William B. Hansen, Ph.D.Tanglewood Research

Greensboro, North Carolina

All Stars

• Based on over 20 years of research• Focuses on changing risk and

protective factors that account for the onset of drug use and other high-risk behaviors

• Designed to be culturally adaptive• Features highly interactive methods

What Do Teachers Typically Do?

How Teachers Spend Their Time

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

CommitmentGoal setting

Assistance skillsNorm Setting

IdealismStress

Social skillsDecision making

Self- esteemResistance skills

Knowledge

Teacher Time on Task

How Teachers Should Spend Their Time

- 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Importance for I ntervention

Assistance SkillsSocial/Life

StressSelf- EsteemAlternatives

Decision SkillsGoal- setting

Resistance SkillsKnowledge

CommitmentIdealism

Norm Setting

All StarsOrganization and Focus

• School and community versions• Focus on

– Idealism– Norm Setting– Commitment Building– Positive Parental Attention– Bonding– Knowledge (social and immediate

consequences)

Idealism

• Idealism means– Having a positive future that is

imagined or dreamed about– Perceiving that high-risk behaviors

would interfere with fulfilling that future

– Resilience in over-coming obstacles and challenges that might occur

Idealism and Drug Use

0

20

40

60

80

100

Per

cent

Agr

eein

g

Non-Users Moderate Users Heavy Users

Would Drug Use Interfere with My Life?

Steps to Strengthening Idealism

• Identify and clarify a vision of the future

• Personalize the vision so that it becomes synonymous with a desired reputation

• Make sure students feel their vision of the future does not fit with high-risk behaviors

Idealism Sessions

• Forward to the Future• Ideal Futures• Reputations• Make Your Mark

Possible Futures

Acceptance Achievement Addiction

Adventure Character Conflict

Creativity Disease Education

Faith Fame Fitness

Freedom Fun Inner Strength

Inner Strength

Loneliness Peace

Prejudice Respect Selfishness

Survival Talent Wealth

Guess Which are Desired

The Most Desired Futures

Acceptance Achievement

Addiction

Adventure Character Conflict

Creativity Disease Education

Faith Fame Fitness

Freedom Fun Inner Strength

Inner Strength

Loneliness Peace

Prejudice Respect Selfishness

Survival Talent Wealth

The Least Desired Futures

Acceptance Achievement Addiction

Adventure Character Conflict

Creativity Disease Education

Faith Fame Fitness

Freedom Fun Inner Strength

Inner Strength

Loneliness Peace

Prejudice Respect Selfishness

Survival Talent Wealth

Norms

• Refers to two concepts:– How common a behavior is– How acceptable a behavior is

• Can be applied:– To an entire society – To generational, cultural, religious,

ethnic, and friendship sub-groups within society

How Do Different Groups of Drinkers Estimate Prevalence?

Estimates of Peer Group Prevalence

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

6 7 8 9 10 11 12Grade

Non Drinkers Light Drinkers Heavy Drinkers

How Do Different Groups of Drinkers View Social Acceptability?

Perceived Acceptability of Drinking to Peers

0123456

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Non-Drinkers Light Drinkers Heavy Drinkers

Educational Strategies for Establishing Conventional Norms

• Collect information from individuals

• Calculate actual prevalence of use• Portray actual attitudes about use• Provide believable and persuasive

feedback• Encourage the group to actively

adopt conventional norms

Norm Setting Sessions

• Opinion Poll Game• Where Do I Stand?• Debates• Unwritten Rules and the Court of

Public Opinion• Opinion Poll Game Rematch

Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Trial Results

Effect of Programs on Drunkenness

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

7 8

Grade

Information

Resistance Skill

Norm Setting

Combined

Commitment

• Commitment means– Having a personal intention to avoid

drug use and other high-risk behaviors– Developing skills to keep those

intentions– Making commitments known to others– Having reminders that reinforce

existing commitments

Commitment Sessions

• The Definition of an Adult• The Commitment Game• Personal Commitment Draft• Personal Commitment Interview• Videotaped Commitments• Celebration and Commitment Ring

and Certificate

Results of All Stars Field Trial

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Alcohol Marijuana Inhalants Cigarettes Smokeless

Control Specialists Teachers

Conclusion

• All Stars is– Highly effective– Easy to adapt– Highly interactive– A program providers and students

alike love to be a part of