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WILDLIFE DISEASES IN THE UK

REPORTED IN THE YEAR 2005

REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS

(Defra) AND THE

OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES ĒPIZOOTIES (OIE)

CONTENTS Page No. INTRODUCTION 3 NOTES 4-6 OIE LISTED DISEASES , SURVEYS Table 1 and 2 UK Avian Influenza surveillance in wild birds, 2005 7-8 Table 3 and 4 Tuberculosis in wildlife 9-10 Table 5 and 6 Rabies surveillance 11 Table 7 West Nile Virus surveillance 12 Table 8 and 9 Brucellosis surveillance 13-14 Table 10 Chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance 15 Table 11,12 13 Salmonella surveillance 16-18 Table 14 Avian wildlife disease surveillance, SAC, Scotland, 19 Table 15 and 16 Dead birds reported by the public to the RSPB 20

Lyme borreliosis 21-23 Table 17 and 18 Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre 24-25

Data from GBHi, IoZ 26-27 Table 19 Data from Tiggywinkles, SE England 28 Table 20 Wildlife disease surveillance, Northern Ireland 29 Table 21 RSPCA Wildlife Centre, Norfolk 31 Table 22 RSPCA Wildlife Centre, Somerset 32 Table 23 Fair Isle bird migration mortality 32 Table 24 Pesticide poisoning of wildlife 33

OIE �REPORTABLE DISEASES�, INCIDENTS Mammals 33 Birds 34 OIE �WILDLIFE DISEASE�, INCIDENTS Marine mammals 35 Mammals 36 Birds 37-39 Amphibians 40

ABBREVIATIONS 40 FURTHER READING & REFERENCES 41-43 ACKNOWLDGEMENTS 44

Cover photograph: Spring and autumn auk mortalities around British coasts Surveillance has shown that spring and autumn auk mortality incidents are relatively frequent along British coasts and probably associated with the birds being unable to find the fish that they normally feed on. In a typical incident, 50 common guillemots (Uria aalge) were washed up on the Cumbrian coast in September 2005 and examined at VLA Penrith. They were all in thin body condition with no food in their gastro-intestinal tracts. Laboratory examinations did not revealed infectious pathogens and starvation was the cause of death. Tissues from the birds were also examined for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) as part of the enhanced AIV surveillance in wild birds requested by Defra in September 2005. Since then many wild birds have been examined for AIV (results on pages 7-8). A list of the diagnoses reached from these examinations is available from the Defra website at http://www.defra.gov.uk .

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http://www.defra.gov.uk/

WILDLIFE DISEASES IN THE UK 2005 Report to Defra and to the OIE 2005 INTRODUCTION 1. The Wildlife Diseases Report for 2005, to Defra, and ultimately to the OIE is compiled

as part of the Defra/VLA Diseases of Wildlife Surveillance scheme (ED1600: VLADoWs). The format is similar to that used in previous years.

2. This Report is a summary of diseases in free-living animals and wildlife investigated

by government and non-government agencies, and independent workers, for the year 2005. Data for 2004 is included for diseases, such as salmonellosis, where there is a longer diagnostic process and the dataset for 2005 is not complete. Data for 2004 is also included if it was not reported previously. The absence of a particular condition does not necessarily mean that it was not present.

3. Each incident has been numbered to allow for referencing. The majority of incidents

refer to infectious diseases, however non-infectious incidents that were considered worthy of note have been added. Conditions not recorded in previous UK OIE Reports, or considered unusual, have been annotated by the letter �N�.

4. Further to the key aims of both Defra and VLA with respect to wildlife, Defra, since

1998, has supported the VLA: Diseases of Wildlife Surveillance scheme (VLADoWs). The principal objectives are to investigate unusual wildlife mortality and to provide wildlife disease surveillance. Data from several Project investigations in 2005 are presented in the lists and the tables of this Report, including the West Nile Virus and Avian Influenza surveillance in wild birds.

5. In addition to informing the OIE and Defra, it is intended that these Reports, by

updating the list of recorded diseases and by providing further information on UK wildlife disease, will also serve to inform other workers in the field. The Reports have been made available on the internet (web address on page 38) and are now being used and referred to by ecologists, biologists and veterinarians.

6. In order to make the data more accessible, explanatory notes on disease

designations and specific incidents have been added. These notes are selective and not intended to be comprehensive. They have been compiled with the general reader in mind.

Compiled January 2006 Please send records of diagnosed diseases of wildlife to Veterinary Laboratories Agency VLA Penrith, Calthwaite, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 9RR Tel +44 (0) 1768-885295 Fax +44 (0) 1768-885314 E-Mail : [email protected]

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Notes The OIE Wildlife Disease Report The role of wildlife diseases and their potential importance for man, domestic animals, wildlife and the environment is being increasingly recognised world-wide. Regular surveillance is important for proof of national disease-freedom status as well as for detecting the emergence of significant diseases. Wild animals function as components of ecosystems however they may also, unfortunately, be reservoirs of OIE reportable diseases, as well as other important diseases of domestic animals and humans. Consequently surveillance for known diseases of economic or public health importance amongst wildlife is beneficial to the national interest. Since 1993, a Working Group on Wildlife Diseases of the OIE in Paris has collected information on wildlife diseases, distributing a questionnaire to all country CVOs (Chief Veterinary Officers). The UK has produced an official response to this questionnaire in the form of the annual OIE report. Disease designations - OIE Reportable Diseases and OIE Wildlife Diseases OIE Reportable Diseases. These are animal diseases of world-wide significance, due to the risks they pose to human health and national economies. The OIE previously had separated these conditions in to List A and List B diseases. However from 2005, the Reportable Diseases List will now incorporate most of the A and B diseases, the remainder being classified as �OIE Wildlife List� diseases. Of the 44 OIE Reportable Diseases, 11 have been recorded in UK wildlife. They are � anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophila infection), avian chlamydophilosis, avian cholera, avian tuberculosis, duck plague (or duck virus enteritis/DVE), leptospirosis, malignant catarrhal fever, myxomatosis, paratuberculosis, rabbit haemorrhagic disease/RHD and bovine tuberculosis. Most of these diseases are endemic, in that they are considered to exist in wild populations from year to year, and incidents are reported in most years. It should be noted that for several of these conditions, the form of the disease that we have in the UK is not as severe as that found in other countries in the world. For example anaplasmosis in UK wildlife is frequently a very mild condition that causes little mortality in the species that are affected. Swine fever and foot and mouth disease have occurred transiently in the UK in the present century, however neither were recorded in wildlife species. Avian Influenza virus has occurred in UK wildfowl but only as Low pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI), a non-disease causing type. The status of diseases on the OIE Lists may vary. Diseases may be re-assessed should they change in nature and become more pathogenic (i.e. produce disease of greater severity) or perhaps infect new host species for the first time. Designations within countries may also vary. For example it has only become apparent in recent years that the UK population of Daubenton�s bat (Myotis daubentoni) may be endemically infected with European Bat Lyssavirus (EBL), a type of rabies virus. So this disease now joins the UK Wildlife Disease List.

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OIE Reportable Diseases in 2005 - continued Avian Influenza surveillance in the UK In response to the incidents of Avian Influenza virus H5N1 (AIV H5N1) in European Siberia in August 2005, the EU member states agreed to increase levels of surveillance for avian influenza virus in wild birds. Following meetings between Defra and ornithological organisations, an avian influenza surveillance programme was agreed in October 2005. The three initiatives of the programme are described on page 7. Monitoring unusual incidents of bird mortality for AIV by extending the Diseases of Wildlife scheme commenced in September. Avian tuberculosis � This bacterial disease in wild birds is not uncommon in the UK and has been recorded for many years, and in many species. Waterfowl primarily are infected and in some localities the bacterium may survive in the environment and be a source of infection to birds feeding there. The disease is usually fatal. Bovine tuberculosis � This relationship between infected wild animals, in particular badgers, and cattle is the subject of much research and media interest. A paper in the journal Nature describing the results of widespread badger culling in 30 trial areas in England (Ref. 28) showed that there were positive and negative effects associated with this culling. OIE Wildlife Disease List This is the second of the OIE designated Lists. In effect it is a general list and includes any disease that is infectious in nature (caused by virus, TSE agent, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infection) that can infect wild mammals, birds, reptiles or amphibians. Several of these conditions may affect more than one species, and many may also infect man and domesticated stock. It is difficult to summarise their significance, as this may vary from country to country; some may occur sporadically; some may infect animals but cause little recognisable clinical disease, while others (for example salmonellosis) have the potential to infect many species and cause severe disease. Over 50 examples of Wildlife Disease List conditions are presented in the questionnaire but this is by no means exhaustive. New conditions are reported each year in UK wildlife and these require additional work to assess their potential risks to man, domestic stock, the environment and the species affected. 2005 wildlife disease incidents of note Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) mass mortality The mortality incidents in this species that were recorded in 2004 were not reported, and therefore probably did not recur in 2005. (See OIE Report 2004). Breeding failure in sea bird colonies No necropsy data received for 2005. A short summary is given in the VLA Wildlife Quarterly Report 7.2, and this suggested that the colony failures in 2005 were not as widespread nor as significant as those in 2004. Fluke parasite in otters (Lutra lutra) in Southern England The digenean fluke Pseudoamphistomum truncatum has been found in gall bladders of some wild otters and mink (Mustela vison) in Southern England as reported by Simpson and others (2005 Ref. 8). This is a potentially zoonotic parasite that may have been introduced to the UK in imported freshwater fish. Source: Ref. and WQR 7.1.

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Outbreak of Salmonella Dublin infection in fallow deer (Dama dama) abortion and deaths causes by Salmonella Dublin infection affected approximately 30 fallow does from a herd of approximately 1000 animals in 350 acres of private parkland. Salmonellosis due to S dublin infection is seen sporadically in wildlife, and the UK OIE Report has reported single isolations from a fox (Vulpes vulpes) and an otter. No other reports of outbreaks of disease due to infection with this organism in the UK have been found in the literature. In Austria however an outbreak of infection in chamois was reported (Ref. 12). In the present case no other stock grazed the park and the source of infection is not known. Source : VLA, WQR 7.1. Red squirrel pox This disease is of conservation importance and is currently threatening the English and Welsh populations of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). The pox virus is carried by the expanding population of the otherwise healthy grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). The current areas affected by the disease are primarily in the North of England. Grey squirrels probably appeared in North Cumbria in the late 1990s, subsequently and predictably pox disease in red squirrels in the area followed in the wake of the appearance of the greys. Incidents of pox were identified in red squirrels from many areas in the North of England during 2005. Examinations at VLA suggest that affected red squirrels die from secondary bacterial septicaemia, usually Staphylococcus aureus and S. sciuri infections.

Garden bird salmonellosis This is the term used to describe deaths in garden birds (often near bird feeders) caused by Salmonella typhimurium (phage type 40 and 56) infections. These (phage) types appear to be relatively specific to finches and other garden birds, but human infection and pet (cats) infections are also potentially possible. Compared to last year, there appears to be a slight increase in the reported deaths in some species (Tables 15, 16), but this may fall within the normal variation seen with this disease. This condition has been recognised for many years and in 2005 the Garden Bird Health initiative was set up to investigate aspects of garden bird disease further (see pages 26-27).

Finch oesophagitis Several groups independently reported what they considered to be a novel disease in garden greenfinches and chaffinches in 2005 (Refs. 13 and 30). Oesophageal lesions in affected birds similar to those seen in garden bird salmonellosis were noted. Salmonellae were not cultured and trichomonad parasites were found associated with the lesions. The precise nature of the disease has still to be investigated but at present it appears that risks of infection are probably confined to bird species. This garden bird condition may be less seasonal than salmonellosis. Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Britain Chytridiomycosis is a fungal skin infection of amphibians. The infection in several areas of the world has caused population declines and local extinctions in susceptible amphibian species. The fungal pathogen was found for the first time in UK free-living amphibians in a population of introduced North American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). It did not appear to be causing disease in these animals. The investigators also reported that it had not been found in examinations of 170 native amphibians from Southern England. Ref.16. (WIREDs) Wildlife related emerging diseases The acronym WIREDs has been used to reflect the recognition that wildlife is the source of many new and emerging diseases. Whether these pose a risk to human and domestic stock health can only be assessed by surveillance and investigation. How new and emerging diseases are being assessed in the UK was discussed in a joint British Medical Journal/Veterinary Record themed issue. Refs. 15, 17 and 18.

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Avian Influenza surveillance in wild birds In August 2005 the EU requested member states to enhance surveillance for avian influenza virus in wild birds. In Britain this was implemented with 3 approaches � 1. sampling legally shot wild water birds 2. sampling legally trapped wild water birds A target number of swabs from 9 species from sites in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland was recommended by a panel of experts from the major ornithological groups. 3. investigation of unusual wild bird mortality incidents in England, Wales and Scotland. Following consultation, a telephone Helpline was set up for the public to report wild bird mortality incidents. Defra agencies (RDS and SVS) collected dead birds from mortality incidents reported by the public. These birds received diagnostic examinations at VLA Regional Laboratories in addition to Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) testing. The diagnoses reached are recorded in the incident tables on pages 37-39. Table 1 Summary of recent avian influenza surveillance in wild birds prior to 2005 SPECIES EXAMINED

Avian Influenza surveillance

Results LOCALITY REPORTED MORTALITY

2002 Legally trapped wild birds. Primarily waterfowl, also waders and raptors. Approximately 400 birds sampled.

Virus isolation from cloacal swabs

Avian Influenza virus sub type H9N9 infection x 1. Isolated from a Knot (Calidris canutus)

England Healthy birds. No reported mortality

2003 Attempted virus isolation from 250 birds as above.

Virus isolation from cloacal swabs

No viruses isolated

England Healthy birds. No reported mortality

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 2 Avian Influenza surveillance in wild birds 2005

1. AIV surveillance in live caught wild birds SPECIES EXAMINED


LOCALITY RESULTS COMMENT

Legally trapped wild birds. Approximately 2500 samples tested.

Examination of cloacal swabs by RT-PCR for AIV m (matrix) gene. Egg inoculation (if required)

Several sites in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland

AIV has not been isolated

2. AIV surveillance in legally shot water birds SPECIES EXAMINED


LOCALITY RESULTS COMMENT

Legally shot waterbirds, primarily ducks. Approximately 380 samples tested

Examination of cloacal swabs by RT-PCR for AIV m gene. Egg inoculation (if required)

Several sites in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland

One isolate from eggs. Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI) virus. Subtype H6N2.

H6N2 � a non-pathogenic isolate. Isolation of such AIVs was predicted.

3. Investigation of unusual wild bird mortality incidents SPECIES AFFECTED

DISEASE LOCALITY REPORTED MORTALITY

COMMENT

215 birds of 29 species*. Including 12 species of water birds (ducks, gulls etc.)

Various diseases diagnosed see OIE Wildlife List - Birds

England, Wales, Scotland. Separate scheme in Northern Ireland (p.29)

see OIE Wildlife List - Birds

No Avian Influenza viruses isolated.

* provisional figure � due to on-going AIV testing of archived tissues. Comment Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses were not isolated from British wild birds from 2005 surveillance.

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 : OIE REPORTABLE DISEASES Mycobacterium spp. infections, primarily bovine tuberculosis Table 3 Examinations of RTA (Road Traffic Accident) Badgers,

England, 2005 All culture positive RTA badgers have been confirmed by spoligotyping County Name Collected Cultured Mycobacterium

bovis Positive

AVON 2 2 1 CORNWALL 327 293 30 CUMBRIA 15 15 0 DEVON 208 169 16 DORSET 78 70 5 GLOUCESTERSHIRE 235 195 37 HEREFORD & WORCESTER

183 156 29

SHROPSHIRE 58 54 5 WILTSHIRE 3 2 1 Notes - 1. The case definition for the purposes of the RTA survey, is that a positive badger was one from which M. bovis was isolated, or one in which visible lesions of TB were found to be typical on histopathological examination, even if the culture was negative. 2. This survey ended on 31.12.05. 3. There is a weblink to the RTA survey report on the Defra website (including badger prevalence data up to end of 2004) - http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/tb/isg/publications/isg1430.pdf

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http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/tb/isg/publications/isg1430.pdf

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 : OIE REPORTABLE DISEASES Table 4 Bovine tuberculosis in wildlife other than badgers

Project SB4510, 2005 Animals examined from counties in England primarily, also Wales and Scotland Species Number

necropsied Number positive for Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine tuberculosis) With County locations

Number positive for Mycobacterium avium

Wild Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)

31 20 17 - Somerset 3 - Devon

3 1 Worcestershire 1 Staffordshire 1 Perthshire [1 unclassified Mycobacterium ssp. Somerset]

Park Red Deer

2 0 0

Wild Fallow Deer (Dama dama)

17 5 3 Herefordshire 1 Shropshire 1 Gloucester

0

Park Fallow Deer

1 1 Cumbria

1

Roe Deer

38 3 1 Somerset 2 Devon

3 1 Shropshire 2 Hampshire

Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)

1 0 0

Muntjac Deer (Muntiacus reevesi)

2 pending

Otter (Lutra lutra)

2 0 0

Notes � Results are confirmed by culture. As these examinations take weeks to complete, the results above are provisional, as at 23.01.2006, giving an indication of the year�s data. The complete dataset for 2005 is given in the CVO�s report

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 SURVEYS Table 5 2005 Rabies Surveillance – Free-Living Species Data supplied by Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, VLA Weybridge Refs. 22-26, page 43. Species Number

Examined Locality Test Result

Fox 1 UK Rabies FAT on brain smears and RTCIT

Negative

Bats 965 UK Rabies FAT on brain smears and RT-PCR. RTCIT and MIT on biting/ scratching incidents.

Negative � 965Positive � 0 (see below)

Table 6 2005 Rabies Surveillance – Free-Living Species. Bat Speciation

Bats – Rhinolophus hipposideros, Myotis daubentonii, M. mystacinus, M. mystacinus / brandt, M. nattereri, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. nathusii, Nyctalus leisleri, N. noctula, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus Eptesicus serotinus Total

12 17 11 29 25

731 2 2 4 1

121 10

965

UK

From 95 counties

All tested by rabies FAT on brain smears and RTCIT. All bats with history of human exposure and all Daubenton�s and serotine bats confirmed negative by RT-PCR.

All negative

For further information on UK surveillance for European Bat Lyssavirus please see - http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2005/050521a.htm.

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http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2005/050521a.htm

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 SURVEYS Table 7 West Nile Virus (WNV) surveillance in wild birds and free-living game birds 2001 – 2005, England, Wales and Scotland 2001 – 2005 Wild bird submissions received diagnostic examinations. Brain and viscera (kidneys), in all, were examined by WNV PCR. Tissues were also examined for WNV by virus isolation (cell culture). Many birds in 2005 also examined for Avian Influenza virus (see Table 2). Number of Wild Birds Examined. 2001-2005

Number of wild species

Results of brain histopathology (2005)

Virus Isolation For WNV

WNV PCR

2001 � 80 2002 � 235 2003 - 675 2004 - 295 2005 - 282 Total - 1567

107 (species from all the major bird families)

Brains from birds from 12 submissions were examined. Hydrocephalus in a magpie, no lesions in the remainder (several botulism cases predictably had no brain lesions).

These brains also examined by WNV PCR and Virus isolation for WNV

All negative All negative

NOTES 1. Examinations are part of the VLA Diseases of Wildlife Surveillance Scheme, ED1600 2. Diagnostic data from some of the birds examined also appears in the Wildlife Lists. 3. Data from free-range poultry and captive birds kept in outside aviaries not shown No evidence of West Nile virus infection has been found from VLA surveillance, to date The help of Scottish Agricultural College, RSPB, BTO, RSPCA Wildlife Centres, Gower Bird Hospital and independent wildlife hospitals is particularly acknowledged.

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 8 Brucella Isolates and Serology Results from Marine

Mammals 2005 Note : These isolates are atypical Brucella spp. and do not conform, using classical techniques, to the recognised species of Brucella (e.g. B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis). Samples from Britain only included.

Species No received

Isolation by culture

Serologically positive

Positive by both methods

Submitted from

Harbour porpoise (Phocaena phocaena)

15 1 4 1 VLA Truro

As above 32 5 16 2 Inverness Scotland (SAC)

Risso�s dolphin (Grampus griseus)

2 NA 0 0 Inverness SAC

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

2 2 2 2 VLA Truro, Inverness SAC

Common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)


Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)

5 2 2 2 VLA Truro Inverness SAC

White sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus actus)

3 0 0 0 Inverness SAC

White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)


Long finned pilot whale (Globicephala malaena)


Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

3 0 0 0 Inverness

Beaked whale (Mesoplodon sp.)

1 0 0 0 Inverness

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

1 0 0 0 VLA Truro

Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)


Common seal (Phoca vitulina)


Walrus (Odobenus sp.)

5 NA 1 0 UK

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005

Table 9 Brucella Isolates and Serology Results from Wildlife 2005 Species No

received Isolation by culture

Serologically positive

Positive by both methods

Submitted from

Otter (Lutra lutra)

53 0 0 0 VLA Truro

Otter 3 0 1 0 Inverness SAC

Brown hare 15 0 0 0 VLA Leatherback turtle (Dermchelys coriacea)

2 0 0 0 VLA Truro Inverness SAC

Atlantic Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)

1 N/A N/A N/A VLA Truro

Summary VLA Weybridge received 74 wildlife samples. Submissions of 15 species of marine mammals were received, the majority were Harbour porpoises (47), Bottlenose dolphins (14) and Common dolphins (11). Most of the samples were submitted from VLA Truro. Most submissions were received in the months of January (11), October (11) and November (12) Overview Tissues including sera and body fluids originating from captive and free ranging wildlife including marine mammals are assessed for evidence of Brucella species under the Surveillance programme SB 4100. Samples may be submitted from a range of locations and sources including conservationists, zoos, dolphinariums, veterinarians, researchers and those involved with the rescue and rehabilitation of marine mammals. In addition to ensuring the UK remains Brucella free by the assessment of wildlife, the source of sample material is essential for test development and validation. The range of classical and molecular diagnostic and characterisation capabilities undertaken, provide a greater degree of strain identification of source and means of transfer of infection also important for epidemiological and evolutionary purposes.

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 10 Surveillance of wild deer in England for Chronic Wasting

Disease (CWD) 2003-2005 Ref. 31. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a degenerative disease affecting primarily the nervous system in farmed and wild deer in the USA and Canada. It is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) caused by an unusual prion agent and is related to BSE and Scrapie. The condition has not been reported in Europe but a small surveillance project has been started. The results reported here are from 2003 � 2005. They came from wild deer, either hunter-shot or road kills. The species examined were as follows: 2005 Species Number examined Roe Capreolus capreolus 5 Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi 3 2003-2004 Species Number examined Roe 189 Red Cervus elaphus elaphus 22 Fallow Dama dama 66 Muntjac 13 Not known 14 Results No evidence of prion disease observed

in the material examined. Tissues collected in 2005 were examined by immunohistochemistry and BioRad ELISA.

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 11 Salmonella isolates from wildlife during 2004 The 2005 data set is incomplete at the time of producing this report. Data provided by the Salmonella surveillance Team, CERA, VLA Weybridge. Project FZ2000. Salmonella serotype phage

type Isolated from Incidents Comment

Salmonella structure 6,8:-:-

Badger 1 no associated disease

Salmonella ajiobo Badger 1 no associated disease Salmonella dublin Otter 1 Salmonella typhimurium

2 Pigeon

Salmonella typhimurium

193 Tree Sparrow


40* Garden birds; Greenfinch, House sparrow, Siskin.

7 Isolation usually associated with disease


56* Garden birds; House Sparrow Greenfinch, Goldfinch, Chaffinch



56* variant

Garden birds Greenfinch, House sparrow, Bullfinch Siskin Duunock


Quality statement regarding the data: - -data were the output of ad-hoc data retrieval from the VLA �Farmfile� database. -research project isolates were excluded, -isolates from game birds were excluded, -data refer to UK, Note � The majority of these isolates were from garden passerines (garden birds) with garden bird salmonellosis * S typhimurium phage types 40, 56 and 56 variant are particularly associated with finches and other passerine species of garden birds. Incidents of disease are usually linked to the provision of garden bird feeds and feeders. These 3 phage types may infect other domesticated animals (cattle, horse, pig), pets (dogs and cats) and occasionally man and wild mammals (otter) in the UK. For a list of recent isolates of these S typhimurium phage types in other animal species, see VLA Wildlife Quarterly Report 6.4 (http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/vla/science/science-end-survrep-qtlyw.htm).

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http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/vla/science/science-end-survrep-qtlyw.htm


OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 12 Salmonellosis in wild birds submitted to SAC Veterinary Services

Avian Health Unit, Ayr in 2004 Ref. 14. Site number Species of wild bird Phage type of Salmonella

Typhimurium 1 1 greenfinch 40 2 1 greenfinch 56v 3 1 greenfinch 40 4 1 greenfinch 40 5 6 chaffinches, 2

greenfinches, 1 great tit, 1 dunnock

40

6a 4 greenfinches, 1 chaffinch 56v 6b 1 house sparrow 40 7 2 chaffinches 56v 8 1 house sparrow 40 9 1 greenfinch 56v 10 1 chaffinch, 1 greenfinch 56v 11 1 chaffinch 40 12 1 greenfinch, 1 tree sparrow 40 13 3 chaffinches, 2 greenfinches 40 14 1 greenfinch 40 15 1 goldfinch 40 16 2 chaffinches, 1 house

sparrow 40

17 1 greenfinch 40 18 1 greenfinch 56v Birds were received from 18 sites. One site (6) had two different phage types of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated.

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 13 Salmonella wildlife vectors on pig and poultry farms, 2005

Poultry and pigs may be infected with salmonella bacteria. Wildlife species living in and around the pig and poultry houses may also become infected. The infected wild species usually do not show disease, however they may act as vectors, transmitting infection, usually in their faeces, to domesticated animals and contaminating the environment. This project aims to study the infection and epidemiology of salmonella infection in the wildlife, and to assess their potential significance as disease vectors. Species County / England No. faecal

samples positive for salmonella/ No. samples taken

Serotype

House mouse (Mus musculus)

Derbys 0/13 -

Hampshire 1/2 -enteritidis 4 Oxon 0/2 - Notts 0/11 - Beetles (not identified)

Derbys 0/1 -

Wild Birds Devon 8/23 typhimurium (phage

type not done) (not identified) Dorset 0/8 - Hampshire 0/9 - Somerset 0/4 - Flies Hampshire 1/2 -enteritidis 4 (not identified) - Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Devon 3/7 -typhimurium (phage type not done)

Dorset 1/5 agama Hampshire 0/5 - Oxon 0/29 - Somerset 1/7 -dublin Fox Dorset 0/2 - Hampshire 0/2 - Somerset 0/1 - Badger Derbys 0/1 - Dorset 4/4 -agama (3), St Paul Somerset 1/7 -binza Rabbit Somerset 0/6 - Totals 20/151

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OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 14 Avian wildlife diseases in Scotland – 2005. Diseases diagnosed in wild birds submitted to SAC Veterinary Services, Avian Health Unit, Auchincruive, Ayr, Scotland, in 2005. Disease/infection Species affected Details Avian botulism (suspected or confirmed)

Miscellaneous species of gull August, December

Salmonella Typhimurium DT 40 or 56 variant

House sparrow, greenfinch, chaffinch

January, February, March, August, September, October, November, December

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection

House martin September

Presumed starvation

Shag, barn owl, bullfinch, guillemot, mute swan

January, February, March, July, September, October, November

Pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis

Rook February, October

Spironucleosis/hexamitosis Feral pigeon August

Staphylococcal arthritis Coot, herring gull January, March

Ornithosis (Chlamydophilosis) OIE Reportable List

Feral pigeon May

Helminthiasis Mute swan, feral pigeon January, July, August

Nematodes (Diplotriaena spp) in airsacs. (Cause of death trauma.)

Blackcap November

Paramyxovirus 1 (suspected or confirmed) OIE Reportable List

Feral pigeon January, November, December

Trichomoniasis in pigeons / doves (suspected or confirmed)

Woodpigeon, collared dove, feral pigeon

February, March, April, November

Trichomoniasis in finches (suspected or confirmed)

Chaffinch, greenfinch April, July, August, November, December

Pox Magpie, house sparrow, woodpigeon

October

Aspergillosis Black grouse, guillemot, gull May, October

Necrotic enteritis associated with Clostridium perfringens

Jackdaw August

CNS of unknown aetiology

Starling, house sparrow May

Pasteurella multocida infection OIE Reportable List

Mute swan November

19

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 15 Dead birds found in gardens or near bird feeders, 2005

Phoned reports from the public to the RSPB

Data supplied by RSPB Bird mortality incidents were reported from most English counties, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 2004 2005 Total number of reported incidents 169 236 Incidents involving greenfinches, house sparrows, chaffinches, siskins and goldfinches

157 203

Incidents involving collared doves and wood pigeons (many of which will be trichomoniasis incidents)

14 28

Notes 1. Further data for the most frequently affected species in these incidents are given in

the Table below. Many of these incidents are attributable to Salmonella typhimurium infection ('garden bird salmonellosis').

2. Many garden bird mortality incidents will involve deaths of more than one species. Table 16 Species of bird affected See note above

No of reported incidents / species

Reported mortality / species. (max mortality/incident)

Average incident mortality / species

Species

2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005

Greenfinches 81 96 583 (39) 505 7.2 5.3 House sparrows 42 47 197 (50�

exceptional)153

4.6 3.3

Chaffinches 18 13 44 ( 7) 47 2.4 3.6 Goldfinches 20 6 46 ( 7) 11 2.3 1.8 Siskins 35 2 206 (30) 4 5.8 2 Blackbirds nd 12 33 2.7 Feral pigeons, Collared doves, Woodpigeons (probable trichomonas)

13 28 49 (11) 71 3.7 2.5

Notes While these data from phoned reports, without diagnosis, from the general public are difficult to interpret, it can be seen that Greenfinches remain the species most frequently reported, however nationally, the population of this species is increasing.

20

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Lyme Borreliosis Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme disease) is an infection caused by a spirochaete (bacterium), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, a bacterial species complex of at least 13 genospecies and genomic groups that is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. In Great Britain, it is transmitted by bites from infected sheep (hard bodied) ticks (Ixodes ricinus). Four species, B. garinii, B. valaisiana, B. burgdorferi and B. afzelii have been recorded in GB. The most common species is B. garinii with lesser numbers of B. valaisiana. In the New Forest (Hampshire/Dorset) between 10-20% of adult sheep ticks harbour B. garinii, elsewhere, tick infection rates are often much lower. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is very rarely reported here although it is more common in the USA, and there is only limited evidence of B. afzelii in Scotland. Ecology. The different genospecies of B. burgdorferi s.l. are differentially transmitted between host and ticks depending on the genotype and host species. In Continental Europe, mice and voles are the reservoir of B. afzelii, but they are not affected in Great Britain. It is suggested by Dr Kurtenbach that the nymphs (the tick vector stage) never (or only occasionally) feed on small rodents because, due to a high relative humidity, nymphs quest too high in the vegetation to be picked up by small rodents. B. garinii and B. valaisiana have an avian-tick cycle. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto can be maintained by both rodent and avian species. Maintenance of B. burgdorferi in nature involves the pathogen, tick vectors and reservoir hosts but not humans, who are accidental hosts. The risk of human infection is most closely related to the density of questing nymphal ticks and a marked spatial variation in risk exists. Infection prevalence depends on the interaction between borrelial genospecies and a variety of vertebrate host species, both avian and mammalian, operating in tick-permissive habitats. Variations in ecological and environmental conditions and changes in land utilisation may affect both tick populations and borrelial host animals. Throughout Europe, heterogeneous deciduous woodlands appear to provide favourable ecological conditions for the host species that maintain both ticks and spirochaetes. Climatic factors such as drought or prolonged cold weather can affect tick populations and activity significantly; this may also affect the incidence of Lyme borreliosis from year to year. There is strong evidence to show that both the prevalence of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks and the incidence of Lyme borreliosis in Europe is highest in eastern countries and decreases westward across the continent, including the British Isles.

21

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Lyme Borreliosis - continued

BORRELIA BUGDORFERI S.I. B. GARINII

SUBSPECIES

Host Species B.BURGDORFERI B. AFZELII B.VALAISIANA

20047 NT29 VOLE + + - - +

SQUIRREL + + - - ? YELLOW-

NECKED MOUSE + + - - ?

WOODMOUSE + + - - + PHEASANT + - + + ?

GUILLEMOT ? - + + ? BLACKBIRD ? - + + ?

SHEEP + - - - ? HORSE ? ? ? - ?

PIG ? ? ? - ? COW ? ? ? ? DEER - - - - -

Notes + :- animal species is transmission competent for the Borrelia species and

has been shown to be an amplifying host - :- animal species is not competent to infect ticks with a Borrelia species ? :- yet unresolved reservoir status

(Table adapted from Kurtenbach (1999)) Zoonosis. Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne human infection in Great Britain. It is not a notifiable disease under public health legislation in England and Wales, although it is in Scotland. It is however reportable to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) if occupationally acquired. The Health Protection Agency (HPA) Lyme Borreliosis Unit (LBU) at Southampton provides a reference service for UK microbiology laboratories and offers a wide range of laboratory tests to assist clinicians in the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. All laboratory-confirmed cases are reported by the HPA LBU at Southampton to the Zoonoses Surveillance Unit at CDSC in NPHS Wales. The data are however incomplete because they do not include cases diagnosed on the basis of clinical features such as erythema migrans and not subsequently confirmed by laboratory tests. Different clinical presentations exist between the USA and Europe and have been attributed to differences in prevalence of B. burgdorferi genospecies. In the USA, B. burgdorferi s.s. predominates, with an associated pattern of musculo-skeletal complications. In Europe there is a greater heterogeneity of B. burgdorferi genospecies. The best clinical marker for the disease is the skin lesion, erythema migrans.

22

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Lyme Borreliosis - continued Cases with later, disseminated stages of Lyme borreliosis do not show the same strong seasonality as early Lyme disease and this may explain why some cases continue to be reported through the winter months.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Genospecies Characteristic Clinical Signs B. burgdorferi sensu stricto Arthritis B. afzelii Erythema Migrans (EM),

Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans (ACA)

B. garinii Neuroborreliosis B. valaisiana Unknown or low pathogenicity in

humans and animals NB. All pathogenic genospecies can cause erythema migrans. The number of laboratory-confirmed reports in England and Wales has increased in recent years, from around 50 in 1990 to 500 in 2004 (0.95/100,000 total population) and a similar figure is expected for 2005. Most patients are believed to have acquired their infection through recreational or residential risks, and in 2004 only 9 (2%) were known to be occupationally acquired, mainly in farm and forestry workers, deer handlers and military personnel. The seasonal pattern in 2004 was similar to that of previous years with 59% of laboratory confirmations in the third quarter. The major tick feed period is the late spring � early summer. The proportion of travel-associated infections was similar to that of the previous year with 15% of all reported cases known to have been acquired abroad, mainly by holidaymakers visiting the USA, Scandinavia, France and other northern European countries. Over 50% of indigenously acquired infections occur in the southern and south-western counties of England. It has been suggested that with higher year-round temperatures allowing survival of greater numbers of immature tick stages over-winter, Great Britain will continue to see an increase in the number of cases of Lyme disease. This is also due in part, to increased outdoor recreation and access to the countryside, as well as changes in tick numbers and activity. Further increases in the number of reported cases may also come from increased housing development in rural tick habitats and from increased travel to tick and Lyme endemic countries of Eastern Europe. Acknowledgements:- This update has relied extensively on papers by and direct information from Dr. Klaus Kurtenbach (Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath) and Dr Robert Smith, Clinical Scientist (Zoonoses Surveillance Unit), NPHS, CDSC Wales. Reference:- Kurtenbach, K (1999) The role of wildlife in the epidemiology of Lyme disease, In - Zoonotic diseases of UK wildlife. BVA Conference Proceedings.

23

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 WILDLIFE VETERINARY INVESTIGATION CENTRE DISEASE LIST Table 17 SPECIES AFFECTED

DISEASE/ Cause of death

LOCALITY NUMBERS AFFECTED

COMMENT

Otter Pseudamphistomum truncatum bile fluke infestation

Mostly SW England

7/58 Necropsy, parasitology of gall bladder

Mink Pseudamphistomum truncatum bile fluke infestation

Mostly SW England

1/5 Necropsy, parasitology of gall bladder

Fox Angiostrongylus vasorum

SW England 3/10 Necropsy and parasitology

Fox Ascarid nematodes probably Toxocara canis or Toxascaris leonina

SW England 4/10 Necropsy and parasitology

Red Squirrel Hepatozoon sp. Ref. 9 Isle of Wight 4/12 Histopathology

Red Squirrel Toxoplasma sp. Isle of Wight 1/12 Histopathology

Rabbit Myxomatosis OIE Reportable List

SW England several Necropsy

Rabbit Hepatic coccidiosis (Eimeria stiedae)

SW England 1 Necropsy and histopathology

Stoat Skrabingylus sp. SW England 1/7 Necropsy and parasitology

Weasal (Mustela nivalis)

Predation SW England 1/1 Disease assessment

Water vole (Arvicola terrestris)

Predation SW England 2 Disease assessment

Wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus)


Harvest mouse (Micromys minutus)


Mole (Talpa europea)


Water shrew (Neomys fodiens)


Pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus)


Bats 5 species

Predation, ?cat Predation, other Trauma, type unknown Starvation/hypothermia Starvation+parasitism Cause of death not found

SW England 12 3 5 2 1 8

Necropsy and laboratory examinations, including rabies examination. Disease assessment

24

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 WILDLIFE VETERINARY INVESTIGATION CENTRE DISEASE LIST - continued Table 18 SPECIES AFFECTED

DISEASE LOCALITY NUMBERS AFFECTED

COMMENT

BIRDS House sparrow (Passer domesticus)

Salmonellosis (untyped)

SW England 1 Necropsy bacteriology

Greenfinch Salmonella typhimurium pt 40


Greenfinch S. typhimurium pt 56 SW England 1 Necropsy bacteriology

Greenfinch Salmonellosis (untyped)


Dunnock (Prunella modularis) Pasteurella

septicaemia SW England 1 Necropsy

bacteriology Dunnock Avian pox virus SW England 1 Necropsy, EM

and histopath. Blackbird Syngamus sp. SW England 1 Necropsy,

parasitology Song thrush Syngamus sp. SW England 1 Necropsy,

parasitology Song thrush Porrocaecum sp. SW England 1 Necropsy,

parasitology Sparrowhawk Porrocaecum sp. SW England 1 Necropsy,

parasitology Buzzard Porrocaecum sp. SW England 1 Necropsy,

parasitology Barn Owl coccidiosis (no

speciation) SW England 1 Necropsy,

parasitology Wood pigeon Trichomoniasis

(unconfirmed) SW England 1 Necropsy only

Collared dove Trichomoniasis (unconfirmed)

SW England 1 Necropsy only

25

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Data from the Garden Bird Health initiative (GBHi) Data supplied by Institute of Zoology (IoZ). The Garden Bird Health initiative (GBHi) is a three-year project that began in spring 2005 to investigate causes of garden bird mortality across Great Britain. The project involves creation of a national surveillance system for garden bird health through opportunistic and systematic reporting schemes. Collaborators include regional disease investigation centres (Institute of Zoology; Liverpool University; Scottish Agricultural College; Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre), national ornithological organisations (British Trust for Ornithology; RSPB) and the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Information on the GBHi is available at http://www.ufaw.org.uk Tel: 0207 449 6685. Between April � December 2005 post mortem examinations were performed on approximately 250 birds of 25 species from the families Accipitridae, Columbidae, Corvidae, Emberizidae, Fringillidae, Paridae, Prunellidae, Psittacidae, Sturnidae and Turdidae. Greenfinches, house sparrows, chaffinches and collared doves were the most frequently examined species. Salmonellosis Species affected: Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris), House sparrow (Passer domesticus), Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla), Siskin (Carduelis spinus), Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). Multiple mortality incidents confirmed in January�February and September�December. Diagnosis: Microbiological examination Geographical distribution: Multiple counties in England, Wales and Scotland. Trichomoniasis Species affected: Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris), Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), Wood pigeon (Columba palumbus), Collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto), Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) Multiple mortality incidents; majority occurred September � December. Diagnosis: Gross pathology, microbiological examination with Bushbys medium and PCR. Geographical distribution: Multiple counties in England, Wales and Scotland. Cnemidocoptiasis Species affected: Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) and Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs). Single incident with multiple affected birds in summer 2005. Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of lesions. Geographical distribution: Shropshire. Avian pox Species affected: House sparrow (Passer domesticus). Single incident with multiple affected birds in autumn 2005. Diagnosis: Gross pathology. Geographical distribution: South Ayrshire.

26

http://www.ufaw.org.uk/

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Data from the Garden Bird Health initiative (GBHi) Data supplied by, Institute of Zoology (IoZ). Aspergillosis Species affected: Wood pigeon (Columba palumbus). Single case in October 2005. Diagnosis: Microbiological examination. Geographical distribution: Suffolk. GBHi publications Cunningham, A.A., Lawson, B., Bennett, M., Chantrey, J., Kirkwood, J.K., Pennycott, T.W. & Simpson, V. (2005) Garden bird health. Veterinary Record 156, 656 Pennycott, T.W., Lawson, B., Cunningham, A.A., Simpson, V., Chantrey, J. (2005) Necrotic ingluvitis in wild finches Veterinary Record 157, 360 Other wild bird-related papers Foster, G., Malnick, H., Lawson, P.A., Kirkwood, J., Macgregor, S.K., Collins, M.D., (2005) Suttonella ornithocola sp. nov., from birds of the tit families, and emended description of the genus Suttonella. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 55(6):2269-72. Lawson, B., Macdonald, S., Howard, T., Macgregor, S.K., Cunningham, A.A. (2005) Exposure of garden birds to aflatoxins in Britain. Sci Total Environ. Nov 2; [Epub ahead of print].

27

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 19 Tiggywinkles Wildlife Hospital Data 2005 – South East England

Species Disease / Infection Numbers affected

Method of Diagnosis

Black Backed Gull Avian botulism 1 Clinical history, Microbiology Black Headed Gull Avian botulism 1 Clinical history, microbiology Various birds Shot 66 Clinical history & X-ray Collared Dove Calcium deficiency 16 Clinical history Collared Dove Trichomoniasis 18 Clinical history Collared Dove Orthithosis* 12 Clinical history Feral Pigeon Paramyxovirus* 8 Clinical history Feral Pigeon Trichomoniasis 8 Clinical history Fox Sarcoptic mange 21 Parasitology Hedgehog Mange �

Caparinia tripilis 85 Parasitology

Hedgehog Fly Strike -Myasis 258 Clinical history Hedgehog

Ringworm -Trichophyton erinacei

8

Clinical history, microbiology

Hedgehog Spondylosis deformans 2 Clinical history & X-ray Hedgehog Pasteurella multocida 27 Necropsy & microbiology Herring Gull Avian botulism 2 Clinical history, microbiology Jackdaw Bumble foot 7 Clinical history Muntjac Deer Arthritis 8 Clinical history Rabbit Myxomatosis* 133 Clinical history Roe Deer Arthritis 1 Clinical history Stock Dove Trichomoniasis 6 Clinical history Swan Avian botulism 1 Clinical history Swan Bumble foot 3 Clinical history Tawny Owl Trichomoniasis 4 Clinical history Wood Pigeon Trichomoniasis 58 Clinical history

* - OIE Reportable diseases

28

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 20 Wildlife Disease Surveillance, Northern Ireland 2005 Species affected

Disease/infection Numbers affected

Method of diagnosis

County/Location

Red squirrel

Starvation 1 Necropsy Down

Red squirrel

Trauma 2 Necropsy Down, Fermanagh

Red squirrel

Parasitic bronchopneumonia

1 Necropsy histology

Down

Fox Fracture, Angiostrongylus vasorum, sarcoptic mange


N.Ireland

Common seal

Parasitic pneumonia


Coast, Down

Common seal

Purulent pneumonia -Pseudomonas aeruginosa


bacteriology

Coast, Down

Common seal

Acute bacterial bronchopneumonia


Coast, Down

Grey seal

starvation 1 Necropsy Coast, Down

Merganser Avian tuberculosis 1 Necropsy histology

Down

Pochard Fungal tracheitis 1 Necropsy histology

Down

Eider duck Avian tuberculosis 1 Necropsy histology

Down

Eider duck Hepatic amyloidosis


Down

Smew Avian tuberculosis 1 Necropsy histology

Down

Teal Avian tuberculosis 1 Necropsy histology

Down

Road Traffic Accident (RTA) survey of badgers in Northern Ireland for bovine tuberculosis In 2005, 61 badger carcases were collected and examined as part of an ongoing RTA survey. At the time of preparation of this report, culture for the presence of Mycobacterium bovis had been completed on samples from 47 of these carcases. Twelve were found positive and this result has been confirmed by spoligotyping.

29

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Wildlife Disease Surveillance, Northern Ireland 2005 - continued Northern Ireland surveys of wild bird populations for the presence of avian influenza virus As a consequence of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in the Far East and eastern Europe, in 2005 EU Member States agreed to increase the level of surveillance for the possible presence of AI virus in certain species of migratory waterbirds. Wild bird surveillance was carried out in Northern Ireland, as part of the overall UK wild bird surveillance programme (UK results available at http://www.defra.gov.uk). Sampling of live-caught and shot wild birds was carried out in Northern Ireland between October and December 2005. This surveillance programme was based on three strands:

• Sampling of live-caught wild birds • Sampling of freshly shot birds • Examination of carcases from unusually high mortality events affecting wild

birds Survey of live-caught birds Faecal samples were collected from the cloaca of live birds that were caught by staff of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust in Strangford Lough. Following capture, these birds were ringed, samples collected for avian influenza virus screening and the birds released. A total of 291 samples were tested for high pathogenicity avian influenza virus subtypes H5 or H7, low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes H5 or H7, and other low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes. All samples were negative for AI virus. Survey of shot birds This survey was co-ordinated by the British Association for Shooting and Conservation (BASC) as part of legal wildfowling activities around Lough Neagh, Lough Erne and Lough Foyle. Faecal samples for avian influenza examination were collected from the cloaca of freshly shot birds. A total of 50 samples were tested for high pathogenicity avian influenza virus subtypes H5 or H7, low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes H5 or H7, and other low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes. All samples were negative for AI virus. Examination of carcases from unusual mortality events Eight carcases were submitted for investigation from a gull mortality event in Co. Antrim. Seven were tested for high pathogenicity avian influenza virus subtypes H5 or H7, low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes H5 or H7, and other low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes. (One carcase was too decomposed for examination). All samples were negative for AI virus. The cause of the deaths was not determined.

30

http://www.defra.gov.uk/

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 21 Data from the RSPCA Wildlife Centre, Kings Lynn, Norfolk

2005 Species Affected

Disease / Infection

Numbers affected, not necessarily dead

Method of Diagnosis

Hedgehog Salmonella enteritidis enteritis/ septicaemia

50 Clinical findings, selective culture

Hedgehog Verminous pneumonia. Crenosoma +/or Capillaria spp. lungworms

250 Clinical signs and faecal smear examination

Hedgehog Ringworm � Trichophyton erinacei

22 Clinical signs and culture

Hedgehog Cardiac haemangiosarcoma

1 Histopathology


38 Clinical signs

Roe deer Aspergillus fumigatus mycotic pneumonia

1 Culture, histopathology

Red squirrel Campylobacter jejuni associated with enteritis

2 affected? Culture

Mute swan Lead poisoning 17 Clinical signs and blood levels of lead

Mute swan Schistosomiasis 3 Histopathology Mute swan Fibrosarcoma on wing 1 Histopathology Mute swan Myxosarcoma on body

wall 1 Histopathology

Black headed gull

Avian botulism 8 Suspected from clinical history

Collared dove

Subcutaneous haemorrhage secondary to tick attachment

27 Clinical history and histopathology. Clinical findings, seasonal, annual recurrence. Aetiology unknown

Collared dove

Trichomoniasis 29 Microscopy

Woodpigeon Trichomoniasis 38 Microscopy Nuthatch Trichomoniasis 2 Microscopy Goldfinch Generalised protozoal infection

possibly atoxoplasmosis 1 Histopathology

Greenfinch Trichomoniasis 5 Histopathology, microbiology

Great tit Trichomoniasis 2 Histopathology, microbiology

31

OIE REPORT ON WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 Table 22 Data from the RSPCA Wildlife Centre, West Hatch, Somerset

2005 Species Affected

Disease / Infection

Numbers affected, not necessarily dead

Method of Diagnosis

Hedgehog Verminous pneumonia Crenosoma +/or Capillaria spp. lungworms

133 Faecal smear examination


17 Clinical signs

Fox Sarcoptic mange 6 Clinical signs and skin scrape examination

Mute swan Fungal airsacculitis 3 Necropsy Herring gull Suspected avian

botulism 9 (7

incidents) Clinical history

Common Guillemot

Fungal airsacculitis 16 Necropsy

Table 23 Investigations into causes of death and disease in casualty birds

found on Fair Isle, Scotland 2005. Migrant and resident species. Data supplied by MRCVS Disease, cause of death

Species affected Number affected

Collisions including traffic accidents

Little auk Alle alle Meadow pipit Anthus pratensis Common snipe Gallinago gallinago Jack snipe Limnocriptes Pied wagtail Moticilla alba Northern bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula Arctic tern Sterna paridisea Garden warbler Sylvia borin Redwing Turdus iliacus

1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2

Starvation Little auk Meadow pipit Black guillemot Cepphus grylle Common Guillemot Uria aalge Great black back gull Larus marinus Shag Phalacocorax aristotelis Slavonian grebe Podiceps auritas

1 2 1 7 1 7 1

Migration stress Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla Garden warbler

1 1

Predation Robin (by Great grey shrike) Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Garden warbler Common whitethroat Sylvia communis

1 1 1 1

32

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2004 � 2005 Table 24 Pesticide poisoning of Animals 2004; investigation of suspected incidents in the UK Data supplied CSL,a selected summary of data available in the Panel�s report (Ref.1). Web http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/environment.asp?id=58 Please note that 2005 data is currently being compiled and was not available when this Report was produced. Category of incident investigated

Number of incidents investigated

Number in which pesticide poisoning was identified

Number in which diagnostic examinations identified another cause of death (e.g. disease, trauma, starvation, or non-pesticide poisoning)

Wildlife-mammals 49 10 12 Wildlife- birds 147 51 35

TOTAL* 193 61 47 * Wildlife from more than one category may be involved in a single incident ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 OIE REPORTABLE DISEASES MAMMAL INCIDENTS INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED


COMMENT

NOTE Other List B diseases in mammals are given in Tables 3 and 4. The diseases listed below do not appear in those tables. NOTE Atypical Brucella spp. in marine mammals are given on Tables 8 and 9. These isolates do not conform, using classical techniques, to the recognised species of Brucella. 05/4

Rabbit (Oryctolagus cunniculus)

myxomatosis Other Myxomatosis data in Tables 17, 19, 21 and 22

S England see records on tables

Clinical history only

33

http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/environment.asp?id=58

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 : OIE REPORTABLE DISEASES

BIRD INCIDENTS INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED


COMMENT

OIE REPORTABLE DISEASES, BIRD INCIDENTS

05/5

Greylag Goose (Anser anser) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Pochard (Aythya ferina) Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) Teal (Anas crecca) Mute swan (Cygnus olor) Coot (Fulica atra) Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus)

Avian tuberculosis (Mycobacterium avium) infection

Wildfowl reserve in S England

1 6 1 2 (23 in total) 1 2 4 6

Necropsy and Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining of lesions for tuberculosis organisms

05/6

Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus)

Avian tuberculosis Scotland 1 Necropsy and staining

05/7

Pink footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus)

Avian tuberculosis Scotland 1 Necropsy and microbiology

05/8

Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)

Duck virus enteritis

S England 2 Necropsy and virology.

05/9

Barn Owl Tyto alba

Avian tuberculosis Wales 1 Necropsy lab tests not specified

05/10

Collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto)

Avian tuberculosis W England 1 Necropsy bacteriology

05/11

Feral pigeon (Columba livia)

Paramyxovirus 1

N England 3 on a farm Necropsy, virology

05/12


Paramyxovirus 1

S England 1 on a zoo grounds.

Necropsy, virology

05/13


Paramyxovirus 1

England, Wales

3 other incidents

Necropsy, virology

34

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 – INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED

DISEASE/Cause of mortality

LOCALITY REPORTED MORTALITY

COMMENT

WILDLIFE DISEASE LIST MARINE MAMMAL INCIDENTS 05/ 14

Harbour porpoise (Phocaena phocaena)

Parasitic bronchitis/ pneumonia

S England 2 Necropsy

05/ 15

Harbour porpoise

Killed by Bottle-nosed dolphin attack


05/16

Harbour porpoise

pyothorax S England 1 Necropsy

05/17

Harbour porpoise

Gastric worms with associated haemorrhage


05/ 18

Stripped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoabla)

Live stranded, due to Brucella sp. meningio-encephalitis

S England 1 Necropsy and bacteriology

05/19

Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Bycatch. Lungworms, gastric nematodes, lice. Pericarditis. Brucella spp. cultured from lung and kidney.

S England 1 Necropsy and laboratory tests. Second isolation of Brucella spp from this species

05/ 20

Common Seal (Phoca vitulina)

Salmonella butantan isolated after �collapse and death�

E England 1 BacteriologySeal from a rescue centre

05/21

Common seal Arcanobacterium pluranimalium submandibular abscess

S England 1 Death due to pneumonia

05/ 22

Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Malnutrition S England 2 Necropsy

05/23

Grey seal Parapox virus infection


05/24

Grey seal Peritonitis and periorchitis


05/ 25

Grey Seal Salmonella typhimurium pt 40 cultured from abscess

E England 1 Bacteriology only

05/26

Grey Seal Mycoplasma phocacerebrale from tooth abscess

S England Seal rescue centre

1 Potentially zoonotic mycoplasma

35

OIE REPORT ON UK WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 – INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED


COMMENT

- WILDLIFE DISEASE LIST - MAMMAL INCIDENTS 05/27

Fox (Vulpes vulpes)

chronic renal failure with fibrosis

N England 1 in urban garden

Necropsy

05/ 28

Fox Pyothorax due to Pasteurella multocida infection

Wales 1 Necropsy, bacteriology

05/29

Fox Pleurisy and pyothorax due to Proteus sp. infection

Wales 1 Necropsy, bacteriology

05/30

Fox Streptococcus dysgalactiae pleurisy

S England 1 bacteriology

05/ 31

Fallow deer (Dama dama)

Listerial (L monocytogenes) encephalitis

Wales 1/300 Necropsy, bacteriology, histopath.

05/ 32

Fallow deer (Dama dama) N

Salmonella dublin abortion and death See Notes p.5

N England Approx 30/1000

Necropsy, bacteriology.

05/ 33

Red deer (Cervus elephus)

Oesophagostomum venulosum helminths (non-fatal)

N England 1 Parasitology

05/34

Roe deer Ovarian tumour, type not specified

N England 1 Necropsy

05/ 34A

Roe deer Pseudotuberculosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

S England 1 Necropsy, Bacteriology

05/35

Brown hare (Lepus europeus), Leveret

suspected leporine dysautonomia

E England 12 Cliniical history, necropsy, lab tests. Exclusion of other diagnoses.

05/ 36

Brown hare acute purulent exudative pneumonia

S England 10 1 necropsied

Necropsy Histopath.

05/ 37

Brown hare coccidiosis. 956,000 occysts per gram faeces.

E England 1 necropsied Several dead leverets

Necropsy, parasitology

05/38

Rabbit hepatic coccidiosis S England 3 necropsied several deaths

Necropsy parasitology

05/39

Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)

Coccidiosis. Following recovery from squirrel pox. Mild diarrhoea

N England 1 Parasitology Eimeria sciurorum.

05/40

Red squirrel N

Red Squirrel pox and secondary Staphylococcus aureus and S. sciuri infections

S England 1 No previous reference that S sciuri recorded as a pathogen of wild squirrels. Pox infection possibly provides a niche for opportunist infection.

05/41

Red Squirrel Red Squirrel Pox virus Cases at one squirrel conservation area

N England 15 Necropsy. Electron microscopy in most.

36

OIE REPORT ON WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 - INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED


COMMENT

- WILDLIFE DISEASE LIST – BIRD INCIDENTS 05/ 42

Shelduck (juvenile)

Acuaria (Echinuria uncinata infestation)

S England 5 Necropsy,

05/ 43

Shelduck

Aspergillosis S England 1 Necropsy,

05/44

Mallard Aspergillosis S England 1 Necropsy

05/45

Mallard Suspected avian botulism


05/ 46

Mute swan (juvenile)

Acuaria (Echinuria uncinata infestation)


05/47

Mute swan Aspergillosis S England 2 Necropsy

05/48

Mute Swan *AIV

Necrotic enteritis, following grain feed put out for 800 geese

S England 40 5 necropsied

Necropsy, bacteriology

05/ 49

Mute swan AIV WNV

Trauma, parasitism, aspergillosis

N England, on gravel pits

15 dead Necropsy, lead levels normal

05/50

Mute swan cygnets.

Acuaria uncinata parasites

N England entire brood of 7

Necropsy parastiology

05/51

Whooper Swan

Necrotic enteritis N England 4 Necropsy

05/ 52

Whooper Swan AIV

Necrotic enteritis E England Approx 12/1000

Necropsy, lab tests. Associated with grain feeding

05/ 53

Whooper swan

Lead poisoning Scotland 7 Necropy

05/ 54

Whooper swan

Aspergillosis Scotland E England N England

1 4 1

Necropy

05/ 55

Whooper swan

Lead poisoning E England 4 Necropy

05/ 56

Grey lag Goose

Lead poisoning S England 2 Necropy

05/ 57

Grey lag Goose

Aspergillosis S England 2 Necropsy

05/ 58 N

Common gull (Larus canus), AIV, WNV

Identical predation trauma to neck. Possible predisposing botulism

N England 27 4 examined

Necropsy, histopath virology

*AIV, WNV � indicates that the submission was monitored for these viral diseases

37

OIE REPORT ON WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 - INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED


COMMENT

WILDLIFE DISEASE LIST BIRD INCIDENTS 05/ 59

Herring gull (Larus argentatus) WNV

Salmonella typhimurium septicaemia. Cranial osteomyelitis of unknown cause

E England 1 Necropsy bacteriology histopath.

05/ 60

Herring gull AIV, WNV

Suspected avian botulism. Concurrent salmonellosis

N England 50 Necropy, laboratory examinations.

05/ 61

Arctic tern Sterna paradisea AIV,WNV

Unknown N England 27 Tide line mortality, good body condition, no significant findings

05/62

Common Guillemot (Uria aalge) AIV, WNV

Starvation at sea in young birds

N England 26 submitted. 50 found

Annually recognised problem around Northern coasts in winter

05/63

Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus)

Ovarian neoplasia (papillary cystadenoma)

S England 1 Necropsy Histopathology.

05/64

Red Kite (Milvus milvus)

Fatal parasitism � capillariasis

N England 1 Necropsy, bacteriology and parasitology

05/65

Red Kite Neohaematopinus sp. louse ectoparasitism. Non fatal

N England 1 affected Clinical examination

05/66

Red Kite Syngamus trachea infestation

N England 1 affected Clinical examination, parasitology

05/67

Merlin (Falco columbarius)

Adenovirus infection

N England 2 affected electron microscopy

05/68

Common Buzzard Buteo buteo

Collision trauma- electric pylon

Wales 2 history, necropsy

05/69

Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) Juvenile

Trichomoniasis S England 1 Necropsy

38

OIE REPORT ON WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 - WILDLIFE DISEASE LIST INCIDENTS INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED


COMMENT

BIRD INCIDENTS 05/ 70

Collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto)

Trichomoniasis


05/ 71

Wood pigeon (Columba palambus)

Trichomoniasis See also data on Tables 15 and 16


05/ 72

Wood pigeon AIV, WNV

shot S England 50-100 bodies dumped on a golf course

Necropsy. Presumably a dump of culled birds

05/ 73

Swift Apus apus

Enteritis with focal intestinal lesions. Cause unknown.

Wales 3 (2 incidents) Necropsy, bacteriology, parasitology

05/ 74

Greenfinch and Chaffinch N. AIV.WNV

�Finch oesophagitis� See notes p.6. Refs 13,30

England up to 30 dead birds in some incidents

trichomonad infection suspected. Not previously recognised.

05/ 75

Greenfinch and Chaffinch AIV,WNV

Garden bird salmonellosis S typhimurium DT 40, 56 and 56 variant infection

Scotland England Wales

see tables 15 and 16

Necropsy , bacteriology See also page 26 and tables 11,12

05/ 76

Greenfinch S typhimurium DT 104 infection. Fully antibiotic sensitive.

W England 1 Necropsy, bacteriology

05/ 77

Greenfinch Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection

S England 1 Necropsy, bacteriology

05/ 78

Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

Suspected smoke inhalation, shock

S England 13 Died in tree roost of pub car park, firework night

05/ 79

House sparrow (Passer domesticus)

Viral papillomatosis

Scotland Shetland

2 histo--pathology

05/ 80

House sparrow enteritis Scotland Shetland

5 No diagnosis. Salmonella negative

05/ 81

House sparrow S typhimurium 56 gastro-enteritis. Found dead in a stable.

Scotland

Possible contamination of stable.

05/ 82

Magpie (Pica pica) WNV

Salmonella dublin infection. No associated disease

Wales 1 Necropsy. Bacterial monitoring

05/ 83

Carrion crow Corvus carone

Viral papillomatosis

S England 1 histopathology

39

OIE REPORT ON WILDLIFE DISEASES, 2005 - WILDLIFE DISEASE LIST INCIDENTS INCI-DENT NO

SPECIES AFFECTED


COMMENT

Amphibian Incidents 05/ 84

North American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiania) Introduced

Chytridomycosis. No associated disease reported

S England No mortality. Euthanased, 2/14 infected.

PCR on skin samples. See Notes p.6. Ref.16.

05/ 85

Common frog (Rana temporaria)

Ulceration of leg skin. Suspected Irido virus infection

N England �mass mortality� at garden pond

Clinical history and necropsy

Abbreviations : Defra Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs OIE Office International des Epizooties VLA Veterinary Laboratories Agency VLADoWs VLA Diseases of Wildlife Surveillance Scheme SAC Scottish Agricultural Colleges SVS State Veterinary Service RDS Rural Development Service RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds BTO British Trust for Ornithology RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals CSL Central Science Laboratory (Defra) N Selected diseases that are new to the UK OIE Report, indicating a new

pathogen, new host species or a previously unreported disease WNV West Nile Virus, indicates that incident was WNV monitored AIV Avian Influenza Virus, indicates that incident was AIV monitored PRNT Plaque reduction neutralisation test (WNV serological test) DGGE Denaturing Gradient gel Electrophoresis FAT Fluorescent antibody test ELISA Enzyme linked immuno-assay PCR Polymerase chain reaction (test) ZN Ziehl Nielsen Rabies MIT Mouse innoculation test RTCIT Rabies tissue culture innoculation test WQR VLA Wildlife Quarterly Report

40

REFERENCES AND PUBLICATIONS

Further reading on wildlife disease surveillance and causes of mortality in the UK Reference 1 Wildlife poisoning Pesticide poisoning of Animals 2004: Investigations of suspected incidents in the United Kingdom Barnett, E. A., Fletcher, M. R., Hunter, K. and Sharp, E. A. (2005) Report of the Environmental Panel of the Advisory Committee on Pesticides, Defra, London. 60pp. Web http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/environment.asp?id=58 Ref. 2 Recent OIE Wildlife Disease Reports Web – http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/vla/science/science-end-ann-wild-disrep.htm Ref. 3 VLA Wildlife Disease Quarterly Reports - every three months Web – http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/vla/science/science-end-survrep-qtlyw.htm Ref.4 Wildlife casualties with listed diseases BSAVA Manual of Wildlife Casualties (2003) Editors Mullineaux, E. and others. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester ISBN 0 905214 63 3 Ref. 5 UK Wildlife disease surveillance Wildlife Disease Surveillance by the VLA Microbiology Today (2003) Vol 30, Nov03, 157-158, Duff, P. Ref. 6 Bird Crime 2004 Offences against wild bird legislation in 2004. Produced by the RSPB Copies available on request from the RSPB Investigations Section, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL. Other References 7. Myocarditis and myositis due to infection with Hepatozoon species in pine martens (Martes martes) in Scotland. Simpson, VR, Paniciera RJ, Hargreaves J, McGarry JW, Scholes, SFE, Bown, KJ and Birtles, RJ. Veterinary Record (2005) 156, 442-446. 8. Cholecystitis in otters (Lutra lutra) and mink (Mustela vison) caused by the fluke Pseudamphistomum truncatum. Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 49-52. Simpson, VR, Gibbons, LM, Khalil LF, and Williams JL. 9. Hepatozoon sp. infection in wild red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris): a cause for concern? Veterinary Record (in press). V R Simpson, R Birtles, K Bown, R J Panciera, H Butler and N Davison.

41

http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/environment.asp?id=58

http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/vla/science/science-end-ann-wild-disrep.htm


10. A comparative analysis of the evolutionary relationship between diet and enzyme targeting in bats, marsupials and other mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B (2005) 272, 833-840. Birdsey G M, Lewin J, Holbrook J D, Simpson V R, Cunningham A A and Danpure C J. 11. Molecular characterisation of haemoparasites infecting bats (Microchiroptera) in Cornwall, UK. Parasitology (2005) 131, 489-496. Concannon R, Wynn-Owen K, Simpson V R and Birtles R J. 12. Salmonella enterica serovar dublin infection in free-living chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Proceedings, 4th Meeting of the European Wildlife Disease Association, 20-23 September 2000, (2000) Zaragoza (Spain). Glawischnig, and others. 13. Necrotic ingluvitis in wild finches Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 360 Pennycott, T W, Lawson, B, Cunningham A, Simpson V and Chantrey, J. 14. Further monitoring for Salmonella species and Escherichia coli 086 at a bird table in south-west Scotland Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 477-480. Pennycott, T W, Cindery R N, Park, A, Mather, H A, Foster, G and Grant D. 15. A walk on the wild side � emerging wildlife diseases British Medical Journal (2005) 331, 1214-1215. Cunningham, AA 16. Emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis in Britain Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 386-387. Cunningham A A, Garner, TWJ, Aguilar-Sanchez, V, Banks, B, Foster, J, Sainsbury, AW, Perkins, M, Walker SF, Hyatt, AD, Fisher, MC. 17. Emerging zoonotic epidemics in the interconnected global community Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 673-678 Gibbs, EPJ. 18. Identifying hazards, assessing the risks Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 684-687 Walsh, AL, Morgan, D. 19. Review of human rabies cases in the UK and Germany Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 715. Johnson N, Brookes SM, Fooks, AR, Stefan Ross, R. West Nile Virus: UK surveillance Editor not aware of any UK references in 2005 Seabird breeding failure in North Sea colonies 20. Wanless, S, Harris, M P, Redman, P, and Speakman, JR (2005) Marine Ecological Prog Ser (2005) 294, 1-8. 21. Pitches, A British Birds (2005a) 98, 385-386. British Birds (2005b) 98, 504.

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European Bat Lyssavirus and Rabies 22. Rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against European and Australian bat lyssaviruses. Vaccine (2005) 23(32):4101-9. Brookes SM, Parsons G, Johnson N, McElhinney LM, Fooks AR. 23. European bat lyssavirus in Scottish bats. Emerging Infectious Disease (2005) 11(4) 572-578 Brookes S.M., Aegerter J.N., Smith G.C., Healy D.M., Jolliffe T.A., Swift S.M., Mackie, I.J., Pritchard,J.S., Racey, P.A., Moore, N.P. and Fooks, A.R. 24. Rabies remains a 'neglected disease'. European Surveillance (2005) Nov 1;10 (11):1-2. Fooks AR. 25. Review of human rabies cases in the UK and in Germany. Veterinary Record (2005) Nov 26;157(22):715. Johnson N, Brookes SM, Fooks AR, Ross RS. 26. Quantitative risk assessment of rabies entering Great Britain from North America via cats and dogs. Risk Anal. (2005) Jun;25 (3):533-42. Jones RD, Kelly L, Fooks AR, Wooldridge M. Tuberculosis and mycobacterial infections in wildlife 27. Ranging behaviour of European badgers (Meles meles) in relation to bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) infection. Garnett, B T, Delahay, R J and Roper, TJ Applied Animal Behaviour Science (2005) 94, 331-340. 28. Positive and negative effects of widespread badger culling on tuberculosis in cattle Nature Letters (2005) 1-4. Donnelly C.A., Woodruffe R., Cox D.R., Bourne J.F., Cheeseman C.L., Clifton-Hadley R.S., Gao, W., Gettiinby, G., Gilks, P., Jenkins, H., Johnston, W.T., Le Fevre, A.M., McInerney, J.P. and Morrison, W.I. 29. Research into bovine tuberculosis in the West of England Proceedings of the Veterinary Deer Annual Conference, 5-6 Nov., 2005 Barlow, A. VLA, and VLA Diseases of Wildlife Group 30. Ingluvitis and oesophagitis in wild finches Veterinary Record (2005) 157, 15, 455. Holmes, P and Duff, P. 31. Preliminary chronic wasting disease surveillance in British deer Proceedings of the Veterinary Deer Annual Conference, 5-6 Nov., 2005 Barlow, A.

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44

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The compiler of this Report wishes to thank the contributors:-

Veterinary Investigation Officers at VLA Regional Laboratories Aberystwyth, Bury St Edmunds, Carmarthen, Langford, Luddington, Newcastle, Penrith, Preston, Shrewsbury, Starcross, Sutton Bonnington, Thirsk, Truro and Winchester. Veterinary Surveillance Centres at Liverpool and the Royal Veterinary College. Colleagues at VLA Weybridge departments:- Virology, Food and Environmental Safety, Statutory and Exotic Bacteria, Scientific Services Unit and the Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Scottish Agricultural Colleges Central Science Laboratory National Wildlife Management Team, Rural Development Service, Defra Veterinary Services Division, Belfast

The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Glos MRCVS tuberculosis project, VLA Truro Marine mammals, VLA Truro RSPCA Wildlife Hospital, Somerset

RSPCA Wildlife Hospital, Norfolk

Tiggywinkles, Aston Road, Haddenham, Bucks, HP17 8AF Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Truro Institute of Zoology Gower Bird Hospital British Trust for Ornithology

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