William Shakespeare Lax Ritchie Powerpoint 2011

7/27/2019 William Shakespeare Lax Ritchie Powerpoint 2011

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Format

35 multiple choice Quotation identification (speaker, meaning,

to whom is the speaker speaking?)

Chronology of Events: order, day, specific or

approximate times Short Answer

Essay (see Literary Terms Review andQuestions and Shakespearean Tragedy)

You are allowed to use your quotation pagesonly, whatever notes you can write on them,front and back.


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Stratford

Power Point

by Lax and Ritchie Queen Elizabeth


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A Portrait of

Shakespeare?

Recent research suggests that theCobbe portrait has a strong claim (90%likelihood) to be the only known imageof Shakespeare painted from life, butwe will never be certain. Withoutevidence in the form of a writtencommission, it will probably never be

definitively authenticated.

The artist's subject is clearly wealthyand successful, clad in gorgeousembroidered doublet with decorativebraid and elaborate lace ruff a

significant (and expensive) mark ofsocial standing.

This portrait has been dated in oraround 1610: if that date is correct,Shakespeare would have been 46

when he sat for it.


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William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564(approximated date) at Stratford-upon-Avon, England.

He was baptized April 26, 1564. The date of his birth isdetermined through baptismal records. It was traditional to be

baptized three days after birth.

He was the son of Mary Arden and John Shakespeare, a glove-maker. He was one of eight children, five of whom survived toadulthood.

He received his early education from a tutor and at sevenentered the Free School in Stratford where he learned a littleLatin and even less Greek. When he was about thirteen he wasremoved from school and apprenticed to a butcher, for an

unknown period of time.


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In November 1582, at age eighteen, he marriedAnne Hathaway, eight years his senior. Their

first child, Susanna, was born six months later.

A pair of twins, Hamnet and Judith, were born

February 21, 1585.

His son Hamnet died at the age of eleven.

Because he and Anne lived apart for twenty

years, and the fact that she is only brieflymentioned in his will, historians have concluded

that the marriage was not a happy one.

Family Life


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Who was Shakespeare?

Shakespeares life is somewhat of amystery, and it is uncertain as to whether

or not he even wrote all the plays that are

attributed to him.

Did Shakespeare really exist?

Some research suggests that Sir Francis

Bacon, the Earl of Southampton, Christopher

Marlowe, or even Queen Elizabeth might

have been the authors of the works attributed

to Shakespeare. No conclusive evidence

exists to prove such theories.


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Shakespearean Sonnet Form

Sonnets 14 lines

Iambic pentameter Sonnets and plays werewritten in IAMBIC PENTAMETER

Foot: group of syllables that are measured

Iambic: type of foot (unstressed,stressed two syllables :

u - u- u- u- u- There are FIVE ofthese = PENTAmeter

i.e. Five feet and each foot has two

syllables = 10 syllables per line!


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Language

Sonnets follow a rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg (each letter represents different

rhyme sound / same rhyme scheme if same letter. i.e.alternating lines rhyme, ends w/ RHYMING

COUPLET) abab = first quatrain, cdcd = second quatrain.

Together they make up the OCTAVE (first 8lines)

efef = third quatrain and gg = rhyming couplet.Together they make up the SESTET (last 6lines)


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The octave establishes the thought; the sestetreplies to the thought, and the rhyming coupletsums up the thought.

The first 126 sonnets were addressed to ayoung man, and sonnets 127 154 wereaddressed to a young lady.

The sonnets are numbered and are identified bythe first line of the sonnet.

Shall I compare thee to a summers day?

When in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes

Let me not to the marriage of true mind admitimpediments


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Shakespeares Theater

Circa 1588 92: Shakespeare went to London andworked with an acting troupe known as LordChamberlains Men. He served both as actor andplaywright. They later became known as The KingsMen. Shakespeare eventually became a leading

shareholder in the company. Richard Burbage becamehis lifelong friend from this acting troupe.

1592 94: The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) washaunting London and several theatres were shut down tokeep large groups of people from gathering in one place

and spreading the disease. During this time, Shakespeare wrote his narrative

poems. They were dedicated to his patron, the Earl ofSouthampton.


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Theater Interrupted:The Black Death

The Bubonic Plague

Headache

chills and fever

exhausted and prostrate

Nausea

Vomiting

back pain

soreness in his arms and legs

Perhaps bright light was too much to tolerate.

Within a day or two, the swelling appeared. They were hard,painful, burning lumps on the neck, under the arms, on the innerthighs. Soon swelling turned black, split open, and began to oozepus and blood. They may have grown to the size of an orange.


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More Plague Fun Facts

Plague is carried by rodents like rats and squirrels, but it is

transmitted to humans by the fleas who live on them.

Pneumonic plague is airborne. It is contracted by breathingthe infected water droplets breathed (or coughed) out by avictim of the disease. The pneumonic form was much morevirulent and spread much more quickly.

People died so swiftly and in such high numbers that burialpits were dug, filled to overflowing and abandoned; bodies(sometimes still living) were shut up in houses which werethen burned to the ground; and corpses were left where theydied in the streets

From 1592-1594, London theaters were closed to stop thespread of the disease. Shakespeare wrote his narrativepoems during this time frame. The poems were dedicated tothe Earl of Southampton, his patron.


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The Theater continued . . . .

Shakespeare performed his plays at the Courtand in various theatres, including Black Friars,The Theatre, and then The Globe.

THE GLOBE THEATRE

Could hold several thousand people Was reputed to be used as a brothel and a

gambling house as well as a theatre

Was situated on the south bank of the River

Thames in Southwark Inside pictures we have are of The Swan

(similar)


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The GLOBE


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Globe..


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When a play was being performed, stalls wouldbe set up around the theatre sellingmerchandise and people would throng to thetheatre.

A tower with a flag pole advertised the plays(black = tragedy, white = comedy, red = history)

There were special effects (smoke, flying

trapezes, etc.) and trap doors. No actresses! Only male actors! Female parts

were played by young boys.


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The commoners (known as groundlings) paid 1penny and stood in the pit of the Globe.

The gentry paid 2 pennies and sat in thegalleries.

The rich nobles paid 3 pennies and sat on chairsat the side of the stage itself.

The Globe Theatre was only in use until 1613,when the thatched roof caught on fire from asmoke stage effect.

The Globe was rebuilt in 1614.

In 1642 the Puritans ended the performance ofall plays, and it wasnt until 1660 when theyfinally reopened.


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Shakespeares Plays

Shakespeares profound understanding ofhuman nature, skill with language, and ability toconstruct a story with immense dramatic andpoetic means is unparalleled!

Shakespeare is credited with having introducedover 3,000 words into the English language!

He used a vocabulary of over 17,000 differentwords in his plays.

Although he used what is known as anElizabethan dialect, his language was EARLYMODERN ENGLISH (not Old English, or MiddleEnglish!!)


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Shakespeare wrote most of his plays as

quarto texts (sheets of paper folded fourways)

His first collection of 36 plays is known asthe First Folio. This 900 page manuscript

took approx. 4 years to complete and was

printed in 1623.


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Shakespeares plays were written in unrhymed

iambic pentameter, known as BLANK VERSE.

Example:

I fear, too early: for my mind misgives

Some consequence yet hanging in the stars

Shall bitterly begin his fearful date

With this night's revels and expire the term

Of a despised life closed in my breast

By some vile forfeit of untimely death.But He, that hath the steerage of my course,

Direct my sail! On, lusty gentlemen.


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Blank Verse Example #2

Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch!I tell thee what: get thee to church o' Thursday,Or never after look me in the face:Speak not, reply not, do not answer me;My fingers itch. Wife, we scarce thought us blest

That God had lent us but this only child;But now I see this one is one too much,And that we have a curse in having her:Out on her, hilding!


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Words Attributed to Shakespeare

(that we still use today) Critical Cranny

Leapfrog Beautified

Monumental Homicide

Majestic Forefathers

Obscene Aggravate

Frugal Snow-white

Submerged Fragrant

Excellent Brittle

Gust Summit

Hint Lonely

Hurry Gloomy


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Words Attributed to Shakespeare

(that did not last in English usage)

Barky

Brisky

Conflux Vastidity

Tortive


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Shakespeare reportedly acted in a number

of roles himself:

As the ghost in Hamlet


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As Old Adam in As You Like it

Not an actual

photo of

Shakespeare


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And King Duncan in Macbeth


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Tragedies some of which are re-works ofprevious stories based on English or Roman

history, include: Titus Andronicus

Romeo and Juliet

Hamlet

Julius Caesar

Othello

Antony and Cleopatra

King Lear Macbeth


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The Histories (1592 1598), based on theEnglish kings:

King Henry VI, Part I

King Henry VI, Part II

King Henry VI, Part III

King John

King Henry IV, Part I King Henry IV, Part II

King Henry V

Richard II

Richard III

King Henry VIII


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The Comedies (also Romances) The Taming of the Shrew

A Comedy of Errors Two Gentlemen of Verona

A Midsummer Nights Dream

The Merchant of VeniceMuch Ado about Nothing

As You Like it

Twelfth NightAlls Well that Ends Well

Measure for Measure


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The Elizabethan World.


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Elizabeth I was 25 years old when she became

Queen of England in 1558. Her 45-year reign,

which ended with her death in 1603, saw

England's emergence as a nation of tremendouspolitical power and unparalleled cultural

achievement.

Because so much of this English renaissance isdirectly attributable to Elizabeth's personal

character and influence (as well as to the

unprecedented length of her reign), it is

appropriate that the last half of the sixteenthcentury in England is identified as the

Elizabethan Period.


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Anne Hathaway continued to live in Stratfordwhile Shakespeare traveled between Stratfordand London.

He died on April 23rd, 1616 and lies buried inHoly Trinity Church in Stratford Upon Avon.

The epitaph on his tombstone reads:

Good friend for Jesus sake forbeare

To digg the dust encloased heareBlessed be y man y spares his stones

And curst be he y moves my bones


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The Elements of Drama


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The focus of drama is on dialogue between twoor more characters. The situation / conflict isrevealed

through dialogue and characterinteractions.

Drama is intended to be performed (rather than

just being read from a book) in front of andobserved by an audience.


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Physical Structure of Drama

Plays are divided into ACTS.

Acts are divided into SCENES.

Scenes are composed of LINES (spoken by

individual characters)


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Setting Descriptions(unspoken part of the script)

Indicate the time period, the

environment, all of the contents of theenvironment.

Scene changes require a description ofthe new scenery.


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Characterization

Self-revelation through dialogue

Realistic human behavior, development ofpersonality, background information regarding

personal history

Accurate speech patterns reflect the regionaldialect of the setting

Establishment of characters motivation foractions and decisions

Characters personalities contrast with eachother, thus causing conflict

Pl


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Plot

Conflict (usually emotional in nature, asopposed to physical)

Rising Action (progression of events;revelation of information about thecharacters and their situation)

Climax

Falling Action

Conclusion

Resolution (maybe)


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The Traits ofShakespearean

TragedyNote: Much of the information in the nextnine slides is in the handout that I havealready given you. Use the handout as

your information basis. Add other notesas needed.


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What is a tragedy?

Today, people commonly use the wordtragedy to refer to an unfortunate eventthat befalls someone, not necessarily

because of their own decisions or choices. Traditionally, tragedy is defined as a drama

or literary work in which the main characteris brought to ruin or suffers extreme

sorrow, especially as a consequence of atragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability tocope with unfavorable circumstances.


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Shakespearean Tragedy

Shakespearean tragedy is much morespecific in its form and meaning than just

a story in which bad things happen topeople.

Shakespearean tragedy finds its genesis in

Greek drama. Youll get more on thisstarting in the unit on AntigonebySophocles.


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Definition of ShakespeareanTragedy

There are several definitions of tragedy, butShakespearean tragedy (like Greek tragedy),differs from modern tragedy in that the

protagonist must have a potential for greatness,there must be a plot which imitates the action.

Traditionally defined as: A drama or literary workin which the main character is brought to ruin or

suffers extreme sorrow, especially as aconsequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, orinability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.


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The Traits of ShakespeareanTragedy

Shakespearean tragedy tends todemonstrate a deep understanding ofhuman nature.

Shakespearean Tragedy focuses on acentral protagonist. This protagonist

is a tragic hero who causes sufferingand calamity for himself, as well asfor those around him. Such calamityresults in the death of the hero.


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The Shakespearean Tragic Hero

He is a person of high moral and philosophicalvalues; the protagonist must have a potential forgreatness.

His actions affect the fates of other people.

Although chance or fate may play a role in theoutcome of the action, the hero and his actionsplay a more significant role than fate.

At some point in the action, the hero makes amoral decision. Once this decision has beenmade, the course of the tragedy is set and theoutcome is inevitable.


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Moral Regeneration

Shakespearean Tragedy includes theconcept of moral regeneration.

Although the hero suffers, he learns fromhis agony. The hero recognizes the flawin his nature, as well as the evil in his

deeds. As the hero approaches his death,he possesses a finer spirit than was his atthe onset of the play.


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Shakespearean tragedy is pre-eminentlythe story of one person, the hero (and on

occasion the heroine). The story leads up to and includes the

death of the hero (a person of high

degree); it is in fact essentially a tale ofsuffering and calamity leading to death.

The suffering and calamity are, moreover,

exceptional. They befall a conspicuousperson and contrast with previoushappiness or glory.

H th l iti f t d d t


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However, the calamities of tragedy do notsimply happen, nor are they sent by the

gods; they proceed mainly from actions,and those are the actions of men.

Consequently, the hero always contributesto the disaster in which he perishes; at thesame time, the center of tragedy may besaid to lie in action issuing from characteror in character issuing in action. That is,

the calamities and catastrophe followinevitably from the deeds of men, and themain source of the deeds is character.

The idea that some kind of fate controls the


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The idea that some kind of fate controls thedramatic world of Shakespearean tragedy iscrucial.

We feel at times that the hero is, in some sense, adoomed man.

The power from which they cannot escape is

relentless and immovable.

They act freely, and yet their actions bind them totheir fates. And it makes no difference whether

they meant well or ill. In the tragic world whatcharacters intend is translated into the oppositeof what was intended. Whatever they dream ofdoing, they achieve justthe opposite andtypically end in destroying themselves.


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Free Will vs. Fate

Romeo and Juliet are star-crossed lovers.

How much of their fate can be attributed to their owndecisions?

Are they totally helpless and at the mercy of the

stars, and therefore not responsible for their owndownfall? Or do we excuse them from responsibilitybecause they are young, inexperienced, and actingsolely from passion?

What are the forces which are beyond their control?

Can their decisions be separated from the eventsthat are occurring around them?

How much control does an individual really have indetermining ones destiny?


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The Plot ofRomeo and Juliet

Shakespeare most likely didn't make up thestory ofRomeo and Juliet. Stories with similar

plots existed prior to Shakespeares writing of

the play (circa 1595)

The plot ofRomeo and Julietis based on thetale translated into verse by Arthur Brooke in

The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet

(1562) and retold in prose in the Palace of

Pleasure by William Painter in 1582.

Shakespeare wrote the play in

approximately 1595.


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The story goes back to the Greek

mythology myth of Pyramus and Thisbe.

Pyramus and Thisbe fall in love,but their

love is prohibited. They run away, butPyramus thinks Thisbe has been killed by

a lion and so stabs himself in despair.

When Thisbe discovers him, she also killsherself. A number of writers over the

centuries have adapted the story.


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Themes in Romeo and Juliet

Are the concepts in Romeo and Julietuniversal?

Does the play transcend time? That is,are the ideas of they play as relevanttoday as they were in Shakespearestime?

Why do we still read the play today?


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The Forces of Love Unrequited (unreturned) Love (Rosaline)

Infatuation (Rosaline; Juliet?) Platonic Love (Mercutio and Romeo)

Conventional Love (Capulets arranged marriage ofJuliet to Paris)

Parental Love (Montagues concern for Romeo;Capulet for Juliet. Are the decisions of the parentsin the best interest of their children?)

Romantic or Ideal Love (Romeos idealized vision ofbeing in love. Is he in love with being in love?)

Sensual Love or Passion (The mutualphysical/sexual attraction that Romeo and Juliet feelfor each other.)

Moderate Love (Allowing time for love to takes itscourse)


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Friar Lawrences Advice

Young mens love then lies

Not truly in their hearts, but in their

eyes.

Therefore love moderately. Long love

doth so.


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The Consequences of Hatred

Civil Disorder By the end of the play, four civil brawls bred of an airy

word

Impulsive Decisions based on Anger: Desire forRevenge Tybalt as the antagonist

Mercutios dislike of Tybalt and defense of Romeos honor

Romeos revenge against Tybalt

Pariss attempt to kill Romeo

Deception Romeo and Juliet

Friar Lawrence

The Nurse

All Consequences Lead to Suffering


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Six Deaths

By the end of the play, six characters are dead: Mercutio

Tybalt

Paris

Lady Montague

Romeo

Juliet

The feud ends, but at great expense to all

involved. The enemies are united though griefand learn of their mistakes through mutualmisfortune created by themselves.


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The Tragic Acting
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The Tragic Acting

of Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes
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End

Be ready for the exam!

Documents

William Shakespeare Lax Ritchie Powerpoint 2011