Wildlife medical centre

The design of a

wildlife

medical centre

at the National Zoological Gardens.

b y N a d i a L l o y d - L i s t e r

The design of a

wildlife

medical centre

at the National Zoological Gardens.

b y N a d i a L l o y d - L i s t e r

iv

The design of a wildlife medical centre at the National Zoological Gardens

by

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURE: PROFESSIONAL

In the Department of Architecture

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENTTSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor: P.A. GreyvensteynSupervisor: Prof J. Laubscher

Course co-ordinator: Prof G.S. Steyn

November 2014

I hereby declare that the dissertation submitted for the M.Tech Architecture: Professional, at the Tshwane University of Technology, is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution. All quoted texts are indicated and acknowledged by a comprehensive list of references.

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Fig:1. Laula the Kodiak bear at the NZG.(Photography: by Nicole Lloyd-Lister, 2014)

Abstract

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Twenty-eight year-old Laula resides in the north-western corner of the National Zoological Gardens (NZG). She is one of the zoo’s most beloved residents. As great as that is, being queen of the zoo doesn’t come without its challenges. Earlier this year, Laula tragically fell ill; and while this is nothing that the zoo’s dedicated staff couldn’t manage, it was Laula’s size and the limitations of the zoo’s medical facilities that made what should have been a routine treatment into a complicated affair. Laula is a 285kg Kodiak bear. She was too big and too heavy to receive treatment in the zoo’s existing hospital, nor could she be brought to the surgery room because access exists only through the administration area and through a retrofitted passage from the courtyard. This left no other option but to treat her in her enclosure. As a result, the staff were not able to keep with the field’s best practices, and Laula was put at risk of further medical complications. Laula represents but one case of the zoo needing to make concessions on the standard of care they are able to offer its residents because of lack of needed facilities. It would be sad enough if the problem was contained to just the zoo, but when the 2014 Living Planet Report has measured a 52% decline in biodiversity in the past 40 years, it would be flagrant irresponsiblility to confine that the challenges like the aforementioned were confined to the National Zoological Gardens alone—rather, this is but one instance of a global concern.The National Research Foundation has recognized the zoo as a critical player towards the conservation of animal heritage in southern Africa. Yet, as we have seen, tantamount to having outstanding research methods is having the needed facilities to deploy them effectively. In order for this to come to bare, the zoo requires a careful assessment of architectural concerns. This thesis presents exactly those.

The wildlife medical centre here proposed precipitates out of a comprehensive study engaging the following issues of concern; zoo healthcare and rehabilitation, subnature and animal architecture. In applying the framework “form follows function”, the issue of “animals as architects” was identified as a concern unique to this study, as well as it was the foundation for its central concept.The proposed site location currently supports the out-dated hospital (built in 1969), which is on the zoo’s south-eastern corner along Boom Street. As such, demolition of the location’s existing facility is a required antecedent to this proposal’s measures.Its facilities include a veterinary hospital, research laboratories, a bio-bank, temporary wards, and rehabilitation wards whose design derives not only from traditional matters of architectural concern but also the informed, first-hand knowledge of the animals’ needs and preferences as understood by the zoo’s staff.Additionally, the proposed design exposes and showcases the zoo’s research facilities along its public interface in order to better serve its educational efforts. This intervention brings to life a new way of perceiving the animals. To see the animals in their most fragile state can make accessible to the visitor a level of empathy that heretofore could only be known by their caretakers. Thus, this proposal presents the means for promoting conservation awareness and, at the same time, empowers its dedicated staff.

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3.1. Outline brief4.2. Needs & current situation7.3. Argument8.4. Background & history 11

T A B L E OF C O N T E N T Sch

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I n t r o d u c t i o n

I s s u e s o f c o n c e r n

P r e c e d e n t studies

Analysis and appraisal of context

1.1. Outline brief1.2. Needs & current situation1.3. Argument1.4. Background & history 1.5. Research methodology

2.1. Zoo healthcare & rehabilitation2.2. Subnature2.3. Animal architecture

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3.1. Snowdon aviary3.2. Prahran hotel3.3. Wellington zoo hospital3.4. Oregon zoo veterinary medical centre

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4.1. National analysis4.2. Regional analysis4.3. Urban analysis 4.4. Neighbourhood4.5. Site

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3.1. Outline brief4.2. Needs & current situation7.3. Argument8.4. Background & history 11 ch

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Brief, programme & accommodation

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T e c h n i c a l review

C o n c l u s i o n

References & appendices-

5.1. Brief5.2. Accommodation schedule and relationships between spaces. 5.3. Measures to achieve sustainability5.4. Design criteria

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6.1. Concept6.2. Design development

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I n t r o d u c t i o n1.1. Outline brief1.2. Needs & current situation1.3. Argument1.4. Background & history 1.5. Research methodology

Fig:2. Kangaroo & Koala enclosure from NZG cable car.(Photography: by author, 2014)

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1.1. Outline briefThis thesis is about the amalgamation of the current veterinary, research and bio-material storage functions in order to design a new Zoo Medical Campus at the National Zoological Gardens (NZG) in Boom street, Pretoria, Gauteng. The design comprises of a bio-bank, research laboratories, veterinary hospital, and temporary and rehabilitation wards. Bringing these functions under one roof eliminates the contamination risk of samples, animals and the staff. It allows for linear medical and research processes. It also creates a didactic public route isolated from the private processes of the

staff area.

Facilities at the NZG

The veterinary hospital: The zookeepers along with the vets monitor when a zoo animal would need examination, radiology or surgery. The National Zoo’s hospital only tends to help off-site animals in the case of the animal

being donated to the zoo;

Research laboratories: This is where at least 80 research projects in the fields of conservation and biodiversity are undertaken annually by the research staff with the assistance of interns, technologists, PhD and Masters

students;

Bio-bank: The Wildlife Biomaterials Bank is the facility which stores a rich diversity of biological samples such as sperm, pathology samples, environmental tissue

and cell cultures;

Temporary and rehabilitation wards: Hygienic and humane enclosures include; an intensive care unit (ICU), a large animal ward, carnivorous and large primate ward, aquatic ward, ungulate ward, aviary as

well as a quarantine area.

On the first of April 2004 the National Zoo was declared a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF). It moved from governments’ Department of Arts and Culture to the supervision of the NRF based on its potential to advance research in the fields of wildlife nutrition, behavioural ecology,wildlife epidemiology, molecular genetics and reproductive biology. This provides a platform for the entire research community to partake in the studies done at the zoo, including universities, conservationists, veterinarians, scientists and zoologists, local and international. (The National Zoo’s changing role... in support of conservation research, 2009)

The envisaged campus will aim to place the National Zoological Gardens at the forefront of this emerging knowledge field not only in Africa but globally too. To reach this benchmark a conclusive study will

engage the following issues:

1. zoo wildlife healthcare and rehabilitation2. subnature; and3. animal architecture.

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M a c r o c o n t e x t: g l o b a l

Biodiversity decline

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) presents findings in their ‘Living Planet Report 2014’ of a 52% decline of vertebrate species between 1970 and 2010. This means that a census shows that our global wildlife population is half the size it was 40 years ago. (McLellan,

2014:8).

Holocene Extinction

According to the article on biodiversity decline the appearance and disappearance of species have occurred since the beginning of time. Extinctions occur at a rate of about 0.1 to 1 species per million years. The sharp peak of this rate at several points marks the five “mass extinction” events. These are thought to have been caused by natural phenomena such as continental drift, impact from meteoroids or comets and climate change. One such event happened 65 million years ago when a giant asteroid struck Earth just off the

coast of Mexico, taking the dinosaurs and two-thirds of the earth’s species with it.

Evidence suggests that a sixth mass extinction is currently underway due to the accelerated rate of biodiversity decline. Approximately 900 extinctions have occurred since the 16th century. The previous five mass extinctions occurred over thousands of years where as the current mass extinction is most probably going to occur within 200 years. Two-thirds of the species on earth are said to be extinct by the end of the 21st century. The most startling of this evidence is that it will be the first mass extinction caused by humans.

(Biodiversity Decline. S.a.).

1.2. Needs & current situation

Table:2. Rate of mass extinction.(Biodiversity Decline. S.a.)

Table:1. The number of declining, stable and increasing populations from 1970-2010 show-ing a great increase in the number of declining population. (Biodiversity Decline. S.a.)4

Table:3. Table of threatened species, summary, compiled by International Union for the Conservation of Nature, The IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. (Biodiversity Decline. S.a.)

Number of described species in IUCN database

Number of threatened species in 2006

Number of threatened as % of described species

VertabratesMammals 5,416 1,093 20%Birds 9,934 1,206 12%Reptiles 8,240 341 4%Amphibians 5,918 1,811 31%Fishes 29,300 1,173 4%Subtotal 58,808 5,624 10%

PlantsMosses 15,000 80 0.53%Ferns and allies 13,025 139 1.0%Gymnosperms 980 306 31%Cotyledons 199,350 7,086 4%Monocotyledons 59,300 779 1%Subtotal 287,655 8,390 3%

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M i c r o c o n t e x t: z o o s p e c i f i c

With the NZG being the only zoo on the continent with a statutory mandate to embark on scientific research, an upgrade of the infrastructure is imperative in both the physical architecture and intellectual capacity. In 2005 the NZG established a research department among its many other departments, for instance: Commercial Services and Business Development, Conservation Education & Public Engagement in Science, Landscape and Civil Facilities, Conservation and Animal Collections, Human Resources, Financial Administration and finally Scientific Services; the latter is managed alongside the research department by Prof Antoinette Kotze (Kotze & Nxomani, 2011). Approximately 300 staff members are appointed by the NZG of which about 80 are zookeepers and 12 are scientists and veterinarians.

The NZG’s research and veterinary departments amalgamated into the Centre for Conservation Science in 2009.

Veterinary hospital Currently there are plans to expand the hospital in order to meet the requirements of the new mandate. Certain challenges subsist in the existing building. The examination room is now a passage to the operating room to avoid having to take the animals through the

administration office, as there is no direct access. Thus, the operating room functions as an examination room concurrently.

Research laboratories On 31 March 2009, this research department was housed in an existing east-west facing two-storey building, which was renovated from a lucerne storage into laboratories, offices and a small library. The Research department delivers services to the SAPS and a separate

monitored facility is needed to do forensic investigations.

Bio-bank The current Bio-bank occupies an existing 1950’s house with high tin ceilings and a fireplace. The functions of the Bio-bank were forced

into this protected heritage building.

Temporary and rehabilitation wards The existing carnivore wards are right opposite the bird cages and blankets are used as screens to minimise predator versus prey stress. The temporary bird enclosures alongside the hospital are keep birds that await space in the zoo. These enclosures are overcrowded and inappropriate for the duration of the birds’ stay. Birds are brought here from the Airport when imported illegally and have to wait on the

tedious trials of the perpetrators.

Mosibudi Mangena, the former minister of Science and Technology said in his keynote address at the launch of the NZG Centre for Conservation Science in 2009,

“The southern part of Africa has one of the world’s greatest animal heritages. Other countries do not have this privilege or this responsibility, so we must take special measures, and in many cases original

measures, to conserve this heritage for future generations.”(The National Zoo’s changing role... in support of conservation research, 2009).

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1.3 Argument

This thesis argues that an upgrade of the built veterinary and research infrastructure at the National Zoological Gardens will place the facility’s growing intellectual capacity at the forefront of animal conservation in Africa. This will be made possible by innovative research, the education of future professionals and continual public awareness by means of tourism and recreation.

Fig:3. Veterinary hospital.(Photography: by author, 2014)

Fig:4. Research laboratories.(Photography: by author, 2014)

Fig:5. Bio-bank(Photography: by author, 2014)

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1.4. Background & history

E v o l u t i o n of “the zoo”

The earliest proof of animal collections dates back to 2500BC in ancient Egypt. Animals espoused a unique religious significance and were kept in glorified ‘menageries’; a term describing an impressive collection of animals for the purpose of display, religion or aggrandisement of the owner. The Greeks, Romans and Chinese later established menageries for exotic hunting, entertainment of guests and display of wealth. Private animal collections continued into the 18th century among the noble and royal families. (Higgenbottom, 2004:57).

The idea of ‘public zoos’ or the modern zoo came about in the late 18th and early 19th century. The first of these was the Jardin des Plantes that opened in 1793 in Paris. Thereafter public zoos opened in London(1828), Amsterdam(1843), Berlin (1844) and Central Park, New York (1862). London Zoo took pride in their philosophical stance of scientific advancement and didactic enlightenment. Zoos became the centre of the tourism industry and attracted architects such as Berthold Lubetkin who designed Penguin Pool in 1934 at London Zoo. (lbid.).

By the 1960’s society became more aware of environmental and animal welfare implications. Attention now drew towards the architecture of the enclosures. The evolution of the displays can be understood in terms of first, second and third generation exhibits (lbid,:58):

First generation 18th and 19th century

Barred cages for purpose of isolating the animal.

Second generation early 20th century

Larger concrete enclosures surrounded by moats

Third generation mid 20th century

Naturalistic displays aiming to mimic the animals’ original habitat.

Fig:6. 1902 historical enclosure at NZG.(Photography: by author, 2014)

Fig:7. Dassie hill built in 1932 at NZG.(Photography: by author, 2014)

Fig:8. Aviary at NZG showcasing immersive enclosure design. (Photography: by author, 2014)

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Fourth generation 21st century

Mixed species enclosures, rotating species among enclosures and elevated trails to and from enclosures.

Fig:9. Rhino and Zebra enclosure. (Photography: by author, 2014)

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National Zoological gardens of South Africa

According to Biglake (1954:1), there is probably no zoological garden in the world that came into existence in the same unorthodox manner as the National Zoological Gardens. The farm called “Rus in Urbe”; stretching from Boom Street to the Apies river, belonged to the late J.F. Cilliers and was located adjacent to the Transvaal Museum, Formerly the “Staatsmuseum der Zuid-Afrikaansche

Republiek.”

The Director of the Transvaal Museum Dr. J. W. B. Gunning had a vision, one that garnered much attention and initial setbacks. The Museum regularly received live animals that were kept in its 17 square metre backyard. These animals were destined to be stuffed and put on display in the Museum. Luckily Dr Gunning had other plans for the animals. He encouraged residents adjacent to the museum to complain about the noise and odour caused by the animals in the museum’s backyard. He obtained permission to transfer animals to “Rus in Urbe” on 21 October 1899 and this was the humble beginnings of what we know as the National Zoological Gardens.

(Biglake, 1954:2).

The National zoo’s hospital and research laboratoriesCaptain F. C. Simpson was the first part time veterinarian at the zoo; he worked from 1906 until 1949. A tiger had turned on its mate for no known reason causing its death. If the zoo had had hospital facilities the veterinarian might have been able to save the animal. As a result the board of trustees opened an animal infirmary fund with the sum of about £10,000, in November of 1942. In 1969 the funds had been collected and hospital was finally built. (Biglake, 1954:85).

Fig:10. Taxidermy in derelict museum. (Photography: by author, 2014)

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1.5 Research methodologyThe research approach consists of quantitative and qualitative information on the subject at hand, and therefore, it is a mixed-method approach. The method includes analyses of the macro context of wildlife conservation of zoos in South Africa in a comparative manner, information on the evolution of animal enclosures and state-of-the-art design and construction methods of zoo healthcare facilities. The micro context analyses are more focused on elements at the NZG such as site analysis, functional procedures and

archetypes of the built context.

The research and design strategy includes published literature in the form of books, dissertations as well as online journals, newsletters and papers. These cover the fields of conservation, ecotourism, wildlife medicine, wildlife in captivity, and environment and animal architecture. Besides the descriptive analysis of relevant literature and precedents, a range of on-site surveys took place, more specifically, photographic analysis as well as interviews with the specialist veterinarians, scientists, and hands-on

specialists-the zookeepers.

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chapter

i s s u e s o f c o n c e r n2.1 zoo healthcare & rehabilitation2.2 subnature2.3 animal architecture

The issues to be

explored are categorised to cover a broad aspect of the design

synthesis. The first, Zoo Healthcare and Rehabilitation, covers the procedural and programmatic aspect of zoo healthcare and the processes linked to it. Secondly, the environmental issue of subnature (to be explicated later) and a potential altered perspective on the natural surroundings will be explored. The designing and building of animal architecture then refines the

research around aesthetical and architectural aspects of the

design development.

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2.1. Zoo healthcare and rehabilitation2.1.1. Relevance and Importance

The essentials of zoo healthcare and rehabilitation will be studied in order to identify certain processes. These processes will assist the design in detail with regards to circulation, accommodation and material choices. According to Loomis, (2012b) treating domestic pets is much like treating humans, except pets can not talk and treating zoo animals is

much like treating domestic pets, except zoo animals can’t be restrained. When an animal needs treatment it is important to return it to its group as soon as possible as some species are intolerant to individuals outside their group. Common medical issues include anything from tuberculosis to the regular administration of birth control drugs; individual health must be monitored

while taking into consideration population health. It is important to understand that wildlife, domestic animals, and humans are all susceptible to the same infectious agents and environmental stresses. Only a holistic approach to medicine will further research efforts to determine how disease agents spread throughout the world. (Fowler & Miller, 2008:ix)

Fig:11. Animal hospital. (Source: [http://cargocollective.com/Rosita/Wellington-Zoo-Animal-Hospital], 2014)

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2.1.2. Current practice

Typical wildlife medical concerns.

The types of wildlife medical problems are as ranged as with humans. Diseases, infections, fractured or broken limbs, birth defects, visual and dental problems are but to name a few. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Proper infrastructure must be implemented such as showers or hand wash basins where animals and humans come in contact. Captive wild such as bustards are more at risk of contracting avian influenza from doves and pigeons

than when in the wild.

Detection of illness.

Behavioural pattern changes.Behavioural detection is fundamentally used to detect illness but some species such as predatory birds avoid showing signs of weakness until the later stages of illness. Knowing the animal’s regular routine, habits and posture, assists in the detection of irregularities. Faecal samples can be tested regularly and frequency, position and duration of urination and defecation could also indicate incipient illness. Other indicators include locomotion, food intake and scent behaviour. (Fowler & Miller, 2008:38-40)

Thermography Thermography is a diagnostic tool that is completely non-invasive as it does not require any handling or restraint of the animal. It detects inflammation, bruising and cardiovascular diseases among others by measurement of surface temperatures. (Fowler & Miller, 2008:20)

Biopsy darting This tool allows collection of epidermal tissue without the complications of

anaesthetics or restraint.

Mechanical or chemical restraint. These are usually the last resort options when an animal needs examination. Mechanical restraint is when the animal is placed between hydraulic cage walls to hold it in place for examination while chemical restraint includes tranquilising and anaesthesia. These methods are

stressful for the animal and keeper.

Fig:13. Thermography showing increased radiation. (Fowler & Miller, 2008:27)

Fig:14. Biopsy dart ejecting epidermal tissue. (Fowler & Miller, 2008)

Fig:12. Behaviour changes. (Fowler & Miller, 2008:40)

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Procedures and clinical care programmes

Behavioural Training Animals are trained through positive reinforcement to perform behaviours on command to make the medical procedures easier to perform. Behaviours include cooperative mobility onto scales, into restraint devices or into containers to be taken to the hospital. The veterinarians are then able to collect urine, do tuberculin testing, and do vaginal and rectal examinations. (Loomis, 2012b). An example would be that an elephant can be trained to present its foot through a wall opening to do foot trimming. Long term treatment such as insulin shots are now administered regularly on account of behavioural training. (Fowler & Miller,

2008:66)

Drug AdministrationThe most adequate method for drug administration is orally, this can be achieved by separating the particular animal at feeding time with the drugs

contained in its feed. (Loomis, 2012b)

Wildlife surgery Pandu, a 130-kilogram Malayan tiger from Houston Zoo required surgery on his right elbow as he had bone chips hindering his mobility. Successful surgeries require surgeons with experience which is not the case in zoos, zoo medicine has unfortunately not lived up to its domestic pet counterpart. Zoo veterinarians are still leaving animals with scars and stitches that are chewed and scratched complicating the situation with infections. Pandu received arthroscopic surgery which is a minimally invasive procedure - only a small incision was necessary to remove excess bone. He recovered days

later. (Berkowitz, 2012)

Fig:15. Pandu’s surgery. (Berkowitz, 2012) Fig:16. Pandu’s surgery. (Berkowitz, 2012) Fig:17. Pandu’s surgery. (Berkowitz, 2012)

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2.1.3. Findings

Circulation and logistical processes

(Hospital & Laboratory)Process when animal falls ill.

A Conversation with zookeeper Mr. Johnson at the NZG (keeping bears, large

antelope/ ungulates and white rhino)

When a particular animal falls ill the zookeeper goes to the hospital to fill out a Vet request form, and the rate of emergency is noted. The veterinarian will then visit the enclosure to inspect the animal and a decision will be made whether or not to do tests. If tests are required, the animal will be anaesthetised to draw blood or it could be shot with a biopsy dart (which is later collected by zookeeper). The sample will be administered by the respective laboratory and the veterinarian will decide if the animal needs treatment or drugs. Large animals such as elephants will be treated or operated on in the enclosure. Other animals are anaesthetised and loaded onto a truck to be taken to hospital. In case of death or euthanizing, the animal is taken to the incinerator on the northern

part of the zoo to be destroyed.

Fig:18. Hospital and laboratory process. (Diagram: by author, 2014)

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(Hospital)Animal treatment procedure

Notes taken during a Conversation with NZG veterinarian Dr. Adrian Tordiffe;

When an animal needs examination it is dropped off at the examination room from where it can go directly to the x-ray or operating; thereafter it is taken to intensive care or the recovery ward before its return

to the enclosure.

Fig:19. Hospital process. (Diagram: by author, 2014)

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(Bio-bank)Bio material storage process

The following was noted at the NZG during a conversation with researcher

Dr. Desire Dalton;

Specimens could be extracted from the animal during examination, operation or tranquilisation in the enclosure or it can be acquired from a public researcher. At the bio-bank the sample will be taken to the dirty room to be packaged, labelled and recorded onto the digital library’s database. It is then placed under the required temperature where it can be tracked and located for future experiments.

Fig:20. Bio-bank process. (Diagram: by author, 2014)

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2.1.4. Conclusion

These processes inform the circulation and programme of the proposed medical centre. An understanding of the three different fields will result in an informed design where form follows function. An important principle is that wild animals are not easily restrained and that complicated anaesthetic procedures have short reversal times, thus the connection between the drop off, examination, surgery and rehabilitation areas should be closely associated and easily accessible. The laboratories and bio-bank should be accessible to staff and public, and separate from the circulations of the

wildlife hospital.

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2.2. Subnature2.2.1. Relevance and Importance

This design takes a stance as a prime example of nature within in the city. Expectedly an analysis of the environment is undertaken. Within the urban context, nature is an element of the environment just as architecture is, and it is important to look at all elements of the environment, pleasant and unpleasant. According to Gissen (2009:1) “Subnature analyses the socio-political histories of twelve ever present subnatures: dankness, smoke, gas, exhaust, dust, puddles, mud, debris, weeds, insects, pigeons, and crowds.”

Professor Sheila Kennedy from Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggested that this thesis should analyse the modern idea of hygiene. The notion of subnature explores the inclusion of the elements namely, atmosphere, matter and life, which are usually undesirable for society, into a revised concept of environment. It also serves as a theoretical foundation to justify the unified occupancy of human and animal. It seems radical to coalesce subnatural elements with the accommodation of a veterinary hospital, laboratories and bio bank, but the literature offers a fresh perspective. Anthrozoology, the interaction between human and animal, is facing a new era as conservation of fauna and flora is no longer ignorable. Therefore alternative approaches have to emerge to ensure a predetermined public reaction.

Fig:21. City exhaust. (Source: [http://instagram.com/demidism], 2014)

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2.2.2. Current practice

According to Gissen (2009:22) many other texts show the study of engagement between architecture and the more normative forms of nature, but his book is the first to explore the story of the less normative forms of nature, dubbed subnature. This book argues that, “...forms of nature become subnatural when they are envisioned as threatening to inhabitants or the material formations and ideas that constitute architecture.” (Gissen. 2009:21) For the purpose of this thesis, one subheading under each element will be researched to understand why we regard them as perhaps unhygienic.

Fig:22. Le Corbusier illustration. (Gissen. 2009:73)

Fig:23. Drawing by R&Sie(n) Architects. (Gissen. 2009:80)

Fig:24. Skin detail by R&Sie(n) Architects. (Gissen. 2009:82)

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Exhaust (atmosphere)

Exhaust is the subnatural by-product of vehicles, roads and highways. As much as planners and urban engineers try to harness or control it, it still rids the city with its looming smog. The existence of exhaust has sparked the creation of new design strategies involving alternative urbanism that reconceptualise the relationship between roads and buildings. (lbid:72) Currently architects address this malodorous emission by segregating building interiors and the roads. In 1923 Le Corbusier addressed what he called a general unpleasantness of the roadway in this manner. Figure 22 illustrates his

comparison of the 19th century city where exhaust envelopes the built environment and a new architecture surrounded by greenery. Even though pollution was not the main focus of his study it is evident that it informed his design process. (lbid:73) A more recent example was the design of the B_mu Tower, done by the firm R&Sie(n). Their approach was less about defending the building from exhaust or eradicating the problem altogether, and more about engaging an understanding of our conventional attitudes toward pollution. (Gissen. 2009:79) They designed a gallery, offices and a cafe

for the highly polluted Bangkok. They wrapped the building in an electrostatic skin that drew the exhaust of the roadway to the building’s exterior surface. This partially filtered the air on the outside and created a climate controlled environment on the interior, together with creating an awareness of the polluted context. (lbid.)

An application of this can follow or contradict the work of Le Corbusier and R&Sie(n). Due to the site being close to the very exhaust filled Boom Street it should protect the animals from the smog whether it incorporates it or deflects it.

Fig:25. Air pollution. (Source: [http://mashable.com/2013/01/14/beijing-air-pollution/], 2014)

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Dust (matter)

“Dust is the result of natural decay in buildings, pollution from cars and factories, and the result of landscapes transformed by disasters.” (lbid:88) Dust will always be present; it is unwanted and usually removed, but John Ruskin regarded it as denying a building of its own historical record. He also viewed dust as proof that materials were constantly evolving, as dust crystallises into stone and then deteriorates into dust again. (lbid:96) Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi also examined dust in their book Learning from Las Vegas (1977).

Pretoria has recently experienced two exaggerations of both natural and manmade dust, namely the dust storm on 16 October 2014 and the implosion of Munitoria on the 7th of July 2013.

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Fig:26. Munitoria Implosion. (Source: [http://miniblasters.co.za/implosions/], 2014)

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Pigeons (life)

“Of all birds, pigeons retain a type of lesser status through their interactions with architecture in that they stain and infest buildings and transform the sounds emanating from them.” (Gissen. 2009:180) During the middle ages pigeons were not so frowned upon and pigeonniers, buildings where pigeons were bread for their eggs and meat, became a distinct architectural type. Roosting pigeons were kept in temples where they laid eggs which were sold as souvenirs and used for sacrifices. (lbid.) “Le Corbusier admired the pigeons as a type of natural module that worked well with the architectural scenography of existing buildings.” (lbid:185). They add a certain aesthetic and scale to photographs of buildings and also occur in many contemporary renderings by architects and students.

Fig:27. Pigeons and architecture. (Source: [http://www.karenruimy.com/

blog/2012/08/08/india/], 2014)

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2.2.3. Conclusion

The modern idea of hygiene is questioned as this section aims to positively change perspectives of the unwanted. It will not exclude or segregate the animals as expected but integrate them into the fabric of the building; allowing them to nest on the window sills or to roam about among the people. Thus the boundaries of the norm are traversed in order to innovate conservation as a whole. It is the designer’s duty to understand the environment surrounding the building but it is also the designer’s duty to formulate an understanding thereof to the user.

“In contrast to nature, subnature is not only about exposing the realities of external environments. Rather the theory of subnature proposed within this book supports the notion that architecture and the environment are produced simultaneously. “ (Gissen. 2009:25)

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A n i m a l architecture is

particularly relevant to this accommodation, both in the

typical idea of what an animal housing should be as well as, what it could be. In

this issue two aspects will be researched. Architecture for animals focuses on the human aspect of how we currently design for animals. Architecture by animals looks into how animals design for themselves and applies to how we

should design for them as well as how we could design

for ourselves.

2.3. Animal architecture2.3.1. Relevance and Importance

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Architecture for animals

The Modern idea of architecture for humans

In the same breath Toyo Ito explained at the UIA conference (2014) in Durban, that architecture for humans need not conform to the conventional grid and that the grid should be designed. He is a prime example of using nature as precedent. The following are points in his design process aimed to reach a type or style unrelated to the conventional gird systems. (Ito. 2014)

Possibility of architecture beyond Modernism:

1. is closed off from natural environment

2. saves energy and maximises use of natural energy; and

3. restores vital energy by symbiosis with nature

The Modern idea of architecture for animals.

Bernard Tshumi recently underwent a six year refurbishment of the Paris Zoological Gardens. In his approach he states that the architecture needed to be the background of animal display. He further noted that the architecture for the animal areas and for the people will take the same approach as opposed to designing naturalistic for animals and modular for people. The Sahel-Sudan enclosure housing kudus, ostriches and giraffes is a zig-zag larchwood skin concealing corrugated-metal-clad indoor facilities, and the space in-between creates a hidden passage for the zookeepers. (Fixen, 2014:220)

Fig:28. Savanna enclosure, Bernard Tshumi. (Fixen, 2014:220)

Fig:30. Library in Tama Art University by Toyo Ito. (Source: [http://odalisquemagazine.com/blogs/mclahr], 2014)

Fig:29. Library in Tama Art University by Toyo Ito. (Source: [https://www.tumblr.com/search/tokyo+university+of+the+arts], 2014)

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Guidelines for designing animal enclosures

Walls

Precast concrete walls can be appropriated with a variety of possible treatments. All paint needs to be non-toxic as animals may ingest it. Certain animals rub against the walls and in this case concrete will be preferred to paint as a concrete stain looks better than one on paint. Brick is an inexpensive alternative but usually requires plaster for easier cleaning. Animals’ scent marks their enclosures thus porous materials such as wood is undesirable on lower levels of walls. (Kleinman, Thompson & Baer, 2010:162)

Fencing

In ungulate enclosures the fencing should be on the inner side of the structural posts to avoid injury when the animal runs along the fence. Animal strength should be taken into consideration when choosing fencing type and material. The height requirements for ungulates should be 1.8 to 2.4m with an overhang inward of 90˚ or 45˚. Gates can be sliding or swinging. (Kleinman, Thompson & Baer, 2010:162-163)

Floors

Drainage is the most important factor when designing floors; a typical slope of 5% is needed for excess cleaning water to drain properly. Floors should not be smooth to avoid potentially dangerous falls. A broom finish to the screed is advisable. Cushioned flooring material is state-of-the-art when designing floors. (Kleinman, Thompson & Baer, 2010:163)

Fig:31. Floor detail(Kleinman, Thompson & Baer, 2010:163)

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Architecture by animals

Animals are the architects and engineers of their own worlds. They build for shelter, attraction of mating partners, capturing food and for the function of metamorphosis. They often do so to the benefit of many other species such as the beaver dams that act as water sources for the entire ecosystem around them. Another interesting observation of animal designs is the attention to aesthetics, for example, the Volgekopgardner bower birds build mating nests and gather colourful items to lure a very scrupulous potential partner.

Fig:32. Bowerbird’s mating nest. (Photography: by Ingo Arndt, 2014)

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Weaver

Weaver birds build top hung hammock nests, usually built in the fork of two fine twigs. The male uses long strands to build a ring between these two twigs as well as an egg chamber to the one end and the entrance to the other. The egg chamber is fairly regular but loosely woven for ventilation. The male then changes material from long thin strips to short broad ones and lines the roof until very little daylight can enter, thus protecting it from rain.

Beaver

The beaver designs two distinct structures; a lodge to live in and a dam to create an artificial lake to store edible branches. The branches are packed loosely on parts of the roof of the lodge to allow for ventilation. (Hansell, 1984:21-22) The beaver dam must withstand its own weight as well as considerable lateral pressure acting on the upstream end. The upstream side is built up with sticks and twigs and sealed with mud. The downstream side is supported by larger buttresses or compression struts. (lbid:135)

Termite

Mature termite colonies can build a 2 metre mound within 24 hours containing numerous design features. A thick wall perforated by vertical channels, surrounds a central dwelling cavity. The dwelling complex is composed of brood chambers, fungus gardens and a royal apartment. It stands on columns over a large basement cavity situated below ground level. The entire structure incorporates ingenious circulating air systems to regulate temperature, gas exchange and humidity. The heat gain in the dwelling causes air to rise, therefore drawing up cool, moist air from the basement. (Hansell, 1984:37)

Fig:33. Weaver nest. (Photography: by Ingo Arndt, 2014)

Fig:35. Termite mound. (Photography: by Ingo Arndt, 2014)

Fig:34. Beaver. (Photography: by Ingo Arndt, 2014)

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Table:4. Animal matrix. (Table: by author, 2014)

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Animal Matrix

In order to design for animals, a metric system, such as anthropometrics for humans, is needed to understand the scale and needs for the different species of the zoo. Such a system does not exist for zoo animals and was thus created from information gathered by existing zoo hospitals and animal databases.

2.3.3. Findings

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2.3.4. Conclusion

Animal architecture is still an untapped field and most designs should be based on the advice from animal experts. For the purpose of temporary rehabilitation wards the emphasis be placed on hygiene, and then on enrichment.

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P r e c e d e n t studies3.1. Snowdon aviary3.2. Prahran hotel3.3. Wellington zoo hospital3.4. Oregon zoo veterinary medical centre

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Project: Snowdon Aviary Architect: Cedric Price & Lord Snowdon(Anthony Armstrong-Jones) Client: Zoological Society of LondonCompletion: 1965Location: Westminster, England.

Aim This precedent sheds light on the designing of large lightweight aviaries. It marked the start of the immersive enclosure design era and was technologically advanced for its time. The aim is to analyse the aviary in order to understand function, scale and public recreation.

Analysis Lord Snowdon and Cedric Price were influenced by the design philosophy of Buckminster Fuller when they started designing this high technology aviary in 1960. The structure consists of four sets of aluminium tetrahedral tubes, balanced by two opposing tubular aluminium posts and framed by tensioned steel cables. Black mesh made of anodised aluminium netting drapes the framework to serve as a light perforated screen blurring the distinction between inside and outside. The aviary was designed to be a permanent structure and the form was derived from calculated engineering. The walkway is a double cantilever of pre-stressed concrete designed to give the visitor an immersed and unobscured view of the birds. (Snowdon Aviary London Zoo, Westminster. S.a.)

Application

•Due to the complex programme of the wildlife healthcare centre a form such as Snowdon Aviary would be too bold, and conflicting with the other forms of the building. •The principles to apply are elevated walkways to get as close to the birds as possible and for the recreational aspect of immersive design.

•Aluminium poles in continuous tension can be a solution to the large scale of an aviary.

•Use se anodised aluminium netting as opposed to shading netted material to avoid maintainance issues and to keep the site secure from intruders.

3.1.

Fig:37. Snowdon aviary 3D. (Source: [http://imaginary-infrastructures.tumblr.com/post/:id/:summary], 2014)

Fig:36. Snowdon aviary 3D. (Source: [http://imaginary-infrastructures.tumblr.com/post/:id/:summary], 2014)(Edited: by author, 2014)

Fig:38. Snowdon aviary plan. (Source: [http://imaginary-infrastructures.tumblr.com/post/:id/:summary], 2014)

Fig:39. Cedric Price. (Source: [http://architecturelab.net/the-architectural-dreams-that-never-came-down-to-earth/], 2014)

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Aim

This precedent makes use of alternative materials and construction methods. Possible demolition of the existing hospital might provide re-usable materials for the new design and this prompts research into alternative use of building materials.

Analysis

The Prahran Hotel is a two storey pub in Melbourne recently refurbished to fit with the Art Deco facade. The interior includes a double volume space with a central courtyard. The stacked concrete pipes enables visitors to sit inside them and still interact with the view to the exterior as well as the interior courtyard. The courtyard cuts through the interior allowing natural lighting to both levels.

Application

•The circular shape could be used to emphasise the concept of termites creating cylinders and cells within their mounds.

•The function of the precast concrete pipes is to create intimacy and this could be used as an alternative to office cubicles.

•On the exterior plants and vegetables can be grown to feed the animals.

•Create a double volume on the interior to display the aesthetics from both interior and exterior.

•Employ this structure on the northern facade to diffuse light entering the building as a replacement for overhangs or louvers.

Project: Prahran HotelArchitect: Technē ArchitectsClient: Sand hill road Completion: 2013Location: Victoria, Australia.

3.2.

Fig:41. Prahran hotel. (Prahran Hotel I & II S.a.)

Fig:42. Prahran hotel interior. (Prahran Hotel I & II S.a.)

Fig:43. Prahran hotel section. (Prahran Hotel I & II S.a.)

Fig:40. Prahran hotel. (Prahran Hotel I & II S.a.)(Edited: by author, 2014)

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Aim

This precedent houses a similar accommodation to the wildlife medical centre and will thus be analysed to inform the programmatic requirements of a zoo hospital. This precedent explores how zoo veterinary practices are displayed to the public.

Analysis

The Wellington Zoo recently acquired a state-of-the-art animal hospital. It is a single storey structure that for provides for staff facilities and areas for diagnostics, surgery, recovery and isolation. The form is derived from the site’s contours and aesthetics derived from aged zinc, unpainted timber, and concrete have aged. The building is integrated with the landscaping in order to link the hospital with the whole zoo site. A concrete terrace with shelves, planters, stone and seats form the visitors path to the hospital. The public courtyard creates a non-intrusive platform for viewing. The zoo staff requirements included low maintenance materials and natural materials where possible, and energy efficiency, functional medical waste management and water conservation. (Wellington Zoo Hospital (The Nest Te Kōhanga) S.a.)

Application

•To emphasise conservation awareness include public involvement.

•Use the principle of landscaping as a visual guide for public interface.

•Medical waste management area to be enclosed and accessible to waste removal van from exterior as well as operating, examination and sterilising room from within the building.

•Consider roof incline to relate to contours of site

•Provide staff facilities such as a recreational area

Project: Wellington Zoo Hospital (The Nest Te Kōhanga)Architect: Warren and Mahoney Client: Wellington Zoo Trust/ Wellington City CouncilCompletion: 2010Location: Wellington, New Zealand.

3.3.

Fig:45. Wellington zoo hospital.(Wellington Zoo Hospital (The Nest Te Kōhanga) S.a.)

Fig:46. Wellington zoo hospital viewing area.(Wellington Zoo Hospital (The Nest Te Kōhanga) S.a.)

Fig:47. Wellington zoo hospital elevation.(Wellington Zoo Hospital (The Nest Te Kōhanga) S.a.)

Fig:44. Wellington zoo hospital surgery.(Wellington Zoo Hospital (The Nest Te Kōhanga) S.a.)(Edited: by author, 2014)

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Aim This building’s function is synonymous with the intended wildlife medical centre. An in-depth analysis of its plans will assist in functional zoning and circulation decisions.

Analysis

The Oregon Zoo had a vet hospital designed to meet the 1970-’s veterinary care standards and support behavioural research programmes of that time. Veterinary care has changed tremendously since then and the building outdated. Their new facility accommodates each animal’s specific needs in terms of comfort by designing species-specific wards and allowing for adaptable humidity, light and temperature. The primates for example, have perches and elevated beds. The wards were designed to promote healing, reduce stress and keep the animals calm. The new facility boasts an efficient floor plan that allows procedures with minimal movement of the animal. (Veterinary Medical Centre. S.a.)

Application

•This project has at least three animal drop-off zones, use less to avoid a facade of garage doors. Only separate drop off for quarantine animals.•Follow average square metres to determine the scale needed for different species.•Use principles of public to private gradient. Public-Private Animal-Human•Introduce shared day enclosure spaces. •Note animal alley at carnivore wards to chase animal into van, avoiding anaesthesia. •The circulation and functional zoning principles are to be analysed and utilised.

Project: Oregon Zoo Veterinary Medical CentreArchitect: Peck Smiley Ettlin Architects Client: Oregon ZooCompletion: 2012Location: Oregon, United States of America.

3.4.

Fig:48. Oregon zoo hospital.(Source: [http://www.oregonzoo.org/discover/new-zoo/thanks-you-better-zoo/veterinary-medical-center], 2014)

Fig:49. Oregon zoo hospital.(Source: [http://www.oregonzoo.org/discover/new-zoo/thanks-you-better-zoo/veterinary-medical-center], 2014)

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Analysis and appraisal of context4.1. National analysis4.2. Regional analysis4.3. Urban analysis 4.4. Neighbourhood4.5. Site

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Fig:50. National Zoological Gardens.(Sketch and editing: by author, 2014)

U n i o n buildings

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A B S A b u i l d i n g

T e l k o mt o w e r

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4.1. National analysis

Before the analysis of the region a comparative analysis of other zoos in South Africa was compiled in order to understand the current state of zoo healthcare in the country. The NZG and Johannesburg Zoo are the only two zoos with hospitals on site, Bloemfontein Zoo and Mitchell Park Zoo make use of local private veterinarians when problems arise with a particular animal. Bloemfontein Zoo has facilities to hold sickly animals until the veterinarian can attend to it. Johannesburg Zoo, Bloemfontein Zoo and Mitchell Park Zoo are managed by the local municipalities and depend largely on the donations of other organisations. The white marks on the zoo maps indicate the relative zoo staff areas. These zoos exchange not only animals but also zookeepers. Harry Seakamela had, at the time of the interview, been transferred to Bloemfontein Zoo from the NZG. He is a snake expert and was called back to his previous workplace when the black mamba, nicknamed Houdini, escaped from its terrarium in 2013. He laughingly tells that the NZG thought he had suspiciously taken the snake to Bloemfontein because he admired it so. Undeterred he returned to Pretoria and found it under rubble behind one of the mammal enclosures.

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National Zoological Gardens

Johannesburg Zoo Bloemfontein Zoo Mitchell Park Zoo

Case study Visited Jan-October 2014 Visited June 2014, Neighbouring zoo

Visited June 2014 Visited march 2014

Date opened 21 October 1899 1904 1906 Mid 1900’sLocation Pretoria, Gauteng Johannesburg, Gauteng Bloemfontein, Free State Durban, Kwazulu NatalArea 85 ha 55 ha 48 ha 15 haNumber of animals

9000 2000 2000 400

Number of species

700 320 300 250

Annual visitors

600 000 400 000 100 000 20 000

Veterinaryfacilities

Husbandry BreedingConservationResearchHospital

Husbandry BreedingConservationHospital (1936)

Husbandry BreedingConservation

None

Table:5. Comparative analysis.(Table and maps: by author, 2014)

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4.2. Regional analysis

2014/15 Integrated Development Plan Review of the City of Tshwane

On 27 August 2013 the Council approved the Tshwane Vision 2055 which is a long term strategic plan to improve the social, economic, and management of the natural environment. In this plan they address urbanisation and migration, economic development, job creation, service delivery, poverty, urban renewal and regeneration. City of Tshwane is 6345 square kilometre in size which makes it the third largest municipality in the world. (SA, 2014) The long term vision of the City is as follows:

In 2055, Tshwane is liveable, resilient and inclusive whose citizens enjoy a high quality of life, have access to social, economic and enhanced political freedoms and where citizens are partners in the development of the African Capital City of excellence. (SA, 2014)

Transportation services

Due to urban sprawl, the majority of the poor are located far from economic opportunities. Construction of bus transportation, A Reyeng Rapid Transit System, started in 2013 and is aimed at providing reliable, convenient and safe public transport. A bus terminal will be situated near the NZG on Paul Kruger street. (SA, 2014) The Gautrain bus also provides a stop on Boom Street with the inner CBD bus route; this is stop number 7.

Fig:51. Regional map of Tshwane. (SA, 2014)

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Mok

opan

e Bi

odiv

ersi

ty C

onse

rvat

ion

Cen

tre N

ZG s

atel

lite

faci

lity

1981

Paul

Kru

ger S

t

Groenkloof

Nature Reserve

Wonderboom Nature Reserve

Fig:52. Map of Pretoria. (SA, 2014)

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To a t t r a c t

maximum tourism figures, zoos generally exist

within metropolitan areas and are an irreplaceable natural commodity to society. The NZG’s 85ha can be compared to 15 city blocks which amount to about a quarter

of Pretoria’s central business district.

Fig:53. Pretoria city skyline.(Photography: by author, 2014)

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59

Capital Park

Boom St

Belle Ombre

Bloed Street

Taxi Rank

4.3. Urban analysis

Capital collective and cool capital

In addition to the City of Tshwane’s redevelopment plans Pretoria is also undergoing rejuvenation initiatives by organisations such as ‘cool capital’ and capital collective. These are private initiatives aimed at encouraging public interaction with the objective of branding the city of Tshwane as a creative and exciting platform to share ideas and highlight economic opportunities. These projects are in beginning phases but if Warwick, Maboneng, Braamfontein and Newtown are precedents to South African city rejuvenation, then it is bound to be a success. Several projects have been integrated with the NZG such as the Molo Mollo film event and pinhole photography project held in the Transvaal museum and the open city walks which included NZG in the route.

Fig:54. Projects by Capital Collective.(Source: [http://www.capitalcollective.co.za/welcome/], 2014)

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Site selection

The exiting hospital will be demolished along with the bird cages to the east of the hospital as well as the ungulate wards north east of the hospital. The shortcomings of these buildings were explained in the introduction. The two existing parking lots will be demolished and replaced with landscaping and sufficient basement parking stretching from the existing parking to below the proposed building.

Site location

The site is located at:232 Boom Street, Pretoria.

Topography and typology

A comparative analysis was compiled to determine an archetype of the buildings relevant to the site. The topography of the site slopes down from Boom Street in a northern direction towards the Apies river; a total fall of 3 meters over a distance of 100m.

Climate and geography

Summer solstice 87˚Winter solstice 44˚Summer rainfall 125 - 375mmWinter rainfall 62 - 250mmJanuary temperatures 20 - 25˚CJuly temperatures 10 - 15˚Relative Humidity 30 -50% (Napier, 2000: 9-8)

The site is located on Boom Street on the northern edge of the CBD. Boom and Bloed Streets are notorious areas where muggings occur regularly due to urban decay, this was emphasised by the US embassy when they issued an advisory to their citizens to avoid visiting the zoo as it is not safe. Craig Allenby from the NZG’s marketing department responded promptly in a public statement that these allegations were false. Soon Radio Jacaranda got hold of the story and decided to broadcast their breakfast show at the zoo in support of clearing its reputation. They invited three American citizens along with them and received only positive feedback. In the mean time the City of Tshwane, the Tshwane Metro Police and the South African Police Service (SAPS) have increased patrols inside the zoo. The US embassy has since lifted its advisory. See Appendix A

4.5. Site4.4. Neighbourhood

Fig:56. Surveying map of “Rus in Urbe” pre-1899(Oberholster, 1992)

Fig:59. Plans of extentions to north of zoo (Oberholster, 1992)

History of the site

Fig:55. Bloed Street Mall.(Photography: by author, 2014)

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Fig:57. ‘Staatsmuseum’ (Museum of the State) 1904(Oberholster, 1992)

Fig:58. Map of zoo presented to visitors early 1900’s (Oberholster, 1992)

Fig:60. Extentions complete in 1954 (Oberholster, 1992)

Fig:61. Latest map to date. (Drawing: by author, 2014)

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Fig:62. Site aerial view. (Image: by Google maps, 2014) (Edited: by author, 2014)

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(All Photography on page 65: by author, 2014)

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Fig:63. Montage of demolished site.(Image: by Google maps, 2014) (Edited: by author, 2014)

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Image of site after demolition

works. The far left parking is to be demolished in phase

two of the design. The parking on the left will become the ramp to the new basement parking. The hospital will be demolished and bricks reused for new wards and hospital. The wards on right are to be demolished and

replaced by state-of-the-art wards.

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Brief, programme & accommodation5.1. Brief5.2. Accommodation schedule and relationships between spaces. 5.3. Measures to achieve sustainability5.4. Design criteria

5.1. Brief

Aesthetic and functional requirements The design aesthetic requires an environmental response combined with the regulated requirements of the building type. The public interface needs to inspire and educate the zoo visitors. The functions can be categorised into three parts, the Bio-bank; the research laboratories; and lastly the zoo hospital and wards. The Bio-bank requires cold storage capacity and access by veterinarians and researchers. The laboratories require work space office space as well as private and public access. The zoo hospital needs numerous procedure rooms, rooms servicing these and rehabilitation space.

Contextual response

The study of the typology of the context presented common denominators such as courtyard spaces, brick as major building material and pitched roofs. Residential houses make up most of the direct context on the eastern and northern sides of the site. The major response to context is required on the southern facade of the design along Boom Street. The existing situation is the 5m flat facade of Bloed Street Mall facing the boundary wall of the zoo staff area. This creates an alley with no regard for the many pedestrians making use of the taxi rank at the mall parking. An inclusive response to Boom street is imperative.

Type of services

The services associated with the medical centre include:

•loading and off-loading of live and dead animals;•waste removal including regulated medical waste;•delivery of supplies and fresh produce; •the laboratories need special extractor ventilation for the lamina flow cupboards; and•temperature control is required for the different species wards.

Recovery wards are used for the following:

•introducing a new animal to zoo;•temporary storage and quarantine for animals from OR Thambo airport;•temporary storage due to zoo overcrowding (specifically birds);•quarantine to separate sick animals from zoo enclosures;•temporary holding for routine checkups or pedicures;•recovery or rehabilitation from surgery.

5.2. Accommodation schedule and relationships between spaces.

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Accommodation schedule Relationships between spaces & general notes

Hospital Staff area Offices, 4-6 veterinarians, veterinary assistant station (staff room), 2 animal attendantsAdministration (no reception area) Close to drop-off and entranceToilets Central to officesPharmacy (close to examination room) Close to examination roomSterilising room (non-sterile environment) Away from sterile surgery room.Walk in safe for fire arms, dart guns, controlled drugs

Place in pharmacy for control regulation.

Procedures areas

X-ray room and x-ray viewing area No developing room due to digital tech-nology

Examination/ consulting room Direct access to drop-offScrub area Between sterile and non-sterile spacesOperating theatre Access for public viewing

Pathology area Scrub area and sterilising threshold Foot bathPost-mortem examination room- public viewing optional to non-sensitive situations

Access for public viewing optional

Walk in freezer (6x3m) Direct access to drop-off

Wards Staff Kitchen to prepare food for animals in wards In hospital staff areaAnimals Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Direct access to procedure area

Temporary rehabilitation enclosures• Aquatic• Avian• Primates/ Carnivores• Antelope • Multi-purpose large animal

Accessible from exterior drop-off points as well as accessibile from hospital.

Quarantine area(indoor- shower for attendants - separate from hospital and zoo)

Seperate from all other facilities. Accessible from Margareta St.

Laboratories Staff Offices (3x PhD students sharing + 3 Researchers)Laboratories Clinical Pathology

Parasitology EndocrinologyReproduction Biology Genetics DNA , PCR, Sequencing

Access for public viewing

Bio bank Staff OfficeRepository (the central location in which data is stored and managed)Dirty processing (processing of incoming samples) Dispatch (storage of sample kits)

Banks Room temperature Accessible from Dirty processing room4˚ to -20˚ fridges Accessible from Dirty processing room-80˚ to -150˚ fridges Accessible from Dirty processing roomLiquid nitrogen storage Accessible from Dirty processing roomWalk in freezer Accessible from Dirty processing room

Table:6. Accommodation schedule and relationships between spaces. (Table: by author, 2014)

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5.3. Measures to achieve sustainability.

The building needs to be designed to compensate for future growth and expansion.

Natural lighting and solar power storage for backup electricity.

Orientation to face north to avoid solar heat gain.

Rain water harvesting and storage.

Vegetable gardens in eastern concrete pipes for animal feeding.

Natural ventilation where possible as certain animals require regulated temperatures.

5.4 Design criteria

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No. Design criteria Criteria in conflict Configuration1 Design humane rehabilitation wards. Hygiene is more important than

enrichment in this case.Design wards with cleanable floors and use the ceiling space to ‘naturalise’ the ward.

2 Design space for part time students to use on occasion.

Mixed use areas take up unnecessary space when vacant.

Precast concrete pipes provide the dual function of study carrels and diffusion of northern sunlight.

3 Design public viewing of surgery and laboratory operations.

Public access can hinder daily operations of the medical centre.

Create a public walkway on first floor level and access to exterior viewing area of procedure rooms.

4 Design a facility that positively changes public views on conservation.

The site is located on the most eastern end of the staff area which is preferably not accessible to public.

Design a tree top canopy walkway from the proposed renovated museum to the medical centre on a new education route.

5 Design an environment for quick recovery of sick animals.

Bustling Boom Street lies adjacent to site.

Design the human inhabited spaces between the street and the wards as a noise buffer.

6 West facing aviary is unavoidable. Direct sunlight disrupted by glare. Green screen is used to shade the inner core of aviary.

7 Cross ventilation is imperative. Numerous spaces designed withing the 12m space.

Place internal windows and louvres at offices and laboratories.

8 The building needs to be designed to compensate for future growth and expansion.

Additions can become complicated. Extra passage spaces can be renovated into offices. Wards are spaciously designed over site to allow for additions.

9 integrate aviary and building. Birds could enter building. Two door system used when entering and exiting aviary.

Table:7. Design criteria.(Table: by author, 2014)

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Design c o n c e p t development6.1. Concept6.2. Design development

Fig:64. Initial concept sketch.(Sketch: by author, 2014)

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6.1. Concept

The concept is derived from the study of animal architecture. Certain ideas and principles were drawn from three examples of animals and how they ‘design’ their structures.. The weaver displays precision threading with limited length materials. It constructs from a branch in tension and avoids predators. The beaver portrays an ability to sustain its environment and constructs compressive dams with effective waterproofing. The termite emanates genius with fully functional temperature and air control systems.

(Photography & models: by author, 2014) (Hansell, 1984)

(Source:[http://able.wiki.up.ac.za/index.php/House_Laubscher_(341_Brooklyn_Road,_Pretoria], 2014)

(Prahran Hotel I & II S.a.)

(Source: [http://imaginary-infrastructures.tumblr.com/post/:id/:summary], 2014)

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6.2. Design development

Initial design and site choice closer to museum.Fig:65. Initial zoning sketches with site closer to the museum.(Sketch: by author, 2014)

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Fig:66-69. Initial models with site closer to the museum.(Models & Photography: by author, 2014)

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Fig:70-77. Models of possible massing on site. Model below chosen for final massing.

(Models & Photography: by author, 2014)

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Fig:78. Design decision making generators,final poster. (Sketches: by author, 2014)

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Fig:79. Final presentation posters (Sketches: by author, 2014)

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D e s i g n presentation

The design aesthetic is a response to both: the ‘natural and environmental’ stigma attached to designing for animals as well as the ‘formal and regulated’ needs of the programme. The hospital and wards are a combination of cast in-situ concrete and brick walls for exte-rior articulation. The interior provides the option of plaster and paint in the hospital and ICU units as well as the option of truncated rough timber interior cladding for the wards. Some flat concrete roofs have overhangs and others parapet walls. The roofs here are semi-accessible green roofs. These materials warrant low maintenance and cost efficiency. The staff building responds to Boom Street in a palimpsest of interior activity. It is a lightweight structure comprising of steel columns, precast concrete floor slabs and composite material walls.

Ground floor.

Public circulation.

Animal wards.

Staff circulation.

Procedure area, animal and staff.

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First floor.

Second floor. 91

1. Pathology room and freezer.2. Surgery room.3. X-ray and viewing.4. Public viewing.5. Pharmacy.6. Sterilising room.7. Gun safe.8. Waste.9. Storage and generator room.10. ICU ward, large and small animals.

11. Store room.12. Carnivore/ primate ward.13. Large animal ward.14. Aquatic ward.15. Fresh and salt water pools.

16. Administration.17. Veterinarian office.18. PhD study carrel.19. Board room.20. Store room.21. Staff room and kitchenette.22. Animal pantry.23. Animal kitchen.

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Ground floor.

12

3

45

6

7

89

10

11 12 13

1415

15

16

17 17 17 17

19 20

21 22 23

1893

1. Clinical pathology laboratory.2. Parasitology laboratory.3. Reproductive biology laboratory.4. Endocrinology laboratory5. Genetics laboratory.6. DNA and Sequencing laboratory.7. PhD study carrel.8. Laboratory administration.9. Researcher office.10. Entrance to aviary.

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First floor.

1 2 3 4 5 6

8

9 9 97 10

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1. Bio-bank administration.2. Dirty processing.3. Dispatch.4. Repository.5. Office space.6. Bio-bank room temp.7. Bio-bank liquid nitrogen.8. Bio-bank 4° to -20°.9. Bio-bank -80° to -150°.10. Bio-bank walk in frige & freezers.

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Second floor.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Bio-bank cold store

Genetics laboratory

Public viewing

Veterinarianoffice

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Section A-A.

ICU ward Surgery room

Public viewing

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100

3D Section A-A.

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102

3D Section B-B.

103

View from Boom Street.

104

105

View from public walkway.

106

View from Boom Street.

107

Aerial view from north.

108

Aerial view from south.

109

View from inside northern aviary.

110

111

Fig:82. Final presentation from left: Pieter Greyventstein, Christo Vosloo, Riette Kotze, Heleine

Nienaber, Dr Jaco Wasserfall and author. (Photography: by Nicole Lloyd-Lister, 2014)

(Edited: by author, 2015)

112

113

Fig:83-85. Final presentation concept models.(Photography: by Nicole Lloyd-Lister, 2014)

(Edited: by author, 2015)

114

115

116

Fig:86-87. Final presentation 1:200 model. (Photography: by Nicole Lloyd-Lister, 2014) (Edited: by author, 2015)

117

chap

ter

T e c h n i c a l review

Proposed New BuildingERF 3362

Boom Street

ERF 1/3362

De Waal Street

Margareta Street

Mosca Street

ERF 2066

ERF 2060

ERF 2055

ERF 2047ERF 2033

ERF 2034

ERF 2045

ERF 2046ERF 2057

ERF 2062

ERF 3389

ERF 2044

ERF 2043

ERF 17/319

Existing Staff Centre

Existing Animal Kitchen

Existing Animal Enclosure

ExistingResearchLaboratories

ExistingBio Bank

Existing Bloedsreet Mall

ExistingHouse

ExistingPublic Ablutions

Existing Building

Building line 350081600 Boundary line

DATUM100 000

74321 Boundary lineBuilding line 3000

Proposed New Aviaryand Antelope Wards

Soft landscape onbasement roof.

Semi Basement

Existing Trees

Existing boundary wall


Boundary wall partially removed

Demolished work

Demolished work

Demolished work

67290 Boundary line

101520 Boundary line

Building line 3000

Building line 2500

65000

1000

017

2031

30

1485

0

3000

9830

1304

1303

1302

1301

1300

1299

1298

1298

1297

1296

1305

New Trees

New Trees

New Trees

Municipalsewerconnection

ieceie

ce

iece

iece

ie

ce

Fireconnectionpoint

storm water flow

Refuseremoval

6000

New service road

New

ser

vice

road

New road

Existing site access

ExistingGateHouse

8814

5331

Existing House

Existing House

deliveriesand parking

Ramp tobasementparking

Stanza Bopape St

Pretoria CBD

Capital Park

Asiatic Bazaar

(Marabastad)

SITE

Madiba St

Proes St

Madiba St

WF Nkomo St

Proes St

Struben St

Bloed St

Boom St

Pretorius St

Francis Baard St

Nana Sita St Prince's Park Ave

Kgosi Mam

puru St

Sophie de Bruyn St

Bosman St

Paul Kruger St

Thabo Sehume St

Lilian Ngoyi St

Prinsloo St

Nel

son

Man

dela

Dr

Edmond St

Belvedere St

Theodore Hove Ave

Soutpansberg Rd

Dr Savage Rd

Bophelo Rd

Malherbe St

Flowers St

Van Heerden st

Malherbe St

Flowers St

Paul Kruger St

4th Ave

3rd Ave

2nd Ave

5th Ave

6th Ave

7th Ave

8th Ave

Heuwel St

Venter St

Belle Ombre

Trevenna

Prinshof

Van Heerden st

Pretorius St

NationalZoological

Gardens

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:

Project Description:

Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

As indicated

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

1

Zoo Medical centreat the NZG

2 Sept 2014

List of drawings:1/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/1010/10

SITE PLANLOCALITY PLANSCALE 1:500SCALE 1:10000

Locality and Site planGround Floor Plan1st and 2nd Floor PlanRoof Plan, Partial plansElevationsSection A-A, DetailsSection B-BEdge Detail and DetailsEdge Detail and DetailsFull building explosion

Drawing Description:

LOCALITY ANDSITE PLAN

N N

BIRD EYE VIEW 3D VIEW

Technical review.

The building makes use of a heavy substructure whereby the semi-basement is made up of concrete floors and columns. The ground floor of the northern part continues this heavy structure with brick and concrete walls and concrete roofs. The lightweight superstructure of the staff area makes use of steel columns, precast pipes and precast concrete floor slabs. Magnesiacore, a non-combustible composite material, is used as walling on interiors and exteriors. Brick diaphragm walls penetrate through the first floor to allow for specialised extracting fans, service ducts and storage space. Fire escapes are semi exterior spaces with green wall screens.

Locality plan and site plan.

120

Proposed New BuildingERF 3362

Boom Street

ERF 1/3362

De Waal Street

Margareta Street

Mosca Street

ERF 2066

ERF 2060

ERF 2055

ERF 2047ERF 2033

ERF 2034

ERF 2045

ERF 2046ERF 2057

ERF 2062

ERF 3389

ERF 2044

ERF 2043

ERF 17/319

Existing Staff Centre

Existing Animal Kitchen

Existing Animal Enclosure

ExistingResearchLaboratories

ExistingBio Bank

Existing Bloedsreet Mall

ExistingHouse

ExistingPublic Ablutions

Existing Building

Building line 350081600 Boundary line

DATUM100 000

74321 Boundary lineBuilding line 3000

Proposed New Aviaryand Antelope Wards

Soft landscape onbasement roof.

Semi Basement

Existing Trees



Boundary wall partially removed

Demolished work

Demolished work

Demolished work

67290 Boundary line

101520 Boundary line

Building line 3000

Building line 2500

65000

1000

017

2031

30

1485

0

3000

9830

1304

1303

1302

1301

1300

1299

1298

1298

1297

1296

1305

New Trees

New Trees

New Trees

Municipalsewerconnection

ieceie

ce

iece

iece

ie

ce

Fireconnectionpoint

storm water flow

Refuseremoval

6000

New service road

New

ser

vice

road

New road

Existing site access

ExistingGateHouse

8814

5331

Existing House

Existing House

deliveriesand parking

Ramp tobasementparking

Stanza Bopape St

Pretoria CBD

Capital Park

Asiatic Bazaar

(Marabastad)

SITE

Madiba St

Proes St

Madiba St

WF Nkomo St

Proes St

Struben St

Bloed St

Boom St

Pretorius St

Francis Baard St

Nana Sita St Prince's Park Ave

Kgosi Mam

puru St

Sophie de Bruyn St

Bosman St

Paul Kruger St

Thabo Sehume St

Lilian Ngoyi St

Prinsloo St

Nel

son

Man

dela

Dr

Edmond St

Belvedere St

Theodore Hove Ave

Soutpansberg Rd

Dr Savage Rd

Bophelo Rd

Malherbe St

Flowers St

Van Heerden st

Malherbe St

Flowers St

Paul Kruger St

4th Ave

3rd Ave

2nd Ave

5th Ave

6th Ave

7th Ave

8th Ave

Heuwel St

Venter St

Belle Ombre

Trevenna

Prinshof

Van Heerden st

Pretorius St

NationalZoological

Gardens

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

As indicated

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

1


2 Sept 2014

List of drawings:1/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/1010/10

SITE PLANLOCALITY PLANSCALE 1:500SCALE 1:10000

Locality and Site planGround Floor Plan1st and 2nd Floor PlanRoof Plan, Partial plansElevationsSection A-A, DetailsSection B-BEdge Detail and DetailsEdge Detail and DetailsFull building explosion


LOCALITY ANDSITE PLAN

N N

BIRD EYE VIEW 3D VIEW

121

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

A B C D E F G H J K M N P Q R

B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---

Epoxy flooringVet's office

100 000

Epoxy flooringExamination

100 000

oxygen storage

generator room

gun safe

sterilizing

Epoxy flooringDispensary100 000

Epoxy flooringRadiology100 000

Epoxy flooringOperating100 000

Epoxy flooringPathology100 000

ICU Wards100 000


100 000Epoxy flooring

Vet's office100 000


100 000

Epoxy flooringVet's Study Carrel

100 000

Epoxy flooringBoard Room

100 000

Quarantine Wards99 000

Large animal99 000


Carnivore wards100 000

Tiles

Staff Room &Kitchenette

100 010Tiles

FoodStore100 010

Tiles

AnimalKitchen100 010

Epoxy flooringHospital Admin

100 000

general waste

recyclable waste

controlled medical waste

5000500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

2800

1200

2800

4000

2750 2750

wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

drainage duct

drainageductof

fice

stor

age

offic

est

orag

e

1302

1301

1300

1299

1302

drainage duct

ie iece ce

iece

iece

iece

iece

ie

ce

iece

iece

Epoxy flooringPassage


Passage100 000


100 000


100 000

3460

1340

182

2857

182

1440

600

2869

1850

Epoxy flooringEntrance

100 000


99 950

Epoxy flooringExterior passage

99 950

9980

220 1280 220

1720

660 4340 660 4340 660 4340 660 4340 660 4340 330 330

Epoxy flooringExit to Wards

100 000

Boundary line

Existing house

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

20021002002002100200

110440110328011025601103280110440110

whb whb

wcwcwcwc shower

Urinals

220 2750 220 6145 182 1994 182

4186

436820

00

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

20021002002002100200

25002500115 2385 115 60012256006001226600

4851

1115

upup

up

New Treesnot on contract

New Trees

rwdpoutlet

rwdpoutlet

rwdpoutlet

rwdpoutlet

MILD STEEL Fire escapeTread: 300mm minRiser: 170mm max

Expanded metal screen wallExpanded metal screen wall

Expanded metal screen wall

Reception Desk

40mm MILD STEEL Mentisgrid covering over water

305mm x 305mm MSstructural H-profile column

wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

305mm x 160mmMS structuralc-channel column




1320

4330

220

2000

305mm x 160mmMS structural

c-channel column

Deliveries

99 500

Storeroom

Cle

aner

'sst

orag

e

ALLUMINIUM Tilt and turndoors to specilast details

fire escapedoor tospecialistdetails


Curtain wall tospecialist details

Curtain wallto specialistdetails

182mm Magnesiacore wall insulatedwith Neopor to specialist details



offic

est

orag

eof

fice

stor

age

110mm MASONRYBRICK diaphragm wallwith 440mm cavity


TilesMens100 010

TilesLadies100 010



Rainwater harvesting tank 400mm X 400mmCONCRETE footing

400mm X 400mmCONCRETE footing

400mm wide MILD STEELmentis grid Storm watercatchpit

99 500Animal Drop off parking 100 000Animal Drop off

1404890

140

99 000Refuse removal parking




400 4600 400

305 4695 305

305

Lift shaft toengineersspecifications

CONCRETE pavers @ 1:60fall to stormwater catchpit

100mm to 125mmSALIGNA gum poleSupport columns

110mm UPVC soilpipe to municipalconnection

Disabledtoilet

2500mmØ PRECAST CONCRETE office cubicles

2500mmØ PRECAST CONCRETE Vegetable gardens

Movementjoint

Movementjoint

Movementjoint

PP14


PP24


D1

D1

D1

D5

D5

D5

D1

D1D1

D5

D1

D1

D5

D5

D5

D1

D4 D4D5

D4

D1

D1

D4

D1

D5D5

D4

D21 D21

D4D4 D4

D20D20

D4 D4

D6

D7

D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21

D4

D8 D20

D21D21D21D21

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

W3

W3W3

W3

W3

D11

W5 W5W5

W5 W5 W5 W5

W6 W6 W6W6

12501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 100

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

2


2 Sept 2014

GROUND FLOOR PLANSCALE 1:100


GROUND FLOOR PLAN

N

Ground floor plan.

122

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

A B C D E F G H J K M N P Q R

B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---


100 000

Epoxy flooringExamination

100 000

oxygen storage

generator room

gun safe

sterilizing

Epoxy flooringDispensary100 000

Epoxy flooringRadiology100 000

Epoxy flooringOperating100 000

Epoxy flooringPathology100 000

ICU Wards100 000



Vet's office100 000


100 000

Epoxy flooringVet's Study Carrel

100 000

Epoxy flooringBoard Room

100 000


Large animal99 000


Carnivore wards100 000

Tiles

Staff Room &Kitchenette

100 010Tiles

FoodStore100 010

Tiles

AnimalKitchen100 010

Epoxy flooringHospital Admin

100 000

general waste

recyclable waste

controlled medical waste

5000500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

2800

1200

2800

4000

2750 2750

wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

drainage duct

drainageductof

fice

stor

age

offic

est

orag

e

1302

1301

1300

1299

1302

drainage duct

ie iece ce

iece

iece

iece

iece

ie

ce

iece

iece



Passage100 000


100 000


100 000

3460

1340

182

2857

182

1440

600

2869

1850


100 000


99 950

Epoxy flooringExterior passage

99 950

9980

220 1280 220

1720

660 4340 660 4340 660 4340 660 4340 660 4340 330 330

Epoxy flooringExit to Wards

100 000

Boundary line

Existing house

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

20021002002002100200

110440110328011025601103280110440110

whb whb

wcwcwcwc shower

Urinals

220 2750 220 6145 182 1994 182

4186

436820

00

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

20021002002002100200

25002500115 2385 115 60012256006001226600

4851

1115

upup

up

New Treesnot on contract

New Trees

rwdpoutlet

rwdpoutlet

rwdpoutlet

rwdpoutlet




Reception Desk

40mm MILD STEEL Mentisgrid covering over water


wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct





1320

4330

220

2000


c-channel column

Deliveries

99 500

Storeroom

Cle

aner

'sst

orag

e





Curtain wallto specialistdetails




offic

est

orag

eof

fice

stor

age



TilesMens100 010

TilesLadies100 010



Rainwater harvesting tank 400mm X 400mmCONCRETE footing

400mm X 400mmCONCRETE footing

400mm wide MILD STEELmentis grid Storm watercatchpit

99 500Animal Drop off parking 100 000Animal Drop off

1404890

140

99 000Refuse removal parking




400 4600 400

305 4695 305

305


CONCRETE pavers @ 1:60fall to stormwater catchpit


110mm UPVC soilpipe to municipalconnection

Disabledtoilet



Movementjoint

Movementjoint

Movementjoint

PP14


PP24


D1

D1

D1

D5

D5

D5

D1

D1D1

D5

D1

D1

D5

D5

D5

D1

D4 D4D5

D4

D1

D1

D4

D1

D5D5

D4

D21 D21

D4D4 D4

D20D20

D4 D4

D6

D7

D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21

D4

D8 D20

D21D21D21D21

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

D11

W3

W3W3

W3

W3

D11

W5 W5W5

W5 W5 W5 W5

W6 W6 W6W6

12501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250125012501250

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 100

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

2


2 Sept 2014

GROUND FLOOR PLANSCALE 1:100


GROUND FLOOR PLAN

N

123

UP

14

15

16

17

18

B C D E F G H J K M N P Q R

B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---

1250

Epoxy flooring

EndocrinologyLab

103400Epoxy flooring

ParasitologyLab


ClinicalPathology Lab


ReproductionBiology Lab


GeneticsLab


DNA , PCR,Sequencing Lab

103400

Epoxy flooringResearch Office


Research Office103400


103400

Epoxy flooringLaboratory Admin

103400

Mentis grid

ResearchStudy Carrel

104454

1000

1000

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

upup

up

3302800330

1340

drainage duct drainage duct

wcwcwcwc shower

Urinals




305mm x 160mmMS structuralc-profile column

305mm x 305mm MSstructural H-profile column 305mm x 305mm MS

structural H-profile column


c-profilecolumn





182mm Magnesiacore wallinsulated with Neopor tospecialist details


110mm MASONRYBRICK diaphgram wall

with 440mm cavity

TilesMens103 410

TilesLadies103 410





wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

drainageduct

rwdp incolumn

wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

Cle

aner

'sst

orag

e

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn

Atrium triple volume

Atrium double volumeAtrium triple volume




Epoxy flooringCirculation area

103400


1000mm High MILDSTEEL meshballustrade and railingto specialist details

2978

305

rwdp



2750 220

2000

1050

1000mm High MILDSTEEL meshballustrade and railingto specialist details 1000mm High MILD

STEEL meshballustrade and railingto specialist details

100011

033

0110 14

0311

014

0311

0

110 950110

440 110950 950660950

660

220

1634

220 1280 220

40660

15000 15000

2000

4576

115

600

1338


103400

Storeroom



1064

1

8712

18220001826145

Disabledtoilet

104454

110mmMASONRY BRICKdiaphgram wallwith 440mm cavity

Mentis GridPassage

103400



line of PRECASTCONCRETE floorslab opening

GALVANISED IBR SHEETMETAL roofing insulatedwith neopor panels

115mm Magnesiacorewall insulated with Neoporto specialist details

40mm MILD STEELmentis grid walkway




150mm PRECASTCONCRETE echo slab



Movement joint

Movement joint



2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 25001200 1200

300

1209

3000

3300

300

1200 2750

D4D4D4D4 D4D4

D20

D4 D4D5

D4

D4

D4 D4

D21 D21 D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21

D20

D20

D21

D4

W3 W3 W3W3

D11

D11

D11

D11

W3W3

D4

D4 D4 D4

W3

W3

W3

W5 W5

W5

W5 W5W5W5W5W5

W6

14

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---

Epoxy flooringCold store


Cold store106 800



Cold store106 800



Repository106 800

Epoxy flooringDispatch


Dirty Processing106 800

Epoxy flooringAdmin106 800

Epoxy flooring

SharedOffice Space

106 800

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000



MILD STEEL Fire escapeTread: 300mm minRiser: 170mm maxrwdp

100mm to 125mmSALIGNA gumpole beam




Atrium triple volumeAtrium triple volume1000mm High MILD



fire escape door tospecialist details

50mm Cement/SandScreed(1:6) Mixing Ratio

Fall at 8°

Fall 1:60Fall 1:60 Fall 1:60 Fall 1:60 Fall 1:60Fall 1:60Fall 1:60 Fall 1:60

line of PRECAST CONCRETEfloor slab opening



106 800

150003417 3393

1200350120033028003305244

Fall at 8°


220

1634

220 1280 220

5000

3130

3950

1100







Fall at 8°

600 1385 800 500


Expanded metalscreen wall

MovementjointMovement joint

Fall at 8° Fall at 8°Fall at 8°Lift shaft to

engineersspecifications

115 4885 115 4885 115 4885 1152750

220

11001501100

1501100

1501100

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

300

3000

300

3300

1000

300

3300

8509

15000

1630

182

4575

182

8958

660

4850

D20

D20 D20

D17D17D17

D17D17

D9 D9D9

0.6mm thick 37mm profiledepth GALVANISED IBRSHEET METAL roofing

17.5mm profile depthPOLYCARBONATE roofsheeting

0.6mm thick 37mm profiledepth GALVANISED IBRSHEET METAL roofing 0.6mm thick 37mm profile

depth GALVANISED IBRSHEET METAL roofing

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 100

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

3


2 Sept 2014

SECOND FLOOR PLANSCALE 1:100

FIRST FLOOR PLANSCALE 1:100


FIRST AND SECONDFLOOR PLAN

N

N

First floor plan.

124

UP

14

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---

1250

Epoxy flooring

EndocrinologyLab


ParasitologyLab






GeneticsLab



103400





103400


103400

Mentis grid


104454

1000

1000

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

upup

up

3302800330

1340


wcwcwcwc shower

Urinals








c-profilecolumn








with 440mm cavity

TilesMens103 410

TilesLadies103 410





wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

drainageduct

rwdp incolumn

wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

Cle

aner

'sst

orag

e

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn







103400



2978

305

rwdp



2750 220

2000

1050



100011

033

0110 14

0311

014

0311

0

110 950110

440 110950 950660950

660

220

1634

220 1280 220

40660

15000 15000

2000

4576

115

600

1338


103400

Storeroom



1064

1

8712

18220001826145

Disabledtoilet

104454


Mentis GridPassage

103400













Movement joint

Movement joint



2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 25001200 1200

300

1209

3000

3300

300

1200 2750

D4D4D4D4 D4D4

D20

D4 D4D5

D4

D4

D4 D4

D21 D21 D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21

D20

D20

D21

D4

W3 W3 W3W3

D11

D11

D11

D11

W3W3

D4

D4 D4 D4

W3

W3

W3

W5 W5

W5

W5 W5W5W5W5W5

W6

14

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---



Cold store106 800



Cold store106 800



Repository106 800





Epoxy flooring

SharedOffice Space

106 800

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000













Fall at 8°





106 800

150003417 3393

1200350120033028003305244

Fall at 8°


220

1634

220 1280 220

5000

3130

3950

1100







Fall at 8°

600 1385 800 500






115 4885 115 4885 115 4885 1152750

220

11001501100

1501100

1501100

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

300

3000

300

3300

1000

300

3300

8509

15000

1630

182

4575

182

8958

660

4850

D20

D20 D20

D17D17D17

D17D17

D9 D9D9





CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 100

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

3


2 Sept 2014





N

N

125

UP

14

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---

1250

Epoxy flooring

EndocrinologyLab


ParasitologyLab






GeneticsLab



103400





103400


103400

Mentis grid


104454

1000

1000

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

upup

up

3302800330

1340


wcwcwcwc shower

Urinals








c-profilecolumn








with 440mm cavity

TilesMens103 410

TilesLadies103 410





wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

drainageduct

rwdp incolumn

wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

Cle

aner

'sst

orag

e

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn







103400



2978

305

rwdp



2750 220

2000

1050



100011

033

0110 14

0311

014

0311

0

110 950110

440 110950 950660950

660

220

1634

220 1280 220

40660

15000 15000

2000

4576

115

600

1338


103400

Storeroom



1064

1

8712

18220001826145

Disabledtoilet

104454


Mentis GridPassage

103400













Movement joint

Movement joint



2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 25001200 1200

300

1209

3000

3300

300

1200 2750

D4D4D4D4 D4D4

D20

D4 D4D5

D4

D4

D4 D4

D21 D21 D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21

D20

D20

D21

D4

W3 W3 W3W3

D11

D11

D11

D11

W3W3

D4

D4 D4 D4

W3

W3

W3

W5 W5

W5

W5 W5W5W5W5W5

W6

14

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---



Cold store106 800



Cold store106 800



Repository106 800





Epoxy flooring

SharedOffice Space

106 800

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000













Fall at 8°





106 800

150003417 3393

1200350120033028003305244

Fall at 8°


220

1634

220 1280 220

5000

3130

3950

1100







Fall at 8°

600 1385 800 500






115 4885 115 4885 115 4885 1152750

220

11001501100

1501100

1501100

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

300

3000

300

3300

1000

300

3300

8509

15000

1630

182

4575

182

8958

660

4850

D20

D20 D20

D17D17D17

D17D17

D9 D9D9





CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 100

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

3


2 Sept 2014





N

N

Second floor plan.

126

UP

14

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---

1250

Epoxy flooring

EndocrinologyLab


ParasitologyLab






GeneticsLab



103400





103400


103400

Mentis grid


104454

1000

1000

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

upup

up

3302800330

1340


wcwcwcwc shower

Urinals








c-profilecolumn








with 440mm cavity

TilesMens103 410

TilesLadies103 410





wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

drainageduct

rwdp incolumn

wat

er a

ndfir

e du

ctel

ectri

cal

duct

IT d

uct

Cle

aner

'sst

orag

e

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn

rwdp incolumn







103400



2978

305

rwdp



2750 220

2000

1050



100011

033

0110 14

0311

014

0311

0

110 950110

440 110950 950660950

660

220

1634

220 1280 220

40660

15000 15000

2000

4576

115

600

1338


103400

Storeroom



1064

1

8712

18220001826145

Disabledtoilet

104454


Mentis GridPassage

103400













Movement joint

Movement joint



2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 25001200 1200

300

1209

3000

3300

300

1200 2750

D4D4D4D4 D4D4

D20

D4 D4D5

D4

D4

D4 D4

D21 D21 D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21D21 D21

D20

D20

D21

D4

W3 W3 W3W3

D11

D11

D11

D11

W3W3

D4

D4 D4 D4

W3

W3

W3

W5 W5

W5

W5 W5W5W5W5W5

W6

14

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---



Cold store106 800



Cold store106 800



Repository106 800





Epoxy flooring

SharedOffice Space

106 800

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

5000













Fall at 8°





106 800

150003417 3393

1200350120033028003305244

Fall at 8°


220

1634

220 1280 220

5000

3130

3950

1100







Fall at 8°

600 1385 800 500






115 4885 115 4885 115 4885 1152750

220

11001501100

1501100

1501100

2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500

300

3000

300

3300

1000

300

3300

8509

15000

1630

182

4575

182

8958

660

4850

D20

D20 D20

D17D17D17

D17D17

D9 D9D9





CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 100

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

3


2 Sept 2014





N

N

127

Ground Floor UFFL100000


01 First Floor UFFL103400


02 Second Floor UFFL106800


-01 Basement Floor UFFL96400


1415161718A

6

A

6

1920Roof

111500Roof

111500

450mm X 1000mm reinforcedCONCRETE pad foundationto engineer details



Vet's OfficeFacebrick

GeneticsLaboratoryPlastered and painted

ResearchCarrel

Precast concrete

RepositoryMagnesiacore

ED28

VetsCarrel

Precast concrete

ED39

200mm reinforced concrete slab

100mm weak CONCRETEprotective layer

30mm BITUMINOUS torch-on waterproofingmembrane applied in 4mm layers

220mm MASONRY Protective brick wall 400mm reinforcedCONCRETE retaining wall

30mm CEMENT/SAND Screed (1:6) Mixing Ratioto fall 1:100 to storm water channel

NGL

NGL

4700

3400

3400

3600

150

700

2540

4012

030

339

725

0050

40 260

80 225

2997

200

1200mm x 2400mm x 40mm MILDSTEELmentis grid

17.5mm profile depthPOLYCARBONATE roof sheeting

5500mm x 150mm-175mmØSALIGNA Gum Pole

6350mm x 150-175mmØ SALIGNA Gum Pole

400mm x 400mm CONCRETE Coloumn

80mm x 80mm x 6mm MILD STEEL equalangle frame

40mm MILD STEEL mentis grid floor

water pool

line of 305mm x 305mm x 21mm(flange) X14mm(web) MILD STEEL H-Column

OPTIMA suspendedceiling system

EPOXY resin flooring system on50mm screed

600mm deep CONCRETEcoffer slab

MILD STEEL custom made bracket bolted to Gumpole with M30 nuts and bolts

MILD STEEL custom made end cap


200mm x 75mm x 6mmMILD STEEL slab end cap

STAINLESS STEEL railing with min100mm spacing to specialist details

LAMINATED GLASS double glazed door


BasementParking

Off shutter concrete

CirculationArea

CirculationArea

400mm x 400mmCONCRETE Coloumn

303mm x 165mm x 10mmMILDSTEEL Universal beam

M20 bolted to H-column

305mm x 305mm x21mm(flange) X 14mm(web)

MILD STEEL H-Column

150

3000

2900

300

150

5029

0030

050

605

2990

200

200

1960

4010

020

019

1420

019

6040

100

200

200

375 micron damp proof membrane with all overlaps noless than 200mm

400mm reinforced CONCRETE retaining ha-ha wall


0.6mm thick 37mm profile depthGALVANISED IBR SHEET METAL

roofing insulated with neopor panels

filling compacted in layers of max 150mm increments

100mm perforated UPVC pipe to fall 1:60 withgeotextile material and gravel over with backfill

100

D4

D4

D21D21

D20

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D11

W5

W5

D9

W3

D20

EPOXY resin flooring systemon 50mm screed

D66

1200mm x 2400mm x 40mmMILDSTEEL mentis grid

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 50

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

7


2 Sept 2014

SECTION B-BSCALE 1:50


SECTION B-B

Section B-B.

128









1415161718A

6

A

6

1920Roof

111500Roof

111500




Vet's OfficeFacebrick

GeneticsLaboratoryPlastered and painted

ResearchCarrel

Precast concrete

RepositoryMagnesiacore

ED28

VetsCarrel

Precast concrete

ED39

200mm reinforced concrete slab

100mm weak CONCRETEprotective layer


220mm MASONRY Protective brick wall 400mm reinforcedCONCRETE retaining wall

30mm CEMENT/SAND Screed (1:6) Mixing Ratioto fall 1:100 to storm water channel

NGL

NGL

4700

3400

3400

3600

150

700

2540

4012

030

339

725

0050

40 260

80 225

2997

200

1200mm x 2400mm x 40mm MILDSTEELmentis grid

17.5mm profile depthPOLYCARBONATE roof sheeting

5500mm x 150mm-175mmØSALIGNA Gum Pole

6350mm x 150-175mmØ SALIGNA Gum Pole


80mm x 80mm x 6mm MILD STEEL equalangle frame

40mm MILD STEEL mentis grid floor

water pool

line of 305mm x 305mm x 21mm(flange) X14mm(web) MILD STEEL H-Column


EPOXY resin flooring system on50mm screed

600mm deep CONCRETEcoffer slab

MILD STEEL custom made bracket bolted to Gumpole with M30 nuts and bolts




STAINLESS STEEL railing with min100mm spacing to specialist details

LAMINATED GLASS double glazed door


BasementParking

Off shutter concrete

CirculationArea

CirculationArea

400mm x 400mmCONCRETE Coloumn

303mm x 165mm x 10mmMILDSTEEL Universal beam

M20 bolted to H-column

305mm x 305mm x21mm(flange) X 14mm(web)

MILD STEEL H-Column

150

3000

2900

300

150

5029

0030

050

605

2990

200

200

1960

4010

020

019

1420

019

6040

100

200

200

375 micron damp proof membrane with all overlaps noless than 200mm

400mm reinforced CONCRETE retaining ha-ha wall


0.6mm thick 37mm profile depthGALVANISED IBR SHEET METAL

roofing insulated with neopor panels

filling compacted in layers of max 150mm increments

100mm perforated UPVC pipe to fall 1:60 withgeotextile material and gravel over with backfill

100

D4

D4

D21D21

D20

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D21D21

D11

W5

W5

D9

W3

D20


D66


CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

1 : 50

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

7


2 Sept 2014

SECTION B-BSCALE 1:50


SECTION B-B

129

Gro

und

Floo

r UFF

L10

0000

Gro

und

Floo

r UFF

L10

0000

01 F

irst F

loor

UFF

L10

3400

01 F

irst F

loor

UFF

L10

3400

02 S

econ

d Fl

oor U

FFL

1068

0002

Sec

ond

Floo

r UFF

L10

6800

1718

265m

m x

100

mm

x 1

0mm

MIL

D S

TEEL

mal

e en

dpla

te

200m

mx1

00m

mx1

0mm

MIL

D S

TEEL

fem

ale

endp

late

pin

join

t

10m

m M

ILD

STE

EL e

ndpl

ate

cont

inuo

us w

eld

to U

nive

rsal

bea

m

303m

m x

165

mm

x 1

0mm

MIL

DST

EEL

Uni

vers

al b

eam

M20

bol

ted

to H

-co

lum

n w

ithin

bric

k di

aphr

agm

wal

l

120m

m x

55m

m x

6m

m M

ILD

STEE

L c-

chan

nel p

urlin

50m

m x

50m

m x

4m

m M

ILD

STEE

L Eq

ual

angl

e fix

ed to

Uni

vers

al b

eam

and

pur

lin

1200

mm

x 2

400m

m x

40m

mM

ILD

STEE

L m

entis

grid

D2 8

305m

m x

305

mm

x 2

1mm

(flan

ge) X

14m

m(w

eb) M

ILD

STE

EL H

-Col

umn

38m

m S

A PI

NE

Purli

ns a

t 120

0mm

c-c

spac

ing

max

17.5

mm

pro

file

dept

hPO

LYC

ARBO

NAT

E ro

of s

heet

ing

5500

mm

x 1

50m

m-1

75m

mØ

SAL

IGN

A G

um P

ole

6350

mm

x 1

50-1

75m

mØ

SAL

IGN

A G

um P

ole

4000

mm

x 1

00m

m d

ia S

ALIG

NA

Gum

Pol

e

50m

m S

truct

ural

gro

utin

g

400m

m x

400

mm

CO

NC

RET

E C

olou

mn

Thre

aded

rod

cast

into

con

cret

e fo

otin

g

80m

m x

80m

m x

6m

m M

ILD

STE

EL e

qual

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e fra

me

40m

m M

ILD

STE

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entis

grid

floo

r

wat

er p

ool

line

of 3

05m

m x

305

mm

x 2

1mm

(flan

ge) X

14m

m(w

eb) M

ILD

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EL H

-Col

umn

OPT

IMA

susp

ende

d ce

iling

syst

em

EPO

XY re

sin

floor

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syst

em o

n 50

mm

scr

eed

600

mm

dee

p C

ON

CR

ETE

coffe

r sla

b

MIL

D S

TEEL

cus

tom

mad

e br

acke

t bol

ted

to G

umpo

le w

ith M

30 n

uts

and

bolts

MIL

D S

TEEL

cus

tom

mad

e cl

ampi

ng ri

ng

MIL

D S

TEEL

cus

tom

mad

e en

d ca

p

STAI

NLE

SS S

TEEL

airc

raft

tent

ion

cabl

e

150m

m P

REC

AST

CO

NC

RET

E ec

ho s

lab

200m

m x

75m

m x

6m

mM

ILD

STE

EL s

lab

end

cap

STAI

NLE

SS S

TEEL

railin

g w

ith m

in10

0mm

spa

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to s

peci

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ails

ALLU

MIN

IUM

faca

de in

-fill

pane

l mai

n fra

me

LAM

INAT

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LASS

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w

MIL

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Vet's

Offi

ceFa

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Gen

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tory

Plas

tere

d an

d pa

inte

d

110m

m M

ASO

NR

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aphr

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wal

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D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

D21

02 S

econ

d Fl

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FFL

1068

00

17

Rig

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50m

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A PI

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Purli

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00m

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paci

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17.5

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pro

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ARBO

NAT

E ro

of s

heet

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5500

mm

x 1

50-1

75m

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SAL

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4000

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25m

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SAL

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Neo

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PS p

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150m

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ble

ALLU

MIN

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Bot

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end

cap

, nut

s &

was

hers

114m

m A

LLU

MIN

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hig

h pa

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89m

m A

LLU

MIN

IUM

hig

h pa

nel h

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ALLU

MIN

IUM

sus

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89m

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9mm

MAG

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Pivo

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dou

ble

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22m

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305m

m x

305

mm

x 2

1mm

(flan

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14m

m(w

eb) M

ILD

STE

EL H

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umn

10 m

m M

ILD

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ndpl

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265m

m x

100

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x 1

0mm

MIL

D S

TEEL

mal

e en

dpla

te

200m

mx1

00m

mx1

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MIL

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TEEL

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pin

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150m

m P

REC

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RET

E ec

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lab

Wire

mes

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30m

m C

EMEN

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ND

scr

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20m

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pray

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30m

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scr

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in fa

ll 1:

100

DER

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ater

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fing

110m

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mm

MAS

ON

RY

bric

k up

stan

d

M10

STA

INLE

SS S

TEEL

bol

t and

nut

M20

STA

INLE

SS S

TEEL

bol

t and

nut

303m

m x

165

mm

x 1

0mm

(flan

ge) X

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(web

) MIL

D S

TEEL

uni

vers

al b

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ap

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of R

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umn

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of 3

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eb) M

ILD

STE

EL H

-Col

umn

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N 5

B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4

Tshwan

e Univ

ersity

of Tec

hnology

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Nam

e:

Proj

ect

Des

crip

tion:

Dat

e O

UT:

Dat

e IN

:

Scal

e:

Shee

t No.

/No.

As in

dica

ted

Nad

ia L

loyd

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ter

2 Au

g 20

14

8

Zoo

Med

ical

cen

treat

the

NZG

2 Se

pt 2

014

Dra

win

g D

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iptio

n:

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AIL

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GE

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AIL

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ALE

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AIL

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Gro

und

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r UFF

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0000

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und

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r UFF

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0000

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irst F

loor

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3400

01 F

irst F

loor

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3400

02 S

econ

d Fl

oor U

FFL

1068

0002

Sec

ond

Floo

r UFF

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6800

1718

265m

m x

100

mm

x 1

0mm

MIL

D S

TEEL

mal

e en

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te

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ale

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t

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m M

ILD

STE

EL e

ndpl

ate

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eld

to U

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rsal

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m

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Uni

vers

al b

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l

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ILD

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ual

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t 120

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file

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STE

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umn

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k up

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d

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m x

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ge) X

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(web

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D S

TEEL

uni

vers

al b

eam

200m

m x

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m x

6m

m M

ILD

STEE

L sl

ab e

nd c

ap

Line

of R

WD

P in

col

umn

line

of 3

05m

m x

305

mm

x 2

1mm

(flan

ge) X

14m

m(w

eb) M

ILD

STE

EL H

-Col

umn

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N 5

B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4

Tshwan

e Univ

ersity

of Tec

hnology

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Nam

e:

Proj

ect

Des

crip

tion:

Dat

e O

UT:

Dat

e IN

:

Scal

e:

Shee

t No.

/No.

As in

dica

ted

Nad

ia L

loyd

-Lis

ter

2 Au

g 20

14

8

Zoo

Med

ical

cen

treat

the

NZG

2 Se

pt 2

014

Dra

win

g D

escr

iptio

n:

EDG

E D

ETAI

L 2

AND

DET

AIL

2ED

GE

DET

AIL

2SC

ALE

1:20

DET

AIL

2SC

ALE

1:5

131

Gro

und

Floo

r UFF

L10

0000

Gro

und

Floo

r UFF

L10

0000

01 F

irst F

loor

UFF

L10

3400

01 F

irst F

loor

UFF

L10

3400

02 S

econ

d Fl

oor U

FFL

1068

0002

Sec

ond

Floo

r UFF

L10

6800

1718

265m

m x

100

mm

x 1

0mm

MIL

D S

TEEL

mal

e en

dpla

te

200m

mx1

00m

mx1

0mm

MIL

D S

TEEL

fem

ale

endp

late

pin

join

t

10m

m M

ILD

STE

EL e

ndpl

ate

cont

inuo

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eld

to U

nive

rsal

bea

m

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165

mm

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EEL

Uni

vers

al b

eam

M20

bol

ted

to H

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n w

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k di

aphr

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wal

l

120m

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ILD

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chan

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ILD

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ual

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vers

al b

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and

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lin

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grid

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ILD

STE

EL H

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umn

38m

m S

A PI

NE

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t 120

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ing

max

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file

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E ro

of s

heet

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5500

mm

x 1

50m

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mØ

SAL

IGN

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mm

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ia S

ALIG

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Pol

e

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g

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mm

CO

NC

RET

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cret

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otin

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qual

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ILD

STE

EL m

entis

grid

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r

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305

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ILD

STE

EL H

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umn

OPT

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em

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mm

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eed

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mm

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ON

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b

MIL

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TEEL

cus

tom

mad

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t bol

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le w

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tom

mad

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tom

mad

e en

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p

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e

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REC

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RET

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mM

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STE

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lab

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g w

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faca

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l mai

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w

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TEEL

cus

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D21

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FFL

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17

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PS p

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INIU

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ctur

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ircra

ft ca

ble

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MIN

IUM

Bot

tom

end

cap

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hers

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ooks

89m

m A

LLU

MIN

IUM

hig

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nel h

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MIN

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sus

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OR

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nel

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AR P

LAST

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MIN

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STE

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SP

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hed

uppe

rla

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ater

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fing

110m

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220

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ON

RY

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k up

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d

M10

STA

INLE

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m x

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(flan

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6mm

(web

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D S

TEEL

uni

vers

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75m

m x

6m

m M

ILD

STEE

L sl

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nd c

ap

Line

of R

WD

P in

col

umn

line

of 3

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m x

305

mm

x 2

1mm

(flan

ge) X

14m

m(w

eb) M

ILD

STE

EL H

-Col

umn

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N 5

B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4

Tshwan

e Univ

ersity

of Tec

hnology

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Nam

e:

Proj

ect

Des

crip

tion:

Dat

e O

UT:

Dat

e IN

:

Scal

e:

Shee

t No.

/No.

As in

dica

ted

Nad

ia L

loyd

-Lis

ter

2 Au

g 20

14

8

Zoo

Med

ical

cen

treat

the

NZG

2 Se

pt 2

014

Dra

win

g D

escr

iptio

n:

EDG

E D

ETAI

L 2

AND

DET

AIL

2ED

GE

DET

AIL

2SC

ALE

1:20

DET

AIL

2SC

ALE

1:5

132

Gro

und

Floo

r UFF

L10

0000

Gro

und

Floo

r UFF

L10

0000

01 F

irst F

loor

UFF

L10

3400

01 F

irst F

loor

UFF

L10

3400

02 S

econ

d Fl

oor U

FFL

1068

0002

Sec

ond

Floo

r UFF

L10

6800

1718

265m

m x

100

mm

x 1

0mm

MIL

D S

TEEL

mal

e en

dpla

te

200m

mx1

00m

mx1

0mm

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D S

TEEL

fem

ale

endp

late

pin

join

t

10m

m M

ILD

STE

EL e

ndpl

ate

cont

inuo

us w

eld

to U

nive

rsal

bea

m

303m

m x

165

mm

x 1

0mm

MIL

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EEL

Uni

vers

al b

eam

M20

bol

ted

to H

-co

lum

n w

ithin

bric

k di

aphr

agm

wal

l

120m

m x

55m

m x

6m

m M

ILD

STEE

L c-

chan

nel p

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50m

m x

50m

m x

4m

m M

ILD

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CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N 5

B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4

Tshwan

e Univ

ersity

of Tec

hnology

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Nam

e:

Proj

ect

Des

crip

tion:

Dat

e O

UT:

Dat

e IN

:

Scal

e:

Shee

t No.

/No.

As in

dica

ted

Nad

ia L

loyd

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ter

2 Au

g 20

14

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ical

cen

treat

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pt 2

014

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win

g D

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iptio

n:

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E D

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AND

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AIL

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GE

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ALE

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und

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r UFF

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oor U

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arch

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CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N 5

B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4

Tshwan

e Univ

ersity

of Tec

hnology

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Nam

e:

Proj

ect

Des

crip

tion:

Dat

e O

UT:

Dat

e IN

:

Scal

e:

Shee

t No.

/No.

As in

dica

ted

Nad

ia L

loyd

-Lis

ter

2 Au

g 20

14

9

Zoo

Med

ical

cen

treat

the

NZG

2 Se

pt 2

014

Dra

win

g D

escr

iptio

n:

EDG

E D

ETAI

L 3

AND

DET

AILS

4, 5

AN

D 6

EDG

E D

ETAI

L 3

SCAL

E 1:

20

DET

AIL

3SC

ALE

1:10

DET

AIL

4SC

ALE

1:10

EDG

E D

ETAI

L 5

SCAL

E 1:

10

134

Gro

und

Floo

r UFF

L10

0000

01 F

irst F

loor

UFF

L10

3400

02 S

econ

d Fl

oor U

FFL

1068

00

15Ro

of11

1500

D3 9

D4 9

D5 9

Rese

arch

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elPr

ecas

t con

cret

e

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elPr

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p G

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T M

ETAL

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hing

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ILD

STE

EL fl

at p

late

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nut

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ng

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m x

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m M

ILD

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ced

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tion

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l to

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CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N 5

B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4

Tshwan

e Univ

ersity

of Tec

hnology

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Nam

e:

Proj

ect

Des

crip

tion:

Dat

e O

UT:

Dat

e IN

:

Scal

e:

Shee

t No.

/No.

As in

dica

ted

Nad

ia L

loyd

-Lis

ter

2 Au

g 20

14

9

Zoo

Med

ical

cen

treat

the

NZG

2 Se

pt 2

014

Dra

win

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iptio

n:

EDG

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AND

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4, 5

AN

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SCAL

E 1:

20

DET

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3SC

ALE

1:10

DET

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4SC

ALE

1:10

EDG

E D

ETAI

L 5

SCAL

E 1:

10

135




15Roof

111500

D39

D49

D59

ResearchCarrel

Precast concrete

VetsCarrel

Precast concrete

500mm overlap GALVANISED SHEET METAL flashing

10mm MILD STEEL flat plate

M20 STAINLESS STEEL bolt and nut fixing

200mm x 75mm x 8mm MILD STEEL purlin placedat 1200mm spacing max

150mm NEOPOR insulationpanel to fit between purlins

9mm MAGNESIACORE double layer wall

0.6mm thick 37mm profile depthGALVANISED IBR SHEET METAL Roofing

NGL

305mm x 305mm x 21mm(flange) X14mm(web) MILD STEEL H-Column

0.6mm thick 37mm profile depthGALVANISED IBR SHEET METAL cladding

0.6mm thick 37mm profile depthGALVANISED IBR SHEET METAL Roofing160mm x 65mm x 8mm MILD STEEL purlin

10mm thick POLYCHLOROPRENE gasket

M18 STAINLESS STEEL bolt and nut withrubber washers

1:10 fall CEMENT/SAND screed paintedwith bitumonous waterproofing

10mm MILD STEEL endplatecontinuous weld to Universal beam

303mm x 165mm x 10mm MILDSTEELUniversal beam M20 bolted to H-column

120mm x 55mm x 6mm MILDSTEEL c-channel purlin



EPOXY resin flooringsystem on 30mm screed

600mm deep CONCRETE coffer slab

50mm Structuralgrouting

400mm x 400mm CONCRETE ColoumnThreaded rod cast into concrete footing

1000mm High MILD STEEL meshballustrade and railing to specialist details



line of 1:10 fall CEMENT/SAND screedpainted with bitumonous waterproofing

Rain water spout

115mm MAGNESIACORE wall

6mm x2 LAMINATED GLASS window


100mm x 100mm SA PINEcustom sawn batten

100mm BIRCH custom made tablebuilt in on 80mm equal angles

BIRCH custom made swivel chair built in

1050mm x 2000mm x 40mmMILDSTEEL mentis grid floor







2500mmØ PRECAST CONCRETE pipe


15

500mm overlap GALVANISED SHEET METAL flahing




line of continuous weld at 49°

100mm x 100mm MAGNESIACORE cove cornice

200mm x 75mm x 8mm MILD STEEL purlinconnected to H-column with equal angle

150mm NEOPOR insulationpanel to fit between purlins97mm GALVANISED SHEET METALlipped channel partitioning frame9mm MAGNESIACORE double layer wall




15




150mm PRECAST CONCRETE echo slab


200mm x 75mm x 8mm MILD STEEL frame

500mm overlap GALVANISED SHEETMETAL flashing


30mm CEMENT /SAND screedwire mesh

ALLUMINIUM shadowlineprofile


M10 STAINLESS STEEL bolt and nut

303mm x 165mm x 10mm(flange) X6mm(web) MILD STEEL universal beam

GALVANISED SHEET METAL partition frame

115mm MAGNESIACORE wall6mm x2 LAMINATED GLASS window


15

20mm soft board


NGL

2500mmØ PRECASTCONCRETE pipe

VetsCarrel

Precast concrete




20mm Threaded rod cast into concretefooting and bolted to column end plate

1:10 fall CEMENT/SANDscreed painted withbitumonous waterproofing

115mmMAGNESIACORE wall100mm x 100mm SA PINEcustom sawn batten

1050mm x 2000mm x40mm MILDSTEEL mentisgrid floor

Line of gully

200mm CONCRETE stripfooting with thickened ends

30mm CEMENT/SAND screed


EPOXY resin flooring system

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

As indicated

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

9


2 Sept 2014


EDGE DETAIL 3 ANDDETAILS 4, 5 AND 6EDGE DETAIL 3

SCALE 1:20

DETAIL 3SCALE 1:10

DETAIL 4SCALE 1:10

EDGE DETAIL 5SCALE 1:10

136




15Roof

111500

D39

D49

D59

ResearchCarrel

Precast concrete

VetsCarrel

Precast concrete

500mm overlap GALVANISED SHEET METAL flashing




150mm NEOPOR insulationpanel to fit between purlins

9mm MAGNESIACORE double layer wall


NGL




10mm thick POLYCHLOROPRENE gasket

M18 STAINLESS STEEL bolt and nut withrubber washers


10mm MILD STEEL endplatecontinuous weld to Universal beam

303mm x 165mm x 10mm MILDSTEELUniversal beam M20 bolted to H-column

120mm x 55mm x 6mm MILDSTEEL c-channel purlin



EPOXY resin flooringsystem on 30mm screed



400mm x 400mm CONCRETE ColoumnThreaded rod cast into concrete footing

1000mm High MILD STEEL meshballustrade and railing to specialist details



line of 1:10 fall CEMENT/SAND screedpainted with bitumonous waterproofing

Rain water spout






BIRCH custom made swivel chair built in










15

500mm overlap GALVANISED SHEET METAL flahing




line of continuous weld at 49°

100mm x 100mm MAGNESIACORE cove cornice

200mm x 75mm x 8mm MILD STEEL purlinconnected to H-column with equal angle

150mm NEOPOR insulationpanel to fit between purlins97mm GALVANISED SHEET METALlipped channel partitioning frame9mm MAGNESIACORE double layer wall




15




150mm PRECAST CONCRETE echo slab


200mm x 75mm x 8mm MILD STEEL frame

500mm overlap GALVANISED SHEETMETAL flashing


30mm CEMENT /SAND screedwire mesh

ALLUMINIUM shadowlineprofile


M10 STAINLESS STEEL bolt and nut

303mm x 165mm x 10mm(flange) X6mm(web) MILD STEEL universal beam

GALVANISED SHEET METAL partition frame

115mm MAGNESIACORE wall6mm x2 LAMINATED GLASS window


15

20mm soft board


NGL

2500mmØ PRECASTCONCRETE pipe

VetsCarrel

Precast concrete




20mm Threaded rod cast into concretefooting and bolted to column end plate

1:10 fall CEMENT/SANDscreed painted withbitumonous waterproofing

115mmMAGNESIACORE wall100mm x 100mm SA PINEcustom sawn batten

1050mm x 2000mm x40mm MILDSTEEL mentisgrid floor

Line of gully

200mm CONCRETE stripfooting with thickened ends

30mm CEMENT/SAND screed


EPOXY resin flooring system

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

As indicated

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

9


2 Sept 2014


EDGE DETAIL 3 ANDDETAILS 4, 5 AND 6EDGE DETAIL 3

SCALE 1:20

DETAIL 3SCALE 1:10

DETAIL 4SCALE 1:10

EDGE DETAIL 5SCALE 1:10

137

15

16

17

18


B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6

-

---

-

---

75mm X 150mm GALVANIZEDSHEET METAL RWDP fixed tonorthern side of Universal column

Fall 1:60


Fall 1:60

RWDPRWDPRWDPRWDP

Fall 1:60

Fullbore

Fall at 8°

Fall at 8°

Fall at 8°

rwdp

Fall at 8°

Fall 1:60Fall 1:60 Fall 1:60 Fall 1:60 Fall 1:60Fall 1:60

Fall at 8°

rwdp

Fall at 8°

Fall at 8°

Fullbore Fullbore Fullbore

500050005000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000

5000

5000

1501100150

40000

7827

65305

150005244 3460 8510

305mm x 305mm MILD STEELrafters @ 5000mm c-c spacing

200mm x 75mm MILD STEEL purlins@ 1200mm c-c spacing max

305mm x 305mm MILD STEELrafters @ 5000mm spacing

305mm x 305mm MILD STEELpurlins @ 600mm spacing max

0.6mm thick 37mm profiledepth GALVANIZED IBRSHEET METAL roofinginsulated with neopor panels





35mm x 50mm SAPINE purlins @600mm spacing c-cmaximum

0.6mm thick 37mm profiledepth GALVANIZED IBRSHEET METAL roofing

0.6mm thick 37mm profiledepth GALVANIZED IBRSHEET METAL roofing 0.6mm thick 37mm profile

depth GALVANIZED IBRSHEET METAL roofing

16

17

G H

B

7

B

7

A

6

A

6


100 000

wat

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1104401104340110440110

305mm x 305mm MS structural HO-profile column

400mm X 400mm CONCRETE footing

11033

0 110

1403

110

1403

110

D4

D21 D21

D11

D11

D11

D11

W3

W5

16

17




400160

305

up

300

3300

1000

1000mm High MILD STEELmesh balustrade and railingto specialist details

305mm x 160mm MSstructural c-channel column

220 1280 220

2nd floor

1st floor

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

As indicated

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

4


2 Sept 2014

ROOF PLANSCALE 1:100

3D ROOF & FLOOREXPLOSION


ROOF PLAN

N

PARTIAL PLAN 1 GFSCALE 1:50N

PARTIAL PLAN 2 GFSCALE 1:50NRoof and floor explosion.

138

CONTRACT

DOCUMENTATIO

N

5B.Tech.

Archite

ctural

Techn

ology

BTATE4Tshwan

e Unive

rsity

of Tec

hnolog

y

Depart

ment o

f Arch

itectu

re

Name:


Date OUT: Date IN:

Scale:

Sheet No./No.

Nadia Lloyd-Lister

2 Aug 2014

10


2 Sept 2014

BUILDING COMPOSITION 3DDrawing Description:

3D

Yellow- BrickGreen- Structural mild steelGrey- Expanded metal meshWhite horizontal- ConcreteWhite verticle- Magnesia core panels

139

chap

ter

C o n c l u s i o n

142

Self assessment and conclusion.

The proposed design managed to adhere to functional requirements, energy efficiency requirements, northern orientation and cross-ventilation. The proposed building uplifts the genius loci of the staff area as well as Boom Street.

The scale of the building demands attention from Boom Street and grades lower towards the northern surrounding residential buildings. The porous green aviary connects to the public boulevard offering an experience of the birds and awareness of conservation by viewing the laboratories from the street.

The building symbolises innovation through its public inclusion of areas such as the laboratories, radiology and surgery. It educates the zoo visitors with regards to conservation whilst allowing the staff to be unhindered.

The building fulfils all the requirements that were present in the existing building. It amalgamates all the medical structures of the NZG in order to function more efficiently.

The general feel of the staff area is very robust, with paved and brick horizontal and vertical surfaces. In retrospect I would have redesigned the landscaping for connectivity between all buildings in the staff area if more time was available. The removal of the ground floor parking was a step in that direction.

143

144

Acknowledgements

I sincerely thank my father, mother and sister for their continued love and support during my studies. I could not have done this without you.

I wish to express gratitude and appreciation to my mentors Pieter Greyvensteyn and Prof. Jacques Laubscher for their inspiration and guidance.

I would like to acknowledge the staff and students at the Department of Architecture for their input and spirit throughout the process.

Thank you to TUT for the financial assistance provided.

Finally, I would like to thank my Maker for presenting me with endless opportunities.

145

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BETSKY. A. 2014. Zoological Park of Paris. Architect, the magazine of the American Institute of Architects. [Online], May 12. Available from: http://www.architectmagazine.com/ recreational-projects/paris-zoological-park-designed-by-bernard-tschumi-architects_o.aspx [Accessed:3/07/2014].

BIGLAKE, R. 1954. The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa.Pretoria: Central News Agency LTD.

Biodiversity Decline. S.a. [Online].The Habitable Planet. Available from: http://www.learner. org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=9&secNum=1 [Accessed:29/07/2014].

COE, J. 2004. Mixed Species Rotation Exhibits. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ARAZPA conference, Australia. Available from: http://www.joncoedesign.com/pub/PDFs/MxdSpRo.pdf [Accessed:11/04/2014].

COE, J. 2014. Mixed Species Rotation Exhibits. In: Proceedings of the 25-28 March 2014 Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual Conference and New Zealand Branch Conference hosted by Auckland Zoo, Auckland, New Zealand on computer. Available from: http://www.joncoedesign.com/pub/Talks/RotationZAA2014/index.htm [Accessed:11/04/2014].

FIXEN, A. 2014. Snapshot. Architectural Record, May:220.

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Documents

Wildlife medical centre