Wind Energy SystemBy: Andy Brown, Basheer Qattum & Ali Gokal

Advisors: Dr. Na & Dr. Huggins

Outline

IntroductionHardwareSoftwareResultsFuture Steps

History of Wind Energy Utilization

ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER Wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured

efficientlyWind does not cause green house gases or other pollutantsAlthough wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a

small plot of landExcellent source for remote areas not connected to a gridWind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and

third worldAvailable in a range of sizes meaning a vast range of people

and businesses can use themEnvironmentally FriendlyEconomically Competitive

Goals

Output maximum power despite fluctuating wind conditions.

Utilize power electronics to perform conversions

Successfully implement a DSP board to have a greater degree of control over our system to harness optimal energy

To create a system that is applicable with real world industry

Functional Requirements (Hardware)

• Shall be able to produce .75 kilowatt but not more then 5 kilowatts

• Shall be able to convert wind power to single phase AC power

• Must be able to maximize wind power conversion

Wind-Electric Systems

Induction Generators, Directly Connected to the Grid

Doubly-Fed, Wound Rotor Induction Generators

Power Electronics Connected Generator

Top Level Diagram

Functional Description

Sub Systems•Generator

•Diode Rectifier

•Boost Converters

•Inverter

Brushless DC Motor

Due to complications with size and Lab requirements, PMSG still.Max Current 5.4 AMax Speed 3600 RPMMax Voltage 160 VMax Power 750 W

Brushless DC MotorFrequency RPM 3-phase-to-neutral

5 150 2.420 600 19.540 1200 40.560 1800 6180 2400 82

100 3000 87120 3600 104

ɳ=(120*f)/(poles)

Brushless DC Motor

Three-Phase Diode Rectifier

Max Peak Voltage 1600VMax Peak Current 300AMax Current 25AMax Voltage 600V

Output of DC generator after 3phase diode rectifier w/1.5mF Cap

V = I*R Vo=(1.35Vin – VDiode)P = I*V ɳ=(120*f)/(poles)Value of capacitor to ensure clear signalC=(Vp/2*f*Vr) =534μFTherefore we used 1.5mF

Three-Phase Diode RectifierVINRMS

VOUTSIMULATION

VOUT THEORICIAL

PERCENT ERROR

10 14.1 13.5 4.44

20 28.5 27 5.56

40 56.5 54 4.63

60 84.5 87 4.2

80 113 108 4.07

120 169.5 162 4.63

Vin = 64.0 VVo = 84.0 VIo = 961 mASpeed = 3000 RPMR = 88ΩP = 80.72W

Three-Phase Diode RectifierOutput of DC generator after 3phase diode rectifier w/o Cap

Vo = 85.0 VIo = 964 mASpeed = 3000 RPM

Current

DC Voltage

Three-Phase Diode RectifierOutput of DC generator after 3phase diode rectifier w/1.5mF Cap

Vin = 64.0 VVo = 84.0 VIo = 961 mASpeed = 3000 RPM

DC Voltage

3φ Voltage

Interleaved Boost Converter

Boost ConverterV Input Duty-Cycle Freq Vout-exp Vout-

actual

5 20% 30000 6.25 7.5

5 40% 30000 8.33 9.01

5 60% 30000 12.5 12.5

5 80% 30000 25.0 24.25

Vo=Vin/(1-D), or for more accurate values, Vo= {[(VIn-VIGBT*D)/(1-D)] – VDiode}

IGBT: Switching Freq up to 300kHzMax voltage at 600V Max current at 60A

Boost Converter

Most time consuming part of Boost converterGate Driver

Gate Driver • Gate to emitter (pulse) ±30V• Gate to emitter (cont) ±20V• Max Gate Current ±250uA• Gate driver output +18V• 120/14 VAC-RMS 17.89VDC

• Output up too 600V• Current up to 2A• Shutdown mode for protection

Gate Driver

Software

Functional Description

DSP Board - TI TMS320F2812PWM Generation

16-Bit16 PWM outputs0 V – 3.3 V

ADC12-BitAnalog Input: 0 V - 3 V

Controller Implementation Process

SIMULINK

CODE COMPOSER

DSP

Testing CircuitSingle Channel Boost Converter

SimulationOpen-Loop Controller

Testing CircuitOpen Loop Controller

Testing HardwareOutput Results

Duty Cycle Vo (scope) Vo (DSP) 20% 6.0 V 5.2 V30% 6.8 V 5.9 V40% 7.5 V 6.9 V50% 8.8 V 8.1 V60% 10.4 V 9.7 V70% 12.9 V 12.4 V80% 16.7 V 16.2 V

Testing HardwareOutput

• Duty Cycle: 20%

• Input Voltage: 5.00 V

• Output Voltage: 6.00 V

Voltage Controller Simulation

1=(s)G(s)G ips

s

k+sk=(s)G ip

id

oLps sL

V=(s)

(s)d

(s)i=(s)G ~

~

Voltage Controller

Voltage ControllerOutput

Voltage-Current ControllerSimulation

Voltage-Current Controller

Boost Converter Controller VS. Interleaved Boost Controller

Interleaved Boost ConverterOpen-Loop Controller

Interleaved Boost ConverterOpen-Loop Controller

Interleaved Boost ConverterOpen-Loop ControllerOutput

Single Phase Inverter ControllerSinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

Unipolar PWM

Vout = Vd When T1,T4 is ON

Vout=-Vd When T2,T3 is ON

Vout=0 When T1,T3 or T2,T4 is ON

Unipolar PWM

LC Filter

Magnitude Bode Plot for Second-Order LC Filter

LC Filter

• Chose L = .125mH

• Yields C = 240uF

Inverter Controller Simulation

Inverter Controller Simulation

Interver Unipolar PWM Controller

Inverter SPWM - Output

Future Work - ControllerClosed-Loop Voltage and Current Controller

for Two-Channel Interleaved Boost ConverterMaximum Power Point Tracking ControllerSingle-Phase Inverter Controller with Unity

Power Factor Correction

Interleaved Boost Converter Voltage-Current ControllerSame Controller as designedNeed to output two PWM signal

The second PWM signal has to been delayed by half the period

Interleaved Boost ConverterSimulation

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

MPPTPerturbation and Observation Method (P&O)

MPPT algorithm adjusts duty cycle to achieve

MPPT – System Diagram

MPPT - Flowchart

MPPTCurrent Controller Design

1=(s)G(s)G ips

s

k+sk=(s)G ip

i

d

oLps sL

V=(s)

(s)d

(s)i=(s)G ~

~101

102

103

104

105

-50

0

50

100amplitude response in dB

101

102

103

104

105

-91

-90.5

-90

-89.5

-89phase response in degree

frequency in Hz

degr

ee

Single-Phase Inverter Controller with Unity Power Factor CorrectionSystem Diagram