Wind Power and Ski Wind Power and Ski

ResortsResorts

By: Alexandra KotelonBy: Alexandra Kotelon

akotelon@kentlaw.eduakotelon@kentlaw.eduEnergy Law 2009Energy Law 2009

Global Warming and Winter Global Warming and Winter

RecreationRecreation

Why is it important?Why is it important?

* 326 Alpine ski areas and over 400 industryrelated suppliers across the country.

* The 4 largest companies in the industrygenerate $1.8 billion in revenue annually.

* Winter recreation constitutes 12% of jobs in NewHampshire and 7% of state’s economy.

* Adds $750 million in tax revenue in Vermontannually. For every dollar spent on skiing, itgenerates an additional 94 cents in governmentspending.

* Colorado benefits most with $1.7 billion inannual revenue and a $1.5 billion payroll(over 120,000 employees).

AlsoAlso……..

�Millions of people in a quarter of the countries around the world take to the slopes every season.

�For Nordic countries, skiing represents an important cultural legacy with thousands of years of roots.

And Most ImportantlyAnd Most Importantly……

SKIING IS FUN!!!SKIING IS FUN!!!

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

“Downhill skiing could disappear altogether

at some resorts, while at others, a

retreating snow line will cut off base

villages from their ski runs as soon as

2030.”� -- United Nations Environment Programme 2003

Report

Further EvidenceFurther Evidence

�� A majority of the Scottish Ski industry has A majority of the Scottish Ski industry has vanished (more than 50%)vanished (more than 50%)

�� Snowfall Patterns have dramatically Snowfall Patterns have dramatically changedchanged

�� Alpine Areas below 5,250 feet are now Alpine Areas below 5,250 feet are now receiving 20% less snowreceiving 20% less snow

�� ““Within 50 years all ski resorts below Within 50 years all ski resorts below 4,000 feet won4,000 feet won’’t have a chance and will t have a chance and will out of businessout of business”” Michel Michel RevazRevaz of the Liechtensteinof the Liechtenstein--based based Alpine conservation society Alpine conservation society CipraCipra

�� Austria: 75% of ski lifts are built below Austria: 75% of ski lifts are built below 3,280 feet3,280 feet

Snowmaking: Artificial Snow Snowmaking: Artificial Snow

NeededNeeded�� To prevent financial meltdowns, resorts are increasingly To prevent financial meltdowns, resorts are increasingly

having to rely on making their own snowhaving to rely on making their own snow

�� Prior to 1990, it was unheard of to use snowPrior to 1990, it was unheard of to use snow--making making

equipment in the Swiss Alps. Now more than 15% depend equipment in the Swiss Alps. Now more than 15% depend

on them and this is increasing every year.on them and this is increasing every year.

�� In Italy and Austria, more than 40% need to make their In Italy and Austria, more than 40% need to make their

own snowown snow

�� Many resorts now are making twice the snow, with half the Many resorts now are making twice the snow, with half the

money when compared to 15 years agomoney when compared to 15 years ago

Ski Resorts = Large Carbon Ski Resorts = Large Carbon

FootprintFootprint

�� SkiSki--tourism tourism

induced traffic induced traffic

pollutionpollution

�� Increasing urban Increasing urban

sprawl of hotels sprawl of hotels

and vacation and vacation

homeshomes

�� Visually intrusive Visually intrusive

and habitat and habitat

wrecking ski liftswrecking ski lifts

Green Commitment Boosts Green Commitment Boosts

BusinessBusiness

�� Positive Feedback from SkiersPositive Feedback from Skiers

�� Outdoor Enthusiasts more likely to choose Outdoor Enthusiasts more likely to choose Environmentally friendly resortsEnvironmentally friendly resorts

�� Profitable Partnerships: ski resorts deal Profitable Partnerships: ski resorts deal with a lot of partnerships and with a lot of partnerships and sponsorships and wind energy use has sponsorships and wind energy use has attracted companies to do business with attracted companies to do business with themthem

The Solution: Wind EnergyThe Solution: Wind Energy

�� President Obama Earth Day President Obama Earth Day

Comments on Wind EnergyComments on Wind Energy

QuotesQuotes

�� ““America has the best wind resources in America has the best wind resources in the world. Not harvesting Americathe world. Not harvesting America’’s wind s wind would be like going to Saudi Arabia and would be like going to Saudi Arabia and

not drilling for oil.not drilling for oil.”” DitlevDitlev Engel, Chief Executive of Engel, Chief Executive of

VestasVestas Wind SystemsWind Systems

�� The Department of Energy says wind The Department of Energy says wind could provide 20% of the countrycould provide 20% of the country’’s s electricity by 2030, about what nuclear electricity by 2030, about what nuclear power now provides, and keep 180,000 power now provides, and keep 180,000 workers busy.workers busy. Department of Energy, Forbes Department of Energy, Forbes Magazine, Magazine, Blade RunnerBlade Runner

Wind Power Resource MapWind Power Resource Map

ItIt’’s Getting Populars Getting Popular……

�� 2007: 45% Growth2007: 45% Growth

�� 5,200 5,200 MegaWattsMegaWatts installedinstalled

�� Generating 16 billion kWh (AWEA)Generating 16 billion kWh (AWEA)

�� 2007=over 5k 2008=over 8k2007=over 5k 2008=over 8k

Growth of Wind Power Capacity Growth of Wind Power Capacity

WorldwideWorldwide

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Jan 2003 Cumulative MW

Rest of World = 2,803

North America = 5,018

Europe = 21,319

MW

Insta

lled

YearActual Projected

Rest of World Rest of World

North America North America

Europe Europe

Sources: BTM Consult Aps, March 2001

Windpower Monthly, January 2003

Fun Facts about WindFun Facts about Wind

� The U.S. contains enough useable wind resource to produce more electricity than the nation currently uses.

� The majority of this usable resource is in the Great Plains region. North Dakota alone has enough suitable wind resource to supply 36 percent of the electricity consumed in the U.S.

� In addition, development of major global wind energy markets could significantly impact jobs—recent studies show that each billion kilowatt-hours of annual wind energy generation creates between 440 to 460 jobs.

Ski Resorts Have 2 choices: Ski Resorts Have 2 choices:

Credits v. TurbinesCredits v. Turbines

�� Impossibility v. Impossibility v.

CostsCosts

�� Premiums for Premiums for

CreditsCredits

�� Kirkwood Ski Kirkwood Ski

Resort near Lake Resort near Lake

Tahoe is looking at Tahoe is looking at

installing 20 installing 20

turbinesturbines

Vail Resorts in ColoradoVail Resorts in Colorado

�� In August 2006, made a commitment to offset In August 2006, made a commitment to offset 100% of their energy use by purchasing 151,311 100% of their energy use by purchasing 151,311 megawattmegawatt--hours of wind energy credits annually hours of wind energy credits annually for all 5 of their resortsfor all 5 of their resorts

�� Makes them the largest purchaser of 100% wind Makes them the largest purchaser of 100% wind energy credits in the travel and leisure industry energy credits in the travel and leisure industry in the US, second largest in all categoriesin the US, second largest in all categories

�� Their commitment will avoid about 211 million Their commitment will avoid about 211 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions every yearpounds of carbon dioxide emissions every year

�� This equals: taking 18,000 cars off the road or This equals: taking 18,000 cars off the road or planting over 27,000 acres of treesplanting over 27,000 acres of trees

What is a REC?What is a REC?

�� Renewable energy credit (aka Renewable energy credit (aka ““green taggreen tag””))

�� Is a legal representation of a measured Is a legal representation of a measured amount of renewable energy entering the amount of renewable energy entering the energy systemenergy system

�� A REC represents one MegawattA REC represents one Megawatt--hour of hour of renewable energy entering the power grid renewable energy entering the power grid and displacing energy that would have and displacing energy that would have been produced through burning fossil fuels been produced through burning fossil fuels such as coal or natural gassuch as coal or natural gas

REC continuedREC continued……

�� Each REC reduces approx. 1,400 lbs of Each REC reduces approx. 1,400 lbs of greenhouse gases emissionsgreenhouse gases emissions

�� When a individual or company purchases When a individual or company purchases RECsRECs, they are paying a voluntary , they are paying a voluntary premium in order to support more premium in order to support more renewable energy in the systemrenewable energy in the system

�� As a result, they get to claim the legal As a result, they get to claim the legal credit for supporting the environmental credit for supporting the environmental results associated with their purchaseresults associated with their purchase

�� Their dollars help increase the amount of Their dollars help increase the amount of renewable energy in the system and renewable energy in the system and reduce pollutionreduce pollution

Wind CreditsWind Credits

�� 22 resorts in 7 states use wind power 22 resorts in 7 states use wind power credits to supply 100% of their electricitycredits to supply 100% of their electricity

�� Together the areas produce 305,074,498 Together the areas produce 305,074,498 kilowattkilowatt--hours of clean electricity and hours of clean electricity and keep about 372,383,234 pounds of carbon keep about 372,383,234 pounds of carbon dioxide from entering atmospheredioxide from entering atmosphere

�� The emissionsThe emissions--reduction effort is equal to reduction effort is equal to planting almost 15 million trees or planting almost 15 million trees or eliminating nearly 150,000 roundeliminating nearly 150,000 round--trip trip flights between NY and San Franciscoflights between NY and San Francisco

Wind Credits continuedWind Credits continued……

�� Wind power credits cost more than Wind power credits cost more than conventional electricity, but participating conventional electricity, but participating resorts describe the financial premium as resorts describe the financial premium as modestmodest

�� Sugar Bowl, for example, considered using Sugar Bowl, for example, considered using only partial wind energy, but discovered only partial wind energy, but discovered that premium was so reasonable that they that premium was so reasonable that they decided to go 100%decided to go 100%

�� Difference was only about $30,000, which Difference was only about $30,000, which to a large resort like Sugar Bowl, that to a large resort like Sugar Bowl, that amount can be easily spent on a radio amount can be easily spent on a radio advertising campaignadvertising campaign

How Renewable Wind Credits How Renewable Wind Credits

WorkWork

How Wind Turbines WorkHow Wind Turbines Work

� Yaw drive: ensures the turbine is producing the maximum amount of power by keeping rotor facing the wind (for horizontal axis turbines)

Common DesignCommon Design

� Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine.

� A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

Sizes and ApplicationsSizes and Applications

Small (≤10 kW)HomesFarmsRemote Application

Intermediate(10-250 kW)PowerHybrid SystemsDistributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms

• Distributed Power

• Community Wind

Size MattersSize Matters

Typical dimensionsfor a 2 Mw turbine* 80m nacelle height* 60m rotor diameter* 125m blade tip height

CostCost

�� The cost for commercial scale turbines range The cost for commercial scale turbines range

from $1.2 million to $2.6 million, per MW of from $1.2 million to $2.6 million, per MW of

nameplate capacity installed in 2007nameplate capacity installed in 2007

�� Now, $3.5 million installed for a 2 MWNow, $3.5 million installed for a 2 MW

InstallationInstallation

�� Installation costs can Installation costs can be costlybe costly

�� Logistics Example: Logistics Example: 500 tons of parts and 500 tons of parts and equipment had to be equipment had to be transported along a transported along a twotwo--mile, 26% grade mile, 26% grade road up the mountain, road up the mountain, including 123including 123--footfoot--long bladeslong blades

�� Transportation biggest Transportation biggest issueissue

Turbine MaintenanceTurbine Maintenance

�� It is estimated that It is estimated that maintenance generally maintenance generally costs about 1 cent per kWh costs about 1 cent per kWh produced in regular fieldsproduced in regular fields

�� On top of mountains, more On top of mountains, more likely about 1.3 cents per likely about 1.3 cents per kWh producedkWh produced

�� Lifespan on mountain = Lifespan on mountain = 3030--50 years50 years

�� However, electrical and However, electrical and structural components structural components have longer design lifehave longer design life

�� Examples: tower, Examples: tower, foundation, and foundation, and interconnection equipmentinterconnection equipment

Procedural Matters for Installing Procedural Matters for Installing

Wind TurbinesWind Turbines

�� Measure Wind for a designated period of timeMeasure Wind for a designated period of time

�� Environmental and Community assessmentsEnvironmental and Community assessments

�� Federal Aviation RegulationsFederal Aviation Regulations

�� Public consultation sessionsPublic consultation sessions

�� Applications for permitsApplications for permits

Jiminy Peak Mountain ResortJiminy Peak Mountain Resort

Jiminy Peak and the RecessionJiminy Peak and the Recession

�� Astronomical costs in regards to snow makingAstronomical costs in regards to snow making

�� Cost $4 millionCost $4 million

�� Produces oneProduces one--third of the resorts electrical needsthird of the resorts electrical needs

�� Shaves about $450,000 a year off electrical billShaves about $450,000 a year off electrical bill

�� Draws more visitors because of interestDraws more visitors because of interest

�� In summer, trickles down left over electricity into In summer, trickles down left over electricity into towntown

�� While many businesses are closing their doors, While many businesses are closing their doors, Jiminy Peak is 12% ahead of their best yearJiminy Peak is 12% ahead of their best year

�� Expects to earn more than $200,000 a year by Expects to earn more than $200,000 a year by selling power through the National Grid utility selling power through the National Grid utility and producing tax creditsand producing tax credits

Criticisms of Wind TurbinesCriticisms of Wind Turbines

�� Wind power is an intermittent power Wind power is an intermittent power sourcesource

�� Wildlife dangersWildlife dangers

�� EstheticsEsthetics

�� Air TrafficAir Traffic

�� NoiseNoise

�� Icing in Cold ClimatesIcing in Cold Climates

�� DeforestationDeforestation

�� Danger of CollapsesDanger of Collapses

Wildlife AffectedWildlife Affected

� – Bats

� – Raptors

� – Passerines

� – Waterbirds/Waterfowl

Bat MortalityBat Mortality

� In 2003, large numbers of bats (1,400–4,000) were killed at the Mountaineer Wind Energy Center in West Virginia

� Seem to be most affected during their fall migration, which lasts from late summer to early autumn

� Furthermore, evidence shows that bats are dying from hemorrhaging, not getting hit by the blade

� This is caused because a low-pressure system by the turbines

Bird IssuesBird Issues

� Birds often collide with high voltage overhead lines, masts, poles, and windows of buildings. They are also killed by cars in traffic. However, birds are seldom bothered by wind turbines.

� The only known site with bird collision problems is located in the Altamont Pass in California.

� Danish Ministry of the Environment study revealed that power lines are a much greater danger to birds than the wind turbines.

� Some birds even nest on cages on Wind Towers.

Birds ContinuedBirds Continued……

AestheticsAesthetics� Visibility impact depends on height, topography, and direction

� Comparable to utility poles, water towers, cellular phone towers, or satellite dishes

� Property rights and contribution to electricity supply should be weighed against aesthetic concerns

Air Traffic SafetyAir Traffic Safety

� Federal Aviation Administration does not require lighting on towers less than 200 feet tall

� Approval only needed for structures more than 200 feet tall or within 10,000-20,000 feet of runways

� Lights must be installed

Noise ProblemNoise Problem

���� Sound from Wind Turbines

- Increasing tip speed ���� less sound

- The closest neighbor is usually 300 m ����experiences almost no noise

���� Dependent upon ambient conditions

- New technology

- Older = Louder

- Higher Speeds = Less Noise

- Masked by Sound of Wind

Noise ChartNoise Chart

� Background noise usually masks wind turbine noise

� A noise reading taken 25 feet away from a turbine will drop by a factor of four at 50 feet, and by a factor of 16 at 1000 feet

Turbines in Cold ClimatesTurbines in Cold Climates

�� Severe Icing Problems are a serious considerationSevere Icing Problems are a serious consideration

Icing of Wind Turbines AffectsIcing of Wind Turbines Affects

WT DesignWT Design SafetySafety EconomicsEconomics-- Aerodynamics Aerodynamics -- Ice Throw Ice Throw -- Energy ProductionEnergy Production

-- Loads Loads -- Unbalance Unbalance -- Site PrognosisSite Prognosis

-- Dynamics Dynamics -- Resonance Resonance -- Wind Wind MeasuremMeasurem

-- Control System Control System -- Over Power Over Power -- Design Life TimeDesign Life Time

-- Instrumentation Instrumentation -- Fatigue Fatigue -- Wind TurbineWind Turbine

-- Material Material EquipmentEquipment

Solutions AvailableSolutions Available

�� Reduction of power output under different types Reduction of power output under different types of icing conditionsof icing conditions

�� Aerodynamics and loads of iced bladesAerodynamics and loads of iced blades

�� Methods to measure icingMethods to measure icing

�� Blade heating systemsBlade heating systems

�� Ice free wind sensorsIce free wind sensors

�� Safety distances due to ice throwSafety distances due to ice throw

�� Low temperature effects assessments/studiesLow temperature effects assessments/studies

�� Zephyr is designed to shut down during icing Zephyr is designed to shut down during icing conditions, and will not restart until the ice has conditions, and will not restart until the ice has all melted off the tower and the bladesall melted off the tower and the blades

DeforestationDeforestation

�� Very similar issue with Very similar issue with

chair liftschair lifts

�� Very wind turbine Very wind turbine

requires up to 5 acres requires up to 5 acres

of deforestationof deforestation

�� Deforestation already Deforestation already

exists in ski areasexists in ski areas

�� Benefit might Benefit might

outweigh cost of outweigh cost of

deforestation here in deforestation here in

the endthe end

Turbine CollapsesTurbine Collapses

�� Cause: Wind turbines are equipped with a pitch control Cause: Wind turbines are equipped with a pitch control

system that shuts down when a loss of power occurs. system that shuts down when a loss of power occurs.

Without, this turbine will spin faster than its design allows.Without, this turbine will spin faster than its design allows.

�� Result: Pieces of the turbine flying off and causing property Result: Pieces of the turbine flying off and causing property

damagedamage

Collapses continuedCollapses continued……

�� Only a handful of these incidents have Only a handful of these incidents have occurred in the United States = Rare occurred in the United States = Rare occurrenceoccurrence

�� Laws in place to protect citizens that live Laws in place to protect citizens that live close to turbinesclose to turbines

–– Example: Town of Example: Town of AltonaAltona’’ss Wind Law Wind Law states that wind energy facilities must states that wind energy facilities must be located 500 feet from the nearest be located 500 feet from the nearest public roadpublic road

–– In the Mountains, this will not be a In the Mountains, this will not be a concernconcern

Actual Collapse in DenmarkActual Collapse in Denmark

Small ResortsSmall Resorts……Small TurbinesSmall Turbines

�� Piece of property with high winds almost Piece of property with high winds almost

dailydaily

�� Significant financial incentives that can Significant financial incentives that can

help finance over half the costhelp finance over half the cost

�� Investment can yield a return of 200% or Investment can yield a return of 200% or

more over 25more over 25--30 years, a very strong 30 years, a very strong

longlong--term investment opportunityterm investment opportunity

Other Options Ski Resorts are Other Options Ski Resorts are

using other than Wind Energyusing other than Wind Energy�� CaliforniaCalifornia’’s s Mammoth MountainMammoth Mountain is using solar power to is using solar power to

generate electricity and forced air heating in its lift shacks. generate electricity and forced air heating in its lift shacks. Mammoth has installed solar heating panels on the lift Mammoth has installed solar heating panels on the lift shack at the top of Thunder Bound Express and in other shack at the top of Thunder Bound Express and in other small, outlying buildings as well.small, outlying buildings as well.

�� In addition to powering almost all of its lifts with green In addition to powering almost all of its lifts with green power, power, Sundance ResortSundance Resort in Utah is be providing free in Utah is be providing free public transportation to pass holders, offering a discount to public transportation to pass holders, offering a discount to carpooling guests, and using energycarpooling guests, and using energy--efficient lighting efficient lighting throughout the resort. throughout the resort.

�� At British Columbia's At British Columbia's Whistler BlackcombWhistler Blackcomb resort, resort, construction is expected to end in November on a $32 construction is expected to end in November on a $32 million hydro electric power project that will offset the million hydro electric power project that will offset the annual energy consumption at the ski area. The annual energy consumption at the ski area. The Fitzsimmons Creek Hydro Project will produce 33.5 Fitzsimmons Creek Hydro Project will produce 33.5 gigawattgigawatt hours of electricity a year, enough to send the hours of electricity a year, enough to send the facility into greenhouse gas production deficit, said Arthur facility into greenhouse gas production deficit, said Arthur De De JongJong, mountain planning manager. , mountain planning manager.

Where are we now?Where are we now?

�� There are now 68 ski resorts purchasing green, There are now 68 ski resorts purchasing green, renewable energy for their operationsrenewable energy for their operations

�� Of these resorts, 34 are 100% green powered.Of these resorts, 34 are 100% green powered.

�� Furthermore, these resorts are also applying Furthermore, these resorts are also applying energy efficient green building techniquesenergy efficient green building techniques

�� GREEN SKIING SELLS!GREEN SKIING SELLS!

�� ExamplesExamples

10 Ways to be a Greener Skier10 Ways to be a Greener Skier

�� 1) Take the Train1) Take the Train

�� 2) Slash your own CO2 emissions2) Slash your own CO2 emissions

�� 3) Choose an environmentally aware resort3) Choose an environmentally aware resort

�� 4) Use local public transport4) Use local public transport

�� 5) Keep litter off the slopes (at high altitude orange peel 5) Keep litter off the slopes (at high altitude orange peel can take up to 2 years to break down and cigarette butts can take up to 2 years to break down and cigarette butts up to 5 yearsup to 5 years

�� 6) Offset your carbon emissions6) Offset your carbon emissions

�� 7) Consider other winter sports7) Consider other winter sports

�� 8) Encourage environmental responsibility with the winter 8) Encourage environmental responsibility with the winter sports industry (make sure the skiing has a written sports industry (make sure the skiing has a written environmental policy)environmental policy)

�� 9) Respect the mountain habitat and wildlife (minimize off9) Respect the mountain habitat and wildlife (minimize off--piste skiing)piste skiing)

�� 10) Choose a smaller, closer resort 10) Choose a smaller, closer resort

SourcesSources�� Is it Possible to Ski Without Ruining the Environment? Is it Possible to Ski Without Ruining the Environment? www.commondreams.orgwww.commondreams.org, The Independent/UK, , The Independent/UK,

February 6, 2006February 6, 2006

�� Ski Resorts: Go for the Green RunSki Resorts: Go for the Green Run, Patrick Thorne October 20, 2007, Patrick Thorne October 20, 2007

�� Ski Area Sees Green from Wind TurbineSki Area Sees Green from Wind Turbine, , www.msnbc.comwww.msnbc.com, The Associated Press, March 2, 2009, The Associated Press, March 2, 2009

�� Ski Area ActionSki Area Action, , www.keepwintercool.orgwww.keepwintercool.org

�� www.jiminypeak.comwww.jiminypeak.com

�� Obama Plant that Builds Wind Turbine Towers, Calls for Obama Plant that Builds Wind Turbine Towers, Calls for ‘‘New EraNew Era’’ in Energy Explorationin Energy Exploration, , www.chicagotribune.comwww.chicagotribune.com, The Associated Press, Mike Glover and Philip Elliott, April 23, The Associated Press, Mike Glover and Philip Elliott, April 23, 2009, 2009

�� How Renewable Energy Credits WorkHow Renewable Energy Credits Work, , www.renewablechoice.comwww.renewablechoice.com

�� Ski Resorts Go Green with Wind PowerSki Resorts Go Green with Wind Power, , www.nationalgeographic.comwww.nationalgeographic.com, National Geographic News, Brian , National Geographic News, Brian HandwerkHandwerk, January 9, 2007, January 9, 2007

�� Company Explains Cause of Turbine CollapseCompany Explains Cause of Turbine Collapse, , www.msnbc.comwww.msnbc.com, WPTZ, WPTZ--TV, March 17, 2009TV, March 17, 2009

�� www.vailresorts.comwww.vailresorts.com

�� www.wikipedia.orgwww.wikipedia.org

�� Snowmaking Expands as Ski Season ApproachesSnowmaking Expands as Ski Season Approaches, , www.msnbc.comwww.msnbc.com, The Associated Press, February 22, , The Associated Press, February 22, 20072007

�� www.leitwind.comwww.leitwind.com

�� www.eere.energy.govwww.eere.energy.gov

�� Large Wind Turbines Go Into Cold Climate RegionsLarge Wind Turbines Go Into Cold Climate Regions, Finnish Meteorological Institute, , Finnish Meteorological Institute, BengtBengt TammelinTammelinand Henry Seifert, July 6, 2001and Henry Seifert, July 6, 2001

�� Wind Power Helps Ski Resort During RecessionWind Power Helps Ski Resort During Recession, , www.cnn.comwww.cnn.com, Ayesha , Ayesha TejparTejpar, March 18, 2009, March 18, 2009

�� www.youtube.comwww.youtube.com

�� www.awea.orgwww.awea.org

�� www.nsaa.orgwww.nsaa.org

�� www.nrel.orgwww.nrel.org

�� ““Wildlife and Wind PowerWildlife and Wind Power,,”” by Tim Sullivan, US Fish and Wildlife Service, New York Field Oby Tim Sullivan, US Fish and Wildlife Service, New York Field Officefficewww.americanwildlifeconservationfoundation.orgwww.americanwildlifeconservationfoundation.org

�� ““Wind Power: A Sustainable SolutionWind Power: A Sustainable Solution,,”” by Jamie by Jamie EppoliteEppolite, September 2008, September 2008

�� ““Global Warming and Winter RecreationGlobal Warming and Winter Recreation,,”” by Jon by Jon SchlederSchleder