AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERROR IN USING MODALS

WILL AND WOULD OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

(A Case Study in MA Khazanah Kebajikan Pondok Cabe)

A “Skripsi”

Presented to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of “S.Pd.” (Strata 1) in English Language Education

By:

Ijma Alaeh

208014000029

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS’ TRAINING

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2015

i

ABSTRACT

AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERROR IN USING MODALS WILL AND

WOULD OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (A Case Study in MA Khazanah

Kebajikan Pondok Cabe).

Keywords: Analysis, Grammatical error on modals of conditional sentences.

The objectives of the research were to know the kinds of grammatical

error on modals and the causes of error in modals in contional sentences that most

commonly made by the second grade students of MA Khazanah Kebajikan

Pondok Cabe. The method used in this study was descriptive analysis or

qualitative method by using formula: P = F/N. It was conducted as following

procedures: collecting data from the students, classifying them into the

grammatical errors on modals, describing errors, interpreting data and the last

concluding the result of the study. The data were collected through descriptive in

modals of conditional sentences test by the theme based on the things which they

are interested in. In this research, the researcher took the purposive clustering

sample technique with the total population was 221 students but He used only XI

A as the respondents with 21 students. The research findings showed that the most

common error which most students made is using misformation; its frequency is

225 errors or 68%. Then the second commonest error is addition with 68 or 20%.

The third error is 27 errors or 8% from omission, 10 errors or 3% from

misordering. It can be concluded that most of the second grade students of MA

Khazanah Kebajikan got the wrong in misformation, misordering, omission and

addition in modals of conditonal sentences. The reason why they made errors is

because their mothers tongue interference and they are still following of tenses of

continuous tense.. It means that the most common error that the students made is

derived from intralingual transfer.

ii

ABSTRAK

AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERROR IN USING MODALS WILL AND

WOULD OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (A Case Study in MA Khazanah

Kebajikan Pondok Cabe)

Kata Kunci : Analysis, Grammatical Error on modals of conditional sentences.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis dan penyebab kesalahan

grammar dalam menggunakan modals yang banyak dilakukan oleh siswa kelas XI

A MA Khazanah Kebajikan Pondok Cabe. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif

analisis/ metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan rumus: P = F/N. Data diambil

dari hasil tes siswa dengan mengikuti prosedur pada metode tersebut yaitu

menghimpun data siswa, menganalisanya, mendeskripsikan kesalahan yang

terdapat pada tulisan siswa pada modals, kemudian mengambil langkah

interpretasi data dan langkah terakhir menyimpulkan hasil penelitian ini. Dalam

penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teknik purposive clustering sample dengan

total populasi 221 siswa, tetapi hanya kelas XI A yang berjumlah 21 siswa yang

diambil sebagai sampel. Dalam mengumpulkan data, peneliti memberikan tes

dalam bentuk teks, yaitu membuat soal modals. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa

kesalahan yang paling banyak adalah salah formasi yaitu sebanyak 225 kesalahan

atau 68%. Kemudian yang kedua adalah penambahan kata yaitu sebanyak 68

kesalahan atau 20%. Kesalahan ketiga terdapat pada penghilangan kata yaitu

sebanyak 27 kesalahan atau 8% dan Ada 10 kesalahan penambahan kata atau 3%.

Hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebanyakan siswa kelas XI A MA

Khazanah Kebajikan banyak membuat kesalahan pada formasi, salah penempatan,

penghilangan kata dan penambahan kata dalam penulisan pada modals of

conditional sentences. Alasan mengapa mereka membuat kesalahan tersebut

karena mereka masih terpengaruh oleh bahasa ibu dan masih mengikuti

pengajaran pada tenses continuous tense. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyebab

kesalahan yang paling umum dilakukan oleh siswa adalah intralingual transfer.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. All praise be to Allah,

Lord of the world who gives the researcher blessing and much energy and

granting a lot of ideas, therefore, she can complete this “Skripsi”. Peace and

blessing be upon the prophet Muhammad, his families, his companions and his

followers.

The researcher presents this “skripsi” to department of English Education

of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training Faculty UIN SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta as a

partial fulfillment of the requirement for sarjana degree (S1). This work could not

be completed without a great deal of help from many people, especially Dr.

Fakhriany, M.Pd., and Ummi Kultsum, M.Pd., advisors who always guide and

suggest the researcher for making a “Skripsi”, from the beginning until the end.

In this occasion, the researcher would like to express the great honor, her

beloved parents, Mr. Tarmansyah and Mrs. Rokhyati, who always give support

and motivation to finish the “Skripsi”.

The researcher also would like to convey her sincerest gratitude and

acknowledgement to:

1. All lecturers in English Education Department who have taught the

researcher during his study in Islamic State University.

2. Dr. Alek, M.Pd., the Head of English Education Department.

3. Zaharil Anasy, M.Hum., the Secretary of Department of English

Education.

4. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Thib Raya, M.A., the Dean of the Faculty of Tarbiyah

and Teachers’ Training Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University

Jakarta.

5. Bambang Indarto, S.Ag the Head of MA Khazanah Kebajikan pondok

cabe, who has allowed the researcher to observes there. Mr. Syarifuddin

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El-Jazaair, the English teacher of the second grade of MA Khazanah

Kebajikan pondok cabe, who has given his time to conduct the researcher

in doing the research. Also the second grade of social class of MA

Khazanah Kebajikan pondok cabe, who helped the researcher by doing the

test given. Without their help this “Skripsi” will not be finished.

6. His beloved sister for his helps and supports.

7. The researcher friends who have given the researcher a lovely friendship.

8. The researcher classmate PBI A 2008 who have given the researcher great

supports and motivations.

The researcher also wishes to thank to his entire friends for their support

who he cannot mention one by one. And may this “Skripsi” be useful to the

readers, particularly to the researcher. Also the researcher realized that this

“Skripsi is far from being perfect. It is a pleasure for her to receive

constructive critics and suggestion from anyone who reads her “Skripsi”.

Jakarta, 10 July 2015

The Researcher

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACK ...................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. iv

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ vii

LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. viii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

A. Background of Study ........................................................... 1

B. Identification of Problem ..................................................... 2

C. Limitation of Problem ......................................................... 2

D. Research Question ............................................................... 2

E. Objective of Study ............................................................... 3

F. Significance of Study .......................................................... 3

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................... 4

A. Error Analysis ....................................................................... 4

1. The Definition of Error Analysis ...................................... 4

2. The Goal of Error Analysis ............................................... 5

3. The Types of Error ............................................................ 7

4. Description of Error .......................................................... 8

a. Omission ..................................................................... 8

b. Addition ...................................................................... 8

c. Misformation .............................................................. 9

d. Misordering ................................................................. 9

5. Causes of Errors ................................................................ 10

a. Mother Tongue Interference ....................................... 10

b. Overgeneralization ...................................................... 10

c. The Teaching Process ................................................. 10

6. Evaluation of Errors .......................................................... 12

vi

B. Modal Auxiliaries ................................................................ 13

1. The Understanding of Modal Auxiliaries ....................... 13

2. The Use of Modal Auxiliary Verbs ................................ 14

C. Conditional Sentences ......................................................... 16

1. Definiton of Conditional Sentences ................................ 16

2. Types of Conditional Sentences ...................................... 19

a. Conditional Sentences Type I ..................................... 19

b. Conditional Sentences Type II .................................... 20

c. Conditional Sentences Type III .................................. 21

D. Previous Related Studies………………… .......................... 23

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................... 24

A. The Purpose of the Research……………………… ........... 25

B. The Method of the Research……………………… ............ 25

C. Time and Location of Study……………………… ............ 25

D. The Respondent of the Study………………………… ....... 25

E. The Technique of Data Collecting…………………… ....... 25

F. The Instrument of the Research ............................................ 25

G. The Technique of Data Analysis ......................................... 26

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION ............................................. 27

A. Finding ................................................................................ 27

1. Data Description .............................................................. 27

2. Data Analysis ................................................................... 29

B. Interpretation ........................................................................ 105

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................... 106

A. Conclusion ............................................................................ 106

B. Suggestion ............................................................................ 106

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 107

APPENDICES

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Conditional Clause Position ............................................................... 18

Table 3.1 The Table Distribution of Each Student’s Error ................................ 29

Table 3.2 The Recapitulation of Classification of Student’s Errors ................... 98

Table 3.3 The Recapitulation of Error Kinds ..................................................... 99

Table 3.4 The Recapitulation of Causes of Student’s Errors ............................. 102

Table 3.5 The Recapitulation of Error Causes ................................................... 103

viii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1a. Instrument of Student Interview ..................................................109

Appendix 1b. Instument of Teacher Interview ..................................................114

Appendix 2b. Test Instument .............................................................................116

Appendix 2b. Answer Key .................................................................................118

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Language is a means of communication that is used to transfer information,

ideas and feelings from one person to another. It is used to communicate both in

written and spoken form, our government has draw up English as a foreign language

that should be mastered by the students. As a human potential and develop, knowing

English language is not more enough to have skill as a master of English, to become

master of English the student must have four English basic skills and some

components. The four English basic skills are listening, reading, speaking and

writing. The students are expected to master those four skills in order to be able to

use English communicatively. Meanwhile, some components are vocabulary,

pronunciation and grammar. These components must be related to the other

components and from these components the important things is grammar. Grammar is

a foundation, Grammar should be mastered by student, because grammar to help

them make a good sentence and to help them use the language accurately, if the

students wrong on the grammar they will make wrong in the sentences.

According to Ur, “Grammar may be roughly defined as the way language

manipulates and combines words (or bits of words) in order to form longer units of

meaning”.1 In other words, studying grammar is trying to make good sentences in

English language. Not only to make a good sentences, but also we produce a word

one by one word into one sentences. There are many kinds of materials should be

learnt by students in grammar, such as structures of a sentence. A sentence structure

in English consists of subject and verb. One kind of verbs is modal auxiliary. In

modals auxiliary will and would, the students could be understood to use modals will

and would, in teaching modals the students could be written to use many types of

1Penny Ur, Grammar Practice Activities: A Practical Guide For Teachers, (New York:

Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 4.

1

2

modals will and would. The study of modals auxiliary is talking about functional text

such as expression of command, request and invitation etc. Based on the interview

result with the teacher on 28 of February 2015, the student still frequently make some

mistakes in learning modal auxiliary verb especially will and would. It founds that a

common mistake are often made by the students in using modal auxiliary verb will

and would such as: First, the student cannot see the differentiate between will and

would, they are still using will and would in the same time. second, they cannot

identify and third, they cannot identify in using modals auxiliary especially in will

and would such as: I will going to the library and the other sentence would you like to

is listening music or the other sentences when I was a child, I will go to the Bandung.

These sentences must be written I will go to the library and would you like to listen

music and when I was a child, I would go to the Bandung. The students made some

mistakes because they are blocked in the vocabulary and sometimes the student still

using verb-ing in continuous tense in modals. It is like the journal from

B. Identification of Problem

From the explanation above the writer find some mistakes made by the

students in using modals will and would, as follows: they cannot see the differentiate,

they cannot identify and they cannot use modals auxiliary properly especially in will

and would, when they write the sentences of modals they still bring tenses present

continuous tense like when the student write I will going to the library the student

still using verb-ing in continuous tense in modals and they cannot see what the tense

is.

C. Limitation of Problem

The writer limits the study to the interpretation of error analysis of students in

using modals will and would in conditional sentence.

3

D. Research Question

In this study, the writer focuses on the following research questions:

1. What kind of errors were made by students in using will and would in conditional

sentence?

2. What causes of error were made by students in using modals will and would in

conditional sentence?

E. Objective of Study

The aim of the research were to know whether using modals will and would

faced by students could be used by the students and what kind of errors were made by

students in using modals will and would in conditional sentence, and what the causes

of error are made by Second Grade students in using modals will and would in

conditional sentence?

F. Significance of Study

This study will be carryout not only theoretically, but also practically. The

theoretically result of this study is intended as a consideration for English teachers to

increase the students ability in using modals will and would. Furthermore, this study

hopefully could give theoretically information regarding to the existence of the

student ability in using modal will and would. It could be worthy either for the

teachers or the learners and the writer himself and also to improve the quality of

teaching and learning English. Therefore the students will be able to use either

written or spoken English.

4

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Error Analysis

1. The Definition of Error Analysis

When learning, students often make errors. Not only in learning mathematics

or any other subjects, in learning English, they can make errors because learning

process involves making errors. Before we discuss about error analysis, it is better to

know what error is. In The Oxford Companion to the English Language, it is stated

that error is a mistake; a deviation from accuracy, correctness, or the truth; belief in

something untrue or held to be untrue; a mistaken view; wrongdoing (original) sin.

Tom McArthur says that S. Pit Corder in the UK distinguished between a

mistake (a flaw in performance: a casual breakdown in speech or writing) and an

error (a failure in competence: a systemic fault). In this view, errors are part of the

learner‘s transitional competence.1 It means that mistake is done normally by people

in speech or writing, but error is unnatural and due to miscalculation or technical

context.

Since Indonesian language is quite different from English, like in grammar,

the structure of English can cause difficulty for students so that they make some

errors in the target language they learn.

Carl James defines language errors as an unsuccessful bit of language.

Furthermore, he states that Error Analysis is the process of determining the incidence,

nature, causes, and consequences of unsuccessful language.2 It means that error

analysis can be a tool to find the reason why the students do not master the English

well.

1 Tom McArthur (ed), op. cit., p. 378.

2 Carl James, Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis, (London:

Longman, 1998), p. 1.

4

5

Peter Strevens and Tom McArthur stated that in applied linguistics, error

analysis is defined as the study of patterns of errors.3 It means that error analysis has a

certain patterns that can be learned and can be a measure for students‘ error.

Rod Ellis states that Error analysis is a procedure used by both researchers

and teachers. It involves collecting samples of learner language, identifying the errors

in the sample, describing these errors, classifying them according to their

hypothesized causes, and evaluating their seriousness.4 It means that the procedure of

error analysis involves collecting samples, identifying errors, describing errors,

classifying the error based on the causes, and evaluating.

2. The Goal of Error Analysis

Rod Ellis states that the goals of traditional Error Analysis were pedagogic

errors provided information which could be used to sequence items for teaching or to

devise remedial lessons. Errors are an important source of information about second

language acquisition, because they demonstrate conclusively that learners do not

simply memorize target language rules and then reproduce them in their own

utterances. They indicate that learners construct their own rules on the basis of input

data, and that in some instances at least these rules differ from those of target

language.5 It means that error can provide information about the students‘ ability and

can be an evaluation for the teacher to select a proper material for the students,

The most significant contribution of error analysis, apart from the role it

played in the reassessment of the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, lies in its success

in elevating the status of errors from undesirability to that of a guide to the inner

workings of the language learning process.

3 Tom McArthur (ed), loc.cit.,

4 Rod Ellis, Understanding Second Language Acquisition, (Oxford: Oxford University

Press,1999), p. 296. 5 Rod Ellis, op.cit., p. 9.

6

According to Heidi Dulay and friends (1982), there are two major purposes in

students errors:

1. Provides data from which inferences about the nature of the language learning

process can be made.

2. Indicates to teacher and curriculum developers which part of the target language

students have most difficulty producing correctly and which error types detract

most from a learners‘ ability to communicate effectively.6

Based on the explanation above the writer concludes that the goal of Error

Analysis is for teachers to get information and data about errors made by students in

language learning process so that the teachers can evaluate and explain to the students

about the errors in the hope that the students do not make the same errors in the next

time.

Furthermore, John Norrish states that error analysis can be helpful in drawing

up curriculum, can give useful information about a new class for the class teacher,

can indicate problems common to all and problems common to particular groups in a

class with different first language, can make the teacher build up a profile of each

individual‘s problems and see to what extent his grasp of the target language is

improving, and the teacher can assess more objectively how his teaching is helping

his students by using error analysis as a monitoring device.7 It means that error

analysis can show common problems to individual problems or a group of students in

a class and it can be a measure for the teacher to improve their teaching in the

classroom.

6 Heidi Dulay, Marina Burt, and Stephen Krashen, Language Two, (New York: Oxford

University Press, 1982), p. 138. 7 John Norrish, Language Learners and their Errors, (Macmillan: London, 1983), p. 80.

7

3. The Types of Error

There are many types of error that is useful for the researcher to classify the

students‘ error based on the type in learning a language. As cited by Ellis, Dulay and

Burt identified four types of error according to their psycholinguistic origins:

1. Interference-like errors, i.e. those errors that reflect native language structure and

are not found in first language acquisition data.

2. First language developmental errors, i.e. those that do not reflect native language

structure but are found in first language acquisition data.

3. Ambiguous errors, i.e. those that cannot be categorized as either interference-like

or developmental.

4. Unique errors, i.e. those that do not reflect first language structure and also are not

found in first language acquisition data.8

In Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis, Edge

(1989) divides learners‘ errors into three types. The division is made according to the

teacher‘s knowledge of his or her learners. Those types are:

a. Slips

Slips are caused by processing problems or carelessness. The learner could auto-

correct them if pointed out and if given the chance. An example is: He had been

their for several days.

b. Errors

Errors are wrong forms that the pupil cannot correct even if their wrongness were

to be pointed out.

c. Attempts

The learner obviously has no idea how to use the right form. For example: this, no

really, for always my time, and then I happy.9

8 Rod Ellis, op.cit., p. 28.

9 Carl James, Errors in Language and Use: Exploring Error Analysis, (New York: Longman,

1998), pp. 80—81.

8

From that explanation it can be concluded that learners‘ errors involve a

carelessness of the students, disability to correct their wrongness, and not knowing

how to use the right form into practice.

4. Description of Erorrs

In analyzing learners‘ errors, some linguist makes some classifications of

errors. Here are four categories Dulay, Burt, and Krashen classified omission,

addition, misformation and misordering.10

a. Omission

Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that must appear

in a well-formed utterance. It is found in greater abundance and across a greater

variety of morphemes during the early stages of second language acquisition. This

error, the learner may omit noun and verb inflections (the –s in plural form of birds, -

ed in looked, the –ing in cooking, etc). For example:

1) I bought three book yesterday. (omission –s for plural form – books)

2) A strange thing happen to me last week. (omission –ed for inflectional verb –

happened)

b. Addition

Addition errors are the opposite of omission. They are characterized by the

presence of an item which must not appear in a well-formed utterance. There are

three subtypes of addition:

1) Double markings

It occurred when two items are marked for the same feature in a sentence. For

example: *My mother doesn‘t cooks this morning (doesn‘t and cooks are the

same feature for simple present tense). The correct form of that sentence is:

My mother doesn‘t cook this morning.

10

Heidi Dulay, et al., Language Two, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 154—

162.

9

2) Regularization

It happened when foreign language learners use the regular form instead of

irregular form of a word, For example they verb eat, the past form is not

eated, but ate; the noun sheep, the plural form is sheep, not sheeps.

3) Simple addition

It is the use of an item which should not appear in a well-formed utterance,

and they are not double marking or regularization error. For example, The

sheeps doesn‘t live in the water (3rd

person singular), in over there

(preposition) and a this (article).

c. Misformation

Misformation errors are characterized by the use of the wrong form of the

morpheme or structure. It occurs when the learner supplies incorrect item in well-

formed utterance. For example: *The cat eated fish. A past tense marker was

incorrectly supplied by the learner. The correct one is: the cat ate fish.

d. Misordering

Misordering errors are characterized by the incorrect placement of a

morpheme or group of morpheme in an utterance. For example *What she is doing?

In that sentence there is an incorrect placement. The correct sentence is. What is she

doing?

Based on those reasons, the test as an instrument of this research is set up to

focus only on the transformations of the adjectives; whether the students or learners

used the right comparison and the right form.

10

5. Causes of Errors

Ellis maintains that explaining the cause of errors is the most important for a

research as it involves an attempt to establish the process responsible for second

language acquisition.11

By identifying the cause of errors, we can figure out why the

errors happened in the target language learning, and more understand of how the

process of target language acquisition. Moreover, some linguists differentiate the

causes of errors; firstly, Hubbard et al. distinguishes the sources of error into three

parts. They are mother tongue interference, overgeneralization, and teaching

process.12

a. Mother Tongue Interference

The sound system (phonology) and the grammar of the first language impose

the students on the new language and this leads to a ‗foreign‘ pronunciation, faulty

grammatical pattern and, frequently, the wrong choice of vocabulary.13

b. Overgeneralization

The mentalist theory claims that errors are inevitable because they reflect

various stages in the language development of the students. It claims that the student

processes new language data in her/his mind and produce rules for its production

based on the evidence.14

c. The Teaching Process

The teaching process also can contribute to the students‘ errors. According to

those who support behaviorism theory, error is evidence of failure, of ineffective

teaching or lack of control. If materials well chosen, graded, and presented with

meticulous care, there should never be any error.15

11

Ellis, op.cit., p. 53. 12

Hubbard, er.al., A training Course for TEFL, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p.

140. 13

Ibid., p. 141. 14

Ibid., p. 142. 15

Ibid., p. 143.

11

Furthermore, Richard characterized three sources of errors, they are

interference errors, intralingual errors and developmental errors.16

1) Interference Errors occur as a result of ‗the use of elements from one

language while speaking another‘. It is also said that students who learn

English as a second language, and when first language and English come into

contact with each other there are often confusions which provoke errors in a

learner‘s use of English.17

Brown called this term as interlingual transfer; he

said that in the stage, before the system of the second language is familiar, the

native language is the only linguistic system which the learner can draw. For

example, the learner said ―the book of Jack‖ instead of ―Jack‘s book‖.18

2) Intralingual Errors are those which reflect the general characteristic of rule

learning, such as faulty generalization, incomplete application of rules, and

failure to learn conditions under which rules apply.

3) Developmental Errors occur when the learner attempt to build up hypothesis

about the target language on the basis of limited experience of it in the

classroom or text book. Brown called this term as ―context of learning‖

instead of developmental errors.

Errors occurred for many reason, still in explaining learners‘ errors the

researcher uses Brown terms; interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer, and context

of learning. In interlingual errors, a student may make error because he/she assumes

that the target language and his native language are similar, in fact, they are different.

Another obvious cause is an incomplete knowledge of the target language and the

complexity of target language. the error occurs because of the difficulty of processing

forms that are not yet fully mastered, which is known as intralingual errors and

16

Richard, op.cit., p. 174. 17

Harmer, op.cit., p. 99. 18

Brown, op.cit., p. 177.

12

context of learning is also the cause of errors. In this case, the book or the method

being used in teaching learning process do not suit the students, so it may cause the

students cannot understand the material being learn and the students less motivated.

6. Evaluation of Errors

Error evaluation involves a consideration of the effect that errors have on the

person (s) addressed. This effect can be measured either of the addressee‘s

comprehension of the students meaning or in terms of the addressee‘s affective

response to the errors. However, Ellis states that if the addressees are native speakers,

they appear to be more concern with the effect that an error has on their

comprehension, while if the addressees is non-native speakers, they are more

influenced by their ideas of what constitute the ‗basic‘ rules of the target language.19

Moreover, error evaluation also involves determining the seriousness of

different errors which one receives instruction. In case, the addressee is a non-native

speaker teacher, he/she should give the correction of errors according to nature and

significance of errors, priority should be given to errors which may affect

communication and cause misunderstanding. Harmer in Erdogan suggests three steps

to be followed by the teacher when errors happened. The teacher first listens to the

students, then identifies the problem, and puts it right in the most efficient way.

Except for correcting written work, the teacher should not correct the errors directly

but instead, should put marks representing there is something wrong with that

sentence.

19

Ellis, op.cit., pp. 56—57.

13

The last type of auxiliary according to Riley and Parker is modal auxiliary

verb, ―the modal auxiliary verbs are; can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall,

should, will, would.‖20

These auxiliary add the verb a special semantic component

such as ability, obligation, possibility, etc. For further understanding of modal

auxiliary will be discussed in the next sub chapter.

B. Modal Auxiliary

1. The Understanding of Modal Auxiliary

There are some definitions of modal auxiliary. According to Azzar ―modal

auxiliary generally express speakers‘ attitudes for example, modals can express that a

speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, or probable, and in addition they can

convey the strength of those attitudes.‖21

Regarding the definition above, it could be

seen that modal auxiliary make a message that will be deliver stronger and clearer.

Meanwhile, Hall stated that ―essentially modality is the idea of talking about

something which is not fact because modality discuss such nonfactual concepts as

potentiality, possibility, necessity and obligation.‖22

From that illustrated, clearly,

modal verbs are used to say something that we expect to happen, something possible,

necessary, impossible or something that we are not sure whether they happened.

Basically, modal auxiliary are alike other auxiliary, they are followed by not

to form negative sentence and they are placed in front of the subject to form

interrogative sentence. However, there are some characteristics owned by modal

auxiliary. First, unlike other verbs, modals cannot be inflected for either the past

participle or present participle form (e.g may become maying and mayen).23

Second,

20

Kathryn Riley, and Frank Parker, English Grammar: Prescriptive, Descriptive, Generative,

(Minnesota: Pearson Education, 1998), p. 112. 21

Betty S. Azzar, Understanding and Using English Grammar 3rd

Edition, (New Jersey:

Prentice Hall Regents. 1989), p. 151. 22

Eugene J. hall, Grammar for Use, (USA: National Textbook Company. 1992), p. 195. 23

Kathryn Riley, and Frank Parker, English Grammar: Prescriptive, Descriptive, Generative,

(Minnesota: Pearson Education, 1998), p. 112.

14

―modals do not take the –s inflection that normally occurs with a third person singular

subject.‖24

2. The Use of Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Modals auxiliary and semi modals can be grouped into five categories based

on the meanings.25

Those are certainty, probability, weak probability, habitual

possibility, and conditional certainty or possibility.

a. Certainty: shall, will, must, would.

b. Probability: should, may.

c. Weak probability: might, could.

d. Habitual possibility: can.

e. Conditional certainty or possibility: would, could, might.

Each modal auxiliary verbs has their own function, here there are the

explanation of modals auxiliary verb of will and would, as the following:

a. Will

Will usually is a modal auxiliary verb that leads to say that we are willing to

do something or to offer to do something, to ask a request and orders.26

Besides of

that, will also used to talk about the future, prediction and to talk about habits and

characteristic. However, some people confuse to define the usage of will and want,

will is used when our wishes affect other people: when we promise, offer, request etc.

Meanwhile want simply describe our wishes, the detailed example will be discussed

later.

a. Will is used to express willingness.

Example: I really will accomplish my task soon.

I will stop smoking.

24

Ibid., p. 115. 25

Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1982), p. 389. 26

Ibid., p. 628.

15

b. Will is used to make polite request.

Example: Will you help me to carry this, please?

Will you come to my party?

c. Will is used to talk future.

Example: I will do everything for you.

I will come to Resa‘s birthday party, tomorrow.

d. Will is for prediction.

Example: I think it will be rain today.

Putri Ayu will be a great diva latter.

e. Will is used to talk habits and characteristics.

Example: She will sit reading a book for an hour.

f. The differences of will and want.

Example: Will you open the window? (An order)

Do you want to open the window? (A question about somebody‘s

wishes)

b. Would

Would is a past form of will, would used to express an action that was

repeated regularly in the past.27

Meanwhile, would does not always have past

meaning. In many structure such as a request, would replace will, because the request

which created by would is more polite than will. Besides of that, would used to talk

about past habits and characteristic, and to use in the conditional sentence.

Furthermore, would is used to express preferences, it is followed by rather than and

than. Here are the examples of would:

27

Betty S. Azzar, Understanding and Using English Grammar 3rd

Edition, (New Jersey:

Prentice Hall Regents. 1989), p. 195.

16

a. Would is used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the past.

Example: When I was in senior high school, I would go to the library twice a

week.

b. Would is used to express polite request.

Example: Would you lend me some money?

Would you pass the salt please?

c. Would in the conditional sentence.

Example: If I had a time, I would visit my grandmother.

If I were you, I would accept the scholarship.

d. Would to express preferences.

Example: I would rather go to the beach, than a mountain.

I would rather watch a comedy movie, than a romantic movie.

C. Conditional Sentences

1. Definition of Conditional Sentence

Before we are going to discuss the conditional sentence, it is better to talk

about a classification of sentences in English because the conditional sentence is one

part of the four types in English. According to Marcella frank, a sentence is a full

predication containing a subject and a predicate with a finite verb.28

Marcella Frank, in addition, classifies sentences based on number of full

predications into four types. They are as follows:

1. Simple sentences

Such sentences have only one full predication in the form of an

independent clause.

Pauline gave Tom a digital watch for his birthday.

28

Marcella Frank, Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ:

Prentice-Hall,1972), p. 220.

17

2. Compound Sentences

The man stole the jewelry and he had it in his home.

Such sentences have two or more full predications in the form of

independent clauses.

3. Complex Sentences

The man who stole the jewelry had it in his home.

Such sentences also have two or more full predications. One of these is an

independent clause (or, main clause) that is similar to the form of the

simple sentence, and one or more of these are dependent clauses (or,

subordinate clauses).

4. Compound-Complex Sentences

The man stole the jewelry and he had it in his home until he could safely

get out of town.

Compound-complex sentences contain two or more independent clauses

and one or more dependent clauses.

The independent clause in all four clauses of sentences may take the form of a

statement, question, request, and exclamation.29

Based on the descriptions above we can see that the conditional sentences are

included in complex sentences.

English verbs do not have any forms specially inflected for conditional tenses.

In place of inflected forms English uses either the tenses of indicative mood or

various auxiliary or modal verbs. There is a great variety in conditional sentences.

The two main divisions are: A, those with clauses that contain a condition that may or

may not be fulfilled; B, those with clauses in which a theoretical or hypothetical

29

Marcella Frank, op.cit., pp. 222—223.

18

condition is put forward these are clauses in which the condition is combined with

improbability or unreality.30

James R. Hurford states ―A conditional clause is a subordinate clause

introduced in English by if or unless, stating some condition under which an adjacent

clause applies‖31

A.S. Hornby states ―Conditional sentence is a sentence or clause begins with

if or unless and expresses a condition.‖32

For example, If you were a bird, you could

fly.

N. D. Turton and J. B. Heaton give a definition of a conditional sentence; they

state that conditional is a clause beginning with word such as if or unless, or a

sentence containing such a clause.33

Geoffrey Leech defines that a conditional sentence is a type of adverbial

clause. The event described in the main clause depends on the condition described in

the conditional clause.34

Table 2.1

Conditional Clause Position

Conditional clause Main clause

If it rains, we will get wet

Main clause Conditional clause

The door opens if you press this button

It can be concluded that conditional sentence contains a sentence and a clause.

They are combined by the conjunction ―if‖ and this sentence expresses a condition.

30

A. S. Hornby, Guide to Patterns and Usage in English, 2nd

ed, (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1982), p. 228. 31

James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students’ Guide, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1994), p. 45. 32

A. S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 8th

ed, (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2011), p. 313. 33

N. D. Turton and J. B. Heaton, Longman Dictionary of Common Errors. 2nd

ed. , (Harlow:

Longman, 1996), p. 370. 34

Geoffrey Leech, An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage, (London: Edward Arnold, 1990),

p. 91.

19

2. Types of Conditional Sentences

There are three types of conditional sentences. They are conditional sentence

type I, conditional sentence type II, and conditional sentence type III. They express

some conditions related to probability, impossibility, ability, necessity, etc.

According to Leech, there are four kinds of conditions expressed by if-

clauses:

1. The present condition (most common)

2. The will-condition (often called the ‗first conditional‘)

3. The would-condition (the ‗second conditional‘)

4. The would-have-condition (the third conditional‘)35

a. Conditional Sentence Type I

The conditional sentence is used to describe possible future events or

situations and their results. For example:

If the result of the test is negative, you will receive notification through the post.

The first conditional sentence expresses a variety of many functions:

a) Commands. For example: If you get home late, don’t wake us up!

b) Offers. For example: I will call the hotel if you don’t have time

c) Suggestion. For example: Shall we go out tomorrow if the weather’s good?

d) Warnings. For example: I will call the police if you don’t leave right now.36

From that statement it can be concluded that the Conditional Sentence Type I

can express many functions such as commands, offers, suggestion, and warnings. It

indicates a condition which is possible to fulfill. The main clause contains modal

―will‖ and the if clause contains present tense.

35

Geoffrey Leech, op.cit., p. 187. 36

Mark Foley and Diane Hall, Advanced Learners’ Grammar: A Self-Study Reference &

Practice Book With Answers, (Harlow: Longman, 2003), p. 121.

20

Michael Swan stated that an if clause can come at the beginning or end of the

sentence. When an if clause comes first, it is often separated by a comma. 37

For

example:

If you eat too much, you will get fat (the clause are separated by a comma)

You will get fat if you eat too much

b. Conditional Sentence Type II

Michael Vince and Paul Emmerson states that the second conditional sentence

describes future events that are imaginary, unlikely, or impossible. 38

The second conditional sentence has two main meanings. First, it can describe

an improbable future event or situation. The condition is unlikely to be fulfilled

because the future event is unlikely to happen. For example, If the result of the test

were positive, we would call you within two days.

Second, the Conditional Sentence Type II can also describe a hypothetical

current situation or event, i.e. one which is contrary to known facts. It is therefore

impossible to fulfill the condition. For example, If Mike rang the travel agent

tomorrow, he might get a cancellation.

The conditional sentence type II is used to express a variety of function:

a) Giving advice (with were). For example: If I were you, I would take her out of

that school

b) Polite Requests. For example: If you could deal with this matter, I would be very

grateful

c) Desires/Regrets. For example: If we didn’t have to work so hard. We could spend

more time together.39

37

Michael Swan. Op.cit., p. 260. 38

Michael Vince and Paul Emmerson, Intermediate Language Practice With Key, (Oxford:

Macmillan, 2003), p. 51. 39

Mark Foley and Diane Hall, op.cit., p. 122.

21

From that statement it can be concluded that Conditional Sentence Type II

indicates a condition in theory possible to fulfill, but in fact it is not fulfilled. The

pattern of this sentence is main clause contains modal of past form added by

infinitive and if clause which contains past tense. Those clauses are combined with a

conjunction ―if‖.

The Conditional Sentence Type II also conveys two meanings. It describes

improbable future event and describes a hypothetical current situation which is

contrary to the facts.

c. Conditional Sentence Type III

Mark Foley and Diane Hall state that the third conditional sentence describes

a hypothetical situation or event in the past. The past situation or event is contrary to

known facts. It is an unreal or impossible situation.40

It means that Conditional

Sentences Type III is used to express a condition which is contrary to the past and it

is impossible to fulfill.

The conditional sentence type III is used to express criticism.41

For example:

If you had been driving more slowly,, you could have stopped in time.

These are some possible variations of the basic form of conditional sentence

type III:

1 Could or might may be used instead of would. For example

If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life (ability)

If we had found him earlier, we might have saved his life (possibility)

If our documents had been in order, we could have left at once (ability or

permission)

40

Mark Foley and Diane Hall, op.cit., p. 123. 41

Ibid.

22

2 The continuous form of the perfect conditional may be used:

At the time of the accident, I was sitting in the back of the car, because

Tom’s little boy was sitting beside him in front. If Tom’s boy had not been

there, I would have been sitting in front.

3 A combination of types II and III is possible:

If I had worked harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office

now; I wouldn’t be sweeping the streets. (But I didn‘t work hard at school

and now I am sweeping the streets).

4 Had can be placed first and the if omitted:

Had you obeyed orders, this disaster would not have happened. It means

If you had obeyed orders, this disaster would not have happened.42

From the explanation above, can be concluded that the conditional sentence

type III consists of two clauses. Main clause which contains modal + have and a verb

of past participle and if clause which contains past perfect tense.

We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are

sometimes possible, too). For example: I would pass the exam, I could pass the exam,

I might pass the exam, I may pass the exam, I should pass the exam, I must pass the

exam.

For the conjunctions of the conditional sentences, Leech adds that by far the

most common conditional conjunction is if. Here we deal with conditional clauses in

general, and with other conjunctions as well as if. Conditional clauses begin with: if,

unless, provided (that), so long as, as long as, on condition that.43

42

A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, 4th

Ed., (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1995), p. 201. 43

Geoffrey Leech, op.cit., p. 91.

23

D. Previous Related Studies

Previous studies had been done by Dini Khoerunnisa with the title Improving

Students’ Understanding Of Modal Auxiliary Verb ‘Will’ And ‘Would’ By Using

Contextual Teaching And Learning Method (Ctl), this research had been done from

June 2010 to January 2011 with the 36 (thirty six) students as sample. This research

was conducted to know whether contextual teaching and learning method improve

students understanding modals auxiliary verb will and would. In this writer use of

class action research (CAR) method and the result of that study was success, It is

proven by the test result, there was 45.21 improvements of students‘ mean score from

pretest to the posttest in the second cycle. In the pretest, there were only 5 students

who passed the KKM and the other 31 students were out of target. In the posttest 1,

there were 13 or 36.11% students who passed the KKM. And in the result of cycle 2

there were 26 or 72.22% students who passed the KKM in which their mean score of

modal auxiliary verb ‗will‘ and ‗would‘ test derived 70.66%. Based on the statement

above, it could be concluded that Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) could

improve students‘ understanding of modals ‗will‘ and ‗would‘. Based on this

research, the writer want to become the reference because that research was success

and concern in using modals will and would, not only that, in the previous research

the writer try to improve students understanding modals verb will and would.

24

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. The Method of Research

In this research, the writer uses qualitative method with the descriptive

analysis design. The errors and mistakes faced by students by questioner and giving

them the test and the interview will give to English teacher. The result of interview

and the test were analyzed to know the error and mistakes faced by student in using

modals auxiliary especially will and would in conditional sentences.

B. Time and Location of Study

The writer will conduct a research in MA Khazanah Kebajikan which is

located at Pondok Cabe, South Jakarta. The research will be undertaken for one and

half month from 24 Mach 2015 – 26 May 2015.

C. The Respondent of the study

The respondent of the study is 21 of second grade student at MA Khazanah

Kebajikan at Pondok Cabe.

D. The Procedure of Data Collecting

In collecting data, the writer interviewed the students and the teachers; she

also gave the test to the students.

1. English test was given for the second grade students of MA Khazanah Kebajikan

to find out the difficulties which are faced by students in learning modals

auxiliary will and would. The test consisted of 2 parts. The first part is translate

into english, in this part there are change from will to would, this part is to know

how far the students know using modals of tense use it. The second one is fill in

the blank, In this part the writer also gave questions about modals auxiliary

24

5

25

especially will and would in order to know the differences between will and

would in Conditional Sentences.

2. Interview was done after the students did the test to analyze what kind of

difficulties faced by students in using modals will and would and what kind of the

solution to solve the problem of error analysis faced by students in using modals

auxiliary.

E. The Instrument of the Research

1. The writer used the test as instrument of the research. They type of the test is

guided by 30 questions. The test purposes to find out what types of error that

students make, which is categorized into four; omission, addition, selection,

ordering. The questions made to help the students to organize their ideas. This test

was used to find the source of errors that students made and to know the reason

why they did such error.

2. The writer also took an interview at some students and teacher. There are 11

questions for students and 10 also questions for teachers. The interview purposes

to find out what causes of students error in using modals will and would in

conditional sentences. The test is made by the writer.

F. Technique of Data Analysis

To analyze and find out the percentage of the students’ errors in using modals

will and would of condiitonal sentences the writer used distribution frequency relative

formula. In the table percentage the writer used formula:

P =

P: Percentage

F: Frequency of error made

26

N: Number of sample which is observed/cases1

1AnasSujiono, PengantarIlmuStatistikPendidikan, (Jakarta: PT. Raja GrafindoPersada, 2005),

p. 43.

27

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. FINDING

1. Data Description

The researcher conducted a test to seventh grade students of MA Khazaah

Kebajikan Pondok Cabe. The researcher gave 30 items numbers test to students

which are focused on the use of Modals in Conditional Sentences. The researcher

then identified the students‟ errors by using procedures of error analysis, and the

result is being presented in the table. Analyzing the interview result was done

after identifying the most frequent error made by students in the usage and the

form of Modals. Here are the descriptions of students‟ test and interview:

a. The Result of Test

The researcher has given the test about Modals to 21 students of MA

Khaanah Kebajikan on 26 of May 2015. Actually the number of the students in

this class is 25, but four of them were absent. So, the samples of this research are

21 students.

The test consist of 30 items which only focus on Modals in Conditonal

sentences and they are broken down into two forms; there are transleting item

(Part I), which asked students to translate into English in the parentheses, and

(Part II), which asked students to fill in the blank the sentences with the right

answer.

The following table describes distribution of test items made by the students

in using modals in conditional sentences

The Distribution of Tests Items

No Type of Modals Item Number

1. Future time 4.5. 6.7.13.16.14.24.26.27.37.38.

2. Conditional Sentences 1.3.9.10.17.18.19.21.22.28.29.30.3

27

28

1.34.35.36.

3. 2.8.11.12.15.20.23.25.32.33.39.40.

After conducting the test, the researcher analyzed the data from the students‟

test to find out the errors that students made in his/her answer by circling each

erroneous item.

After identifying the data, the researcher analyzed the errors and classified

them based on the Surface Taxonomy Categories to know whether these errors

involve in omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.

The students made errors in four types; Omission, Addition, Misformation,

and Misordering. The total of all errors is 377 errors made in using preposition in

English writing from 21 students. There are 24 errors in Omission, 2 errors in

Addition, 307 errors in Misformation, and 44 errors in Misordering.

b. The Result of Interview

This technique is used to collect the data that can be used as supporting

data. The researcher did interview after giving the test to the students. First, before

giving test, researcher interviewed the teacher after researcher observed her in

delivering her teaching. Researcher conducted it on Tuesday, 26 of May 2015 at

09.00 – 10.00 a.m. The researcher asked ten (10) questions. The categories

interview guide for teacher (see appendix 1A) and (see appendix 1B) to the

teacher answer in interview.

Besides interviewed the teacher, researcher also interviewed the students

which conducted after they did the test. All students were interviewed; researcher

took 21 (twenty one) students for this research. Researcher conducted on Tuesday,

26 of May 2015. The researcher asked the students some question about problem

in learning Modals in general which consisted of ten (11) questions. The

categories interview guide for student (See appendix 2A) and (see appendix 2B)

to the students answer in interview.

29

From the students‟ interview, the researcher found that most of students

faced difficulty in learning modals in context. They got difficulty in differencing

types of verbs. Because they did not understand in teacher‟s explanation. Those

are the data are use in this research. The researcher only analyzed data from the

test and data from interview to support final result of this research.

2. Data Analysis

In this section, the researcher analyzed the errors that made by the students

based on their types. Researcher divided them into four types start from the lowest

frequency. Also the researcher analyzed the interview that researcher took after

the test done. Here is the analysis:

Table 2.2

The Table Distribution of Each Student’s Error

Students 1:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

1 I will writer

latter for my

mother

Addition Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I will write

a latter to

my mother

Intralingual

2

My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

30

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

4 I can’t live in

english if i

know cisible

cool

Misformation Modals

„can't‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

5 I serious tom

will borrow i

money, i will

very

surprised if

he

Misformation Modals „will

very

surprised‟

should be

changed by

„would be

very

surprised‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

6 Many people

will get out

from work

they, if

factory

bangkrup

Misformation Modals „will

get out‟

should be

changed by

„would be

out‟

Many people

would be

out of the

work if that

factory

closed down.

Intralingual

8 If i know

numbers him,

i must calling

Addtion Modals

„must

calling‟

should be

changed by

„would

telphone‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

31

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

9 If i so you i

not will

Misordering Modals „not

will‟ should

be changed

by „would

not forgive‟

If I were

you, I would

not forgive

him.

Interlingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

should takeing

it.

Addition Modals

„should

takeing‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

must refuseing

Addition Modals

„must

refuseing‟

should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

13 Many people

would be out of

the work if that

factory will

closeing down.

Addition Modals „will

closeing‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

Many people

would be out

of the work

if that

factory

closed

down.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I

will takeing

his bicycle

without asking?

Addition Modals „will

takeing‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

32

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

must be

terribly upset if

I had lost it.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

16 If someone will

walking in

here with a

gun, I would be

very

frightened.

Addition Modals „will

walking‟

should be

changed by

„walked‟

If someone

walked in

here with a

gun, I would

be very

frightened.

Intralingual

17

I‟m sure she

must

understand if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misordering „must

understand‟

should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Interlingual

18

I will give you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation Modals „will

give‟ should

be changed

by „will have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

33

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

19

This soup

would taste

better if it will

have more salt

in it.

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „will

write‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

20

If I will know

her number, I

would

telephone her.

Addition Modals „will

know‟

should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

21

I must not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation Modals

„must not

buy‟ should

be changed

by „will

write‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

22

If you want

not go to bed

so late every

night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation Modals

„want not

go‟ should

be changed

by „have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23

I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather must

be better.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

34

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

24

I would help

you if I will

can but I‟m

afraid I can‟t

Addition Modals „will

can‟ should

be changed

by „could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

25

If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

26

We would

happily buy

that house if it

must not been

so small.

Misformation Modals

„must not

been‟ should

be changed

by „has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

27

If he will miss

the train, he

would have

been late for

his interview.

Misformation Modals „will

miss‟ should

be changed

by „missed‟

If he missed

the train, he

would have

been late for

his

interview.

Intralingual

28

I must forget

if Ann

reminded me.

Misformation Modals

„must forget‟

should be

changed by

„would

forget‟

I would

forget if

Ann

reminded

me.

Intralingual

35

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

29

We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George will

not/recommen

d it to us.

Misformation Modals „will

not

recomended‟

should be

changed by

„would not

recomended‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would

not/recomm

ended it to

us.

Intralingual

30

I would have

sent you a

postcard while

I was on

holiday if I

must have

your address

Misformation Modals

„must‟

should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total

27 27 27

27 27

Students 2:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

8 If i know

numbers him,

i must calling

her.

Addition Modals

„must

calling‟

should be

changed by

„would

telephone‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

36

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

11 If I offered the

job, I think

would took it.

Misformation Modals

„would took‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I

taking his

bicycle without

asking?

Addition In

Conditional

„taking‟

should be

changed by

„took‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

22 If you went not

go to bed so

late every

night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation In

conditional

„went not

go‟ should

be changed

by „have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

Total 4 4 4 4 4

Student 3:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday.

Misformation Modals „will

came‟ should

be changed

by „would

come‟

My father

would

come if

you said

yesterday

Intralingual

37

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

4 I want live in

english if i

know weather

cool

Misformation The

sentences „i

want live‟

should be

changed by

„I would not

stay‟

I would

not stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

9 If i so you i

will nt

forgiven

Ommision „will nt

forgiven‟

should be

changed by

„would not

forgive‟

If I were

you, I

would not

forgive him

Context of

learning

11 If I offered the

job, I think

must it.

Misformation Modals

„must‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think woud

take it

Intralingual

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

should refused

Misformation Modals

„should

refused‟

should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„I‟m sure she

will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

38

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

18 I given you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation The

sentences „I

given you

cigarette‟

should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup

would taste

better if it

haved more

salt in it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„it has more

salt‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

20 If I must

known her

number, I

would

telephone her.

Misformation Modals

„must

known‟

should be

changed by „

I knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I would

know but I‟m

afraid I can‟t.

Misformation Modals

„would

know‟ should

be changed

by „could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George will

not/recommen

d it to us.

Misformation Modals „will

not

recomended‟

should be

changed by

„would not

recomended‟

We might

not have

stayed at

this hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Intralingual

Total 11 11 11 11 11

39

Student 4:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

came if you

said yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

10 I would help

you, if you

asked

Misformation Modals

„would help‟

should be

changed by

„will help‟

I will help

you if you

ask

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

take it.

Ommision The

sentences „I

think take it‟

should be

changed by

„I think

would take

it‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Context of

learning

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

has terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„She would

have been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation.

Intralingual

40

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

18 I gave you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„I would

have

cigarette‟

I would

have gave

you cigarette

if I had one

but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Intralingual

21 I bough that

coat if I were

you.

Misformation The

sentences‟

bough that

coat‟ should

be changed

by „I would

not buy‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

22 If you went to

bed so late

every night,

you would not

be so tired all

the time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„if you have

not gone‟ in

conditional

sentences.

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather could

be better.

Misformation Modals

„could be

better‟

should be

changed by

„have been

better‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I able

but I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Misformation It should be

changed by

„if I could‟in

conditional

sentences

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

41

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

25 If I were you, I

married him.

Ommision The

sentences „I

married him‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Context of

learning

26 We would

happily buy

that house if it

had so small

Misformation It should be

changed by

„it has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George

recommended

it to us.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟ in

conditional

sentences.

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would

not/recomm

ended it to

us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while

I was on

holiday if I will

your address

Misformation Modals „will

‟ should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 14 14 14 14 14

42

Student 5:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday.

Intralingual

9 if i were you,i

not forgive

him

Ommision It should be

„would not

forgive‟ in

conditional

sentences

If I were

you, I would

not forgive

him.

Context of

learning

10 I would help

you, if you

asked

Misformation Modals

„would help‟

should be

changed by

„will help‟

I will help

you, if you

ask

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

take it.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Context of

learning

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

has be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

„will

understand‟

in modals

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

Intralingual

43

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

18 I gave you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟ in

conditional

sentences

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

21 I bough that

coat if I were

you.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟ in

conditional

sentences

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

22 If you went to

bed so late

every night,

you would not

be so tired all

the time.

Misformation The

sentences „if

you went to

bed‟ should

be changed

by „if you

have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather coud

be better.

Misformation Modals

„could be‟

should be

changed by

„have been ‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I able

but I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Misformation It should be

changed by

„could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

44

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

25 If I were you, I

married him.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟ in

conditional

sentences

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Context of

learning

26 We would

happily buy

that house if it

had not been

so small.

Misformation The

sentences‟it

had not

been‟ should

be changed

by „it has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George

recommended

it to us.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟ in

conditional

sentences

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

Total 14 14 14 14 14

Student 6:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟ should

be changed

by „would

come‟

My father

would

come if

you said

yesterday

Intralingual

45

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

9 I f i were you,

i not marry

him

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

forgive‟

If I were

you, I

would not

forgive him.

Context of

learning

10 I would help

you, if you

asked

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will help‟

I will help

you, if you

ask.

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

take it.

Ommision It should be

„would take‟

in

conditional

sentences

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Context of

learning

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

has been

terribly upset if

I had lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟ in

conditional

sentences

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly

upset if I

had lost it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

18 I gave you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

46

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

19 This soup

would taste

better if it be

more salt in it.

Misformation The

senetences „it

be more‟

should be

changed by

„it has more‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

21 I bought that

coat if I were

you.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟ in

conditional

sentences

I would not

buy that

coat if I

were you.

Intralingual

22 If you went not

go to bed so

late every

night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation The

sentences

should be

changed by

„if you have

not gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather could

be better.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„the weather

have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England

if the

weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I able

but I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Misformation It should be

changed by

„could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

47

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

25 If I were you, I

married him.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟ in

conditional

sentences

If I were

you, I

would not

marry him.

Context of

learning

26 We would

happily buy

that house if it

had not be so

small.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George

recommended

it to us.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at

this hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

Total 15 15 15 15 15

Student 7:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classificatio

n of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟ should

be changed

by „would

come‟

My father

would

come if

you said

yesterday

Intralingual

48

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classificatio

n of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

8 If i know

numbers him,

i must calling

Addition Modals

„must‟

should be

changed by

„would

telephone‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

9 If i so you i

not will

Ommision Modals „ not

will‟ should

be changed

by „would

not forgive‟

If I were

you, I

would not

forgive him.

Context of

learning

11 If I offered the

job, I think was

took it.

Addition It should be

changed by

„would take‟

in

conditional

sentences.

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

was be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟ in

conditional

sentences

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly

upset if I

had lost it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

was

understand if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

49

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classificatio

n of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

18 I give you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation The

sentences „I

give you‟

should be

changed by „i

would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

20 If I was knew

her number, I

would

telephone her.

Addition The

sentences „If

i was knew‟

should be

changed by

„if i knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

28 I will forget if

Ann reminded

me.

Misformation Modals „will

forget‟

should be

changed by

„forgot‟

I forgot if

Ann

reminded

me.

Intralingual

Total 9 9 9 9 9

Student 8:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

come if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

come‟ should

be changed

by „would

come‟

My father

would

come if

you said

yesterday

Intralingual

50

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

5 I serious tom

will borrow i

money, i will

very

surprised if

he

Misformation Modals „will

very

surprised‟

should be

changed by

„would very

surprised‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

6 Many people

will get out

from work

they, if

factory

bangkrup

Misformation Modals „will

get out‟

should be

changed by

„closed‟

Many

people

would be

out of the

work if that

factory

closed

down.

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think will

takeing it.

Addition Modals „will

takeing‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Context of

learning

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

must be

terribly upset if

I had lost it.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly

upset if I

had lost it.

Intralingual

18 I will give you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Misformation Modals „will

give‟ should

be changed

by „would

have gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

51

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

19 This soup

would taste

better if it will

have more salt

in it.

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

21 I will not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation Modals „will

not buy‟

should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not

buy that

coat if I

were you.

Intralingual

22 If you want

not go to bed

so late every

night, you

would not be

so tired all the

time.

Misformation The

sentences

should be

changed by

„if you have

not gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I

would not

marry him.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George will

not

recommend it

to us.

Misformation Modals „will

not

recommende

d‟ should be

changed by

„would not

recomende‟

We might

not have

stayed at

this hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Intralingual

52

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while

I was on

holiday if I has

your address

Misordering It should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Interlingual

Total 12 12 12 12 12

Student 9:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

coming if you

say yesterday

Addition Modals „will

coming‟

should be

changed by

„woud come‟

My father

would

come if

you said

yesterday

Intralingual

6 Many people

will get out

from work

they, if the

factory

bangkrup

Misformation Modals „will

get out‟

should be

changed by

„closed‟

Many

people

would be

out of the

work if that

factory

closed

down.

Intralingual

9 If i so you i

not will

Misordering Modals „not

will‟ should

be changed

by „would

not forgive‟

If I were

you, I

would not

forgive him.

Interlingual

53

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

would been

terribly upset if

I had lost it.

Misformation Modals

„would be‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly

upset if I

had lost it.

Intralingual

18 I will be given

you cigarette if

I had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Addition Modals „will

be given‟

should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup

would taste

better if it will

have more salt

in it.

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather has

been better.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England

if the

weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I

would not

marry him.

Intralingual

54

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while

I was on

holiday if I

have been

your address

Misformation It should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 9 9 9 9 9

Student 10:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

4 I will n’t be

live in english

if i know

cisible cool

Addition Modals „will

n‟t be‟ should

be changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in England

if i knew the

weather is cold

Intralingual

8 If i know

numbers him,i

would calling

Addition Modals

„would

calling‟ should

be changed by

„would

telephone‟

If I knew her

number, I would

telephone her.

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think will

taking it.

Addition Modals „will

taking‟ should

be changed by

„would take‟

If I offered the

job, I think

would take it.

Intralingual

55

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

must be

terribly upset if

I had lost it.

Misformation Modals „must

be‟ should be

changed by

„have been‟

Ann gave me

this ring. She

would have

been terribly

upset if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

18 I will give you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation Modals „will

give‟ should

be changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have not.

Intralingual

21 I will not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation Modals „will

not buy‟

should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Intralingual

22 If you want not

go to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation The sentences

„if you want

not go‟ should

be changed by

„if you have

not gone‟

If you have not

gone to bed so

late every night,

you would not be

so tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather must

be better.

Misformation Modals „must

be‟ should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather have

been better.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it have

not been so

small.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„has not been‟

We would

happily buy that

house if it has

not been so

small.

Intralingual

56

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George will not

recommend it

to us.

Ommision Modals „will

not

recommended‟

should be

changed by

„would not

recommended‟

We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George would

not

recommended it

to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I have your

address

Misformation It should be

changed by

„had had‟ in

condiitonal

sentences

I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday if

I had had your

address

Intralingual

Total 11 11 11 11 11

Student 11:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

1 I will writing

a letter for my

mother

Addition Modals „will

writing‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I will write a

latter to my

mother

Intralingual

2 My father will

come if you

said yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

come‟ should

be changed by

„would come‟

My father

would come if

you said

yesterday

Intralingual

57

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

11 If I offered the

job, I think

took it.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered the

job, I think

would take it.

Context of

learning

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

was be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave me

this ring. She

would have

been terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation The sentences

should be

changed by

„i‟m sure she

will

understand‟

I‟m sure she will

understand if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Intralingual

18 I will giving

you cigarette if

I had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Addition Modals „will

giving‟ should

be changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup

would taste

better if it will

having more

salt in it.

Addition Modals „will

having‟ should

be changed by

„has‟

This soup would

taste better if it

has more salt in

it.

Intralingual

20 If I knowed

her number, I

would

telephone her.

Addition The sentences

„if i knowed‟

should be

changed by „if

i knew‟

If I knew her

number, I would

telephone her.

Intralingual

58

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

21 I buyed that

coat if I were

you.

Addition The sentences

„i buyed‟

should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Intralingual

22 If you going to

bed so late

every night,

you would not

be so tired all

the time.

Ommision It should be

changed by „if

you have not

gone‟ in

conditional

sentences

If you have not

gone to bed so

late every night,

you would not

be so tired all

the time.

Context of

learning

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather be

better.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather have

been better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I cannot

but I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Misformation Modals

„cannot‟

should be

changed by

„could‟

I would help you

if I could but

I‟m afraid I can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

noted him.

Addition It should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were you, I

would not

marry him.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy

that house if it

be so small.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„has not been‟

We would

happily buy that

house if it has

not been so

small.

Intralingual

59

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

27 If he missing

the train, he

would have

been late for

his interview.

Ommision The sentences

„if he missing‟

should be

changed by „if

he missed‟

If he missed the

train, he would

have been late

for his interview.

Context of

learning

28 I forgeting if

Ann reminded

me.

Addition The sentences

„ forgettng‟

should be

changed by „I

forgot‟

I forgot if Ann

reminded me.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George

recomending

it to us.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

recommended‟

We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George would

not

recommended it

to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while

I was on

holiday if I

having your

address

Addition It should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 18 18 18 18 18

Student 12:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

60

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

3 Would dina

finish her

working in

monday

Misordering Modals

„would‟

should be

changed by

„will‟

Dina will

finish her

works in

one week

Interlingual

4 I would live

in england if i

know the

weather is

cool

Misformation Modals

„would live‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

10 I would help

you if you

asked

Misformation Modals „will

help‟ should

be changed

by „will

help‟

I will help

you, if you

ask

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

took it.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Context of

learning

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

was be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

Intralingual

61

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

18 I gave you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

21 I dont bought

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation The

sentences „ i

dont bought‟

should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather was

better.

Misformation Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I will

can but I‟m

afraid I can‟t

Addition Modals „will

can‟ should

be changed

by „could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

dont be marry

him.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

62

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George don’t

recommended

it to us.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Intralingual

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while

I was on

holiday if I

were your

address

Misformation It should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 13 13 13 13 13

Student 13:

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 Would my

father if you

said yesterday

Misordering Modals

„would‟

should be

changed by

„would come‟

My father

would come if

you said

yesterday

Interlingual

4 I would live

ing england if

i know the

weather is

cool

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is cold

Intralingual

63

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

10 I would help

you if you

asked

Misformation Modals

„would help‟

should be

changed by

„will help‟

I will help you

if you ask

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

took it.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered the

job, I think

would take it.

Context of

learning

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

was terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave me

this ring. She

would have

been terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she will

understand if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Intralingual

18 I gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟ in

conditional

sentences.

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have not.

Intralingual

21 I dont bought

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation The sentences

„ i dont

bought‟

should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Intralingual

64

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

22 If you dont

went to bed so

late every

night, you

would not be

so tired all the

time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have not

gone to bed so

late every night,

you would not

be so tired all

the time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather was

better.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather have

been better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I will

can but I‟m

afraid I can‟t

Addition Modals „will

can‟ should be

changed by

„could‟

I would help you

if I could but

I‟m afraid I can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

dont married

him.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were you, I

would not

marry him.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy

that house if it

dont be so

small.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„has not been‟

We would

happily buy that

house if it has

not been so

small.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George dont

recommended

it to us.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would not

recommended‟

We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George would

not

recommended it

to us.

Intralingual

65

Item

Number

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while

I was on

holiday if I

were your

address

Misformation It should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 15 15 15 15 15

Student 14:

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

come, if you

said yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

come‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

8 If i know

numbers him, i

will call her

Misformation Modals „will

call‟ should

be changed

by „would

telephone‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think was

took it.

Addition It should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

66

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

was refused

Misformation It should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

was be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she was

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

18 I give you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟ in

conditional

sentences

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup would

taste better if it

had more salt in

it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

67

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

20 If I was knew

her number, I

would telephone

her.

Addition It should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

22 If you don’t go

to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather was be

better.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have been‟

in

conditional

sentences

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟ in

conditional

sentences.

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it

wasn’t be so

small.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

68

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George not

recommend it to

us.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

Total 14 14 14 14 14

Student 15:

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

1 I will writer

latter for my

mother

Addition Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I will write

a latter to

my mother

Intralingual

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

4 I can’t live in

english if i

know cisible

cool

Misformation Modals

„can‟t‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

69

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

9 If i so you i

willn’t

Misformation Modals „will

n‟t‟ should

be changed

by „would

not forgive‟

If I were

you, I would

not forgive

him.

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think will

take it.

Misformation Modals „will

take‟ should

be changed

by „will

take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

must refuse

Misformation Modals

„must‟

should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

13 Many people

would be out of

the work if that

factory will

close down.

Misformation Modals „will

close‟ should

be changed

by „closed‟

Many people

would be out

of the work

if that

factory

closed

down.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I

must take his

bicycle without

asking?

Misformation Modals

„must take‟

should be

changed by

„took‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

70

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

must be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

16 If someone will

walking in here

with a gun, I

would be very

frightened.

Addition Modals „will

walking‟

should be

changed by

„walked‟

If someone

walked in

here with a

gun, I would

be very

frightened.

Intralingual

18 I must give you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation Modals

„must give‟

should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup would

taste better if it

must have more

salt in it.

Misformation Modals

„must have‟

should be

changed by

„has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

20 If I will know

her number, I

would telephone

her.

Misformation Modals „will

know‟

should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

21 I must not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation it should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

71

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

22 If you will not

go to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation Modals „will

not go‟

should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather will be

better.

Misformation Modals „will

be‟ should

be changed

by „have

been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I must

can but I‟m

afraid I can‟t

Addition Modals

„must can‟

should be

changed by

„could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it will

not be so small.

Misformation Modals „will

not be‟

should be

changed by

„has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

72

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

27 If he miss the

train, he would

have been late

for his

interview.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„missed‟

If he missed

the train, he

would have

been late for

his

interview.

Intralingual

28 I must forget if

Ann reminded

me.

Addition Modals

„must forget‟

should be

changed by

„forgot‟

I forgot if

Ann

reminded

me.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George must

not recommend

it to us.

Ommision Modals

„must not

recommende

d‟ should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I will have

your address

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 23 23 23 23

23

73

Student 16:

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

1 I will writer

latter for my

mother

Addition Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I will write

a latter to

my mother

Intralingual

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

4 I can’t live in

english if i

know cisible

cool

Misformation Modals

„can‟t‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

9 If i so you i

not will

Misordering Modals „not

will‟ should

be changed

by „would

not forgive‟

If I were

you, I would

not forgive

him.

Interlingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

should takeing

it.

Addition Modals

„should

takeing‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

74

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

must refuseing

Addition Modals

„must

refuseing‟

should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

13 Many people

would be out of

the work if that

factory will

closeing down.

Addition Modals „will

closeing‟

should be

changed by

„closed‟

Many people

would be out

of the work

if that

factory

closed

down.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I will

takeing his

bicycle without

asking?

Addition Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will

takeing‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

must be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

16 If someone will

walking in here

with a gun, I

would be very

frightened.

Addition Modals „will

walking‟

should be

changed by

„walked‟

If someone

walked in

here with a

gun, I would

be very

frightened.

Intralingual

75

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

17 I‟m sure she

must

understand if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation Modals

„must

understand‟

should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

18 I must give you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation Modals

„must give‟

should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup would

taste better if it

will have more

salt in it.

Misordering Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Interlingual

20 If I will know

her number, I

would telephone

her.

Misformation Modals „will

know‟

should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

21 I must not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation Modals

„must not

buy‟ should

be changed

by „would

not buy‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

76

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

22 If you want not

go to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather must be

better.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I must

can but I‟m

afraid I can‟t

Addition Modals

„must can‟

should be

changed by

„could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it will

not been so

small.

Misformation Modals „will

not be‟

should be

changed by

„has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

77

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

27 If he must miss

the train, he

would have been

late for his

interview.

Misformation Modals

„must miss‟

should be

changed by

„missed‟

If he missed

the train, he

would have

been late for

his

interview.

Intralingual

28 I must forget if

Ann reminded

me.

Misformation Modals

„must forget‟

should be

changed by

„forgot‟

I forgot if

Ann

reminded

me.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George will not

recommend it

to us.

Ommision Modals „will

not

recommende

d‟ should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I will have

your address

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 24 24 24

24 24

78

Student 17:

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

1 I will writer

latter for my

mother

Addition Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I will write

a latter to

my mother

Intralingual

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

4 I can’t live in

english if i

know cisible

cool

Misformation Modals

„can‟t‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

9 If i so you i

will not

Misformation Modals „will

not‟ should

be changed

by „would

not forgive‟

If I were

you, I would

not forgive

him.

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think will

taking it.

Addition Modals „will

taking‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

79

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

will refusing

Addition Modals „will

refusing‟

should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

13 Many people

would be out of

the work if that

factory will

close down.

Misformation Modals „will

close‟ should

be changed

by „closed‟

Many people

would be out

of the work

if that

factory

closed

down.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I will

take his bicycle

without asking?

Misformation Modals „will

take‟ should

be changed

by „took‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

must be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

16 If someone will

walking in here

with a gun, I

would be very

frightened.

Addition Modals „will

walking‟

should be

changed by

„walked‟

If someone

walked in

here with a

gun, I would

be very

frightened.

Intralingual

80

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

17 I‟m sure she

must

understand if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation Modals

„must

understand‟

should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

19 This soup would

taste better if it

will have more

salt in it.

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

20 If I will know

her number, I

would telephone

her.

Misformation Modals „will

know‟

should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

21 I must not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation Modals

„must not

buy‟ should

be changed

by „would

not buy‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

22 If you want not

go to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

81

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather must be

better.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I will can

but I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Additiion Modals „will

can‟ should

be changed

by „could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it must

not been so

small.

Misformation Modals

„must not

be‟ should

be changed

by „it has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

27 If he will miss

the train, he

would have been

late for his

interview.

Misformation Modals „will

miss‟ should

be changed

by „missed‟

If he missed

the train, he

would have

been late for

his

interview.

Intralingual

28 I must forget if

Ann reminded

me.

Misformation Modals

„must forget‟

should be

changed by

„forgot‟

I forgot if

Ann

reminded

me.

Intralingual

82

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George must

not recommend

it to us.

Ommision Modals

„must not

recommende

d‟ should be

changed by

„will write‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I must have

your address

Misformation Modals

„must have‟

should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 23 23 23 23 23

Student 18:

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

1 I will writer

latter for my

mother

Addition Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I will write

a latter to

my mother

Intralingual

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

83

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

4 I can’t live in

english if i

know cisible

cool

Misformation Modals

„can‟t‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

9 If i so you i

not will be

Misordering Modals „not

will be‟

should be

changed by

„would not

forgive‟

If I were

you, I would

not forgive

him.

Interlingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

taking it.

Addition It should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

refuse

Misformation It should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money.

I would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

13 Many people

would be out of

the work if that

factory will

closed down.

Addition Modals „will

closed‟

should be

changed by

„closed‟

Many people

would be out

of the work if

that factory

closed down.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I will

taking his

bicycle without

asking?

Addition Modals „will

taking‟

should be

changed by

„took‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

Intralingual

84

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

will be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation Modals „will

be‟ should

be changed

by „would

have been‟

Ann gave me

this ring. She

would have

been terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Intralingual

16 If someone will

walking in here

with a gun, I

would be very

frightened.

Addition Modals „will

walking‟

should be

changed by

„walked‟

If someone

walked in

here with a

gun, I would

be very

frightened.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she will

be understand

if you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation Modals „will

be

understand‟

should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained the

situation to

her.

Intralingual

18 I will give you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation Modals „will

give‟ should

be changed

by „would

have gone‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup would

taste better if it

will have more

salt in it.

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more salt

in it.

Intralingual

20 If I will know

her number, I

would telephone

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew her

number, I

would

telephone

Intralingual

85

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

21 I will not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation Modals „will

not buy‟

should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were you.

Intralingual

22 If you want not

go to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather must be

better.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help

you if I can but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Misformation Modals „can‟

should be

changed by

„could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

86

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it must

not been so

small.

Misformation Modals

„must not

be‟ should

be changed

by „has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

27 If he will

missed the train,

he would have

been late for his

interview.

Addition Modals „will

missed‟

should be

changed by

„missed‟

If he missed

the train, he

would have

been late for

his interview.

Intralingual

28 I would be

forget if Ann

reminded me.

Addition Modals

„would

forget‟

should be

changed by

„forgot‟

I forgot if

Ann

reminded me.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George would

be not

recommend it

to us.

Addition Modals

„would be

recommende

d‟ should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommende

d it to us.

Intralingual

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I have your

address

Misformation It should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would have

sent you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

87

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

Total 24 24 24 24 24

Student 19:

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

1 I will writer

latter for my

mother

Addition Modals „will

writer‟

should be

changed by

„will write‟

I will write

a latter to

my mother

Intralingual

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

4 I can’t live in

english if i

know cisible

cool

Misformation Modals

„can‟t‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

9 If i so you i not

will

Misordering Modals „not

will‟ should

be changed

by „would

not forgive‟

If I were

you, I would

not forgive

him.

Interlingual

88

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

11 If I offered the

job, I think

would taking it.

Addition Modals

„would

taking‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

must refuse

Misformation Modals

„must refuse‟

should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

13 Many people

would be out of

the work if that

factory will

closing down.

Addition Modals „will

closing‟

should be

changed by

„closed‟

Many people

would be out

of the work

if that

factory

closed

down.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I will

take his bicycle

without asking?

Misformation Modals „will

take‟ should

be changed

by „took‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

must be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

Intralingual

89

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

16 If someone will

walking in here

with a gun, I

would be very

frightened.

Addition Modals „will

walking‟

should be

changed by

„walked‟

If someone

walked in

here with a

gun, I would

be very

frightened.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

must

understand if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation Modals

„must

understand‟

should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

18 I will give you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have not.

Misformation Modals „will

give‟ should

be changed

by „would

have gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

19 This soup would

taste better if it

will have more

salt in it.

Misformation Modals „will

have‟ should

be changed

by „has‟

This soup

would taste

better if it

has more

salt in it.

Intralingual

20 If I will know

her number, I

would telephone

her.

Misformation Modals „will

know‟

should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

90

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

21 I will not buy

that coat if I

were you.

Misformation Modals „will

not buy‟

should be

changed by

„would not

buy‟

I would not

buy that coat

if I were

you.

Intralingual

22 If you must not

go to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the time.

Misformation Modals „will

must not go‟

should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather must be

better.

Misformation Modals

„must be‟

should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

24 I would help you

if I will can but

I‟m afraid I can‟t

Addition Modals „will

can‟ should

be changed

by „could‟

I would help

you if I

could but

I‟m afraid I

can‟t

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will not marry

him.

Misformation Modals „will

not marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

91

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it has

not been so

small.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

27 If he will miss

the train, he

would have been

late for his

interview.

Misformation Modals „will

miss‟ should

be changed

by „missed‟

If he missed

the train, he

would have

been late for

his

interview.

Intralingual

28 I am forgeting

if Ann reminded

me.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„forgot‟ in

conditional

sentences

I forgot if

Ann

reminded

me.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George will not

recommend it to

us.

Ommision Modals „will

not

recommende

d‟ should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday if

I must have

your address

Misformation Modals

„must have‟

should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

92

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

Total 24 24 24 24 24

Student 20:

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

11 If I offered the

job, I think must

taked it.

Addition Modals

„must taked‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I

taked his

bicycle without

asking?

Addition It should be

changed by

„took‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

was be terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understanded if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Addition It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

93

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

18 I given you

cigarette if I had

one but I‟m

afraid I have not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

22 If you went not

to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟ in

conditional

sentences

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather is better.

Misformation Tobe „is‟

should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

25 If I were you, I

will marry him.

Misformation Modals „will

marry‟

should be

changed by

„would not

marry‟

If I were

you, I would

not marry

him.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it was

not be so small.

Misformation Tobe „was‟

should be

changed by

„has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

94

Item

Numb

er

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George

recommended it

to us.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday if

hed your address

Misformation It should be

changed by

„had had‟

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 11 11 11 11

11

Student 21:

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

2 My father will

came if you

say yesterday

Misformation Modals „will

came‟

should be

changed by

„would

come‟

My father

would

come if you

said

yesterday

Intralingual

95

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

4 I will not

leave in

inggris if i

know cool

situation

Misformation Modals „will

not leave‟

should be

changed by

„would not

stay‟

I would not

stay in

England if i

knew the

weather is

cold

Intralingual

8 If i know her

number, i

would

telephone her

Misformation Verb „know‟

should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

11 If I offered the

job, I think

must taked it.

Addition Modals

„must taked‟

should be

changed by

„would take‟

If I offered

the job, I

think would

take it.

Intralingual

12 I‟m sure Tom

will lend you

some money. I

would be very

surprised if he

will refused

Addition Modals „will

refused‟

should be

changed by

„refused‟

I‟m sure

Tom will

lend you

some

money. I

would be

very

surprised if

he refused

Intralingual

14 Would George

be angry if I

taked his

bicycle without

asking?

Addition It should be

changed by

„took‟

Would

George be

angry if I

took his

bicycle

without

asking?

Intralingual

96

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

15 Ann gave me

this ring. She

was terribly

upset if I had

lost it.

Misformation Tobe „was‟

should be

changed by

„would have

been‟

Ann gave

me this ring.

She would

have been

terribly upset

if I had lost

it.

Intralingual

17 I‟m sure she

understood if

you explained

the situation to

her.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„will

understand‟

I‟m sure she

will

understand

if you

explained

the situation

to her.

Intralingual

18 I given you

cigarette if I

had one but I‟m

afraid I have

not.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„would have

gave‟

I wold have

gave you

cigarette if I

had one but

I‟m afraid I

have not.

Intralingual

20 If I knowen her

number, I

would

telephone her.

Addition It should be

changed by

„knew‟

If I knew

her number,

I would

telephone

her.

Intralingual

22 If you went not

go to bed so late

every night, you

would not be so

tired all the

time.

Misformation It should be

changed by

„have not

gone‟

If you have

not gone to

bed so late

every night,

you would

not be so

tired all the

time.

Intralingual

97

Item

Numbe

r

Identification

of Errors

Classification

of Errors

Description

Explanation Correction Cause of

Errors

23 I would not

mind living in

England if the

weather is

better.

Misformation Tobe „is‟

should be

changed by

„have been‟

I would not

mind living

in England if

the weather

have been

better.

Intralingual

26 We would

happily buy that

house if it was

so small.

Misformation Tobe „was‟

should be

changed by

„has not

been‟

We would

happily buy

that house if

it has not

been so

small.

Intralingual

29 We might not

have stayed at

this hotel if

George

recommended

it to us.

Ommision It should be

changed by

„would not

recommende

d‟

We might

not have

stayed at this

hotel if

George

would not

recommend

ed it to us.

Context of

learning

30 I would have

sent you a

postcard while I

was on holiday

if I had your

address

Misformation It should be

changed by

„had had‟ in

conditinal

sentences

I would

have sent

you a

postcard

while I was

on holiday if

I had had

your address

Intralingual

Total 15

15 15 15 15

Total of

student‟

s error

330 330

98

Table 2.3

The Recapitulation of Classification of Student’s Errors

No. The

Students

Classification of Errors

Misformation Misordering Addition Ommision

1. Student 1 16 2 9 -

2. Student 2 2 - 2 -

3. Student 3 10 - - 1

4. Student 4 11 - - 3

5. Student 5 10 - - 4

6. Student 6 11 - - 4

7. Student 7 5 - 3 1

8. Student 8 10 1 - -

9. Student 9 6 1 2 -

10. Student 10 7 - 3 1

11. Student 11 6 - 8 4

12. Student 12 10 1 1 1

13. Student 13 12 1 1 1

14. Student 14 11 - 2 1

15. Student 15 18 - 4 1

16. Student 16 14 2 7 1

99

17. Student 17 17 - 5 1

18. Student 18 15 1 8 -

19. Student 19 17 1 5 1

20. Student 20 7 - 3 1

21. Student 21 10 - 5 1

TOTAL 225 10 68 27

TOTAL CAUSES

OF ERRORS

330

Table 2.4

The Recapitulation of Error Kinds

No. Error Kinds Frequency of

Errors

Percentage of Errors

1 Misformation 225

68.18 %

2 Misordering 10

%

3 Addition 68

20.61 %

4 Omission 27

%

Total 330 100%

The chart below presents the highest level to the lowest of errors mostly

made by students:

100

Chart 3.3: the Recapitulation of Student’s Error

After presenting the errors into types of error which are written by Betty

Schrampfer Azar and explaining the frequency and percentage of errors each item

in the previous pages, the writer would like o talk more about all the errors from

the highest until the lowest frequency that occurred in student‟s writing as

follows;

a. Misformation

First, almost all of students make errors in misformation with the total

error is 225 or 68%. These errors happened because the students have a lack of

vocabulary and its use. The students were confused in choosing the appropriate

the class of words and changing the modals itself. In this case, the example is “My

father will came if you say yesterday.” The correct one is, “My father would come

if you said yesterday.” The writer assumes that the source of error of this type of

error is because of the intralingual transfer.

68%

3%

21%

8%

Misformation

Misordering

Addition

Omission

101

b. Addition

There are 68 errors or 21% from this type of error. Most of students put

the verb-ing after modals for example “I will writing a letter to my mother.” The

correct one is, “ I will write a letter to my mother.” There were some of student

put -er after modals. For example of error is, “I will writer latter for my mother.”

The correct one is, “I will write a letter to my mother.”

c. Omission

There are 27 errors or 8% from this type of error. On the writer‟s opinion,

these errors occurred because the students had not clearly understood of the

structure of the sentence and they are did not see the question it self. So the source

of this error is from the context of learning. They eliminated the important word

that was needed in their sentence. For example in the sentence, “We might not

have stayed at this hotel if George recommended it to us.” The right one is, “We

might not have stayed at this hotel if George would not recommended it to us.”

d. Misordering

The second type of error that the students made is misordering with the

total error is 10 or 3%. The error is sometimes as the result from interlingual

transfer. The students got the influence of the structure or order of their native

language which is Indonesian language. “If I so you, I not will forgive him.” The

correct one is, “If I were you, I would not forgive him.”

To make it clearer, the researcher is not only mentioning the errors made

by the students, but researcher is also including the cause of error that may

become the factor of student‟s error. Here is the explanation regarding causes of

errors described in the table and chart below:

102

Table 2.5

The Recapitulation of Causes of Student’s Errors

No. The

Students

Causes of Errors

Intralingual

Transfer

Interlingual

Transfer

Context of

Learning

Communication

Strategies

1. Student 1 25 2 - -

2. Student 2 4 - - -

3. Student 3 10 - 1 -

4. Student 4 11 - 3 -

5. Student 5 10 - 4 -

6. Student 6 11 - 4 -

7. Student 7 8 - 1 -

8. Student 8 11 - 1 -

9. Student 9 8 1 - -

10. Student 10 10 - 1 -

11. Student 11 14 - 4 -

12. Student 12 11 1 1 -

13. Student 13 13 1 1 -

14. Student 14 13 - 1 -

15. Student 15 22 - 1 -

103

16. Student 16 21 2 1 -

17. Student 17 22 - 1 -

18. Student 18 23 1 - -

19. Student 19 22 1 1 -

20. Student 20 10 - 1 -

21. Student 21 14 - 1 -

TOTAL 293 9 28 -

TOTAL CAUSES

OF ERRORS

330

Table 2.6

The Recapitulation of Error Causes

No. Error Causes Frequency of

Errors

Percentage of Errors

1 Inter-lingual Transfer 9

2.72 %

2 Intra-lingual Transfer 293

88.79 %

3 Context of Learning 28

8.49 %

4 Communication

Strategies

- -

Total 330 100 %

104

The chart below represents the presentations of causes of errors made by

students:

Chart 3.5: The Recapitulations of Causes of Student’s Errors Based

on Brown

Due to the chart above, intralingual transfer enhances 293 times behind

the students error or 88%. The students might attempt to derive the rules before

the data to which has been concerned by the students gradually and it may lead to

the false hypotheses related to neither their native language nor the target

language. Then, interlingual transfer may become a cause of error as 9 or 2%.

This is when the students might be influenced by their mother tongue in terms of

pattern, systems or rules. The last, context of learning found in their writing as 28

times or 8% because the teacher and the text in the test given may lead them either

to build faulty hypotheses about the language or to write an inappropriate word or

sentence.

89%

3% 8%

0%

Intralingual

interlingual

Context of Learning

Comunication of Strategies

105

3. Interpretation

The writer took the interpretation from the analysis of the data. Results

from the analysis of the data show that the most three common errors are

misformation with 225 errors or 68%, addition with 68 errors or 20%, omission

with 27 errors or 8%, and misordering with 10 or 3%. Researcher concludes that

the teaching of those three aspects was not done successfully by the teacher. The

students did not pay attention of these aspects when they made the writing. They

also made such errors because they might be still interfered by their mother

tongue. It happened because there were so many different concept of grammatical

rule in written language between the first language and the second language. In

addition, when they proceed the new language data in their mind, it also produces

a new rules, so they often over generalize about their second language rules. It

means the teacher needs to pay more attention to the intralingual transfer as one of

the sources of error that must be recognized in second language learning. For this

reason, it is obvious that intra-lingual transfer (within the target language itself)

such as “overgeneralization” is the major source of error in second language

learning.

The result of analysis in the causes of error based on Brown theory in his

book, Principle of Language Learning and Teaching. In his book states four

causes of error, they are interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer, context of

learning, and communication strategies.1

44. Brown, loc.cit.

106

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

In this case study, the researcher has analyzed the errors made by students on

modals of conditional sentences. The process of error analysis is identifying,

describing, explaining, evaluating, and preventing the errors.

The data interpreted in the previous chapter have provided the frequency of

the errors occur in students’ sentences on modals of conditonal sentences.

1. The types of error committed by the second grade students class of MA

Khazanah Kebajikan Pondok Cabe are misformation error (225 errors or 68%),

omission error (27 errors or 8%), addition error (68 errors or 20%), and the

lowest frequency of error is misordering error (10 errors or 3%).

2. The cause of the students’ error consists of the total frequencies of all error on

Modals of conditional sentences are 21. The highest rate of all error causes is

intralingual with the total of error causes is 293 or 88% and the lowest rate of all

error causes are 9 or 2% error causes in interlingual, and context of learning with

28 errors or 8%.

B. Suggestion

After the researcher carried out the research, researcher would like to give some

suggestion related to this result of the research. Therefore, it can improve the teaching

and learning process. Here are some suggestions that hopefully can be applied in

teaching and learning process.

1. The teachers have to give feedback to students after correcting and analyzing

their error in Modals of conditional sentences.

2. The teachers have to motivate their students keep learning and writing though

they found difficulties during the process of learning modals.

3. The students have to pay attention to some aspect that are difficult for them

when they differ types of modals and changing the verb it self.

107

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109

INSTRUMENT OF STUDENT INTERVIEW

Interviewee : The Students

Date/Day : Mei 25, 2015

Place : Yayasan Khazanah Kebajikan

1. Bagaimana pendapat Anda terhadap mata pelajaran bahasa Inggris?

The answer first group : Menurut kami pelajaran bahasa inggris itu

mudah dan sekaligus susah, karena bahasa

inggris bukan bahasa keseharian kami.

The answer second group : Sebagian dari kami mungkin

menyenangkan tapi ada juga yang

membosankan dalam mempelajari bahasa

inggris.

The answer third group : Menurut kami terkadang kami mengalami

kemudahan dan juga terkadang mengalami

sedikit kesulitan dalam mempelajari bahasa

inggris.

The answer fourth group : Pelajaran bahasa inggris adalah pelajaran

yang sangat seru dikarenakan banyaknya

tensis yang bisa kita pelajari yang mana

disitu terdapat banyak contoh tensis seperti

passive voice dan lain sebagainya.

2. Bagaimanacara Anda dalam belajar bahasa Inggris selamaini?

The answer first group : salah satu caranya adalah kami menghafal

kosa kata yang kami bisa.

The answer second group : kadang kami menggunakan dengan cara

menghafal, kalimat, membaca vocab dan

memperbanyak praktik dalam bahasa inggris

110

The answer third group : dengan cara mendengarkan musik, praktek,

menghafal vocab dan tergantung guru yang

mengajarkan.

The answer fourth group : dengan cara membaca, mendengar dan

menghafal vocab adalah cara belajar bahasa

inggris selama ini.

3. Apakah cara tersebut dapat meningkat kan kemampuan Anda dalam bahasa

Inggris?

The answer first group : iya, karena dapat meningkatkan kemampuan

kita, karena menurut kita itu cara yang

membuat kita nyaman dan cocok untuk kita,

sehingga kita lebih cepat dan mudah untuk

memahami bahasa inggris itu.

The answer second group : iya, karena dengan cara seperti menghafal,

kalimat, membaca vocab dan memperbanyak

praktik dalam bahasa inggris dapat

meningkatkan pemahaman kami tentang

bahasa inggris.

The answer third group : yes, karena dengan cara mendengarkan

musik, praktek, menghafal vocab dan

tergantung guru yang mengajarkan dapat

memahami dan mempelajari bahasa inggris

dengan mudah.

The answer fourth group : iya karena dengan cara membaca, mendengar

dan menghafal vocab memudahkan kita

belajar bahasa inggris dan bisa

meningkatkannya.

4. Apakahfasilitas yang tersedia di sekolah ini dapat menunjang kemampuan

bahasa Inggris Anda ?

111

The answer first group : fasilitas disekolah kami kurang mencukupi.

The answer second group : menurut kami belum karena masih kurangnya

praktek dalam bahasa inggris.

The answer third group : NO, karena buku-buku bahasa inggris

didalam perpustakaan kurang lengkap.

The answer fourth group : kurang bisa meningkatkan dikarenakan

kurangnya keahlian dalam seorang guru untuk

memahami cara belajar bahasa inggris masing-

masing anak dan kurangnya buku-buku yang

disediakan disekolah ini.

5. Apakah Anda pernah membaca buku lain selain buku paket atau buku

pegangan bahasa Inggris?

The answer first group : pernah, tetapi lebih banyak dalam kategori

seperti novel dan komik berbahasa inggris,

karena menurut kita kalau dalam bentuk novel

dan komik itu lebih menarik untuk dibaca

daripada buku pelajaran.

The answer second group : iya, kami pernah membaca buku novel

tentang bahasa inggris, kamus bahasa inggris

dll.

The answer third group : pernah, seperti novel karena tidak mungkin

kita hanya mempelajari buku paket saja.

The answer fourth group : pernah, karena kami penasaran dengan seni

bahasa inggris yang sangat sulit untuk

dipahami..

6. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan modals dalam bahasa inggris?

The answer first group : modals adalah menunjukan jati diri seperti

(must, can, will)

112

The answer second group : modals adalah kata yang menunjukan suatu

maksud yang ada dalam diri kita (must, can,

will dll)

The answer third group : setahu kami modals adalah can yang berubah

menjadi could, will berubah menjadi would.

The answer fourth group : kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan

kemampuan baik dimasa sekarang atau dimasa

lampau, contohnya can (dapat), must (harus),

dan could (dapat).

7. Seberapa jauh pengetahuan anda tentang modals?

The answer first group : 25 % kami memahaminya

The answer second group : masih banyak hal-hal yang harus saya

pelajari dalam mempelajari modals.

The answer third group : baru sedikiti bisa dimengerti

The answer fourth group : hanya sedikit sebatas mengetahui saja.

8. Kesulitan apa yang Anda hadapi dalam mempelajari grammar khususnya

modals?

The answer first group : kesulitan yang kami hadapi adalah ketika kita

memahami formula (rumus).

The answer second group : konteks kalimat dalam membuat kalimat.

The answer third group : menghafal rumus dan membedakan v1, v2,

dan v3

The answer fourth group : kesulitan dalam belajar bahasa inggris dan

passive voice.

9. Kenapa Anda mengalami kesulitan mempelajari modals?

The answer first group : karena dalam mempelajari modals kita belum

terlalu faham betul.

113

The answer second group :karena kurang penguasaan dalam mempelajari

modals.

The answer third group : karena guru yang mengajarkan tentang modal

sedikit sekali.

The answer fourth group : karna kita kurang mengetahui vocab yang

mencakup tentang belajar modals.

10. Bagaimana pendapat anda tentang pengajaran guru anda didalam kelas,

khususnya mengajarkan tentang modals?

The answer first group : cukup baik!

The answer second group : kurang penegasan dalam teknik pengajarannya

The answer third group : cara belajarnya bagus tapi kurang memahami

tentang modals

The answer fourth group : pendapat kami tentang guru yang mengajar

modal saat ini sangat bagus dalam

pembelajarannya sebab dia mengetahui cara

pembelajaran yang baik dan mudah dipahami.

11. Apakah anda mampu memahami dan mengikuti apa yang guru jelaskan

tentang modals?

The answer first group : mengerti tapi sulit untuk dipahami

The answer second group : kadang-kadang kami merasa faham, kadang-

kadang kami merasa susah untuk

memahaminya

The answer third group : kami tidak bisa mengikuti karena kurang

mengerti apa yang guru ajarkan

The answer fourth group : iya, kami mampu memahami dan mengikuti

belajar modals karena gurunya mampu

mengetahui dan menguasai tentang modals.

114

INSTRUMENT OF TEACHER INTERVIEW

Interviewee : Syariffudin El-Jazaair.

Date/Day : Mei 25, 2015

Place : MA Khazanah Kebajikan Pondok Cabe

Position : Teacher

1. Sejak kapan bapak mengajar di MA Khazanah Kebajikan ini?

2. Bagaimana minat siswa terhadap mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris?

3. Metode pengajaran apa yang Bapak gunakan dalam pengajaran Bahasa

Inggris?

4. Apakah efektif metode tersebut diterapkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan

siswa?

5. Fasilitas apa sajakah yang ada disekolah ini dalam menunjang mata pelajaran

Bahasa Inggris?

6. Buku apa sajakah yang menjadi sumber bahan mengajar grammar terutama

dalam modals?

7. Apakah bapak menggunakan buku lain selain buku sumber dalam mata

pelajaran bahasa Inggris?

8. Bagaimana bapak mengajarkan grammar khususnya modals?

9. Apakah kesulitan yang dialami siswa ketika bapak mengajarkan modals

dikelas?

10. Apakah kesulitan bapak dalam mengajarkan modals dikelas?

Ciputat, 25 May 2015

115

Answer sheet of interview

1. Saya mengajar di MA Khazanah Kebajikan dari tahun 2013 sampai sekarang

2. Minat mereka ke mata pelajaran bahasa inggris kalau dar hitungan persenan

65% yang suka dengan pelajaran bahasa inggris, karena mereka pikir

pelajaran bahasa inggris bahasa yang sulit.

3. Saya menggunakan metode GTM karena kebanyakan pelajaran yang saya

ajar itu tentang grammar

4. Ya kadang metode yang saya terapkan lumayan efektif, supaya tidak

monoton dan menjenuhkan siswa saya mengubah sedikit metodenya.

5. Kami menyediakan fasilitas seperti perpustakaan, tapi perpustakaan yang

kami miliki masih sedikit buku-buku bacaan tentang bahasa inggrisnya

6. Saya biasanya menggunakan buku paket dari sekolah, dan biasanya siswa

belajarnya menggunakan buku LKS

7. Ya seperti yang saya bilang tadi saya menggunakan buku paket

8. Yaa kalau dalam pengajaran bahasa inggris terutama tentang modals saya

menggunakan metode yang tadi metode GTM, ketika saya mengajarkan

tentang modals kadang ada beberapa siswa yang masih bingung dalam

penggunaan kata kerjanya

9. Kesulitan mereka dalam pelajaran bahasa inggris mereka masih bingung

penggunaan kata kerja bentuk pertama sampai ketiga, dan mereka masih

minim kosa katanya

10. Kesulitannya mungkin menerapkan penggunaan dari present ke past

116

TEST INSTRUMENT

Translate into english!

1. Saya akan menulis surat untuk ibu saya

2. Ayah saya akan datang jika kamu bilang kemarin

3. Dina akan menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dalam waktu minggu

4. Saya tidak akan tinggal di inggris jika saya tahu cuacanya dingin

5. Saya yakin tom akan meminjami saya uang, saya akan sangat terkejut jika dia

menolak

6. Banyak orang akan keluar dari pekerjaan mereka jika pabrik-pabrik bangkrut

7. Saya yakin dia akan memahami jika kamu menjelaskan situasi kepadanya

8. Jika saya tahu nomer dia saya akan meneleponnya

9. Jika saya jadi kamu saya tidak akan memaafkannya

10. Saya akan menolong kamu jika kamu meminta

Put the verb into the correct form.

1. If I offered the job, I think I …. ........(take) it.

2. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if

he.......(refuse)

3. Many people would be out of the work if that factory …........... (close) down.

4. Would George be angry if I …......... ( take) his bicycle without asking?

5. Ann gave me this ring. She …..........(be) terribly upset if I had lost it.

6. If someone...........(walk) in here with a gun, I would be very frightened.

7. I’m sure she … .............(understand) if you explained the situation to her.

8. I ….......(give) you cigarette if I had one but I’m afraid I have not.

9. This soup would taste better if it …..... (have) more salt in it.

10. If I …. ........(know ) her number, I would telephone her.

11. I …......... (not/buy) that coat if I were you.

12. If you …......... (not/go)to bed so late every night, you would not be so tired all

the time.

13. I would not mind living in England if the weather …........(be) better.

14. I would help you if I …....... (can) but I’m afraid I can’t

117

15. If I were you, I …....... (not/marry) him.

16. We would happily buy that house if it …....... (not/be) so small.

17. If he …....... (miss) the train, he would have been late for his interview.

18. I …....... (forget) if Ann reminded me.

19. We might not have stayed at this hotel if George …....... (not/recommend) it to

us.

20. I would have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I …....... (have) your address.

118

ANSWER KEY

1. I will write a latter to my mother

2. My father would come if you said yesterday

3. Dina will finish her work for two weeks

4. I would not stay in England if i knew the weather is cold

5. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if he refused

6. Many people would be out of the work if that factory closed down.

7. I’m sure she will understand if you explained the situation to her.

8. If I knew her number, I would telephone her.

9. If I were you, I would not forgive him.

10. I will help you if you ask

11. If I offered the job, I think would take it.

12. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if he refused

13. Many people would be out of the work if that factory closed down.

14. Would George be angry if I took his bicycle without asking?

15. Ann gave me this ring. She would have been terribly upset if I had lost it.

16. If someone walked in here with a gun, I would be very frightened.

17. I’m sure she will understand if you explained the situation to her.

18. I would have gave you cigarette if I had one but I’m afraid I have not.

19. This soup would taste better if it has more salt in it.

20. If I knew her number, I would telephone her.

21. I would not buy that coat if I were you.

22. If you have not gone to bed so late every night, you would not be so tired all the

time.

119

23. I would not mind living in England if the weather have been better.

24. I would help you if I could but I’m afraid I can’t

25. If I were you, I would not marry him.

26. We would happily buy that house if it has not been so small..

27. If he missed the train, he would have been late for his interview.

28.I forgot if Ann reminded me.

29.We might not have stayed at this hotel if George would not/recommended it to

us

30.I would have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I had had your

address.

KEMENTERIAN AGAMA,.",,:'3-, ulN JAKARTA, t1,%l FITK" 4ta alJ Jt. lr. H. Juanda No 95 ciputat 15412 lndonesia

FORM (FR)

No. Dokumen : FITK-FR-AKD-082

Tgl. Terbit : 1 Maret 2010

No. Revisi: : 01

Hal 1tl

SURAT PERMOHONAN IZIN PENELITIAN

Nomor : Un. 0 l/F. I lI<M.Ol 3 I m-9. J 2Ol 5Lamp. :Outline/Proposalidal : PermohonanlzinPenelitian

Tembusan:1. Dekan FITK2. Pembantu Dekan Bidang Akademik3. Mahasiswa yang bersangkutan

Kepada Yth.Kepala Sekolah MA Khazanah KebajikandiTempat

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Dengan hormat kami sampaikan bahwa,

Nama

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Jurusan

Semester

Tahun Akademik

Judul Skripsi

adalah benar mahasiswa/i Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah danmenyusun skripsi, dan akan mengadakan penelitianyang Saudara pimpin.

Untuk itu kami mohon Saudara dapat mengizinkanpenelitian dimaksud.

Jakarta, 26Mei2015

Keguruan UIN Jakarta yang sedang(riset) di instansi/sekolah/madrasah

mahasiswa tersebut melaksanakan

idikan Bahasa Inggris

I 002

Ijma Alaeh

2080 14000029

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

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200812009

"An Analysis Of Students' Error In Using Modals Will and

Would of Conditional Sentence"

Atas perhatian dan kerja sama Saudara, kami ucapkan terima kasih.

Was s a I amu' al ai kum wr.wb.

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KEMENTERIAN AGAMAUIN JAKARTAFITKJt. tr. H. Juanda No 95 Ciputat 1 541 2 lndonesia

FORM (FR)

No. Dokumen : FITK-FR-AKD-081

Tgl. Terbit : '1 Maret 20'10

No. Revisi: : 01

Hal 111

SURAT BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI

Nomor : Un.01/F. 1/KM .01.31 ...........12013

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Nama

NIM

Jurusan

Semester

Judul Slaipsi

Tembusan:1. Dekan FITK2. Mahasiswa ybs.

Jakarta, 12 Apil20l3

trjma Alaeh

208014000029

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggns

xAn Error Analysis r-rf Students In Using Modals Will And Would

Kepada Yth.

Dr. Fahriany, M. Pd.Pembimbing SkripsiFakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan KeguntanUN Syarif HidayatullahJakarta.

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Dengan ini diharapkan kesediaan Saudara untuk menjadi pembimbing I(materi/teknis) penulisan skripsi mahasiswa:

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abstraksi/ou tline terTampir. Sandara dapat meiakukan perubahan redaksional pada judul

tersebut. Apabila perubahan substansial dianggap perlu, mohon pembimbing menghubungi

Jurusan terlebih dahulu.

Bimbingan skripsi ini diharapkan selesai dalam waktu o (enam) bulan, dan dapat

diperpanjang selama 6 (enam) bulan berikutnya tanpa surat perpanjangan.

Atas perhatian dan kerja sama Saudara, kami ucapkan terima kasih.

Wqs s al amu' alaikum wr.wb.a.n. Dekan

Kajur i<iikan Bahasa Inggris

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FoRM (FR)

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Tgl. Terbit : 1 Maret 2010

No. Revisi: : 01

Hal 111

SURAT BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI

Nomor : Un.0 1/F. llKM .01.3 I ...........12013

Lamp. :-Hal : Bimbingan Skripsi

Ilama

NIM

Jurusan

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Judul Skripsi

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xAn Error Analysis of Students In Using Modals Will And Would

Kepada Yth.

Ummy Kultsum, M. Pd.

Pembimbing SkripsiFakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan KeguruanUIN Syarif HidayatullahJakarta.

Ass al amu' al aikum wr. wb.

Dengan ini diharapkan kesediaan Saudara untuk menjadi pembimbing II(materi/teknis) penulisan skripsi mahasiswa:

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abstraksi/or.r tline terlampir. Saudara dapat melakukan perubahan redaksional pada judul

tersebut. Apabila perubahan substansial dianggap perlu, mohon pembimbing menghubungi

.Iurusan terlebih dahuiu.

Bimbingan skripsi ini diharapkan selesai dalam waktu 6 (enarn) bulan, dan dapat

diperpanjang selama 6 (enam) bulan berikutnya tanpa surat perpanjangan.

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MADRASAH ALIYAHKHAZANAH KEtsAJIKANTERAKREDITASI ANo. Akreditasi. 28.00.SMI/MA. 1 05. 1 1

NSM. 312 280 417 069 - NPSN. 20614984

Program Studi: IPA & IPS

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Rek. BRI KCP Cirendeu No. 0524-0'l-003369-50-8a.n MAS KHAZANAH KEBAJIKAN

Jl. Talas I Rt.01/10 Pondok Cabe llir, Pamulang, Tangerang Selatan - Banten 15418 Telp. (021)91261860 e-mail : makhazanahkebajikan@yahoo.co.id

SURAT KETERANGAN

Nomor:

Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini kepala sekolah Madrasah Aliyah KhazanahKebajikan Pondok Cabe, dengan ini menyatakan bahwa:

Nama

Nirn

Jurusan

Fakultas

Kampus

Iima Alaeh

208014000029

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan

Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah takarta

Telah benar melakukan penelitian disekolah

memenuhi tugas skripsi yang berir:.dul:

ini, pada tanggal 26 Mei 2015 untuk

"An Analysis of Students' Error In using Modals will and would of conditionalSentence(A case Study In MA rsazanahKebajikan pondok cabe),,

Demikian surat keterangan ini kami buat berdasarkan data yangsebenar-benamya, danuntuk digunakan sebagaimana mestinya.

Pondok cabe, 8 juni 2015