affect the ner%ous system by disrupting an en&yme that regulatesacetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The en&yme effects are usually re%ersible. There are se%eralsubgroups within the carbamates.

Organochlorine insecticides

They were commonly used in the past, but many ha%e been remo%ed from the market due to their health and en%ironmental effects and their persistence "e.g., 11T and chlordane#.

Pyrethroid pesticides

They were de%eloped as a synthetic %ersion of the naturally occurring pesticide pyrethrin, whichis found in chrysanthemums. They ha%e been modified to increase their stability in theen%ironment. *ome synthetic pyrethroids are to)ic to the ner%ous system.

Sulfonylurea herbicides

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-US-EPA-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-US-EPA-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphates


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(ncludes nicosulfuron,[/! triflusulfuron methyl,[0! and chlorsulfuron broad-spectrum herbicidesthat kill plants by inhibiting the en&yme acetolactate synthase. (n the 3=s, more than kgBha"=.6 lbBacre# crop protection chemical was typically applied, while sulfonylureates allow aslittle as E as much material to achie%e the same effect.[2!

Biopesticides

4iopesticides are certain types of pesticides deri%ed from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For e)ample, canola oil and baking soda ha%e pesticidalapplications and are considered biopesticides. At the end of '==, there were appro)imately 2registered biopesticide acti%e ingredients and 56= products. 4iopesticides fall into three maorclasses$

• 8icrobial pesticides consist of a microorganism e.g., a bacterium, fungus, %irus, or proto&oan as the acti%e ingredient. 8icrobial pesticides can control many different kindsof pests, although each separate acti%e ingredient is relati%ely specific for its target pest.

For e)ample, there are fungi that control certain weeds, and other fungi that kill specificinsects.

The most widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains of 4acillus thuringiensis, or 4t. ;ach strain of this bacterium produces a different mi) of proteins, and specifically kills oneor a few related species of insect lar%ae. While some 4tDs control moth lar%ae found on plants,other 4tDs are specific for lar%ae of flies and mosuitoes. The target insect species are determined by whether the particular 4t produces a protein that can bind to a lar%al gut receptor, therebycausing the insect lar%ae to star%e.

• lant-(ncorporated-rotectants "(s# are pesticidal substances that plants produce from

genetic material that has been added to the plant. For e)ample, scientists can take thegene for the 4t pesticidal protein, and introduce the gene into the plantDs own geneticmaterial. Then the plant, instead of the 4t bacterium, manufactures the substance thatdestroys the pest. The protein and its genetic material, but not the plant itself, areregulated by ;A.

• 4iochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-to)icmechanisms. +on%entional pesticides, by contrast, are, in general, synthetic materials thatdirectly kill or inacti%ate the pest. 4iochemical pesticides include substances, such asinsect se) pheromones, that interfere with mating, as well as %arious scented plante)tracts that attract insect pests to traps. 4ecause it is sometimes difficult to determine

whether a substance meets the criteria for classification as a biochemical pesticide, ;Ahas established a special committee to make such decisions.

Classified by type of pest

esticides that are related to the type of pests are$

Type Action

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Algicides+ontrol algae in lakes, canals, swimming pools, water tanks, and othersites

Antifouling agentsGill or repel organisms that attach to underwater surfaces, such as boat bottoms

Antimicrobials Gill microorganisms "such as bacteria and %iruses#

Attractants Attract pests "for e)ample, to lure an insect or rodent to a trap#. ":owe%er,food is not considered a pesticide when used as an attractant.#

4iopesticides4iopesticides are certain types of pesticides deri%ed from such naturalmaterials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals

4iocides Gill microorganisms1isinfectants andsaniti&ers

Gill or inacti%ate disease-producing microorganisms on inanimate obects

Fungicides Gill fungi "including blights, mildews, molds, and rusts#Fumigants roduce gas or %apor intended to destroy pests in buildings or soil:erbicides Gill weeds and other plants that grow where they are not wanted

(nsecticides Gill insects and other arthropods8iticides Gill mites that feed on plants and animals

8icrobial pesticides8icroorganisms that kill, inhibit, or out compete pests, including insects or other microorganisms

8olluscicides Gill snails and slugs

>ematicidesGill nematodes "microscopic, worm-like organisms that feed on plantroots#

%icides Gill eggs of insects and mitesheromones 4iochemicals used to disrupt the mating beha%ior of insectsile %irus,yellow fe%er , and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions.(nsecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas.[3!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaecidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofoulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repellentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-purdue-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-purdue-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaecidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofoulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone_traphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repellentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-purdue-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitoeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-purdue-16


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esticides can pre%ent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. :erbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also killin%asi%e weeds that may cause en%ironmental damage. :erbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with acti%itieslike swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. [5! 7ncontrolled pests

such as termites and mould can damage structures such as houses.[3!

esticides are used ingrocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such asgrain. ;ach use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. roper pesticide use decreases theseassociated risks to a le%el deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the 7nited*tates ;n%ironmental rotection Agency ";A# and the est 8anagement


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that they use some form of pesticide.['3! As of '==5, there were more than ,=22 acti%eingredients registered as pesticides,['5! which yield o%er '=,=== pesticide products that aremarketed in the 7nited *tates.['6!

The 7* used some '.' pounds per hactare of arable land compared with =./ in +hina, /.= in the

7G, .' in +ameroun, /. in Japan and 2.3 in (taly. (nsecticide use in the 7* has declined bymore than half since 6=, ".3EByr# mostly due to the near phase-out of organophosphates. (ncorn fields, the decline was e%en steeper, due to the switcho%er to transgenic 4t corn.['!

For the global market of crop protection products, market analysts forecast re%enues of o%er 2' billion 7*K in '=.[/=!

Costs

n the cost side of pesticide use there can be costs to the en%ironment, costs to human health, [/! as well as costs of the de%elopment and research of new pesticides.

$ealth effects

A sign warning about potential pesticide e)posure.8ain articles$ :ealth effects of pesticides and esticide poisoning

esticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in workers who are e)posed. [/'! esticidee)posure can cause a %ariety of ad%erse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skinand eyes to more se%ere effects such as affecting the ner%ous system, mimicking hormones

causing reproducti%e problems, and also causing cancer.

[//!

A '==5 systematic re%iew found that@most studies on non-:odgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positi%e associations with pesticide e)posure@ and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. [/0! *trong e%idence also e)ists for other negati%e outcomes from pesticide e)posure includingneurological, birth defects, fetal death,[/2! and neurode%elopmental disorder .[/3!

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The American 8edical Association recommends limiting e)posure to pesticides and using saferalternati%es$[5! @articular uncertainty e)ists regarding the long-term effects of low-dose pesticidee)posures.@

Though the 7.*. ;n%ironmental rotection Agency ";A# limits the amount of each pesticide

that may be present on a food item, there e)ists no limit to the number of different chemicals thatcan be used. This leads to a possibly e%en more dangerous effect known as a @chemical [email protected] chemicals may form one of many dangerous interactions and ha%e an unmeasuredsynergistic effect.[/5!

The World :ealth rgani&ation and the 7> ;n%ironment rogramme estimate that each year, /million workers in agriculture in the de%eloping world e)perience se%ere poisoning from pesticides, about 6,=== of whom die.['/! According to one study, as many as '2 million workersin de%eloping countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly.[/6!

ne study found pesticide self-poisoning the method of choice in one third of suicides

worldwide, and recommended, among other things, more restrictions on the types of pesticidesthat are most harmful to humans.[/!

A '==5 study by the +alifornia 1epartment of ublic :ealth found that women in the first eightweeks of pregnancy who li%e near farm fields sprayed with the organochlorine pesticides dicofol and endosulfan are se%eral times more likely to gi%e birth to children with autism.[0=!

%n#ironmental effect

8ain article$ ;n%ironmental effects of pesticides

esticide use raises a number of en%ironmental concerns. %er 6E of sprayed insecticides and2E of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-targetspecies, air, water and soil.['/! esticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. esticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contributeto soil contamination.

(n addition, pesticide use reduces biodi%ersity, reduces nitrogen fi)ation,[0! contributes to pollinator decline,[0'![0/![00![02! destroys habitat "especially for birds#,[03! and threatens endangeredspecies.['/!

ests can de%elop a resistance to the pesticide " pesticide resistance#, necessitating a new

pesticide. Alternati%ely a greater dose of the pesticide can be used to counteract the resistance,although this will cause a worsening of the ambient pollution problem.

*ince chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissol%e in fats and are not e)creted, organisms tend toretain them almost indefinitely. 4iological magnification is the process whereby thesechlorinated hydrocarbons "pesticides# are more concentrated at each le%el of the food chain.Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carni%orous fishes, and e%en moreso in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid.[05! lobal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Council1997-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Environment_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Environment_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicofolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosulfanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-gogo-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator_declinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator_declinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Hackenberg-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-palmerw-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-solublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-solublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Castro-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Castro-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Castro-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Council1997-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Environment_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicofolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosulfanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-gogo-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator_declinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Hackenberg-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-palmerw-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-solublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Castro-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_distillation


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distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions ofthe ;arth, in particular the oles and mountain tops. esticides that e%aporate into theatmosphere at relati%ely high temperature can be carried considerable distances "thousands ofkilometers# by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow.[06!

(n order to reduce negati%e impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at leastuickly deacti%ated in the en%ironment. *uch loss of acti%ity or to)icity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and en%ironmental processes or conditions.[0! For e)ample, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradationin an aerobic en%ironment.[2=! Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide mo%ement, but also mayreduce bioa%ailability to microbial degraders.[2!

%conomics

$arm Annual S Cost

ublic :ealth K. billionesticide


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• (mpro%ed cropBli%estock uality

• (n%asi%e species controlled

2. Controlling humanlivestock disease vectors and nuisance organisms

• :uman li%es sa%ed and suffering reduced

• Animal li%es sa%ed and suffering reduced

• 1iseases contained geographically

!. Controlling organisms that harm other human activities and structures

• 1ri%ers %iew unobstructed

• TreeBbrushBleaf ha&ards pre%ented

• Wooden structures protected [2/!

!onetary

;%ery dollar "K# that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars "K0# in crops sa%ed. [20! This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, K= billion, there isan additional K0= billion sa%ings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds.(n general, farmers benefit from ha%ing an increase in crop yield and from being able to grow a

%ariety of crops throughout the year. +onsumers of agricultural products also benefit from beingable to afford the %ast uantities of produce a%ailable year-round.[2/! The general public also benefits from the use of pesticides for the control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses, such asmalaria.[2/! The use of pesticides creates a large ob market, which pro%ides obs for all of the people working within the industry.

Alternati#es

Alternati%es to pesticides are a%ailable and include methods of culti%ation, use of biological pestcontrols "such as pheromones and microbial pesticides#, genetic engineering, and methods ofinterfering with insect breeding.['/! Application of composted yard waste has also been used as away of controlling pests.[22! These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides. (n addition, ;A is registering reduced-risk con%entional pesticides in increasing numbers.

+ulti%ation practices include polyculture "growing multiple types of plants#, crop rotation, planting crops in areas where the pests that damage them do not li%e, timing planting accordingto when pests will be least problematic, and use of trap crops that attract pests away from the real

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Cooper-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Pimental1992-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Cooper-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Cooper-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-nematodes-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-nematodes-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Cooper-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Pimental1992-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Cooper-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-Cooper-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-nematodes-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_crop


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crop.['/! (n the 7.*., farmers ha%e had success controlling insects by spraying with hot water at acost that is about the same as pesticide spraying.['/!


14/33

*ome ad%antages of using the push-pull method are less use of chemical or biological materialsand better protection against insect habituation to this control method. *ome disad%antages of the push-pull strategy is that if there is a lack of appropriate knowledge of beha%ioral and chemicalecology of the host-pest interactions then this method becomes unreliable. Furthermore, becausethe push-pull method is not a %ery popular method of (8 operational and registration costs are

higher.

%ffecti#eness

*ome e%idence shows that alternati%es to pesticides can be eually effecti%e as the use ofchemicals. For e)ample, *weden has hal%ed its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction incrops.['/! (n (ndonesia, farmers ha%e reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 32E and e)perienceda 2E crop increase.['/! A study of 8ai&e fields in northern Florida found that the application ofcomposted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highlyeffecti%e at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, withyield increases ranging from =E to ''EH the obser%ed effects were long-term, often not

appearing until the third season of the study.[22!

:owe%er, pesticide resistance is increasing. (n the 0=s, 7.*. farmers lost only 5E of theircrops to pests. *ince the 6=s, loss has increased to /E, e%en though more pesticides are beingused. 4etween 2== and ,=== insect and weed species ha%e de%eloped pesticide resistance since02.[3=!

*egulation

International

(n most countries,[which$! pesticides must be appro%ed for sale and use by a go%ernment agency.[3!

(n ;urope, recent[when$! ;7 legislation has been appro%ed banning the use of highly to)ic pesticides including those that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or to)ic to reproduction, those thatare endocrine-disrupting, and those that are persistent, bioaccumulati%e and to)ic "4T# or %ery persistent and %ery bioaccumulati%e "%%4#.[citation needed ! 8easures were appro%ed to impro%e thegeneral safety of pesticides across all ;7 member states. [3'!

Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides, and products on whichthey were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies inregulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the 7nited >ations Food andAgriculture rgani&ation adopted an (nternational +ode of +onduct on the 1istribution and 7seof esticides in 62 to create %oluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries.[3! The +ode was updated in 6 and '=='.[3/! The FA claims that the code has raisedawareness about pesticide ha&ards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.[2!

Three other efforts to impro%e regulation of international pesticide trade are the 7nited >ationsLondon uidelines for the ;)change of (nformation on +hemicals in (nternational Trade and the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_to_nitrogen_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_to_nitrogen_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-nematodes-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-nematodes-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-regWillson-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-regWillson-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-regWillson-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-code-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_London_Guidelines_for_the_Exchange_of_Information_on_Chemicals_in_International_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_London_Guidelines_for_the_Exchange_of_Information_on_Chemicals_in_International_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_London_Guidelines_for_the_Exchange_of_Information_on_Chemicals_in_International_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-sustaining-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_to_nitrogen_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-nematodes-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-regWillson-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-regWillson-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide#cite_note-code-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_London_Guidelines_for_the_Exchange_of_Information_on_Chemicals_in_International_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_London_Guidelines_for_the_Exchange_of_Information_on_Chemicals_in_International_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1


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7nited >ations +ode) Alimentarius +ommission.[citation needed ! The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent e)ists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for ma)imum le%els of pesticideresidues among participating countries.[30! 4oth initiati%es operate on a %oluntary basis.[30!

esticide safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the publicfrom pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse.


16/33

*ome pesticides are considered too ha&ardous for sale to the general public and are designatedrestricted use pesticides. nly certified applicators, who ha%e passed an e)am, may purchase orsuper%ise the application of restricted use pesticides. [3!


17/33

through 5 was published in '==/ by the >ational *cience FoundationDs +enter for (ntegratedest 8anagement.[5![6/!

(n the 3=s, it was disco%ered that 11T was pre%enting many fish-eating birds fromreproducing, which was a serious threat to biodi%ersity. ational Association of *tate 1epartments of Agriculture


18/33

6. ;A. Types of esticides. Last updated on Thursday, January 'th, '==.

. Gamrin 8A. "5#. &esticide &rofiles+ toxicity, environmental impact, and fate. +ew DgreenD pesticides are first to e)ploit plant defenses in battle of the fungi.

'. @Types of esticides@. 7* ;n%ironmental rotection Agency. icosulfuron@. ;QTQ>;T.


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'/. 8iller T "'==0#, #ustaining the arth, 3th edition. Thompson Learning, (nc.acific ro%e, +alifornia. +hapter , ages '-'3.

'0. A>>A$ A> 8aga&ine$ (n 1epth$ 11T I 8alaria

'2. A *TA8

'3. ;A esticide (ndustry *ales and 7sage ational Assessment of the Worker rotection Workshop /.

//. @:uman :ealth (ssues U esticides U 7* ;A@. ;pa.go%. '==3-=3-'6.


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/6. Jeyaratnam J "=#. @Acute pesticide poisoning$ a maor global health problem@./orld "ealth #tat 0 ,+ "/#$ /C00. 8(1 ''/630.

/. unnell 1, ;ddleston 8, hillips 8


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2. Wolt, J. 1., J.G. *mith, J.G. *ims, and 1.. 1uebelbeis. 3. roducts andkinetics of cloramsulam-methyl aerobic soil metabolism. J. Agric. Food +hem. 00$/'0-//'.

2'. imentel, 1a%id. @;n%ironmental and ;conomic +osts of the Application of

esticides rimarily in the 7nited *tates@ ;n%ironment, 1e%elopment and *ustainability5 "'==2#$ ''-'2'. etwork@. anna.org.


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32. 1aly :, 1oyen JT, and urcell A: ((( "6#, -ntroduction to insect biology anddiversity, 'nd edition. )ford 7ni%ersity ress. >ew Rork, >ew Rork. +hapter 0, ages'5-/==.

33. #cience 6aily, "ctober , '==#, ;n%ironmentally-friendly pesticide to combat

potato cyst nematodes. *ciencedaily.com.


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6. raeme 8urphy "1ecember , '==2#, T:; 7>(T;1*TAT;*$ Trends 1uring the '=th +entury. >*F +(8 Technical 4ulletin =2. =-622-23-'.

• Tomlin, +li%e "editor# "'==3#. 8The &esticide 'anual8, 19th edition, 1!:; pages. 4ritish+rop rotection +ouncil "4++#. (*4> -=/3-0-'.

• :amilton, 1enisH +rossley, *tephen "editors# "'==0#. &esticide residues in food anddrinking water . J. Wiley. (*4> =-05-06-/.

•

:ond, Frank et al. "'==/#. &esticides+ problems, improvements, alternatives. 4lackwell*cience. (*4> =-3/'-=232-'.

• Gegley, *usan ;.H Wise, Laura J. "6#. &esticides in fruits and vegetables. 7ni%ersity*cience 4ooks. (*4> =-/25='-03-3.

• Larramendy, 8arcelo L.H *oloneski, *onia [;ditors!"'=0#$ &esticides+ Toxic Aspects. (nTech. (*4> 56-2/-2-'5-0 [pen Access 1ownload a%ailable!

• Le%ine, 8ar%in J. "'==5#. &esticides+ A Toxic Time omb in our 'idst . raegerublishers. (*4> 56-=-'52-'5-'.

• Ware, eorge W.H Whitacre, 1a%id 8. "'==0#. &esticide ook . 8eister ublishing +o.(*4> -6'6'--6.

• Watson, 1a%id :. "editor# "'==0#. &esticide, veterinary and other residues in food .Woodhead ublishing. (*4> -6225/-5/0-2.

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/hort/news/grower/2005/12gn05a2.htmhttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/hort/news/grower/2005/12gn05a2.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.silk.library.umass.edu:2048/pubmed/18032337http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://www.pestmanagement.info/pesticide_history/full_doc.pdfhttp://www.pestmanagement.info/pesticide_history/full_doc.pdfhttp://www.pestmanagement.info/pesticide_history/full_doc.pdfhttp://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0916-05.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8155-1516-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8155-1516-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901396-14-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901396-14-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-48991-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-05659-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-46-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-46-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789535112174http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99127-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99127-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892829-11-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892829-11-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85573-734-5http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/hort/news/grower/2005/12gn05a2.htmhttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/hort/news/grower/2005/12gn05a2.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.silk.library.umass.edu:2048/pubmed/18032337http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rothttp://www.pestmanagement.info/pesticide_history/full_doc.pdfhttp://www.pestmanagement.info/pesticide_history/full_doc.pdfhttp://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0916-05.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8155-1516-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901396-14-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-48991-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-05659-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-46-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789535112174http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99127-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892829-11-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85573-734-5


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Journal articles

• Alarcon WA, +al%ert 8, 4londell J8, 8ehler L>, *ie%ert J, ropeck 8, Tibbetts 1*,4ecker A, Lacko%ic 8, *oileau *4, 1as ews

• Janofsky, 8 "August 0, '==3#. @;..A. recommends limits on thousands of uses of pesticides@. >ew Rork Times. (+# (nformation about pesticide-related topics.

• esticide 8odes of action "(nternational esticide Application ational +oalition Against the 8isuse ofesticides - *ource of information on pesticide ha&ards, least-to)ic practices and products, and on pesticide issues. Website has 1aily >ews 4log relating to pesticides.

• +ompendium of esticide +ommon >ames$ +lassified Lists of esticides Lists of pesticide names by type.

• esticide Action >etwork. A> esticides 1atabase. +ompilation of multiple regulatorydatabases into a web-accessible form.

• 14 esticide roperties 1atabase A to inde) of pesticides

esticide regulatory authorities

• 7G esticides *afety 1irectorate

• esticide laws guidance for *cotland and >orthern (reland on >et


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• ;uropean +ommission pesticide information

• 7nited *tates ;n%ironmental rotection Agency ffice of esticides rogram

• 7* ;A esticide +hemical *earch

• 7*1A esticide 1ata rogram, tracking residue le%els in food

:uman health

• >(: encyclopedia pages with emergency treatment of (nsecticide e)posure

• :a&ard +ommunications for Agricultural Workers "ctober '==5#

• >ational Agricultural Workers *ur%ey

• 1a%id *u&uki Foundation$ rotecting Rour :ealth from esticides

• Field e%aluation of protecti%e clothing against non-agricultural pesticides by A *outar andothers. (nstitute of ccupational 8edicine


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_spray_adjuvanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_silencing_pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_residue_limithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pesticide_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_formulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_spray_adjuvanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_silencing_pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_residue_limithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pesticide_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_formulation


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• 1egradation

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• (ntegrated est 8anagement

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Pest_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Horticulture_and_gardening&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Consumer_Food_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_Food_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Consumer_Food_Safety&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neurotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Neurotoxins&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pollution&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Pest_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pesticideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Horticulture_and_gardening&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Consumer_Food_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_Food_Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Consumer_Food_Safety&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neurotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotoxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Neurotoxins&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pollution&action=edit


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