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WINDOW COVERINGS CEILINGS SUN CONTROL FAÇADES
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Task force Solar Shading started 2008
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Table of Contents
Terminology
Solar radiation
Effect of windows on indoor environment
Window systems
Energy effects of solar shading
How to choose a shading solution
Automating and integrating solar shading
Existing buildings
Double-skin facades
Maintenance of solar shading systems
Cases
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Reviewers
Prof. Jan Hensen, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
Prof. Mat Santamouris, University of Athens, Greece
Hervé Lamy, SNFPSA, Paris, France
Prof. Michael G Hutchins, Sonnergy Ltd, Abingdon, UK
Dr. Thanos Tzempelikos, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Table of Contents
Terminology
Solar radiation
Effect of windows on indoor environment
Window systems
Energy effects of solar shading
How to choose a shading solution
Automating and integrating solar shading
Existing buildings
Double-skin facades
Maintenance of solar shading systems
Cases
Solar radiation
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Solar radiation
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Solar paths
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Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)
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Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)
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Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)
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Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)
Effect of windows on indoor environment
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Effect of windows on indoor environment
Thermal comfort
Visual comfort
Acoustic comfort
Indoor air quality
Daylighting
Impact of productivity
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Thermal comfort
Air temperature
Radiant temperature
Operative temperature
Relation to office worker productivity
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Visual comfort
Contact with the outdoors
Absolute brightness
Luminance ratios
Color rendition
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Effect of good visual comfort
3.75% median productivity increase [CMU]
20 to 25% less health complaints [Hartkopf]
15% reduced absenteeism [Thayer]
10 to 25% better performance on test of mental function
20 to 26% faster progress of students [Heshong]
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Predicting visual comfort
Photo: Hunter Douglas
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Predicting visual comfort
Photo: Hunter Douglas
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The economic impact of productivity
Window systems
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Glazing properties
Thermal transmittance U [W/m2K]
Light transmittance Tv [-]
g-value [-]
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Energy flows
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Convection loads
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Cooling loads – no shading
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Cooling load – exterior shading
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Surface temperature interior window pane under peak load conditions – no shading
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Surface temperature interior window pane under peak load conditions – exterior shading
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Influence of shading on lighting needs
Daylight illuminance in a south oriented office automatic Venetian blind @ 200 W/m2
Energy effects
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Energy effects of solar shading
Orientation dependent energy balance of an office for
Stockholm
Amsterdam
Madrid
Three glazing types
Standard double glazing (U = 2.9 W/m2K)
Low-e (U = 1.2 W/m2K)
Solar control glazing (U = 1.1 W/m2K)
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Standard office
dimension 3.6 x 5 x 3 m
ventilation 1.5 dm3/m2s
infiltration 0.1 ACH
daylight dependent lighting 500 lx
max. internal load art. lighting 12 W/m2
internal loads people 10 W/m2
internal loads equipment 15 W/m2
thermostat cooling 25/30 ºC (8-18/otherwise)
thermostat heating 21/15 ºC (8-18/otherwise)
shading set point 200 W/m2
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Conversion to primary energy
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Stockholm – low-e glazing, no shading
Primary
Heating
Cooling
Lighting
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Stockholm – low-e glazing, with shading
Primary
Heating
Cooling
Lighting
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Stockholm – cooling load, low-e glazing, orientation: south
no shading
exterior shading
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Stockholm – cooling load reduction through shading
std. double
low-esolar ctrl
dotted: exterior shading
no shading
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Reduction in primary energy use for heating, cooling and lighting through shading
std. double
low-esolar ctrl
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Cost benefit analysis of solar shading
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The extra investment in solar shading as a function of glazing percentage
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Table of Contents
Terminology
Solar radiation
Effect of windows on indoor environment
Window systems
Energy effects of solar shading
How to choose a shading solution
Automating and integrating solar shading
Existing buildings
Double-skin facades
Maintenance of solar shading systems
Cases
Cases
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Trafalgar House, Croydon
Photo: Hunter Douglas
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Trafalgar House, CroydonConcrete Walls
Anti-Glare Blinds Internally
Rain Screen Cladding
Extract Duct
Exposed Concrete Slab
Radiators Supply Duct
Automatic opening vent behind louvres
Automatic opening window
Aerofoils
Concrete Walls
Anti-Glare Blinds Internally
Rain Screen Cladding
Extract Duct
Exposed Concrete Slab
Radiators Supply Duct
Automatic opening vent behind louvres
Automatic opening window
Aerofoils
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Central Plaza Brussels
Photo: Hunter Douglas
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Allianz, Frankfurt am Main
Photo: Warema
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Allianz, Frankfurt am Main
Photo: Warema
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Mediathèque Marguerite Yourcenar
Photo:Dickson Constant
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Appendices
EU standards concerning shutters and blinds
Specification example
Matrix of responsibilities
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Acknowledgements
Ellen Kohl (Warema),
Maaike Berckmoes (Scheldebouw-Permasteelisa),
Risto Kosonen (Halton),
Bernard Gilmont (European Aluminium Association),
Maija Virta (Halton),
Prof. Dirk Saelens (Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
Prof. Zoltan Magyar (University of Pécs, Hungary)
Foliennummer 1Task force Solar Shading started 2008Table of ContentsReviewersTable of ContentsSolar radiationSolar radiationSolar pathsSolar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky)Effect of windows on indoor environmentEffect of windows on indoor environmentThermal comfortVisual comfortEffect of good visual comfortPredicting visual comfortPredicting visual comfortThe economic impact of productivityWindow systemsGlazing propertiesEnergy flowsConvection loadsCooling loads – no shadingCooling load – exterior shadingSurface temperature interior window pane under peak load conditions – no shadingSurface temperature interior window pane under peak load conditions – exterior shadingInfluence of shading on lighting needsEnergy effectsEnergy effects of solar shading Standard officeConversion to primary energyStockholm – low-e glazing, no shadingStockholm – low-e glazing, with shadingStockholm – cooling load, low-e glazing, orientation: southStockholm – cooling load reduction through shadingReduction in primary energy use for heating, cooling and lighting through shadingCost benefit analysis of solar shadingThe extra investment in solar shading as a function of glazing percentageTable of ContentsCasesTrafalgar House, CroydonTrafalgar House, CroydonCentral Plaza BrusselsAllianz, Frankfurt am MainAllianz, Frankfurt am MainMediathèque Marguerite YourcenarAppendicesAcknowledgements