Wild Bees of New England - rehanlab.com€¦ · Wild Bees of New England A guide to common pollinators & flowers By Katherine Odanaka, Josh Hall, Sabine Nooten ... bees found worldwide

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WildBeesofNewEngland

Aguidetocommonpollinators&flowers

Katherine OdanakaJosh Hall

Sabine NootenSandra Rehan

The Rehan Lab at University of New Hampshire(UNH) focuses on wild bee research. We havespecial interest in pollinator biodiversity, behavior,and evolution. This guide joins other educationalbooks published to explore the regional native beefaunas of California and the Great Lakes region. Ourmission is to provide information about wild bees inNew England including information on theirdiversity, nesting biology, ecology, and flowerassociations to increase our understanding andawareness of pollinators and the services theyprovide.

The information contained in this field guide is for

educational purposes only. Any references to

commercial products or trade names do not imply

endorsement by the Rehan Lab/UNH or bias against

those not mentioned.

This field guide is produced by the Rehan Lab UNH

October 2018

Any opinions, conclusions or recommendations in

this publication are those of the authors and do not

reflect the view of the Foundation for Food and

Agriculture Research (FFAR)

(coverimagephotocredit:PatrickSchultheiss)AgapostemonvirescensonHeliopsis helianthoides

WildBeesofNewEngland

Aguidetocommon

pollinators&flowers

ByKatherineOdanaka,JoshHall,SabineNooten&SandraRehan

UniversityofNewHampshire

DepartmentofBiologicalSciencesRehan Lab

Fundingprovidedby:

FoundationforFoodandAgricultureFFARGrant#549038

Reviewedby

SamDroege,USGSJoanMilam,UMassAmherst

SpecialthankstoMollyJacobsonforphotographs

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1Introduction 12Howtousethisguide 73Beebiology 84Beesandflowers 155Beemimics 186Commonbeespecies 237Floweringplantsforbees 648 Beeconservation 1069 Keepingthebees 10910Resources 11311Index 114

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Contents

ThisbookwasproducedtogiveabriefintroductiontothewildbeesofNewEngland.WeproviderelevantinformationregardingtheirbiologyandpicturesofcommonlyencounteredwildbeesandnativeNewEnglandwildflowersidealforbees,aswellasinformationdetailingwildbeedeclinesthroughouttheNewEnglandregion.

Withinthisguidewehavealsoincludedhelpfulandeasywaystoidentifycommonlyencounteredbeesandsomefrequentbeemimics.

Introduction

Current pollinator conservation practices encouragethe planting of wild flowers to provide both nestingand foraging resources. In this guide, we provideseasonally available wildflowers that are frequentlyvisited by bees.We have included a section detailing the close tiesbetween humans and wild bees, outlining howdependent we are on their ecological services andwhy it is important to conserve pollinators.

SabineNooten

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4

TheclimateofNewEnglandvariesgreatlydependingonthelocation.MostofNewEngland(coloredblue)isconsideredtohaveahumidcontinentalclimatewithmildtohotsummersandoftenextremelycoldwinters.Thesouthernparts(coloredgreenandturquoise)arealsocategorizedas‘humidcontinental’,althoughsummerstendtobehotterandwintersaremuchshorterthaninmorenorthernlyregions.

TheNewEnglandclimate

Adam

Peterson;W

ikiped

ia.com

Theplantsfeaturedinthisguideareabriefsummaryofmanycommonspeciesfoundinthewildandingardensthatareattractivetobees.Theyaresortedinitiallybybloomseasonandthenalphabeticallybytheircommonname.

Thisguideisdesignedtobeanidentificationtoolforanyoneinterestedinbees.Therearethreemainsections:1.beemimics,2.commonspeciesofbees,3.floweringplantsthatprovidebeeswithpollenandnectar.Inaddition,weincludeinformativesectionsaboutrecentbeedeclinesandwhatwecandotoconservethebees.Thebeespeciesaresortedintofamiliesandthenlistedbygenera.Thiswillhelptodistinguishthespeciesbytheiroftentimesminutedifferences.Photographsofeachspecieshavealsobeenincludedtoaidinidentification.

Sabine

Noo

ten

Megachile sp.onsmoothoxeye

Howtousethisguide

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Somebeespecies,suchasmembersofthegenusAugochlorella, areabrilliant,metallic,race-cargreen.Otherscomeinstrikingpatternsofred,yellow,andblack,suchasmanyofthecuckoobees.

Beebehavior

Beesexhibitawidevarietyofbehaviors andnestingstrategiesduetotheirvastdiversity.Oneofthemostunderstoodofallbeesisthenon-nativehoneybeeknownfortheircomplexsocialbehavior.Honeybeesareeusocial withonequeenandthousandsofworkersalllivinginasinglehive.

Thereareover20,000beesfoundworldwideandabout4,000ofthosespeciesarefoundinNorthAmerica.WithinNewEngland,thereareanestimated400beespecies.Thesebeesappearinavarietyofsizes,shapes,andcolors.ThelargestbeefoundinNewEnglandistheeasterncarpenterbee.

PatrickSchu

ltheiss

Agapostemonvirescens

Beebiology

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Uponhatching,thecleptoparasitic beelarvakillsthehostlarvaandfeedsuponitspollenball.Thesebeesarecalledcuckoobeesbecauselikethecuckoobird,adultssneaktheireggsinthenestsofotherspecies.

Incontrast,thevastmajorityofwildbeesaresolitary,inwhichasinglefemalebeeconstructsandprovisionsherownnestwithoutthehelpofotherbees.Therearesomebeesthatwillformlargecommunal aggregations,thatis,femaleswillcometogetherinoneareaandbuildtheirnestsincloseproximitytogether.Otherbeesformcooperativecolonies,muchlikehoneybees,completewithqueensandworkers.Thesecoloniesdonotgrownearlyaslargewithonlydozensofworkersatmost.Thesecolonieslastjustoneseasonbeginninginthespringandendinginthefallwhenthebeesdieoff.Thereareanumberofcleptoparasitic bees.Thesebeesdonotcollecttheirownpollennordotheycreatetheirownnest.Instead,theyenterthenestofanotherbeeandlaytheireggsinnestcells.

MollyJa

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Nomada luteoloides,

acuckoobee

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Lifecycle

Beesareholometabolous insects,undergoingacompletemetamorphosis.Theyhavefourlifestages:egg,larva,pupa,andadult.Mostsolitarymotherbeesbuildasinglecell,provisionitwithaballmadeofpollenandnectar,layasingleeggonit,andsealthecell.Thisiscalledmassprovisioning.Theeggthenhatchesintoalarva,whichlooksmorelikeapalecaterpillarthanabee.Thelarvahasnoeyesorlegsandspendsitstimedevouringthepollenballandgrowing.Oncethethepollenballisconsumed,thelarvadefecates,molts,andentersthepupal stage.Pupaelooklikebeeshavingeyes,legsandbodysegments,gainingcolorationuntiltheymolt torevealtheirwingsasanadultbee.

CullenFranchino

Lifecycleofthesmallcarpenterbee(Ceratinacalcarata)

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Nesting

Beesexhibitarangeofdifferentnestingtypes,i.e.theybuildnestsintheground,rockcrevices,snailshells,plantstems,orinhardwoods.Mostbeesdigasimpleburrowintothegroundthatcontainsafewindividualcells,eachstockedwithpollenandasingleegg.Speciesmaybeattractedtocertainkindsofsoils;somepreferclaysoilsandotherswillonlybefoundneardunesandembankments.Thedepthofnestsdugintothegroundcanreachanywherefromafewinchestoafewfeetbelowthesurface.Otherbeesprefertonestinanexistingcrevice,e.g.bumblebeesnestinabandonedrodentholes,clumpsofgrass,andevencompostpilesoroldmattresses.Stems,rottinglogs,andburrowsmadebyotherinsectsareusedbysomebeespeciestobuildtheirnests.

MollyJa

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GroundnestingbeeColletesvalidus

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Sand

raReh

an

Crosssectionofbeenestintheground

Osmiacornifrons (male)emergingfromstemnest

Smallcarpenterbeespreferdead,brokenstemsofsumacandraspberryasnestsites.Thesebeescannotchewthroughtheexteriorbarkofastemandrequireexposedpithfrompruning,mowing,burning,orgrazingtomakenestingsitesavailable.Femalestunnelinthepithystemsfromafewinchestoafewfeetlong.Largecarpenterbeesformtheirnestsbyboringintomanmadehardwoods.Inpre-colonialtimes,carpenterbeeslivedindeadlogsandtreetrunks.Otherstemnestingbeeswillfindandusepre-existingcavitiesmadebybeetlesandotherinsects.Masonorleaf-cutterbees,willthenlinethoseburrowswithbitsofleaves,flowerpetals,mud,orevendownyplantfibersinordertopartitiontheirnest.

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CullenFranchino

Ceratinacalcarata

smallcarpenterbees

KatherineOdanaka

Likesize,shapeisalsovariablerangingfromslendermaskedandminingbeestorobustbumble,carpenterandwoolcarderbees.Beescomeinmanydifferentcolors,fromredsandbrowns,metallicgreensandblues,toblackandyellow.Aneasywaytodistinguishawaspfromabeeisbytheamountofhairontheinsect’sbody.Beesaregenerallyquitehairy,howeversomebeesthatlackthedensehair,butallbeeshavebranchedhairsontheirbodies.Waspsaregenerallypredatorsfeedingtheiroffspringotherinsectsorspiderswhilebeestypicallyfeedonpollenandnectar.

Beeidentification

Beescomeinmanydifferentshapesandsizes.Beesrangefromlessthanaquartertoaboutaninchinsize.ThelargestspeciesfoundinNewEnglandarelargecarpenterbeesandqueenbumblebees,bothreachingaboutaninchlong.Manybeesaremuchsmaller,likethemetallicsweatbeesthatapproximatelyaquarterofaninchinlength.

MollyJa

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Xylocopa virginica

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Beeanatomy

Likeallinsects,beeshavesixlegsandtheirbodiesaredividedintothreemainsections:head,thorax,andabdomen.Femalebeeshavebranchedhairsthataretypicallydenseonhindlegsandabdomen.Beeshavefourwingsandlongslenderantennae.Fliesonlyhavetwowingsandshorter,stubbyantennae.Waspsalsohavefourwingsandlongantenna,butaretypicallylesshairythanbees.

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CullenFranchino

Ceratina calcarata

Foreleg

Head

Antennae

Forewing

HindWing

Abdomen

MidLegHindLeg

Thorax

Floweringplants

BeesaregenerallythoughttohaveappearedonearthmillionsofyearsagoduringtheCretaceousperiod.Atthesametime,floweringplants,knownasAngiosperms,expandedwidelyinshape,formandsize.Thisgroupofplantswerethefirsttouseflowersforreproduction.Stamensproducepollenthatwhendepositedonthepistil,fertilizereproductivecellsthatdevelopintoseedsthatproducethenextgenerationofplants.Thissystemreliesonspreadingpollenbywind,waterormobileanimals-pollinators,thelatterbeingmoreefficient.

BeesandFlowers

JoshHall

Lilium sp.

Attractingpollinatorsiscostlyforplants.Flowersproducepollen,oils,andnectarasarewardforpollinationservices.Animalsfeedonthenectarandsimultaneouslydistributethepollencollectedfromotherplants.Insects,beesespecially,arethemostefficientandeffectivepollinators.

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Adultbeesfeedonnectar,whiletheiroffspringeatamixtureofnectarandpollen.Manybeeshavedevelopedspecializedmechanismsontheirlegsorabdomenscalledscopaeorcorbiculatocollectandstorepollen.Scopaearecomposedoflong,stiffhairsthathavemanyminisculebranchestoholdlargequantitiesofpollen.Formostspecies,thescopaareonthelegs,butsomespecieshavescopalocatedatthesidesandundersideoftheabdomen(right).Bumblebeesandhoneybeesdonothavescopae.Insteadtheyhavepollenbasketscalledcorbiculathatareflatareasontheirhindlegs(left).Bumblebeespackamixtureofpollenandnectarontotheircorbiculatotakebacktotheirnest.

Beesandplants

Sabine

Noo

ten

Sabine

Noo

ten

Bombussp.&Hoplitissp.onwildbergamot(Monarda fistulosa)

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Throughtheprocessofco-evolution,beesbecamethemostspecializedandeffectiveanimalpollinators.Beesdevelopedawidearrayofnectarfeedingandpollencarryingfeatures,whileflowersdevelopedmanydifferentshapesandsizestoattractpollinators.Mostbeesaregeneralists,meaningthattheyvisitanytypeofflowertheycangetnectarfrom.Whereasotherbeeshavebecomesospecializedthattheyonlyvisitoneorafewtypesofflowers.Thesebeesarefittinglycalledspecialists.Oneexampleisthesquashbee,Eucera pruinosa.Thisbeeissospecializedthatitisonlyfoundonplantsinthecucurbitfamily,e.g.squashesandmelons.Squashblossomsopenintheearlymorninghours.Malesquashbeesoftenspendthenightinsidetheclosedsquashflowerwaitingtomatewithfemalesarrivingearlyinthemorningtopollinatesquashflowers.

MollyJa

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son

Eucera pruinosa

specialistsquashbee 15

PatrickSchu

ltheiss

Lasioglossumpilosum

(male)- generalist

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Sand

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Toxomerus germinatus

Therearemanyotherinsectsthatarefrequentfloralvisitorsthat,likebees,feedonnectarandtransportpollen.Theseincludeflies,wasps,ants,beetlesandbutterflies.Someofthemlookremarkablylikebeesandtheyaredescribedinthefollowingpages.

Beemimics&otherpollinators

FlowerfliesSyrphidae

TheSyrphidae,orflowerflies,arefrequentvisitorstoflowerstocollectnectar.Syrphidsareoftenmistakenforbees.Manyofthemmimicbeeswiththeirdarkbandingandyellowcoloration.Theirtwowings,shortantennae,andlargeeyesdistinguishthemfromotherbeesandwasps.

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Sabine

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ten

Philanthus gibbosus

HummingbirdMothSphingidae

Sandwasps,beewolves&others

MollyJa

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Hemaris diffinis

Thesemothsaresometimesmistakenasbumblebeemimicsduetotheirsizeandcoloration.Theyareattractedtomanyflowers,includingblueberry,andareoftenseenhoveringinflight.

Diggerwasps(Crabronidae)arecloselyrelatedtobees.Mostlynestingintheground,thesewaspsprovisiontheirlarvaewithotherinsects,unlikebeesthatprovisionwithpollen.Preyitemswillvaryamongstthedifferentspecies,andsomeofthesewaspsevenhuntbees.

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Vespidwasps Vespidae

Thisgroupincludesthepaperwasps,yellowjacketsandhornets.ThesemembersoftheVespidaeareeusocialandhaveaqueen,likethehoneybee.Theseeusocialspeciescanbeaggressivewhenthecolonyisdisturbedandwaspsaremuchmorelikelytostingthanbees.Paperwaspscanbeseenscavengingorhuntingwherefoodispresentandarewidelymisidentifiedasbees.Theyareespeciallyattractedtopicnicsandoutdoorgatherings,inordertofindmeatprovisionsfortheirlarvae.Adultwaspsareomnivoresandcanalsocommonlybeseentakingnectarfromflowers.

MollyJa

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Dolichovespula sp.

Wikiped

ia.org

Awaspnest

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TomM

urray;Bugguide.ne

t

Chauliognathus

pensylvanicus

BeeFlies Bombyliidae

SoldierbeetlesCantharidae

BobWeb

ster;B

ugguide.ne

t

Systoechus vulgaris

Beefliescanbefoundinspring,hoveringoverthegroundandnectaring atflowers.Theirhairybodiespickuppollen.Asbeefliesmoveamongflowers,theypollinatetheplants.Beefliesfiretheireggsintobeenestsandtheirlarvaeareparasitesofbees.

Commonlyfoundongoldenrodsduringthesummer,theseblackandorangebeetlesfeedonpollenandnectarasadults.Duetotheirfrequentpresence,theyareavidpollinatorsofflowers

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MollyJa

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Laphria sp.

Robberflies Asilidae

LocustBorerCerambycidaeMegacyllene robiniae

Robberfliesarepredatory,largebodiedfliesandafewgeneracontainspeciesthatareexceptionalbumblebeemimics.Thepresenceofonlytwowings,shortantenna,largeeyes,andlongmouthpartssetsthesefliesapartfromthebeestheyimitate.

MJH

atfie

ld;stevenanz.com

Megacyllene robiniae

Adultsoftheselong-hornedbeetlesarecommonlyfoundongoldenrodinlatesummertakingnectarandpollenfromtheflowers.Duetotheircoloration,sometimestheyaremistakenforbees.TheirlarvaenestinthebarkofBlackLocustdeciduoustrees.

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Thereareanestimated400wildbeespeciesinNewEngland,anexhaustivelistwouldgobeyondthescopeofthisfieldguide.Inthefollowingwefocusonaselectionofthemostcommonlyencounteredspecies.Beesaregroupedbyfamilyandthenbygenus.Aparticularlycuriousgroupofbees– thecuckoobeesaredescribedattheendofthissection.

Commonbeespecies

AllmembersofthefamilyAndrenidae linetheirundergroundnestsinawaterproofsubstancetoreducemoistureandmold.Femalesmassprovisiontheiroffspringwithaballofpollenandnectaronwhichtheylayasingleegg.Uponhatching,larvaefeedonthepollenball,pupateandemergethatfallornextspring.

CullenFranchino

Andrenasp.

MiningbeesAndrenidaeAndrena

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ThegenusAndrena, commonlyreferredtoasminingbees,isoneofthemostdiverse,withover1400speciesworldwide,550intheUS,and90speciesinNewEngland.Miningbeesaresolitaryandnestinsimpleburrowstheydigintheground.Thedepthoftheburrowsrangebetweenafewinchestoseveralfeetdeep.ThereisonegenerationofAndrena peryear.Theemergingadultsofmostspeciesflyonlyforsixweeks.SomespeciescomeoutinsummerorfallwhileotherAndrena speciesareamongthefirstbeestoemergeintheearlyspring,sometimesoccurringevenwhensnowisstillpresentandflowersarejuststartingtobloom.

Miningbeescontinued

Miningbeescanbeeitherfloralgeneralistsorspecialists.ManyfruitcropsarepollinatedbygeneralistspringflyingAndrenaspecies,suchastheappleblossomontheright.

KatherineOdanaka

Appleblossom-Malus pumila

Andrenawilkella isanintroducedlarge,commonbeefoundinnortheasternAmerica.Ithasablackbodyandthickyellowhaircoveringthebackofitshead,thorax,andlegswhichitusestogatherlargeamountsofpollen.Itsmostcommonlyfoundonintroducedcrownvetch.

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Miningbeescontinued

MollyJa

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Andrenacarlini

Rebe

ccaDe

w

Andrenawilkella

Andrenacarlini is alarge,darkspecies thatismostactiveinthelatespringandearlysummerandisabroadgeneralist.Ithasablackbodyandpaleyellowhairsonitsthorax.ThisbeeissimilartoA.vicina,butcanbedistinguishedbythesolidblackhaironitshindlegs.

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Andrenavicina isamediumsizedbee,commonthroughoutsouthernCanadaandnorthernUS.

ItismostcommonlymistakenforA.carlini, butisdistinguishedbyhavinglonger,denserandlighterthoracichair.

A.vicina actsasabroadgeneralistthroughoutthespringandsummerandcanbefoundpollinatingcropslikeappleandblueberry.

KatherineOdanaka

Andrenavicina

MiningbeescontinuedMollyJa

cobson

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Apismellifera, commonlyknownastheEuropeanhoneybee,wasintroducedtotheUSinthelate1600’s.Itiseusocialinnature,creatinglargecoloniesincavitiesandmanmadehiveswithasinglereproductivequeenandmanyworkersanddrones.Thisbeehasauniquecolorpattern:multiplebandsofdarkbrownandamberacrossitsabdomen,whileitsheadandthoraxareblack.Honeybeesareactivethroughouttheyearinareaswhereitiswarmenoughtosupportthem.Theentirecolonypersiststhroughthewinterunlikenativebeespecies.Honeybeeworkershaveauniquelybarbedstingerandcanonlystingoncedyingshortlythereafter.Thisspeciesisalsotheonlyoneknowntocausehumanallergicreactions.Honeybeesaregeneralistpollinatorsfeedingonmanydifferentflowers.TodatetheyarethemostmassproducedcommercialcroppollinatorworldwideandtheonlybeespeciesinAmericanorthofMexicothatmakeshoney. Cé

liaBo

rdier

Apis mellifera

HoneybeesApidaeApis

laterintheseason.Theyareobservedforagingonlateseasonplants.Somebumblebeespeciesarecommerciallyusedtopollinatecrops,suchastomatoesandblue-berries,duetotheirabilitytobuzztheirflightmusclesatthefrequencyneededforpollentobereleasedbytheflower.

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ThegenusBombus isthegroupcommonlyreferredtoasthebumblebees.Theyarelargebeesthataredenselycoveredinblack,yellowandoccasionallyorangehairs.Bumblebeescangenerateheatbyvibratingthemusclesthatcontroltheirwingswhichenablesthemtoflyincoldtemperatures.Becauseofthisability,bumblebeesarefoundfarthernorthandinhigherelevationsthanotherbees.Theyarealsoimportantpollinatorsofearlyspringcropsbecausetheywillflyincolderandwetterweatherthanmanagedhoneybees.Coloniesareestablishedbyqueensintheearlyspring,usuallyinabandonedrodentburrowsandcrevices.Smallerworkersareproducedinspring- summerwhilemalesarepresent

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Bombussp.

BumblebeesApidaeBombus

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Thetwo-spottedbumblebee,Bombusbimaculatus,

isverycommonthroughouttheeasternUS.ItisactivefromMarchtoSeptember,itisthefirstbumblebeeoutinspringandactsasageneralistpollinatorforalargevarietyofplants.Thetwo-spottedbumblebeeisoftenmistakenforitscloserelatives,thecommoneasternbumblebee(B.impatiens) andthebrown-beltedbumblebee(B.griseocollis).Femalescanbedifferentiatedbytheirlongerfaceandthepresenceoftwoyellowpatchesontheabdomen;malesarehighlyvariableinpatterning,oftenwithextensiveyellowcoloration.

Bombus bimaculatus

Bumblebeescontinued

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MollyJa

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Bombus griseocollis (male)

Thebrown-beltedbumblebeeB.griseocollis receivedthisnamefromabrownstripeacrosstheabdomenbelowthefirstyellowstripe.Thisdistinguishesitfromothersimilarspecies.Thisbumblebeeiscommoningardens.Thebrown-beltedbumblebeeiscommonacrossNorthAmericaandisactivefromFebruarytoAugust.Likeitsrelatives,itactsasaverybroadgeneralistpollinator,feedingonamultitudeofflowers.

MollyJa

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Bumblebeescontinued

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Thecommoneasternbumblebee,B.impatiens,canbeidentifiedbythesingleyellowbandacrossitsabdomen.Asthenamesuggests,itisthemostpopulousbumblebeeintheeasternhalfofNorthAmerica.Thisbumblebeeisveryadaptable,allowingittoactasapollinatorformanyplants.Assuch,itisfrequentlyusedcommerciallyfortomatoesandotherbuzzpollinatedcrops.Coloniescanbepurchasedforfarmerstosupplementpollinationfortheircrops.B.impatiensisaspeciesincreasinginnumbersoverrecentyearsandisnotcompromisedbythemanydiseasesthoughttohavecontributedtothelocalextinctionoftherustypatchbumblebee,B.affinis.

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Bombus impatiens

Bumblebeescontinued

KatherineOdanaka

30

Theperplexingbumblebee,B.perplexus,canbefoundthroughoutnorthernNorthAmericabutisabsentinthesouthernstates.ThethreeyellowstripesacrosstheabdomenofthemalemakesthemappearmuchmoreyellowthanothercommonlyencounteredBombus species.ActivefromApriltoSeptember,thisbeecanbefoundaroundforests,orchards,andevensomebogs.Theperplexingbumblebeeisageneralistpollinatorandwillvisitmanydifferentkindsofplantsincludingblueberryandraspberry.

Bumblebeescontinued

MollyJa

cobson

Bombusperplexus

(male)

KatherineOdanaka

Blueberry(Vaccinium corymbosum)

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Thelargecarpenterbee,Xylocopavirginica, isthelargestNewEnglandbeespecies(~1inchlong).Itburrowsintomanmadewoodenstructures,butitdoesnotdigdeepandonlycausesstructuraldamageifaggregationsareimmense.Thisbeeisageneralistpollinator,feedingonmanyflowersduringsummer.Itisblackwiththick,yellowhairsonthethorax,andcanbemistakenasabumblebee.Thelargecarpenterbeecanbeidentifiedbyitsshinyblackandbroadabdomen.Males,whichhaveaivorysquareontheirface,exhibitaggressiveandterritorialbehavior towards

MollyJa

cobson

Xylocopa virginica

eachother.Theywillconfrontpresumedthreatsbyapproachingandflyingaroundtheintruderinanattempttochasethemaway.Malecarpenterbeeswillnotbiteandallmalebeesareincapableofstinging.Femaleshavesolidblackfacesandarecapableofstinging,butarenotaggressiveorterritorial.

LargecarpenterbeeApidaeXylocopa

32

ThebeesinthegenusCeratina areknownasthesmallcarpenterbees.Theydigoutthesoftcenter -thepith- ofoldsticksandstemstocreatetheirnests.Raspberryandsumacaretheirpreferredplantstobuildnests.Smallcarpenterbeesbuildcellsalongthelengthofthestick,layingoneeggineachcellwithawallofwoodshavings,heldtogetherwithmandibularsecretionstomakeapaste,in-betweenthem.Theyaredarkcoloredwithametallicsheenandwaterbottleridgeshapedabdomen.Thesmallcarpenterbee,C.calcarata,iscommonthroughouttheeasternUS.Itisbluetoblue-greenwithaveryreflectivesurfaceandisactivefromearlyspringtolatefall.Malesandfemalesofthisspeciescanbeeasilydistinguished;themaleshaveasmallwhitepatchontheirfaceintheshapeofanupsidedownTandfemaleshaveasmalllineorspot.Asageneralist,thisbeeisvaluedforitsabilitytopollinateawidevarietyoffloweringplantsandcrops,suchasraspberry.

CullenFranchino

Ceratinacalcarata

SmallcarpenterbeeApidaeCeratina

33

BeesinthegenusMelissodesarecommonlyreferredtoasthe“long-hornedbees”becauseofthelengthyantennaeofthemales.Manyofthebeesinthisgrouparespecialistpollinatorsthatfocusonlyononetypeofflower.Long-hornedbeesaresolitarily,groundnestingbees,andtheyareactivethroughoutthesummer.Thickhairsonthelegs,thoraxandheadarecommontoMelissodes.Thetwo-spottedlong-hornbeeM.bimaculata hasacompletelyblackbodyandveryhairyhindlegs.Thelegsarehairywithmostlypaleorwhitecoloration.

MollyJa

cobson

Melissodesbimaculata

Thisbeeisactivethroughoutthesummerandisageneralistpollinator.Thepollinationdonebytwo-spottedlong-hornbeecomplementsthatofthesquashbee,Eucera pruinosa, bothessentialtosummerbloomingcropslikemelonsandsquash.

Long-hornedbeesApidaeMelissodes

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Theorangesunflowerbee,Melissodestrinodis,

isamediumsizedbeewithvibrantyellow-orangecoloredhairsonablackbody.Thedensehairsthicklycoveringthelegs,head,andthoraxareconsistentwithothermembersofthegenus.Thesparselaterallinesacrosstheabdomen,givesthisbeeastripedappearance.

MollyJa

cobson

Melissodestrinodis

Anne

Ewert

Helianthusannuus

ThemainsourceofpollenforthisspeciesisthegenusHelianthus,morecommonlyknownassunflowers.Althoughtheyaregeneralistspollinators,iftherearesunflowersintheareatheyarestronglyattractedtothem.

Longhornedbeescontinued

35

Theeasterncucurbit(orsquash)bee,Eucerapruinosa, iscommonthroughoutthesummerandearlyfallthroughouttheUnitedStatesandsouthtoMexico.Thismediumsized,blackbeehasthickyellowhairsandwhitestripesontheabdomen.Itisaspecialistpollinatorforplantsinthegourdfamily(Cucurbitaceae)whichincludesmanypopularvegetableslikesquash,pumpkins,zucchiniandsomemelons.Femalesquashbeesdigburrowstonestneartheseplants.Malesarecommonlyfoundsleepingintheflowersingroups.

MollyJa

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Eucera pruinosa

SquashbeesApidaeEucera (formerly Peponapis)

36

Thecommonnameofcellophanebeescomesfromawaterproofliquidsecretionthatmembersofthisgenususetolinethewallsoftheirburrows.Whendriedthisliquidresemblesthecrinkly,waxylookofcellophane.Thecellophanebeesaremediumtolargesizedground-nestingbeesandareoneofthefirstbeestoemergeinearlyspring.CellophanebeesofthegenusColletes arehairy,muchlikeAndrena species.Bycontrast,Hylaeuscellophanebeesarealmosthairlessandhaveawasp-likeappearance.

CellophanebeesColletidaeColletes

Sabine

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Colletessp.

Cellophanebeesaresolitarynesters,butsomeColletes specieshaveapreferencetonestinsandysoilswhichoftenresultsinlargeaggregations.

Mostspeciesarefoundinavarietyofsoiltypesanddonotformaggregations.

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Cellophanebeescontinued

Colletesinaequalis

MollyJa

cobson

ThecellophanebeeColletesinaequalisisacommonground-dwellingbeethatemergesearlyinspring.Becausethisbeeisafloralgeneralistandappearsveryearlyintheseason,itvisitsearlyspringbloomingflowersandtrees.C.inaequalisarecommoninappleandblueberryorchards.

KatherineOdanaka

Appleorchard

38

Theblueberrycellophanebee,Colletesvalidus,isamedium-sizedbeewithafacethatischaracteristicallylongerthanwide.Ithasablackbodywithlateralstripesofwhitehairsrunningacrosstheabdomenandpaleyellowhairscoveringitsthorax.ItisthoughttobeaspecialistonthecommerciallygrownnorthernhighbushblueberryVacciniumcorymbosum.

MollyJacobson

Colletesvalidus

CellophanebeescontinuedKatherineOdanaka

Vaccinium corymbosum

39

Maskedbeesalsoproducecellophanetolinetheirnests,butaremuchsmallerandmostlyhairless.Theyliveinpre-existingholesandaresolitary.Insteadofcarryingpollenonbranchedhairslikemostbees,Hyaleus beesstorepolleninternallyintheircrop,asimilarstructuretoourstomach.Theyeatthepollenandthenregurgitateitwhenneeded.Becauseoftheirsmallsizeandhairlessbodies,theycanbemistakenforwasps.ThecommonlyfoundyellowfacedmaskedbeeHylaeus modestus isasmallblackbeewithvibrantyellowpatchesonthehead,thorax,andlegs.

MollyJa

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Hylaeus modestus

Theyellowfacedmaskedbeeisabroadfloralgeneralist,activefromMaytoSeptemberandcanbefoundthroughouteasternNorthAmerica.

MaskedbeesColletidaeHyaleus

40

Thebandedsweatbeesarenamedduetothewhitebandsontheirabdomensandtheirattractiontohumanperspiration.Itisthoughtthattheyusethesaltfornutrition.MembersofthegenusHalictus arewide-spreadacrosstheNorthernHemisphere.Theyaresomeofthemostcommonbeesinanygivenarea,makingthemimportantpollinatorsoffloweringplants.MostHalictus speciesareeusocial,withqueensandworkers,formingcoloniesinundergroundburrows,similartobumblebees.Colonieshaveavaryinsize,commonly10-20beesandupto200individuals.

MollyJa

cobson

Halictus ligatus onoxeyedaisy(Leucanthemum vulgare)

BandedsweatbeesHalictidaeHalictus

41

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Halictusconfusus

Sabine

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Halictus ligatus

ThesweatbeeHalictusligatusismediumsized(0.3inches)andblackwithlightcoloredhairsonthethorax.Whitebandsstretchacrosstheabdomen.Thisbeehasalargehead.Thiseusocial,generalistbeepreferscompositeflowersandiswidespreadacrossNorthAmericaincludingMexico.

Thesouthernbronzefurrowbee,Halictusconfusus,issmallanddullgreenwithboldwhitebandsonitsabdomen.Thisbeeisabroadgeneralistpollinatorthatformssocialcoloniesingroundburrows.ItcanbefoundinNewEnglandduringspringandsummermonths.

Bandedsweatbeescontinued

42

MollyJa

cobson

Halictus rubicundus

Bandedsweatbeescontinued

ThesweatbeeHalictusrubicundusisamedium-sizedbeewithablackbodywithbandsofhairontheirabdomenthatappearaswhitestripes.ItcanbedistinguishedfromH.ligatusbythelackofthetriangularshapedpointed,spine-likeprojectatthebaseofitscheekandmuchnarrowerhead.Thissweatbeehasaworldwidedistributionandcanbefoundonmultiplecontinents,includingNorthAmerica,Europe,andAsia.Itisactivefromearlyspringtolatesummerandactsasageneralistpollinator.Likeothersinthisgroup,itiseusocialandlivesinsmallcoloniesinnestsbeneaththesoil.

43

ThegeneraAgapostemon,Augochloropsis,

Augochlorella,andAugochlora arecommonlygroupedtogetherandcalledthegreensweatbees.Thesevibrantlycolored,race-cargreenspeciescanlookverysimilar.Thefemalesofallgeneraareentirelygreen,exceptforthebicoloredstripedsweatbee,Agapostemonvirescens.

Agapostemonvirescensisamediumsized,metallic,greenbeethatiscommonacrosssouthernCanadaandthenorthernUS.Thisspeciesnestscommunallywithuptotwodozenfemalessharinganestentrance,buteachindividualbuildsandprovisionsit’sownbroodcells.

DifferentfromotherAgapostemon species,malebicoloredstripedsweatbeeshavebeenfoundtonestwithfemales.GreensweatbeesarebroadgeneralistpollinatorsactivethroughoutthewarmseasonfromMaytoOctober.

Sand

raReh

an

Agapostemonvirescens

GreensweatbeesHalictidaeAgapostemon&similar

BothA.sericeus andA.texanus aremediumsizedbeeswithallgreenfemalesandmaleswithgreenheadsandthoracesandstripedabdomensthathavetheappearanceoffemaleA.virescens.Thehuesofgreencanbemoreyellowormorebluedependingonthelocationoftheindividual.A.sericus islesscommoninNewEnglandthanA.texanus.A.sericus isknowntonestinthegroundwheremultiplefemalesshareasingleentrance.Insidethenest,eachfemalehastheirowncellwheretheystockfoodandtakecareoftheiryoung.

SteveNanz;steven

anz.com

Agapostemon sericeus

MollyJa

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Agapostemontexanus

44

Greensweatbeescontinued

45

Célia

Bordier

Augochlora pura

ThegreensweatbeeAugochlora pura isasmall,shinybeeoftenfoundinwoodedareaswhereitnestsinpre-existingcavitiesinrottingwood.Interestingly,whilenormallygreen,therehavebeenindividualsfoundwithdeepblueandbrightyellowovertones.Thesebeesnestsolitarily,butdependingonnestingresourceavailability,femalesmaynestincloseproximity.Somenestshaveevenbeenfoundtowindbetweeneachother.Asageneralist,thisgreensweatbeepollinatesawidevarietyofflowersduringspringandsummerseason.Itisacommonvisitortogardens.


46

ThemediumsizedbrilliantgreenbeeAugochloropsis metallica

isfoundacrossNorthAmerica.Thisgeneralistpollinatornestsinthegroundandisactiveduringsummer.Itcanbedistinguishedfromothergreensweatbeesbyits‘D’shapedtegula (wingattachmentcover).

MollyJa

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Augochloropsis metallica

Célia

Bordier

Augochlorellaaurata

Augochlorella aurata isasmallmetallicgreenbee,sometimeswithblue,yellow,orcopperhues.ThisgeneralistpollinatorisfoundfromtheRockyMountainstotheeasterncoastbetweenMaytoOctober.Theyprimarilynestsocially,butoccasionallysolitarilyincoolerclimates.


47

Lasioglossum isoneofthemostwidespreadandnumerousgenerainNorthAmericaandcanbefoundfromspringthroughlatefall.Thereareroughly300speciesinNorthAmericaand100speciesinNewEngland.Theyrangefromatenthtohalfaninchinsize.Membersinthisgenusrangeincolorfromblackanddulltogreenandmetallicspecies.Manyappearsimilarincolorandshapeandarechallengingtotellapart- evenforexperts.WhilemanyspeciesofLasioglossum aresolitary,somearesocialandformeusocialcolonies.

MollyJa

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Lasioglossumtegulare

Célia

Bordier

SmalldarksweatbeesHalictidaeLasioglossum

Thesmall,darksweatbeeLasioglossumpilosum isaverycommonbee.Thisgoldengreenbeeissmallinsizeandhasdensewoollyhairscoveringmostofitsbody.ItisfoundthroughouteasternNorthAmericabetweenMarchandOctober.Asabroadgeneralistpollinator,ithasbeenrecordedvisitingover80differentfloweringplantspecies.Itnestsinthesoil.

48

TomM

urray;Bugguide.ne

t

Lasioglossumpilosum

Smalldarksweatbeescontinued

49

BeesinthegenusAnthidium arealsoknownaswoolcarderbees.Thenamederivedfromthefemale’sabilitytousetheirlarge,sharpjawstogathersoftplantfiberstoinsulatetheirnests.AllspeciesinNewEnglandandnon-native.AparticularlystrikingbehaviorthatsetsAnthidiumapartfromotherbeesisthatmalesterritoriallydefendapatchofflowers.Becauseoftheiraggressivenature,malesareknowntokillotherbeesthathappentowanderintotheirterritory.Mostwoolcarderbeespeciescanberecognisedbytheirdistinctyellowandblackcolorationsandbrightlycoloredeyes.Despitethiscolorationtheyshouldnobeconfusedwithwasps–seephotobelowforcomparison.

MollyJa

cobson

Anthidiummanicatum

(bee)Philanthus ventilabris

(wasp)

WoolcarderbeesMegachilidaeAnthidium

50

MollyJa

cobson

Anthidiummanicatum

TheEuropeanwoolcarderbee,Anthidium

manicatum,isamediumsizedbeewithblackandyellowcoloration.ItwasintroducedtotheUSfromEuropeinthe1960’sandquicklycolonizedthecontinent.Thisbeere-usesoldnestingsitesandcavities,makingiteasytospread.

Woolcarderbeescontinued

Theoblongwoolcarderbee,Anthidium

oblongatum,isblackwithyellowbandsalongitsheadandabdomen.TheyaregenerallysmallerthanA.manicatum.OriginallyfromEurope,itisfoundthroughouttheeasternUSduringsummerandautumn.Thisbeeisattractedtobird’sfoottrefoil,Lotuscorniculatus.

MollyJa

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Anthidiumoblongatum

51

ThegenusMegachile arecommonlyknownasleaf-cutterbees.Femalebeeschewoffpiecesofleavesandpetalstoincorporateintotheirnests.Unlikemanybees,femaleswilloftenmakemultiplenests.Thesebeesnestreadilyinpre-existingcavitiesandcanbeattractedtogardensbyinstallingbeehotels.TheyemergeearlyinspringandareactivethroughSeptember.Usuallygeneralistpollinatorssomeareextremespecialists,suchasM.pugnata thatusessunflowersandrelatedspecies.Thealfalfaleaf-cutterbeeMegachilerotundata,animportantcroppollinatorfore.g.alfalfaandcarrots.Thisbeeisthesmallestmemberofitsgroup.OriginallyfromEuropeandnotnativetoNorthAmerica,itisnowquitecommonandnaturalizedinmanypartsoftheworld.

MollyJa

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Megachile rotundata

Leaf-cutterbeesMegachilidaeMegachile

52

Megachileinimica sayi isasubspeciesofthemorewidespread‘hostileleaf-cutterbee’,M.inimica.

NativetonortheasternUS,thisbeeisastrongspecialistonplantsfromthefamilyAsteraceae,includingsunflowers.Itdiffersinlegcolor(black)fromitssouthernrelativethatextendsitsrangeintoSouthAmerica.

MollyJa

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Megachile inimica sayi

MollyJa

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Megachile mendica

Megachile mendica isamedium-sized,blackbeewithwhitehairsonitshead,thorax,andabdomen,forminglateralbandsonthelatter.ItisperhapstomostcommonnativeMegachile species.Itnestsinthesoilandcanbefoundduringsummerandautumn.Thisspeciesusesleaforflowerclippingstolineitsnests.

Leaf-cutterbeescontinued

53

BeesinthegenusOsmia areknownasmasonbeesbecausetheyusemudandothersimilarsubstancesinnestconstruction.Theyaresmalltomediumsizedwitharobustbuild.Usuallyemergingintheearlyspring,theybuildsolitarynestsinpre-existingundergroundburrows,crevassesinwood,stone,concrete,andknowntooccupyoldsnailshells.Somemason bees,liketheblueorchardbee(Osmia

lignaria)andthehorn-facedbee(O.cornifrons),areusedcommerciallyintheagriculturalsectoraspollinatorstoenhanceproductionoffruitsandnuts.

KatherineOdanaka

Osmia lignaria

MasonbeesMegachilidaeOsmia

Sabine

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ten

Osmiacornifrons

54

TheblueorchardbeeOsmialignaria isanativespeciesofOsmia.Thismediumsizedbeeisrecognizedbyitsmetallicbluecolorandamixofblackandwhitehairsonthebody.ItisageneralistthroughoutNorthAmericathatoccursinspringandusuallydiesoffbytheendofJune.

MollyJa

cobson

Osmia lignaria

Thehorn-facedbee,O. cornifrons,originallycamefromJapanandwasintroducedinthelate1970’sastoenhancecroppollination.Thisbeehasadarkbodylooselycoveredwithlongredbrowntopalehair.Femalescanberecognizedbyhornlikeprotrusionsonthelowerendoftheirface.

MollyJa

cobson

Osmiacornifrons

Masonbeescontinued

55

CullenFranchino

Hoplitisproducta

ThemasonbeegenusHoplitisisasmalltomediumsizedbeevaryinginsizefromaquartertohalfaninch.TheyaresmalleranddarkerincolorationthanOsmia.Likeothermasonbeestheyalsouseamixofsubstratestomakemudpartitionsfornestconstructionortowraptheireggsinaprotectiveenvelope.InterestinglyHoplitis havebeenobservedinnestsbuiltinstemsbysmallcarpenterbees,genusCeratina.Todate,onecanonlyspeculateiftheyco-inhabitorusurpedthenest.Hoplitisbeesareknowntoreturntothesamenesttheywerebornintomaketheirownnests.

MollyJa

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Hoplitits sp.

MasonbeesMegachilidaeHoplitis

56

Althoughmostbeesvisitflowerstocollectpollentoprovisionnestcells,thereareafewgenerawhodonot.Instead,thesethievesrelyonthepollencollectinglabor ofotherbees.Calledcleptoparasites,orcuckoobees,thesebeesbehavesimilarlytocuckoobirds,whichlayeggsinthenestsofotherbirdsandforcetheotherbirdtocareforthecuckoobirdoffspring.Cleptoparasitism inbeeshasevolvedatleast27times,eachinadifferentlineageandthislifestyleisfoundacrossthedifferentbeefamilies.Manyofthecuckoobeescomeinstrikingpatternsofredsandyellowsgivingthemaverywaspishlook.Cuckoobeesaremostfrequentlyencounteredhoveringnearthegroundornectaring atflowers.

MollyJa

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Nomada sp.

Cuckoobees parasiticbees

57

Thereareanestimated300speciesofNomadaintheUS.MostofthemparasitizethenestsofAndrena,althoughtherearerecordsofthemusingothergeneraincludingAgapostemonaswell.

MollyJa

cobson

Nomada sp.

Cuckoobees ApidaeNomada

TheNomada areamongthemostcommonlyencounteredofthecuckoobees.Thesebeesaregenerallyhairlessandcomeinavastarrayofredsandyellows.IntheUS,theyaretheonlybeeobservedtobeentirelyredincolor.

©Ch

arleyEiseman;w

ww.charle

yeise

man.com

Nomadasp.

Large aggregationsofAndrena willattractfemaleandmaleNomada. Theycanbeseenhoveringinandnearhostnestsites.

58

MollyJa

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Nomada luteoloides

LikemostNomada,N.luteoloides isdarkbrownandyellowincolor.ItisfoundintheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesuptotheHudsonBay.Throughoutthespringfemalescanbeseenhoveringalongthegroundsearchingforhostnestswhilemalesarecommonlyseennectaring atflowers.

Cuckoobees ApidaeNomada andHolcopasites

Holcopasites isastrikinggenusofparasiticbeefromthefamilyApidae.Theyhaveredabdomensandablackthoraxwitharoughtexture.Onlyaboutaquarterinchinlength,theyareoftenoverlooked.ThereisonlyonespeciesinNewEnglandanditparasitisesthenestsoftheCalliopsis,andrenid bees.

MollyJa

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Holcopasites calliopsidis

59

Triepeolus isanothergenusofparasiticbee.Theyhavebodieswithdistinctivewhitehairpatterns,blackorbrightredlegsandlargebodiesthatmakesthemeasytoidentify.TheyarestrikinglysimilarincolorationandappearancetofellowcleptoparasiticgenusEpeolus.Triepeolus isanestparasiteofsweatbees,Nomia

andDieunomia,andeucerine bees,includingmembersofthegenusMelissodes.Thesebeesarefoundduringthesummerandfallmonthsnectaringatavarietyofdifferentflowers.

MollyJa

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Triepeolus nr.donatus

CuckoobeesApidaeTriepeolus

60

ThegenusSphecodes isanothertypeofcuckoobee.Themembersofthisgenusparasitizeothersweatbeespecies,suchasthesmalldarkLasioglossum

sweatbees.TheyhavebeenobservedparasitizingspeciesofothergeneraincludingtheminingbeesAndrenaandCalliopsis,andColletes cellophanebees.SomespeciesofSphecodes aresocialparasites.Theparasiticfemalesremaininthenestwiththehost.Littleresearchhasbeendoneonthesebees,andmuchoftheirbiologyisstillamystery.

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Sphecodes sp.

CuckoobeesHalictidaeSphecodes

61

Coelioxys isagenusofparasiticbeesthatcanbeidentifiedbytheirextremelypointedabdomen.Thesebeesareusuallyblackwithwhitestripesontheabdomenandsomespecieshaveredlegsandcolorfuleyes.TheyarefoundthroughoutNorthAmerica.ThemostcommonhostsofthisgenusaretheMegachileleaf-cutterbees,buttheyhavealsobeenknowntoparasitizeAnthophora nests.Theirparasitichatchlingsusepowerfuljawstoattackahosteggorlarvaandcutitinhalf.

MollyJa

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Coelioxys octodentatus

CuckoobeesMegachilidaeCoelioxys

Flowersprovideallofthefoodbeesneedtosurvive.Beesobtainproteinfrompollenandsugarfromfloralnectar.Havingadiversityandabundanceofflowersinbloomfromearlyspringthroughautumnisnecessarytoprovideadequatenutritionforbeestofeedthemselvesandtheiroffspring,inadditiontoprovidingnestingsubstrateforsomebeespecies.Inthefollowingpageswehighlightsomenativeandnon-nativeherbaceousflowersthatsupportbeeslocally.Plantingnativespeciesisrecommended,butweincludecommonflowersandmanynon-nativesthatarewellestablishedinNewEngland.Thesearesortedbyseasonalbloomtimeandthenlistedalphabeticallybasedonthecommonname.

62

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Floweringplantsforbees

63

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Flowertype:Aradialwhiteflowerwith8-12petalsandyellowcenter

Flower diameter:

~1.25”

Foliage:

Asingleleafandfloweroneachstem,leavesbasalsimpleorlobed

Height: 12-14”

Location:Woodlands

Growthconditions:● Sun- shadeto

partshade● Soil- loam● Moisture-

moist

SpringBloomingPlants

BloodrootSanguinaria canadensis

Beeforagers:CuckoobeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

64

Flowertype:Large,flatclustersofvibrantorangeflowerswithfiveuprightpetalsandfivedownwardfacingpetals

Flowerdiameter:~0.5”

Foliage:Lance-shapedleavesthatgrowfrom2-5”alongslender,hairystems

Height:1-3’

Location:Fields

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- sandy● Moisture– dry


Butterflyweed Asclepias tuberosa

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesCuckoobeesGreenbeesLeaf-cutterbeesMiningbeesResinbeesSweatbees

Sabine

Noo

ten

NativetoNewEngland


Carolinaspring-beautyClaytoniacaroliniana

65

Flowertype:Fivepalepinkorwhitepetals


Foliage:singlepairofopposite,simpleleaves

Height:4-12”

Location:Floodplain,forestedges,forests

Growthconditions:● Sun– partshade● Soil- any● Moisture-

medium

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lFreli;W

ikiped

ia.org

Beeforagers:CuckoobeesGroundbeesMiningbeesSmallcarpenterbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

66

Flowertype:Compositeflowerhead,brightyellow


Foliage:Leavesgrowbasally,longerthanwide,toothedorlobed

Height:4-12”

Location:disturbedareas,fieldsandmeadows,abundantweed

Growthconditions:● Sun- shadetofull

sun● Soil- sand,loam,

clay● Moisture- medium

Célia

Bordier


CommondandelionTaraxacumofficinale

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesHoneybeesMiningbeesSweatbees

Non-native

67

Célia

Bordier

Flowertype:White,five-petaledflowerssurroundingadensegroupofyellowstamens


Foliage:Leavesdividedin3leaflets,coarselytoothed,plantsgrowfromstemsrisingfromrunnersalongtheground

Height:4-8”

Location:Dry,openspaces,forestedges

Growthconditions:● Sun- partshade

tofullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- dry


CommonstrawberryFragariavirginiana

Beeforagers:CarpenterbeesCuckoobeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

70

Flowertype:Lightpurple,fivepetaledflowersthatgrowinsmallclustersfromasinglestem


Foliage:Slenderbutsturdystemslinedwith3”long,oval-shapedleavesandforminginlargegroupsontheforestfloor

Height: 6-10”

Location:Woodlands

MollyJa

cobson


CreepingphloxPhlox stolonifera

Beeforagers:Beeswithlongtonguesincluding-Bumblebees-Leafcutters-Masonbees


partsun● Soil- any● Moisture-

mediumtomoist

NativetoNewEngland

69

Sabine

Noo

ten

Flowertype:Denseclustersofbrightyellowflowers


Foliage:Coarselytoothedbasalleaveswithalargelobeattheend,upperleavesegg-shaped

Height: 1-2’

Location:Roadsidesandmeadows,common

Growthconditions:● Sun- shade

tofullsun● Soil- any● Moisture-

medium


GardenyellowrocketBarbarea vulgaris

Beeforagers:CellophanebeesCuckoobeesHoneybeesMiningbeesSweatbees

Non-native

70

Height:1-2’

Location:Prairie,meadow,openwoodlands,pastures

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- sand,loam● Moisture- any

level

FanWen

;Wikiped

ia.org


LanceleafcoreopsisCoreopsis lanceolata

Flowertype:Rayanddiskflowers;rayflowershavefourlobesattips

Flowerdiameter:~1-2”

Foliage:Multipleerectstems;opposite,sessile,linearoblongleaves

NativetoNewEngland

Beeforagers:BumblebeesHoneybeesLong-hornedbees

Flowertype:Blue-purplepeaflowersindense6-18”cone-shapedterminalclusters

Flowerdiameter:~1”

Foliage:Long,sturdystemwithlong-stalkedcompoundleaveswith12-18oblongleafletsradiatingfromacentralpoint

Height:2-4’

Location:Fieldsandroadsides

Growthconditions:● Sun- partshade

tofullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- any

level

71

DustyDu

rant


Large-leavedlupineLupinus polyphyllus

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesSweatbeesMasonbeesLeaf-cutterbees

NativetoNewEngland

72

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Flowertype:Largecompositeflowerwithreddishpurpleraysandanorange-reddisk


Foliage: Erectstem,lowerleavestoothedandegg-shapedonlongstalks

Height: 1-4’

Location: Openforestsandprairies

Growthconditions:● Sun- partto

fullsun● Soil- sand● Moisture-

dry


PurpleConeflowerEchinaceapurpurea

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesDiggerbeesLeaf-cutterbeesLong-hornedbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

73

Célia

Bordier

Flowertype:Whitetopaleblueflowerswithfourfusedpetalssurroundingayellowcenter


Foliage:slenderstem,leavesatbaseoblongintufts,atstemtinyandopposite

Height:2-8”

Location:Grassymeadows,fields,andopenwoods

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- any● Moisture– moist


QuakerladyHoustonia caerulea

BeeForagers:Sweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

74

Sabine

Noo

ten

Flowertype:Dense,flatclustersofwhiteflowers


Foliage: Leavesentire,largeshrubwithred-coloredyoungbranches

Height:6-12’

Location: Wetplaces,marshesandshorelines


Red-osierdogwoodCornus sericea

Growthconditions:● Sun- partshade● Soil- any● Moisture- moist

Beeforagers:Miningbees(specialists)Andrenafragilis

Andrenaintegra

Andrenaperisimulata

Andrenaplatyparia

NativetoNewEngland

75

Flowertype:Sparseclustersoffive-petaled,purpleflowersontheapicesofstems


Foliage: Leavesdeeplydividedintotoothedlobesonslenderstems

Height:1-3’

Location:Woodlandedgesandmoistmeadows


partshade● Soil- any● Moisture- moist

MollyJa

cobson


SpottedgeraniumGeranium maculatum

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesCuckoobeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbees&aspecialistbee=Andrenadistans

NativetoNewEngland

76

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ten

Flowertype:Small,long-stalkedclustersofyellowflowerswithfivepetals


Foliage:Leavesdividedin3s,similartoclover,longslenderstems,branchingvariablyandmostlyupright

Height:3-15”

Location:Fields,meadows,andopenwoodlands

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- dry


Yellowwoodsorrel Oxalisstricta

Beeforagers:CarpenterbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

77

Sabine

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Flowertype:Brightyellowpeaflowersinterminalumbels


Foliage:Slenderstemswithcompoundleaves,3pointyleafletsatthetopand2atthebase

Height:2-20”


Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- any

level

SummerBloomingPlants

Bird’sfoottrefoilLotuscorniculatus

Beeforagers:BumblebeesLeaf-cutterbeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbeesAnthidiumoblongatum

(specialist)

Non-native

78

Flowertype:Narrowspikeswithsmalltubularpurpleflowers


Foliage:Squarestemswithopposite,simpleleaves

Height:2-5’

Location:Meadows,woods,prairies,ditches,andpastures

Growthconditions:● Sun– fullor

partialsun● Soil- sand● Moisture- moist

CodyHou

gh;W

ikiped

ia.org


BluevervainVerbana hastata

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesCuckoobeesMaskedbeesMiningbeesSweatbees NativetoNewEngland

79

Flowertype:Clustersoffive-petaled,brightyellowflowerswithspotsonthemargins


Foliage:simple,oppositeleaves;0.75-1.5’ling

Height:6-20’

Location:riverandlakeshores,swamps,wetlandmargins

Robe

rtH.M

ohlenb

rock;W

ikiped

ia.org


CanadianSt.John’swortHypericumcanadense

Growthconditions:● Sun- sun● Soil- wet● Moisture- moist

Beeforagers:BumblebeesSweatbees NativetoNewEngland

80

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Flowertype:Dense,sphericalclustersofpinktopurpleflowerswithfiveupwardandfivedownwardfacingpetals

Flowerdiameter: ~0.25”

Foliage:Thick,hairystemswithlarge,short-stalkedleavesthatreleaseathickwhitesubstancewhenbroken

Height:2-6’


Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- moist


CommonmilkweedAsclepias syriaca

Beeforagers:BumblebeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

81

DustyDu

rant

Flowertype:Terminalheadsofsmall,dense,brightred-pinkflorets,moreelongatethanotherclover

Flowerdiameter:~0.5”~2”height

Foliage:Leavestrifoliate,leafletshairywithbilobedapexalonguprightslenderstems

Height:10-20”

Location:Forestedges,fields,androadsides

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- moist


CrimsoncloverTrifoliumincarnatum

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesHoneybeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

Non-native

82

Flowertype:Tightgroupofpinktopurplefloretsattheapex

Flowerdiameter:1-2”

Foliage:Anerect,hairystemwithmanyspinedwings,leaveslong,alternate,deeplylobed;leavesgreenontopandwhiteunderneath

Height:2-7’

Location:Colonizesmoisttodrysoils;pastures,oldfields,roadsides,forestedge

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- any

level

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FieldthistleCirsiumdiscolor

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesLeaf-cutterbeesMaskedbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

83

Flowertype:Deep,tubular,whiteflowersmadeoftwolips

Flowerdiameter:~0.5”~1.25”length

Foliage:Slenderstemswithlongtaperingleaves,ellipticleavesatbase

Height:3-5’

Location:Meadows,fields,andforestedges

Growthconditions:● Sun- parttofull

sun● Soil- sandand

loam● Moisture- any

level

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FoxglovebeardtonguePenstemondigitalis

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesDiggerbeesLeaf-cutterbeesMasonbeesSweatbeesWool-carderbees

NativetoNewEngland

84

Wikiped

ia.org

Flowertype:Dense,small,whiteflowers;two-lippedpetals

Flowerdiameter:~.75”

Foliage:Narrow,opposite,simpleleaves;Leaves2.5”long

Height:3’

Location:Meadows,forestedges,anddisturbedhabitats

Growthconditions:● Sun- partialto

fullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- all


MountainmintPycnanthemum virginianum

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCuckoobeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbeesNativetoNewEngland

85

Flowertype:Flatyellowflowerwithfiveovaltoheart-shapedpetals


Foliage:Alternateandcompoundleaves;leaflets~3”long

Height:1-3’

Location:fields,roadsides,wasteareas,disturbedsoil


sun● Soil- loam● Moisture-

medium

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RoughcinquefoilPotentillanorvegica

Beeforagers:BumblebeesMaskedbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

86

Forestand

Kim

Starr;W

ikipeida.org

Flowertype:Yellowflowerswithfiveirregularpetals

Flowerdiameter:~0.6”length

Foliage:Hairless,multiplestems;alternate,oblongleaves;leaves1.2-2.4”long

Height:1-2’

Location:Rivers,ponds,woods,prairies,thickets,roadsides

Growthconditions:● Sun- sun● Soil- sandy● Moisture- moist


SensitivepartridgepeaChamaecrista nictitans

Beeforagers:BumblebeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

87

Flowertype:Fivebroadroundedpetalswithwavyedges;pinktodeeprose;numerousyellowstamens


Foliage:Shrubwithoutpricklesalongitsstems;leavesarealternateandcompound;leafletsare1-1.5”long

Height:4-7’

Location:Woodlandedges,prairie,lakeshores

Growthconditions:● Sun– sun;part

shade● Soil- clay● Moisture-

mediumtodry

A.Barra;W

ikiped

ia.org


SmoothroseRosablanda

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesMaskedbeesMasonbeesSweatbeesNativetoNewEngland

88

Flowertype:Orangeflowerswiththreelobedcorolla

Flowerlength:~1”

Foliage:Ovate,alternateleaves,~5”long

Height:2-5’

Location:Woodlands,alongrivers,androadsideditches

Growthconditions:● Sun- parttofullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- moist

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SpottedjewelweedImpatienscapensis

Beeforagers:BumblebeesLongtonguedbees

NativetoNewEngland

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89

Flowertype:Pyramidshapedclusters;densepinktorosepurpleflowers


Foliage:Reddishbrown,hairystemslinedwithtoothed,ovateleaves

Height:2-4’

Location:wetlands;sandymarshes;shorelines

Growthconditions:● Sun– Sun● Soil- loam● Moisture- moist


SteeplebushSpiraea tomentosa

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesMaskedbeesMiningbeesSweatbeesNativetoNewEngland

Steven

G.Joh

nson

;Wikiped

ia.org

90

Flowertype:Compositeflowerwithmanyslender,whitefloretsinaroundhead


Foliage:Leavesinleafletsof3swithdistinctlight-colored markings

Height:6-24”

Location:Fields,roadsidesandmeadows

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- clay● Moisture- moist

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WhitecloverTrifoliumrepens

Beeforagers:BumblebeesHoneybeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbees Non-native

91

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Flowertype:Smallelongateclustersofwhitetopale-pinkflowerswith5petals


Foliage:Finelytoothed,lance-shapedleavesalternatingalongthestem

Height:2-6’

Location:Wetlandsandfreshwatershorelines

Growthconditions:● Sun- shadetofull

sun● Soil- any● Moisture-

mediumtowet


WhitemeadowsweetSpiraea alba

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesMiningbees

NativetoNewEngland

Flowertype:Denseroundedclusterofpurplish-pinktubularflowersaroundagreencentraldisk


Foliage:Toothed,lance-shapedleaves;oppositealongunbranchedsquarestems

Height:2-3’

Location:Hillsidesandforestedges

Growthconditions:● Sun- parttofullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- medium

todry

92

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AutumnBloomingPlants

WildbergamotMonardafistulosa

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesLeaf-cutterbeesLong-hornedbeesResinbeesSweatbeesWool-carderbees

NativetoNewEngland

93

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Flowertype:Largecompositeflowerwithacone-shaped,blackcentraldisksurroundedbythin,yellowrayflorets


Foliage:Thinlytoothedleavesalongacoarsebristlystem

Height:1-3’

Location:Openspaces

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- sand● Moisture- any

level


Black-eyedSusanRudbeckiahirta

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesCuckoobeesLeaf-cutterbeesLong-hornedbeesSweatbeesAndrenarudbeckia

(specialist)NativetoNewEngland

94

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Flowertype:Curvedone-sidedclustersofsmallyellowflowersatbranchtips

Flowerdiameter:<0.25”length

Foliage:Leaveslanceshaped,sharplytoothed,uniforminsize,smoothstemnearthebase,downyabove

Height:1-5’


Growthconditions:● Sun- parttofullsun● Soil- any● Moisture- medium

todry


CanadagoldenrodSolidagocanadensis

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesCellophanebeesCuckoobeesDiggerbeesMaskedbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

95

D.Gordo

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Flowertype:Compositeflowersmadefrommanybrightyellowflorets,onlongstalks,oftenmorethanonecrownperstalk

Flowerdiameter:~1”

Foliage:Simpleandalternateleaves;leavesare0.75-6’inlength

Height:1-3’

Location:Fields,beaches,woodsandwoodlandedges


fullsun● Soil- loam● Moisture- moist


CanadahawkweedHieracium canadense

Beeforagers:BumblebeesLeaf-cutterbeesSweatbeesNativetoNewEngland

96

MollyJa

cobson

Flowertype:Denseclustersofsmall,whiteflowersattheapexofthehighestbranches

Flowerdiameter:0.1– 0.25”

Foliage:Bristlystemwithlarge,toothedlowerleavesonoppositesidesandconnectedaroundthestem

Height:4-6’

Location:Openwoodsandprairies

Beeforagers:BumblebeesMaskedbeesMiningbeesSweatbees


CommonbonesetEupatoriumperfoliatum

Growthconditions:● Sun- partshadeto

fullsun● Soil- sandandclay● Moisture- medium

tomoist

NativetoNewEngland

97

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Flowertype:solitarycrownswithmanywedge-shaped,three-toothed,yellowpetalsaroundacentral,knob-shapeddisk


Foliage:Slenderstemswithtoothed,lance-shapedleavescomingoffinwings

Height:2-6’

Location:Moistmeadowsandshorelines

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- clay● Moisture-

moist


CommonsneezeweedHeleniumautumnale

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesLeaf-cutterbeesLong-hornedbeesMaskedbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

98

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Flowertype:Compositeflowerwith50-100whiterayfloretsandayellowcentraldisk


Foliage:Hairystemwithlanceshaped,toothedhairyleavesthroughoutitslength

Height:1-5’

Location:Fields,roadsidesanddisturbedareas



EasterndaisyfleabaneErigeronannuus

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesCuckoobeesLong-hornedbeesMaskedbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

99

Flowertype:40-50purplerayssurroundingayellow-redcentraldisk


Foliage:Lance-shaped,claspedleavessurroundingastemcoveredinbristlyhairs

Height:2-8’

Location:Fieldsanddampmeadows

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesSweatbees

MollyJa

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NewEnglandAsterAster novae-angliae

Growthconditions:● Sun– partshade

tofullsun● Soil- sand,loam,

clay● Moisture- moist

NativetoNewEngland

100

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Flowertype:Compositeflowerinroundheadswithslender,purpletodarkpinkflorets


Foliage:Leavesinleafletsof3swithawhite,crescentshape

Height:6-24”

Location:Fieldsandmeadows

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- loam● Moisture- moist


RedcloverTrifoliumpratense

Beeforagers:BumblebeesHoneybeesMasonbeesMiningbeesSweatbeesNon-native

101

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Flowertype:Compositeflowerwithlong,yellowrayfloretsandacone-shaped,browncentraldisk

Flowerdiameter: ~2”

Foliage:Large,egg-shapedleaveswithlongstalksandcoarseteethoppositeatsmoothstem

Height:2-5’

Location:Openwoodsandthickets

Growthconditions:● Sun- fullsun● Soil- sand● Moisture- moist


SmoothoxeyeHeliopsis helianthoides

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCuckoobeesLeaf-cutterbeesLong-hornedbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

102

Flowertype:Yellowflowersincurvedone-sidedclustersatcentralstemandbranches

Flowerdiameter:~0.25”length

Foliage:Lance-shaped,lightly-toothedleavesalongagreyanddownystem

Height:2-7’

Location:Dry,openspaces


sun● Soil- sand,loam,

clay● Moisture- moist

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TallgoldenrodSolidagoaltissima

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesDiggerbeesMaskedbeesMiningbeesSweatbees

NativetoNewEngland

103

Flowertype:Flowerspikeswithlong,irregular,tubularflowers;color canbepurple,pink,andoccasionallywhite


Foliage:Leavesareoppositeandsimplewithtoothededgesandapointedtip;stemsaresquareandcoveredinshorthairs

Height:2-4’

Location:Woods;alongstreamsandrivers


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PurplegianthyssopAgastachescrophulariifolia

Beeforagers:BumblebeesCarpenterbeesLeaf-cutterbeesLong-hornedbeesResinbeesSweatbeesWool-carderbees

NativetoNewEngland

HabitatlossThelargestthreatfacingbeesishabitatlossduetothedestructionofnaturallandscapes.Inprotectedandrestoredenvironments,beeshaveaccesstoavarietyofdifferentfloweringplantsthattheycanforageon,anddifferentsubstratesthattheycanusetoconstructnests.

Globally,wehaveseendramaticdeclinesofwildbees.IntheUSalone,thereareeightnativebeesthathavebeenplacedontheendangeredspecieslist,sevenaremaskedbeesfromHawaii.Themostnotable,andonlybeetobefoundinthecontinentalUS,istherustypatchedbumblebee.Formostbeestherearenostatusassessmentsandwehavemuchtolearn.Thereisnotonespecificcauseforwildbeedecline,ratherthedeclineswearewitnessingareacomplexinteractionbetweenmanydifferentfactors.Thesefactorsinclude:

1. Habitatloss2. Climatechange3. Invasivespeciesanddisease

MollyJa

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Bombusterricola

Bee conservation

104

year.Ifthetimingisoff,beesmayemergetooearlyortoolateandtheflowerstheyfeedonwillhavealreadyfinishedtheirbloomingcycle.Changesinemergenceofbothflowersandbeesismostdetrimentaltopollenandnectarspecialists.

Humanactivitiessuchassubstantialmonoculturesandexpansiveagricultureandurbanizationthatimpactthenaturalenvironmentmakingitdifficultforbeestofindenoughresourcestosurvive.Oneoftheeasiestwaystoreducethelossofwildbeesistoprovidenativefloweringplantsforthemtoforageon.Forotherwayswecanhelpnativebeesflourishcanbefoundinthe“KeepingtheBees”sectionofthisbooklet.

Globalclimatechange

Changesintemperatureandrainfallcancauseproblemsforbees.Forexample,beesforageandtheirpreferredflowersbloomatthesametimeof

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Bombusgriseocollis

105

Introducedspeciesanddisease

Introducedbeeandplantspeciescancausemanyproblems.Non-nativeplantsandpollinatorsmayout-competenativespeciesanddrivewildspeciesawayfromtheirnaturalenvironments.Additionally,introducedspeciesofplantsandanimalsmaybringdiseasesthatcandecimatenativepopulationswholackresistancetotheseforeignpathogens.Exoticbeeandplantspeciescanspreadrapidlyoutcompetingnativepopulations.

KatherineOdanaka

Theoblongwoolcarderbee(Anthidiumoblongatum)

and thebird’sfoottrefoil (Lotuscorniculatus)arebothintroducedspecies.

106

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Beesandotherpollinatorsareessentialforthesurvivalofalmosteveryterrestrialecosystem.ItisestimatedthatthesesmallworkerscontributebillionsofdollarsworthofworktotheagriculturalsectorintheUSalone.Therearemanythreatstothesespecies,andmakingsurewedoeverythingwecantoconservethemisvitalfortheirpersistence.Helpingoursix-leggedneighbors isnotjustajobforscientistsandresearchers;everyonecanandshouldgetinvolved.HereweprovideinformationonafewwaysthatyoucansupportthenativebeesofNewEngland!

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KeepingtheBees

107

grassprovidenofoodforpollinatorsandalsomakethedistancesbetweennestingandforagingareastoolargetosupportsomespeciesofbees.Onewaytohelpsolvethisproblemistoleavea“softedge,”afewfeetofun-mowedlawnalongtheoutskirtstoallowflowerstobloomandprovidebeeswithafoodsource.Pesticideandherbicidecontrol

Herbicidescankillplantsthatbeescanforageon.Pesticidesarechemicalsusedtokillinsectsthatcauseproblemsforhumans,butthesechemicalsalsoaffectthenativebees.Theuseofpesticidesandherbicidesonlawns,gardens,andcropsisunhealthyforeverymemberofthecommunity:

MowingChanginglawncarehabitsisoneoftheeasiestwaystosupportlocalbeespecies.Expansive,well-kemptlawnsmightlookappealingtosomelandscapers,butthishurtsthebeecommunityinmultipleways.Largetractsofmowed

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Anexampleofasoftedge

108

pollinators,plants,andotheranimals(includinghumans).Pleasedonotuseunlessabsolutelynecessarybecausetheykillinsects,includingbees.Beehotels

Asshowninthisfieldguide,manyofthenativebeespeciesinNewEnglandconstructtheirnestsinpre-existingcavitiesorburrowintothesoftcenters ofdeadwoodmaterials.Abeehotelissimplyacollectionofsuitablesticksforthesebeestocreatetheirnests.Drilledholesinuntreatedwood,stickswithpithycenters,andhollowedsticksofbamboocancreateagreatplaceforavarietyofbeestothrive.Beehotelsthrivewhenplacedinfullsunandprotectedwitharooftokeepthenestsdry.

Sand

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an

AbeehotelonUNHcampus109

Wildflowergardens

Notonlyarewildflowergardensattractivetothehumaneye,theyhelptocreatebuffetsforbees.Especiallyinurbanareaswherefloweringplantscanbefewandfarbetween,patchesofflowerscanhelptomaintainbeepopulations.Someornamentalflowersareunabletobepollinatedbythenativebeepopulations,soitisimportantandmuchmorebeneficialtousewildflowersthatbloomnaturallyinthesurroundingarea.Thesegardensnotonlyprovidesustenance,butcanmakeanemptyspacemuchmorebeautiful.

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Wildflower garden

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Resources

GoBotany.NewEnglandWildflowerSociety,2018.gobotany.newenglandwild.org

HolmH.2014.PollinatorsofNativePlants.PollinationPress.

LadyBirdJohnsonWildflowerCenter.TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,2018.www.wildflower.org/plants/

Newcom L.1977.Newcomb’sWildflowerGuide.Little,BrownandCompany.

PlantsForAFuture.PlantsForAFuture,2012.pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx

WilsonJS&Carril OM.2016.TheBeesInYourBackyard.PrincetonUniversityPress.

111

Indexofpollinatorsandwildflowers

Pollinators

112

Agapostemon 43,57Agapostemon sericus 44Agapostemontexanus 44Agapostemon virescens 6,43Andrena carlini 23

Andrena spp. 21,22,36,57,60Andrena vicina 24Andrena wilkella 23Anthidiumspp. 49Anthidium manicatum 49,50Anthidium oblongatum 50,106Anthophora 61Apis 25Apis mellifera 25Augochlora 43Augochlora pura 45Augochlorella 43Augochlorella aurata 46Augochloropsis 43Augochloropsis metallica 46Bandedsweatbee 40Beefly 19Beewolf 17Bicoloredstripedsweatbee 43Blueorchardbee 53,54

113

Bombus 14,26Bombusbimaculatus 27Bombusgriseocollis 27,28,105Bombusimpatiens 27,29Bombusperplexus 30Bombusspp. 14,26Bombusterricola 104Bombyliidae 19Brown-beltedbumblebee 27,28,105Bumblebee 9,11,14,26Calliopsis 58,60Cantharidae 19Cellophanebees 36,60Cerambycidae 20Ceratina calcarata 8,10,12,32Ceratina 32,55Chauliognathus pensylvanicus 19cleptoparasitic bee 7Coelioxys 61Colletes 36,60Colletes inaequalis 37Colletes validus 9,38Commoneasternbumblebee 27,29Crabronidae 17Cuckoobee 21,56Diggerwasp 17Dolichovespula sp. 18

114

EasternCarpenterBee 6Eucera 15,33,35Eucera pruinosa 15,33,35Europeanwoolcarderbee 50Flowerflies 16Greensweatbee 43Halictus 40Halictus confusus 41Halictus ligatus 40,41Halictus rubicundus 42Hemaris diffinis 17Holcopastites 58Honeybee 6,7,14,25Hoplitis 14,55Hornet 18Horn-facedbee 53,54Hummingbirdmoth 17Hylaeus 36,39Hylaeus modestus 39Laphria sp. 20Largecarpenterbee 10,11,31Lasioglossum 47,60Lasioglossum pilosum 15,48Lasioglossum tegulare 47Leaf-cutterbee 10,51,61Locustborer 20Long-hornedbee 33

115

Maskedbee 39Masonbee 53,55Megachile inimica sayi 52Megachile mendica 52Megachile rotundata 51Megachile sp. 5Megacyllene robiniae 20Melissodes 33,59Melissodes bimaculata 33Melissodes trinodis 34Miningbee 11,21,22,60Nomada luteoloides 7,58Nomada spp. 56,57Oblongwoolcarderbee 50,106Orangesunflowerbee 34Osmia 53Osmiacornifrons 10,53,54Osmialignaria 53,54Paperwasp 18Perplexingbumblebee 30Philanthus gibbosus 17Philanthus ventilabris 49Robberfly 20Sandwasp 17Smallcarpenterbee 8,10,32,55Smalldarksweatbee 47Soldierbeetle 19

116

Southernbronzefurrowbee 41Sphecodes 60Sphingidae 17Squashbee 15,35Sweatbee 11,59,60Syrphidae 16Systoechus vulgaris 19Toxomerus germinatus 16Triepeolus 59Triepeolus donatus 59Two-spottedlong-hornbee 33Two-spottedbumblebee 27Vespid wasp 18Woolcarderbee 49Xylocopa 31Xylocopa virginica 11,31Yellowjacket 18

Wildflowers

117

Agastachescrophulariifolia 103Apple 22Asclepias syriaca 80Asclepias tuberosa 64Asternovae-angliae 99Barbarea vulgaris 69Bird's-foottrefoil 50,77,106Blacklocust 20Black-eyedSusan 93Bloodroot 63Blueberry 30,38Bluevervain 78Butterflyweed 64Canadagoldenrod 94Canadahawkweed 95CanadienSt.John'swort 79Carolinaspringbeauty 65Chamaecrista nictitans 86Cirsiumdiscolor 82Claytoniacariliniana 65Commonboneset 96Commondandelion 66Commonmilkweed 80Commonsneezeweed 97

118

Commonstrawberry 67Coreopsislanceolata 70Cornus sericea 76Creepingphlox 70Crimsonclover 81Easterndaisyfleabane 98Echinaceapurpurea 72Erigeronannuus 98Eupatoriumperfoliatum 96Fieldthistle 82Foxglovebeardtongue 83Fragariavirginiana 67Gardenyellowrocket 69Geraniummaculatum 75Heleniumautumnale 97Helianthusannuus 34Heliopsis helianthoides 101Hieracium canadense 95Houstonia caerulea 73Hypericumcanadense 79Impatienscapensis 88Lanceleaf coreopsis 70Large-leavedlupine 71Liliumsp. 13Lotuscorniculatus 50,77,106Lupinus polyphyllus 71Maluspumila 22

119

Monardafistulosa 14,92Mountainmint 84NewEnglandAster 99Oxalisstricta 76Penstamon digitalis 83Phloxstolonifera 70Potentillanorvegica 85PurpleConeflower 72Purplegianthyssop 103Pycanthemum virginianum 84Quakerlady 73Redclover 100Red-oiserdogwood 74Rosablanda 87Roughcinquefoil 85Rudbeckia hirta 93Sanguinaria canadensis 63Sensitivepartridgepea 86Spottedjewelweed 88Smoothoxeye 5,101Smoothrose 87Solidago altissima 102Solidago canadensis 94Spiraea alba 91Spiraea tomentosa 89Spottedgeranium 75Steeplebush 89

120

Tallgoldenrod 102Taraxacum officinale 66Trifolium incarnatum 81Trifolium pratense 100Trifolium repens 90

Vacciniumcorymbosum 30,38Verbana hasta 78

Whiteclover 90Whitemeadowsweet 91

Wildbergamot 14,92Yellowwoodsorrel 76

cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

in2

13

4

Documents

Wild Bees of New England - rehanlab.com€¦ · Wild Bees of New England A guide to common pollinators & flowers By Katherine Odanaka, Josh Hall, Sabine Nooten ... bees found worldwide