Wildlife, the Environment, and Biodiversity: The Wild ... · –societal dimensions –public health –environment –ecology “ “One Health” “The health of animals, people

09/14/2012

Tennessee Public Health Association_2012 1

Wildlife, the Environment, and Biodiversity: The Wild Cards in the One Health Game

Christine Ellis DVM MPH

Colorado State University, Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine

National Wildlife Research Center

Fort Collins, CO

Kurt VerCauteren PhD

National Wildlife Research Center

Fort Collins, CO

Mo Salman BVMS, PhD, FACE

Colorado State University

Animal Population Health Institute

Fort Collins, CO

Statistics

57 million global deaths globally annually

– 25% caused by microbes

1415 human pathogens

– 217 viruses & prions

– 538 bacteria & rickettsia

– 307 fungi

– 287 helminths

– 66 protozoa

868 (62%) are zoonoses

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Statistics

868 zoonoses

– 3% human origin

– 71.8% wildlife origin

Ungulates

> 250 human pathogens

> 50 emerging and re-emerging pathogens

Human EIDs over the last 30 years

~ 75.0% are zoonotic

~ 22.8% are vector-borne

SARS

– $40 billion worldwide

– Thousands of people quarantined

– 50-70% drop in international travel

– 60% drop in hotel occupancy

– Businesses failed

– Some large production facilities suspended operations

Economic Impacts of Zoonotic EIDs

– Lee & McKibbin. Estimating the Global Cost of SARS. In: Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak

– WHO. The World Health Report

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“One Medicine”

The study of health and disease regardless of species differences between human and animals, focusing on the commonality of human and veterinary medicine.

A clinical definition

– Insufficiently reflects interactionsbetween human and animal health

– Does not fully consider external factors

– societal dimensions

– public health

– environment

– ecology

“

“One Health”

“The health of animals, people and the environment are inextricably linked”

A worldwide strategy to expand interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of

health care for humans, animals and the environment

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“Ecosystem Health”

The “World” and “Environment” are “Ecosystems”

“One Health/ One World/ One Environment”

EcosystemWellness

Humans & AnimalWellness

“Ecosystem Health”

Requires integrated approaches to human and animal health and their respective social and

environmental contexts

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What Makes a Disease Emerge?

Disease Occurrence

Wildlife

HumansDomestic animals

Infectious organisms

Potential Disease

Occurrence

Potential Disease

Occurrence


Disease Occurrence

Wildlife



EnvironmentPotential Disease

Occurrence

Potential Disease

Occurrence

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Causes of Disease Emergence

Disease Occurrence

Disease Occurrence

Wildlife



Environment


Human Population Density

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1: Changes in land use or agricultural practices

2: Changes in human demographics and society

3: Poor population health

4: Hospitals / Medical procedures

5: Pathogen evolution

6: Contamination of food sources or water supplies

7: International travel

8: Failure of public health programs

9: International trade

10: Climate changes

Zoonoses

Zoonoses

Woolhouse and Gowtage-Sequeria 2005

Causes of Emergence

18%

13%26%

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Causes of Emergence: Agriculture & Land Use

Occupies ~ 38% of Earth’s surface

Crop production increased 47% between 1985-2006

Worldwide agriculture has cleared or converted

– 70% of grasslands

– 50% of savannas

– 45% of temperate deciduous forests

– 37% of tropical forest biomes

Irrigated cropland doubled in the past 50 years

~ 70% of global freshwater devoted to irrigation

Global fertilizer use increased by 500% (>800% for nitrogen)

October 1998 – May 1999

> 265 cases human encephalitis

• 105 deaths

• Disproportionate number of farmers

Nipah Virus

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Anthropogenic Factors: Movement of Animals

Anthropogenic Factors: Movement of Animals

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Establishing and maintaining a ORV Zone = $58 - 148 Million

Avoided cost or net benefits = $48 - 496 Million

TX

MT

NM

COIL

WY

KS

IANE

SDMN

ND

OK

FL

WI

MO

AL GA

AR

MI

IN

LA

NY

NC

PA

TN

MS

VAKY

OH

SC

ME

TX

MT

NM

COIL

WY

KS

IANE

SDMN

ND

OK

FL

WI

MO

AL GA

AR

MI

IN

LA

NY

NC

PA

TN

MS

VAKY

OH

SC

ME


Zoonotic Pathogen “Weediness”

– Makes certain pathogens adept at taking advantage of new epidemiologic opportunities

Pathogens are “smart”Exploit any change in ecology that provides new

opportunities

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Causes of Emergence: Climate

Highest concentration of EID events per 1 million km2 land

30

60

90

0

- 30

- 60

- 90

Hotspots: NE US western EuropeJapan, SE Australia

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Invader

– fastest spreading mosquito in the world

Aggressive daytime biter

Transmits

– Dengue, WNV, Encephalitis viruses

Ross River fever Rift Valley fever

An Integrated Systems Approach to Pathogens

Aedes Albopictus (“Asian Tiger Mosquito)

Aedes albopictus

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Aedes albopictus

Present predicted distribution, native range in Asia

Aedes albopictus: Invasion risk map

Invasion Risk Map

– Used ecological data from the Asian niche

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Aedes albopictus: USA invasion

Causes of Emergence: Biodiversity Loss

“The variety of species, the diversity of their genetic make-up, and the natural communities in which they occur”

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Biodiversity and Pathogen Emergence

What role does biodiversity have in the processes by which pathogens emerge?

Biodiversity may act as a source pool

A large number of potential pathogens

Biodiversity may PREVENT exposure

Pathogen transmission is reduced

Schistosoma mansoni

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Shistosoma mansoni

West Nile Virus in the US

Low bird diversity = increased human risk or incidence

Communities with low avian diversity

– dominated by species that amplify the virus

Communities with high avian diversity

– contain many species that are less competent hosts

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Northeast New York hantavirus

West & Central Sin Nombre

FloridaBlack Creek Canal virus

Texas Muleshoe virus

SoutheastBayou Virus

Hantavirus

Lyme Disease

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How many of you learned this stuff in school, or in your professional training?

This is why including wildlife biologists, ecologists, environmental scientists in discussions of One

Health is important

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One Health Approach to Rabies

Ancient Greeks called it “Lyssa” or “Lytta”

Present on all continents except Antarctica

• 100 countries

• 3 billion people at risk

• 55,000 human deaths annually *

– 50% children < 15 years

Rabies in the United States

Prior to 1947:

– Canine rabies was predominant variant

– Incidence in domestic canines > wildlife

– ~ 100 human deaths / year

1947:

– Efficacious canine rabies vaccines developed

– National Rabies Control effort

• Local & National Education campaigns

• Urban field operations (domestic pets)

• Rural field operations (livestock, wildlife)

1957:

– Domestic dog cases > wildlife for the first time

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Rabies in the US – 2009

Enzootic Rabies is present in the continental US & Puerto Rico

Skunk:24% total cases26% wildlife cases

Fox:7% total cases 8% wildlife cases

Raccoon:35% total cases38% wildlife cases

Bat: 24% total cases, 26% wildlife cases

Puerto Rico:43 cases 79% Mongoose

Source: CDC

Rabies and One Health

Factors affecting occurrence:

Humans & Domestic Animalspopulation dynamicshealthagricultural practicesanimal translocation

Wildlife population biologyspecies interactionmovementhealthsusceptibility

Rabies Virusvariant proclivitiesspecies specificitymutation

Environmentclimate changeencroachmentdegradationpollutionfragmentation

Rabies

wildlife

humansdomestic animals

rabies virus

environment

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Introduced in 1800’s

High reproductive index

Bad attitude

Eats everything

Negative environmental impact

~ 70% may be infected with rabies?

Rabies in Puerto Rico


Human Population: 3,706,690

Mongoose Population: ~ 2,000,000

Mongoose Density: 2-9 / ha (1-4 / acre)

~ 25 people/day exposed

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A One Health Experience Waiting to Happen!

Human Health

– Education

– PEP

Veterinary Medicine

– Large feral dog & cat populations

– Livestock

Wildlife Sciences

Ecology

Vaccine Research

Economists


Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases

Historically, wildlife diseases have been considered important only when human health or agriculture have been threatened

Parallels between human and wildlife EIDS – Domestic animals introduce their own suites of

pathogens

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Bovine Tuberculosis in Michigan

1979: Michigan declared free of bovine TB

1994: A hunter-killed deer discovered with bTB

1995-2011: 1-4% deer (+)

Other animals reported

– Elk

– Captive cervid facility

– Domestic cattle

• (9 beef, 2 dairy)

– Carnivores

1917

The most prevalent infectious disease in livestock– Cattle: ~ 5% prevalence – Swine: ~15% prevalence

– Carcasses inspected: < 10 million

– Carcasses retained: ~ 200,000

Humans: 20% of cases causedby M bovis

Last 10 years

– Cattle: <0.001% prevalence

– Swine – eradicated

– Carcasses inspected:

36 billion

– Carcasses retained:

~ 1300

Human cases: 1-6 / year

(11,182 TB cases in 2010)

Bovine Tuberculosis

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Bovine Tuberculosis


Spill over infection from cattle

Human Intervention:

– Hunt Clubs

– increase in prevalence appears to be associated with escalation of feeding and baiting in the 1980-90s

Data from the 1950s

– deer were exceeding the natural carrying capacity of the habitat

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Bovine Tuberculosis and One Health

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Bovine Tuberculosis and One Health

Breath analysis as a potential diagnostic tool for tuberculosisKolk et al (2012)

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease June 16(6): 777-82

Volatile biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis in the breathPhillips M. et al (2007) Tuberculosis 87: 44-52

One Health & Bovine Tuberculosis

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Summary

“One Health/ One World/ One Environment”

– Improved communication, cooperation and collaboration across disciplines and institutions is essential to safeguard the health of humans, animals and the environment

But . . .

Most infectious disease research still emphasizes an etiologically based, disciplinary approach

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Walking the Talk

A gap exists between knowledge and its applications

– Rabies

• cases increase despite well-established knowledge of effective control

– TB:

• we still don’t have better vaccines

The next research paradigm…must be collaborative Biological Sciences Ecology Climatology Sociology Political Science Medicine Wildlife Sciences Environmental Toxicology

A complex-system view of health

– integrated surveillance and research

– use of project management models

Wildlifesciences

Human Medicine

Veterinary Medicine

Environmental Sciences

Biodiversity Studies

Walking the Talk

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Recognize Our Strengths and Weaknesses

Veterinary Medicine

Population health

Food safety

Preventive medicine

Individual animal health

Public health/ Zoonosis

Wildlife Sciences

Population health

Wildlife - Domestic Animal Interface

Ecology

Individual animal health


Human Medicine

Population health

Food safety

Preventive medicine

Individual health


Infectious Disease

Chronic Disease

BioDiversity Sciences

Climate studies

Environmental Studies

Ecology

Evolutionary impact


Adopt an integrated, “holistic” approach that reflects both our interdependence and the realization that we are part of a larger ecological system

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Acknowledgements

Kurt VerCauteren PhD, USDA-APHIS-WS-NWRC, Fort Collins, CO

Mo Salman, APHI, CSU, Fort Collins, CO

Pauline Nol DVM PhD, USDA-APHIS-VS-WILDIT, Fort Collins, CO

Jack Rhyan MS DVM, USDA-APHIS-VS-WILDIT, Fort Collins, CO

Ray Waters DVM PhD, USDA-APHIS-ARS, NADC, Ames, IA

Mitch Palmer DVM PhD, USDA-APHIS-ARS, NADC, Ames, IA

Town Peterson PhD, University of Kansas

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Zoonotic pathogens

~ 25% have limited person-to-person transmission

– Do not persist without repeated reintroductions from a non-human reservoir

Do not cause major epidemics

A small minority spread almost exclusively from person to person

An Integrated Systems Approach to Pathogens

For pathogens that emerge by switching host species

– Land use change

– Underlying biodiversity patterns

– Surveillance of endemic wildlife and wildlife pathogens

– Preserve / Protecting intact habitats in these hotspots

• a simple, direct way of reducing human-animal contact and

• reduces the likelihood of emergence of new pathogens

– Manage potential emergence hotspots

• reduce the probability that pathogens become established and transmissible within a new host population

– Husbandry management of high-density monocultures of domestic animals

• surveillance for disease presence

• employ measures to decrease contact with wildlife

Managing potential emergence hotspots by attempting to eliminate them is not likely to work.

The species most resilient to habitat destruction and degradation may be those that amplify the pathogen transmission

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Zoonotic Pathogens

Monkey escapes

Monkey infects a kid

Kid infects family

Family infects town

Humanity in peril !!!

Intrepid epidemiologist catches monkey

Antibody harvested from monkey

All of humanity saved !!!

Walking the Talk -- Literature Search (Anholt et al 2012)

Strategies for Collaboration in the Interdisciplinary Field of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

Anholt R. M., Stephen C., Copes R.

Zoonosis and Public Health 2012, 59: 229-240

Conducted a literature search looking at results of collaborations built in health partnerships, health research knowledge transfer and exchange, business knowledge management and system design engineering to identify key attributes of successful interdisciplinary collaboration.

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Opportunities exist, but are not without challenges

Characteristics of the people

Degree to which the task is a shared goal

Policy, practices, and resources of the workplace(s)

Personal relationships built on trust and respect are needed.

Financial

“It is necessary to move beyond the belief that collaborations are simply a “good thing” to demonstrate ID collaboration results in improved outcomes.”

“There was a dearth of publications providing evidence of improved outcomes arising from such collaborations.”

Walking the Talk -- Literature Search (Anholt et al 2012)

But . . .

Our ability to protect, improve, and advance health cannot be based on strategies and mindsets in the past

Isolated silo thinking and actions persist

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Integrated Systems Approach

A complex-system view of health

– integrated surveillance and research

– use of project management models

Documents

Wildlife, the Environment, and Biodiversity: The Wild ... · –societal dimensions –public health –environment –ecology “ “One Health” “The health of animals, people