Wind Power Drill Machine Tumkur

8/2/2019 Wind Power Drill Machine Tumkur

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SYNOPSIS


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WIND MILLS OPERATED DRILL MACHINE

SYNOPSIS

Wind mills power is the generation ofelectricity from wind

power is the conversion of mechanical energy in to electricity.

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole in

solid materials. The drill bit is a multipoint, end cutting tool. It cuts by

applying pressure and rotation to the work piece, which forms chips at

the cutting edge. One studyshowed that drilling accounts for nearly 90%

of all chips produced.

INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

The present situation in our country all the types of drill machine is

working on AC main To reduce the power consumption from the

electricity board , we need to have some kind of power source system

to operate the cutting machine .We are trying to implement a prototype

model of an drill machine system within the limited available source

and economy .The system can be subjected to further development

using advanced techniques.


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Wind mills power is the generation ofelectricity from wind power is

the conversion of mechanical energy in to electricity.

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole in

solid materials. The drill bit is a multipoint, end cutting tool. It cuts by

applying pressure and rotation to the work piece, which forms chips at

the cutting edge. One studyshowed that drilling accounts for nearly 90%

of all chips produced.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarf


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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Wind mills

BATTERY

CHARGER

DC DRILL

MACHINE

DRILLPLATE

BATTERY FRAME FORVERTICAL

MOVEMENT

FRAME FOR

HORIZONTAL

MOVEMENT

DC MOTOR

1

DC

MOOR 2


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FEATURES

1 Drill upto 9mm

2 No need of main it will work on solar powered battery

3 Economically cheap

4 No montly payment for eletricity

5 It will start when drilling plate is placed at drilling place other wise it will

not

6.base plate can be adjustable vertical as well as horizontal movement by

motor


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LINE CIRCUIT

BOTTOM FRAME

12

12


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Drill bit

Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes.Bits are held in a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides

torque and axial force to create the hole. Specialized bits are alsoavailable fornon-cylindrical-shaped holes.

This article describes the types of drill bits in terms of thedesign of the cutter. The other end of the drill bit, the shank, isdescribed in the drill bit shank article. Drill bits come in standardsizes, described in the drill bit sizes article. A comprehensive drilland tap size chart lists metric and imperial sized drills alongside therequired screw tap sizes.

The term drillcan refer to a drilling machine, or can referto a drill bit for use in a drilling machine. In this article, for clarity,drill bitorbitis used throughout to refer to a bit for use in a drillingmachine, and drillrefers always to a drilling machine.
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Metal drills

High speed steel twist bit drilling into aluminium with methylatedspirits lubricant

Twist drill

The twist drill bit is the type produced in largest quantity today. It

drills holes in metal, plastic, and wood.

The twist drill bit was invented by Steven A. Morse[1] of EastBridgewater, Massachusetts in 1861. He received U.S. Patent38,119 for his invention onApril 7, 1863. The original method ofmanufacture was to cut two grooves in opposite sides of a roundbar, then to twist the bar to produce the helical flutes. This gave thetool its name. Nowadays, the drill bit is usually made by rotating thebar while moving it past a grinding wheel to cut the flutes in the

same manner as cutting helical gears.

Tools recognizable as twist drill bits are currently produced indiameters covering a range from 0.05 mm (0.002") to 100 mm (4").Lengths up to about 1000 mm (39") are available for use inpowered hand tools.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Ambrose_Morse&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.morsecuttingtools.com/company/about.htmlhttp://www.morsecuttingtools.com/company/about.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bridgewater,_Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bridgewater,_Massachusettshttp://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=38119http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=38119http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_cuttinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Ambrose_Morse&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.morsecuttingtools.com/company/about.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bridgewater,_Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bridgewater,_Massachusettshttp://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=38119http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=38119http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=38119http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_cutting


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The geometry and sharpening of the cutting edges is crucial tothe performance of the bit. Users often throw away small bits that

become blunt, and replace them with new bits, because they areinexpensive and sharpening them well is difficult. For larger bits,special grinding jigs are available. A special tool grinderis availablefor sharpening or reshaping cutting surfaces on twist drills tooptimize the drill for a particular material.

Manufacturers can produce special versions of the twist drill bit,varying the geometry and the materials used, to suit particularmachinery and particular materials to be cut. Twist drill bits areavailable in the widest choice of tooling materials. However, evenfor industrial users, most holes are still drilled with a conventionalbit ofhigh speed steel.

The most common twist drill (the one sold in general hardwarestores) has a point angle of 118 degrees. This is a suitable anglefor a wide array of tasks, and will not cause the uninitiated operatorundue stress by wandering or digging in. A more aggressive

(sharper) angle, such as 90 degrees, is suited for very soft plasticsand other materials. The bit will generally be self-starting and cutvery quickly. A shallower angle, such as 150 degrees, is suited fordrilling steels and other tougher materials. This style bit requires astarter hole, but will not bind or suffer premature wear when aproper feed rate is used.

Drills with no point angle are used in situations where a blind,flat-bottomed hole is required. These drills are very sensitive tochanges in lip angle, and even a slight change can result in aninappropriately fast cutting drill bit that will suffer prematurewear.The twist drill does most of the cutting with the tip of the bit.There are flutes to carry the chips up from the cutting edges to thetop of the hole where they are cast off. Some of the parts of a drillbit are diagramed below as viewed from the cutting tip of the drill,
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Some other features of the drill bit are shown below for a side

view of the drill bit,

Typical parameters for drill bits are,

1. - Material is High Speed Steel2. - Standard Point Angle is 118


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Harder materials have higher point angles, soft materials havelower point angles.The helix results in a positive cutting rake.Drillbits are typically ground (by hand) until they are the desired shape.When done grinding, the lips should be the same length and at the

same angle, otherwise and oversized hole may be produced.Drillsizes are typically measured across the drill points with amicrometer


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GEARS


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4. GEARS(ref:11.4.a):

Gears are defined as toothed wheels or multi lobbed cams, which

transmits power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive

engagement of teeth. Gear drives offer the following advantage compared

with chain and belt drives.

It is a positive transmission drive.

Its velocity ratio remains constant.

The center distance between the shafts is relatively small, which results

in the compact construction.

It can transmit very large power, which is not possible with the belt

drives.

The efficiency of gear drives is very high even up to 99% in case of spur

gears.

A provision can be made in the gearbox for gear shifting; thus velocity

ratio can be changed over a wide range.

Gear drives however can only be used for small center distances, and

their maintenance cost is also higher. The manufacturing processes for gears

are complicated and highly specialized. Gear drives require attention for

lubrication and cleanliness. The also require precise alignment of the shafts.


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4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS(ref: 11.2.b)

There are various types of gears to suit various applications. They differ in the

shape of the gear wheel like cylindrical, conical, or elliptical and the

orientation of their axis and angle at which they mesh.

Gear drives transmit power between shafts when their axis is:

1.Parallel

2.Intersecting

3.Neither parallel nor intersecting.

The different types of gears used in these cases are:

Spur Gears - For parallel axes shafts.

Helical Gears - For parallel and neither parallel nor

intersecting.

Spiral Gears - For non-parallel and non-intersecting.

Bevel Gears - For intersecting axes shafts.

Elliptical Gears - For parallel axes shafts to obtain

variable motion.


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Worm Gears - For non-parallel and non co-planar axes

shafts.

Rack and Pinion - For converting rotary motion to linear

motion.

4.2 SPUR GEAR(ref:11.4.a)

Spur gears are the most commonly used gear type. They are characterized by

teeth, which are perpendicular to the face of the gear. Spur gears are by far

the most commonly available, and are generally the least expensive. They are

mounted on parallel shafts. Sometimes, many spur gears are used at once to

create very large gear reductions. Spur gears are used in many devices that

you can see all over like electric screw driver, oscillating sprinkler, windup

alarm clock, washing machines, clothes dryers, etc,


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Figure:4.1

4.2.1 Limitations: Spur gears generally cannot be used when a direction

change between the two shafts is required.

4.2.2Advantages: Spur gears are easy to find, inexpensive, and efficient.

4.3 BEVEL GEARS(ref:11.4.a)


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Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs to be

changed. They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but

can be designed to work at other angles as well.

The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or hyoid. Straight bevel

gear teeth actually have the same problem as straight spur gear teeth -- as

each tooth engages, it impacts the corresponding tooth all at once.

Standard bevel gears have teeth, which are cut straight and are all parallel to

the line pointing the apex of the cone on which the teeth are based. Spiral

bevel gears are also available which have teeth that form arcs. Hypocycloid

bevel gears are a special type of spiral gear that will allow non-intersecting,

non-parallel shafts to mesh. Straight tool bevel gears are generally considered

the best choice for systems with speeds lower than 1000 feet per minute: they

commonly become noisy above this point.


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Figure:4.2

Just like with spur gears, the solution to this problem is to curve the gear

teeth. These spiral teeth engage just like helical teeth: the contact starts at

one end of the gear and progressively spreads across the whole tooth.


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Figure:4.3

On straight and spiral bevel gears, the shafts must be

perpendicular to each other, but they must also be in the same plane. If you

were to extend the two shafts past the gears, they would intersect. The

hypoid gear, on the other hand, can engage with the axes in different planes.


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Figure:4.4

This feature is used in many car differentials. The ring gear of the

differential and the input pinion gear are both hypoid. This allows the input

pinion to be mounted lower than the axis of the ring gear. Since the driveshaft

of the car is connected to the input pinion, this also lowers the driveshaft. This

means that the driveshaft doesn't intrude into the passenger compartment of

the car as much, making more room for people and cargo.

4.3.1 Limitations:

Limited availability. Cannot be used for parallel shafts. Can become

noisy at high speeds.

4.3.2Advantages:

Excellent choice for intersecting shaft systems.


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DC MOTOR

DC MOTOR

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy,

very typically through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-

carrying conductors. The reverse process, producing electrical energy

from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo


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Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Many types of

electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa.

Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans,blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools,

and disk drives. They may be powered by direct current (for example a

battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating

current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors

may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly

standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient

mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are

used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline

compressors, with ratings in the millions ofwatts. Electric motors may be

classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction,

by their application, or by the type of motion they give.

The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the

interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early

as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed

throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric

motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators andelectrical distribution networks.
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vvv


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History and development

Electromagnetic experiment of Faraday, ca. 1821.[1]

The principle

The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by

electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael
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Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool ofmercury,

on which a permanent magnet was placed. When a current was passed

through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the

current gave rise to a circular magnetic field around the wire. [2] This motor

is often demonstrated in school physics classes, but brine (salt water) is

sometimes used in place of the toxic mercury. This is the simplest form of

a class of devices called homopolar motors. A later refinement is the

Barlow's Wheel. These were demonstration devices only, unsuited to

practical applications due to their primitive construction.[citation needed]

Jedlik's "lightning-magnetic self-rotor", 1827. (Museum of Applied Arts,

Budapest.)

In 1827, Hungarian nyos Jedlik started experimenting with

electromagnetic rotating devices he called "lightning-magnetic self-

rotors". He used them for instructive purposes in universities, and in 1828
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopolar_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow's_Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jedlik_motor.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopolar_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow's_Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik


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demonstrated the first device which contained the three main components

of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotorand commutator. Both

the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic, employing no

permanent magnets.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Again, the devices had no practical

application

Categorization of electric motors

The classic division of electric motors has been that of Alternating

Current (AC) types vs Direct Current (DC) types. This is more a de facto

convention, rather than a rigid distinction. For example, many classic DC

motors run on AC power, these motors being referred to as universal

motors.

Rated output power is also used to categorise motors, those of less than

746 Watts, for example, are often referred to as fractional horsepower

motors (FHP) in reference to the old imperial measurement.

The ongoing trend toward electronic control further muddles the

distinction, as modern drivers have moved the commutator out of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-ReferenceA-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-mpoweruk.com-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#Universal_motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#Universal_motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-ReferenceA-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-mpoweruk.com-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#Universal_motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor#Universal_motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motors


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motor shell. For this new breed of motor, driver circuits are relied upon to

generate sinusoidal AC drive currents, or some approximation thereof.

The two best examples are: the brushless DC motor and the stepping

motor, both being poly-phase AC motors requiring external electronic

control, although historically, stepping motors (such as for maritime and

naval gyrocompass repeaters) were driven from DC switched by contacts.

Considering all rotating (or linear) electric motors require synchronism

between a moving magnetic field and a moving current sheet for average

torque production, there is a clearer distinction between an asynchronous

motor and synchronous types. An asynchronous motor requires slip

between the moving magnetic field and a winding set to induce current in

the winding set by mutual inductance; the most ubiquitous example being

the common AC induction motorwhich must slip to generate torque. In

the synchronous types, induction (or slip) is not a requisite for magnetic

field or current production (e.g. permanent magnet motors, synchronous

brush-less wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly-fed_electric_machine#Brushless_doubly-fed_versionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly-fed_electric_machine#Brushless_doubly-fed_versions


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SOLAR CELL:-

SOLAR CELL:-

In our country there are so many types of power generator

available ie Solar energy, hydro energy, wind energy, geo-

thermal energy, tidal energy etc, are now considered the


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suitable successors to the fossil fuels in near future. Solar

energy among these stands out as the ultimate unending

source of energy coming from the sun to the earths

surface. The sun has produced energy for billions of years.Solar energy is the solar radiation that reaches the earth.

Solar energy has been in continuous use for heating water

for domestic use, space heating of buildings, drying

agricultural products, and generating electrical energy.

But in a world where environmental protection and energyconservation are growing concerns, the development of solar powered

vehicles (SPVs) has become a global issue. To meet these challenges, wehave to take initiative for creative changes and to ensure sustainablecontinuous development.

Solar-powered vehicles (SPVs), such as cars, boats, bicycles, and evenairplanes, use solar energy to either power an electric motor directly,and/or use solar energy to charge a battery, which powers the motor. Theyuse an array of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells (or modules made of cells)that convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity either goes directly toan electric motor powering the vehicle, or to a special storage battery. ThePV array can be built (integrated) onto the vehicle body itself, or fixed ona building or a vehicle shelter to charge an electric vehicle (EV) batterywhen it is parked. Other types of renewable energy sources, such as windenergy or hydropower, can also produce electricity cleanly to charge EVbatteries.

SPVs that have a built-on PV array differ from conventional vehicles

(and most EV's) in size, weight, maximum speed, and cost. Thepracticality of these types of SPVs is limited because solar cells onlyproduce electricity when the sun is shining. Even then, a vehiclecompletely covered with solar cells receives only a small amount of solarenergy each day, and converts an even smaller amount of that to usefulenergy. At present, most SPVs with built-on PV arrays are only used as


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research, development, and educational tools, and/or to participate in thevarious SPV races held around the world.

Additionally SPVs are much more energy efficient than ICE vehicles.

Not only is the propulsion system itself much more efficient, but energylosses through the transmission and idling simply do not exist. Becausethere is no transmission, acceleration is seamless; no jerking ornoise.just nice and smooth.

2. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Bulk


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These bulk technologies are often referred to as wafer-based manufacturing. In other words, ineach of these approaches, self-supporting wafers between 180 to 240 micrometers thick areprocessed and then soldered together to form a solar cell module.

Crystalline silicon

Main articles: Crystalline silicon,Silicon, andlist of silicon producers

Basic structure of a silicon based solar cell and its working mechanism.

By far, the most prevalent bulkmaterial for solar cells iscrystalline silicon (abbreviated as a groupas c-Si), also known as "solar grade silicon". Bulk silicon is separated into multiple categoriesaccording to crystallinity and crystal size in the resultingingot,ribbon, orwafer.

1. monocrystalline silicon (c-Si): often made using the Czochralski process. Single-crystalwafer cells tend to be expensive, and because they are cut from cylindrical ingots, do notcompletely cover a square solar cell module without a substantial waste of refined silicon.

Hence most c-Si panels have uncovered gaps at the four corners of the cells.2. Poly- ormulticrystalline silicon (poly-Si or mc-Si): made from cast square ingots large

blocks of molten silicon carefully cooled and solidified. Poly-Si cells are less expensive toproduce than single crystal silicon cells, but are less efficient. US DOE data shows thatthere were a higher number of multicrystalline sales than monocrystalline silicon sales.

3. Ribbon silicon[32] is a type of multicrystalline silicon: it is formed by drawing flat thin filmsfrom molten silicon and results in a multicrystalline structure. These cells have lowerefficiencies than poly-Si, but save on production costs due to a great reduction in siliconwaste, as this approach does not require sawing from ingots.

Thin films

Main article:Thin film solar cell

The variousthin-film technologies currently being developed reduce the amount (or mass) oflightabsorbing material required in creating a solar cell. This can lead to reduced processing costsfrom that of bulk materials (in the case of silicon thin films) but also tends to reduce energyconversion efficiency (an average 7 to 10% efficiency), although many multi-layerthin films haveefficiencies above those of bulksilicon wafers.

They have become popular compared to wafer silicon due to lower costs and advantages includingflexibility, lighter weights, and ease of integration.

Cadmium telluride solar cell

Main article:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics

A cadmium telluride solar cell is a solar cell based on cadmium telluride, an efficient light-absorbing material for thin-film cells. Compared to other thin-film materials, CdTe is easier todeposit and more suitable forlarge-scale production.
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There has been much discussion of the toxicity of CdTe-based solar cells. The perception of thetoxicity of CdTe is based on the toxicity of elemental cadmium, a heavy metal that is a cumulativepoison. While the toxicity of CdTe is presently under debate, it has been shown that the release ofcadmium to the atmosphere is impossible during normal operation of the cells and is unlikelyduring fires in residential roofs.[33] Furthermore, a square meter of CdTe contains approximately the

same amount of Cd as a single C cellNickel-cadmium battery, in a more stable and less solubleform.[33]

Copper-Indium Selenide

Main article:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell

Possible combinations of (I, III, VI) elements in the periodic table that have photovoltaic effect

The materials based on CuInSe2 that are of interest for photovoltaic applications include severalelements from groups I, III and VI in the periodic table. These semiconductors are especiallyattractive for thin film solar cell application because of their high optical absorption coefficients

and versatile optical and electrical characteristics which can in principle be manipulated and tunedfor a specific need in a given device[34].

CIS is an abbreviation for general chalcopyrite films of copper indium selenide (CuInSe2), CIGSmentioned below is a variation of CIS. CIS films (no Ga) achieved greater than 14% efficiency.However, manufacturing costs of CIS solar cells at present are high when compared withamorphous silicon solar cells but continuing work is leading to more cost-effective productionprocesses. The first large-scale production of CIS modules was started in 2006 in Germany byWrth Solar. Manufacturing techniques vary and include the use ofUltrasonic Nozzles for materialdeposition. Electro-Plating in other efficient technology to apply the CI(G)S layer.

When gallium is substituted for some of the indium in CIS, the material is referred to as CIGS, orcopper indium/gallium diselenide, a solid mixture of the semiconductors CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2,often abbreviated by the chemical formula CuInxGa(1-x)Se2. Unlike the conventional silicon basedsolar cell, which can be modelled as a simple p-n junction (see under semiconductor), these cellsare best described by a more complex heterojunction model. The best efficiency of a thin-filmsolar cell as of March 2008 was 19.9% with CIGS absorber layer. [35] Higher efficiencies (around30%) can be obtained by using optics to concentrate the incident light or by using multi-junctiontandem solar cells. The use of gallium increases the optical bandgap of the CIGS layer ascompared to pure CIS, thus increasing the open-circuit voltage, but decreasing the short circuitcurrent. In another point of view, gallium is added to replace indium due to gallium's relativeavailability to indium. Approximately 70%[36] of indium currently produced is used by the flat-

screen monitor industry. However, the atomic ratio for Ga in the >19% efficient CIGS solar cells is~7%, which corresponds to a bandgap of ~1.15 eV. CIGS solar cells with higher Ga amounts havelower efficiency. For example, CGS solar cells (which have a bandgap of ~1.7 eV have a recordefficiency of 9.5% for pure CGS and 10.2% for surface-modified CGS. Some investors in solartechnology worry that production of CIGS cells will be limited by the availability of indium.Producing 2 GW of CIGS cells (roughly the amount of silicon cells produced in 2006) would useabout 10% of the indium produced in 2004.[37] For comparison, silicon solar cells used up 33% ofthe world's electronic grade silicon production in 2006.
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Se allows for better uniformity across the layer and so the number of recombination sites in thefilm are reduced which benefits the quantum efficiency and thus the conversion efficiency.[citationneeded]

Gallium arsenide multijunction

Main article:Multijunction photovoltaic cell

High-efficiency multijunction cells were originally developed for special applications such assatellites andspace exploration, but at present, their use in terrestrial concentrators might be thelowest cost alternative in terms of $/kWh and $/W.[38] These multijunction cells consist of multiplethin films produced using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. A triple-junction cell, for example,may consist of the semiconductors: GaAs, Ge, and GaInP2.[39] Each type of semiconductor willhave a characteristic band gap energy which, loosely speaking, causes it to absorb light mostefficiently at a certain color, or more precisely, to absorb electromagnetic radiationover a portionof the spectrum. The semiconductors are carefully chosen to absorb nearly all of the solar

spectrum, thus generating electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible.GaAs based multijunction devices are the most efficient solar cells to date, reaching a record highof 40.7% efficiency under "500-sun" solar concentration and laboratory conditions. [40]

This technology is currently being utilized in the Mars rover missions.

Tandem solar cells based on monolithic, series connected, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP),gallium arsenide GaAs, and germanium Ge pn junctions, are seeing demand rapidly rise. In just thepast 12 months (12/2006 - 12/2007), the cost of 4N gallium metal has risen from about $350 per kgto $680 per kg. Additionally, germanium metal prices have risen substantially to $1000$1200 per

kg this year. Those materials include gallium (4N, 6N and 7N Ga), arsenic (4N, 6N and 7N) andgermanium, pyrolitic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles for growing crystals, and boron oxide, theseproducts are critical to the entire substrate manufacturing industry.

Triple-junction GaAs solar cells were also being used as the power source of the Dutch four-timeWorld Solar Challenge winnersNunain 2005 and 2007, and also by the Dutch solar cars Solutra(2005) and Twente One (2007).

The DutchRadboud University Nijmegen set the record for thin film solar cell efficiency using asingle junction GaAs to 25.8% in August 2008 using only 4 m thick GaAs layer which can betransferred from a wafer base to glass or plastic film. [41]

Light-absorbing dyes (DSSC)

Main article:Dye-sensitized solar cells

Typically arutheniummetalorganicdye (Ru-centered) is used as a monolayerof light-absorbingmaterial. The dye-sensitized solar cell depends on amesoporous layer ofnanoparticulatetitaniumdioxideto greatly amplify the surface area (200300 m2/g TiO2, as compared to approximately 10
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m2/g of flat single crystal). The photogenerated electrons from the light absorbing dye are passedon to the n-type TiO2, and the holes are passed to an electrolyte on the other side of the dye. Thecircuit is completed by a redox couple in the electrolyte, which can be liquid or solid. This type ofcell allows a more flexible use of materials, and is typically manufactured by screen printingand/or use ofUltrasonic Nozzles, with the potential for lower processing costs than those used for

bulksolar cells. However, the dyes in these cells also suffer fromdegradation under heat and UVlight, and the cell casing is difficult to seal due to the solvents used in assembly. In spite of theabove, this is a popular emerging technology with some commercial impact forecast within thisdecade. The first commercial shipment of DSSC solar modules occurred in July 2009 from G24iInnovations (www.g24i.com).

Organic/polymer solar cells

Organic solar cells andpolymer solar cells are built from thin films (typically 100 nm) oforganicsemiconductors such as polymers and small-molecule compounds like polyphenylene vinylene,copper phthalocyanine (a blue or green organic pigment) and carbon fullerenes and fullerene

derivatives such as PCBM. Energy conversion efficiencies achieved to date using conductivepolymers are low compared to inorganic materials. However, it improved quickly in the last fewyears and the highest NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) certified efficiency hasreached 6.77%[42]. In addition, these cells could be beneficial for some applications wheremechanical flexibility and disposability are important.

These devices differ from inorganic semiconductor solar cells in that they do not rely on the largebuilt-in electric field of a PN junction to separate the electrons and holes created when photons areabsorbed. The active region of an organic device consists of two materials, one which acts as anelectron donor and the other as an acceptor. When a photon is converted into an electron hole pair,typically in the donor material, the charges tend to remain bound in the form of an exciton, and are

separated when the exciton diffuses to the donor-acceptor interface. The short exciton diffusionlengths of most polymer systems tend to limit the efficiency of such devices. Nanostructuredinterfaces, sometimes in the form of bulk heterojunctions, can improve performance.[43]

Silicon thin films

Silicon thin-film cells are mainly deposited by chemical vapor deposition (typically plasma-enhanced (PE-CVD)) from silane gas and hydrogen gas. Depending on the deposition parameters,this can yield:[44]

1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si or a-Si:H)2.

Protocrystalline silicon or3. Nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si or nc-Si:H), also called microcrystalline silicon.

It has been found that protocrystalline silicon with a low volume fraction of nanocrystalline siliconis optimal for high open circuit voltage.[45] These types of silicon present dangling and twistedbonds, which results in deep defects (energy levels in the bandgap) as well as deformation of thevalence and conduction bands (band tails). The solar cells made from these materials tend to havelowerenergy conversion efficiency than bulksilicon, but are also less expensive to produce. The
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quantum efficiency of thin film solar cells is also lower due to reduced number of collected chargecarriers per incident photon.

Amorphous silicon has a higher bandgap (1.7 eV) than crystalline silicon (c-Si) (1.1 eV), whichmeans it absorbs the visible part of the solar spectrum more strongly than the infrared portion of

the spectrum. As nc-Si has about the same bandgap as c-Si, the nc-Si and a-Si can advantageouslybe combined in thin layers, creating a layered cell called a tandem cell. The top cell in a-Siabsorbs the visible light and leaves the infrared part of the spectrum for the bottom cell in nc-Si.

Recently, solutions to overcome the limitations of thin-film crystalline silicon have beendeveloped. Light trapping schemes where the weakly absorbed long wavelength light is obliquelycoupled into the silicon and traverses the film several times can significantly enhance theabsorption of sunlight in the thin silicon films.[46] Thermal processing techniques can significantlyenhance the crystal quality of the silicon and thereby lead to higher efficiencies of the final solarcells.[47]

A silicon thin film technology is being developed for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) inthe form of semi-transparent solar cells which can be applied as window glazing. These cellsfunction as window tinting while generating electricity.

Nanocrystalline solar cells

Main article:Nanocrystal solar cell

These structures make use of some of the same thin-film light absorbing materials but are overlainas an extremely thin absorber on a supporting matrix of conductive polymer or mesoporous metaloxide having a very high surface area to increase internal reflections (and hence increase theprobability of light absorption). Using nanocrystals allows one to design architectures on the lengthscale of nanometers, the typical exciton diffusion length. In particular, single-nanocrystal('channel') devices, an array of single p-n junctions between the electrodes and separated by aperiod of about a diffusion length, represent a new architecture for solar cells and potentially highefficiency.

Schema of Concentrating photovoltaics

Concentrating photovoltaics (CPV)

See also: Solar concentrator

Concentrating photovoltaic systems use a large area of lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on asmall area of photovoltaic cells.[48] High concentration means a hundred or more times directsunlight is focused when compared with crystalline silicon panels. Most commercial producers aredeveloping systems that concentrate between 400 and 1000 suns. All concentration systems need aone axis or more often two axis tracking system for high precision, since most systems only usedirect sunlight and need to aim at the sun with errors of less than 3 degrees. The primary attractionof CPV systems is their reduced usage of semiconducting material which is expensive and
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currently in short supply. Additionally, increasing the concentration ratio improves theperformance of high efficiency photovoltaic cells.[49] Despite the advantages of CPV technologiestheir application has been limited by the costs of focusing, sun tracking and cooling equipment. OnOctober 25, 2006, the Australian federal government and the Victorian state government togetherwith photovoltaic technology companySolar Systems announced a project using this technology,

Solar power station in Victoria, planned to come online in 2008 and be completed by 2013. Thisplant, at 154 MW, would be ten times larger than the largest current photovoltaic plant in theworld.[50]

Silicon solar cell device manufacture

Solar-powered scientific calculator

Because solar cells are semiconductor devices, they share many of the same processing andmanufacturing techniques as other semiconductor devices such as computer and memory chips.However, the stringent requirements for cleanliness and quality control of semiconductorfabrication are a little more relaxed for solar cells. Most large-scale commercial solar cell factoriestoday make screen printed poly-crystalline silicon solar cells. Single crystalline wafers which areused in the semiconductor industry can be made into excellent high efficiency solar cells, but theyare generally considered to be too expensive for large-scale mass production.

Poly-crystalline silicon wafers are made by wire-sawing block-cast silicon ingots into very thin(180 to 350 micrometer) slices or wafers. The wafers are usually lightly p-typedoped. To make a

solar cell from the wafer, a surface diffusion ofn-type dopants is performed on the front side of thewafer. This forms a p-n junction a few hundred nanometers below the surface.

Antireflection coatings, which increase the amount of light coupled into the solar cell, are typicallynext applied. Over the past decade, silicon nitride has gradually replaced titanium dioxide as theantireflection coating of choice because of its excellent surface passivation qualities (i.e., itprevents carrier recombination at the surface of the solar cell). It is typically applied in a layerseveral hundred nanometers thick using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
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Some solar cells have textured front surfaces that, like antireflection coatings, serve to increase theamount of light coupled into the cell. Such surfaces can usually only be formed on single-crystalsilicon, though in recent years methods of forming them on multicrystalline silicon have beendeveloped.

The wafer then has a full area metal contact made on the back surface, and a grid-like metalcontact made up of fine "fingers" and larger "busbars" are screen-printed onto the front surfaceusing a silverpaste. The rear contact is also formed by screen-printing a metal paste, typicallyaluminium. Usually this contact covers the entire rear side of the cell, though in some cell designsit is printed in a grid pattern. The paste is then fired at several hundred degrees Celsius to formmetal electrodes in ohmic contact with the silicon. Some companies use an additional electro-plating step to increase the cell efficiency. After the metal contacts are made, the solar cells areinterconnected in series (and/or parallel) by flat wires or metal ribbons, and assembled intomodules or "solar panels". Solar panels have a sheet oftempered glass on the front, and apolymerencapsulation on the back. Tempered glass cannot be used with amorphous silicon cells because ofthe high temperatures during the deposition process.

Miniaturization

It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled photovoltaic mini andmicrocell. (Discuss)

See also:Microelectronic and microelectromechanical system andnanotechnology

This section requires expansion.

Polycrystalline paper-thin solar cell extends the operating life of mobile phones and other portablesystems. LROGC03 type panel is going to have a surface of 41 x 33 millimetres, half the size ofthe first LROGC02 panel.[51]

Tiny glitter-sized photovoltaic cells (from 14 to 20 micrometers thick) could have intelligentcontrols, inverters and even storage built in at the chip level.[citation needed]Glitter photovoltaic cellsuse 100 times less silicon to generate the same amount of electricity. They have 14.9 percentefficiency and off-the-shelfcommercial modules range from 13 to 20 percent efficient.[52]

Lifespan

Most commercially available solar cells are capable of producing electricity for at least twenty

years without a significant decrease in efficiency. The typical warranty given by panelmanufacturers is for a period of 25 30 years, wherein the output shall not fall below 85% of therated capacity.[citation needed]

Costs

Cost is established in cost-per-watt and in cost-per-watt in 24 hours for infrared capablephotovoltaic cells. Manufacturing costs are also calculated including the energy required for
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manufacturing of the cells and modules in a kWh basis. These figures are added to the end pricefor solar investors and the energy payback is calculated from the point of power plant initializationor connection to the grid. another method of calculating the payback is to use the feed in tariffmechanism in place for power plant remuneration. Solar-specific feed in tariffs vary worldwide,and even state by state within various countries. The energy payback time will vary depending on

the country of application and the level of the feed in tariff.[53]

Slicing costs

University of Utah engineers devised a new way to slice thin wafers of the chemical elementgermanium for use in the most efficient type of solar power cells. The new method should lowerthe cost of such cells by reducing the waste and breakage of the brittle semiconductor. [54]

Low-cost solar cell

Main articles:Dye-sensitized solar cellandlow-cost photovoltaic cell

Dye-sensitized solar cell, andluminescent solar concentratorsare consideredlow-cost solar cells.

This cell is extremely promising because it is made of low-cost materials and does not needelaborate apparatus to manufacture, so it can be made in a DIY way allowing more players toproduce it than any other type of solar cell. In bulk it should be significantly less expensive thanolder solid-state cell designs. It can be engineered into flexible sheets. Although its conversionefficiency is less than the best thin film cells, itsprice/performance ratio should be high enough toallow it to compete with fossil fuel electrical generation.

Current research on materials and devices

See also: Timeline of solar cells

There are currently many research groups active in the field ofphotovoltaics inuniversities andresearch institutions around the world. This research can be divided into three areas: makingcurrent technology solar cells cheaper and/or more efficient to effectively compete with otherenergy sources; developing new technologies based on new solar cell architectural designs; anddeveloping new materials to serve as light absorbers and charge carriers.

Silicon processing

One way of reducing the cost is to develop cheaper methods of obtaining silicon that is sufficientlypure. Silicon is a very common element, but is normally bound in silica, orsilica sand. Processingsilica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process - at current efficiencies, it takes one totwo years for a conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the siliconit contains. More energy efficient methods of synthesis are not only beneficial to the solar industry,but also to industries surrounding silicon technology as a whole.
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The current industrial production of silicon is via the reaction between carbon (charcoal) and silicaat a temperature around 1700 C. In this process, known as carbothermic reduction, each tonne ofsilicon (metallurgical grade, about 98% pure) is produced with the emission of about 1.5 tonnes ofcarbon dioxide.

Solid silica can be directly converted (reduced) to pure silicon by electrolysis in a molten salt bathat a fairly mild temperature (800 to 900 C).[55][56] While this new process is in principle the same asthe FFC Cambridge Process which was first discovered in late 1996, the interesting laboratoryfinding is that such electrolytic silicon is in the form of porous silicon which turns readily into afine powder, with a particle size of a few micrometres, and may therefore offer new opportunitiesfor development of solar cell technologies.

Another approach is also to reduce the amount of silicon used and thus cost, is by micromachiningwafers into very thin, virtually transparent layers that could be used as transparent architecturalcoverings.[57] The technique involves taking a silicon wafer, typically 1 to 2 mm thick, and makinga multitude of parallel, transverse slices across the wafer, creating a large number of slivers that

have a thickness of 50 micrometres and a width equal to the thickness of the original wafer. Theseslices are rotated 90 degrees, so that the surfaces corresponding to the faces of the original waferbecome the edges of the slivers. The result is to convert, for example, a 150 mm diameter, 2 mm-thick wafer having an exposed silicon surface area of about 175 cm2 per side into about 1000slivers having dimensions of 100 mm 2 mm 0.1 mm, yielding a total exposed silicon surfacearea of about 2000 cm2 per side. As a result of this rotation, the electrical doping and contacts thatwere on the face of the wafer are located at the edges of the sliver, rather than at the front and rearas in the case of conventional wafer cells. This has the interesting effect of making the cellsensitive from both the front and rear of the cell (a property known as bifaciality). [57] Using thistechnique, one silicon wafer is enough to build a 140 watt panel, compared to about 60 wafersneeded for conventional modules of same power output.

Thin-film processing

Main article:Thin-film

Thin-film photovoltaic cells can use less than 1% of the expensive raw material (silicon or otherlight absorbers) compared to wafer-based solar cells, leading to a significant price drop per Wattpeak capacity. There are many research groups around the world actively researching differentthin-film approaches and/or materials. However, it remains to be seen if these solutions canachieve a similar market penetration as traditional bulk silicon solar modules. [58]

One particularly promising technology is crystalline silicon thin films on glass substrates. Thistechnology combines the advantages of crystalline silicon as a solar cell material (abundance, non-toxicity, high efficiency, long-term stability) with the cost savings of using a thin-film approach.[59][60]

Another interesting aspect of thin-film solar cells is the possibility to deposit the cells on all kindof materials, including flexible substrates (PET for example), which opens a new dimension fornew applications.[61]
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Metamorphic multijunction solar cell

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory won a R&D Magazine's R&D 100 Awards for itsMetamorphic Multijunction Solar Cell, an ultra-light and flexible cell that converts solar energywith record efficiency.[62]

The ultra-light, highly efficient solar cell was developed at NREL and is being commercialized byEmcore Corp.[63] ofAlbuquerque, N.M., in partnership with the Air Force Research LaboratoriesSpace Vehicles Directorate atKirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque.

It represents a new class of solar cells with clear advantages in performance, engineering design,operation and cost. For decades, conventional cells have featured wafers of semiconductingmaterials with similarcrystalline structure. Their performance and cost effectiveness is constrainedby growing the cells in an upright configuration. Meanwhile, the cells are rigid, heavy and thickwith a bottom layer made ofgermanium.

In the new method, the cell is grown upside down. These layers use high-energy materials withextremely high quality crystals, especially in the upper layers of the cell where most of the poweris produced. Not all of the layers follow the lattice pattern of even atomic spacing. Instead, the cellincludes a full range of atomic spacing, which allows for greater absorption and use of sunlight.The thick, rigid germanium layer is removed, reducing the cell's cost and 94% of its weight. Byturning the conventional approach to cells on its head, the result is an ultra-light and flexible cellthat also converts solar energy with record efficiency (40.8% under 326sunsconcentration).

SPCIFICATION

SOLAR CELL

1. OUTPUT 18 VOLT DC

2.SIZE 12 X 12

3.10 watts
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DC MOTOR

1. OPERATE VOLTAGE = 12 VOLT DCV

2. RPM = 1500

3. POWER = 400 WATTS

COST EFFECT

1 Solar plate 10 watts = 1 Nos 2500.00

2 Secondary battery = 1 Nos 3000.00

3 DC drill machine =1 2500.00


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4 Frame to carry drill machin =1 4000.00

6 DC geared motor 1 nos =1 1500.00

CONCLUSION

The present situation in our country all the drill machine is working on AC main To reduce

the power consumption from the electricity board to avoid this problem , we need to have

some kind of power source system to operate the drill machine .

We are trying to implement a prototype model of an drill machine system within the

limited available source and economy.

The system can be subjected to further development using advanced techniques.

It may become a success if our project can be implemented through out our country.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.www.google.com

2 www.dc motor.com

3.www.solar .com
http://www.dc/http://www.dc/


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Documents

Wind Power Drill Machine Tumkur