WINDS OF CHANGE: NO NEW COAL STATES OF INDIA€¦ · 04 WINDS OF CHANGE: NO NEW COAL STATES OF INDIA Stress in the coal power sector The cumulative debt of all electricity procurement

01W I N D S O F C H A N G E : N O N E W C O A L S TAT E S O F I N D I A

India added significant thermal capacity (140.27 GW) in the eleventh and twelfth five-year plan, from 2007-17, while adding 49.49 GW of RE capacity. From 2017, a push for renewables by the Government of India (GoI) went on an upswing, taking over coal to add 2.4 MW of RE capacity for every MW of coal added - till October 2019. The target is to achieve 175GW of installed RE capacity (adding 117.7 GW) from 2017-22 and 275 GW by 2027.

From the twelfth Plan onward, GoI started to promote supercritical technology for lower emissions and higher efficiency in coal-fired power plants. 42% of the capacity added in this time was based on this technology. A programme for renovation & modernization was also launched to enhance the performance, achieve environmental compliance, and extend the life of old units by 15-20 years. 7,202 MW capacity was upgraded during 2012-17.

A similar capacity of 7,480 MW was cumulatively retired during the two plan periods as the units were old and inefficient. Additional coal capacity of 48.3 GW is planned to be retired by 2027. Approximately 15.8 GW coal capacity was missed (aka slippage) from being added during the twelfth plan due to issues with land acquisition, coal supply linkages, transmission system for power evacuation, credit availability, extreme weather conditions (heavy rains, cyclones in coastal areas), delays in power purchase agreements (PPAs) and consent from state governments, changes in state policies related to sand mining, ground-water extraction etc. The states that lost most capacity to slippage were:

Chhattisgarh – 4215 MW Bihar – 2730 MW Andhra Pradesh – 2620 MW Maharashtra – 2130 MW Arunachal Pradesh – 1710 MW Gujarat & Rajasthan – 1400 MW each

According to the National Electricity Plan (NEP) released in 2018 by Central Electricity Authority (CEA), based on existing commitments made for capacity addition from all sources till 2022, India needs no new coal power capacity until at least 2027. This is even with the highest estimated growth in power demand. The additional capacity of 46.4 GW needed beyond the current pipeline between 2022-27 is preferred by the NEP to come from flexible generation sources, instead of coal.

In fact, no new coal capacity in a period of increased electricity demand is deemed to be favourable for enhancing the utilisation (aka plant load factor, PLF) of the existing coal plants. These will remain operational at only 61% capacity utilisation in 2027 as they are currently operating under heavy losses. Due to the shortage of natural gas, no further gas-based plant is planned till 2022 either. Since the NEP in 2018, GoI has announced even higher ambition for RE, in effect to boost it to 450 GW. The National Energy Storage Mission (NESM) will meanwhile augment India’s energy storage capacity, in order to deploy renewables in meeting incremental and peak power demands.

State governments such as Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Assam seem to have taken note of the NEP’s guidance and also realised through experience that coal is not golden anymore. In September 2019, the Gujarat state government made the official announcement that no new coal power plants would be approved for the state. A few days later Chhattisgarh’s state-owned electricity distribution company (DISCOM) also announced its intention to not build any new coal power plants. Recently, Assam’s state government has also expressed its need to wean off of expensive coal capacity.

W I N D S O F C H A N G E : N O N E W C O A L S T A T E S O F I N D I A

02 W I N D S O F C H A N G E : N O N E W C O A L S TAT E S O F I N D I A

‘ N O N E W C O A L ’ S T A T E S O F I N D I A M A T R I XBased on the above developments, the paper takes stock of which Indian states are well-placed to wean themselves off of new coal power (except those under construction). To take stock of their readiness and necessary conditions, the states can be divided into 4 quadrants.

Easy to disembark coal-train

Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, North-East States, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala. They have:

fragile ecosystems, high RE potential, low existing coal capacity, high coal prices, issues plaguing coal supplies

RE Unstoppable

Karnataka, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu have:

high RE potential installed RE capacity already higher than coal &

prescribed targets, or on path to zip ahead new RE prices lower than coal despite high installed

capacity of coal low coal plant PLFs & high stress (water, financial) high DISCOM debt due to existing power purchase

agreement cost

At the U-turn

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana have:

high RE potential & installed RE capacity, twice the existing installed RE capacity as targets to help

meet 175GW RE goal, need for a policy nudge to tap full RE potential while existing

large coal capacity remains/retires

Coal is Old, & No More Gold

Chhattisgarh, Assam, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Odisha, Bihar have:

low existing installed capacity despite potential to meet future demand

4-12 times the existing installed RE capacity as targets to help meet 175GW RE goal,

over-reliance on coal causing pollution-related health issues, state-owned utilities showing interest in alternatives to coal

Figure 1: ‘No New Coal’ states of India – a matrix to analyse the readiness

1

1 Refer Annexure 1


S T A T E A N A LY S I SThe quadrants of ‘RE Unstoppable and ‘Easy to Disembark Coal-train’ look the most well-placed to not go for new coal, even as states in the other two quadrants have started to look around for options. This paper presents an analysis of two states from the most promising quadrant – RE Unstoppable – and one state each from the other two quadrants with high installed coal capacity.

Rajasthan: RE Unstoppable

State Profile

Rajasthan has the largest RE potential in the country at 162 GW, with solar alone accounting for 142 GW. The state faced critical shortage of electricity in 2018-19 against a forecasted surplus due to the lack of coal supply and technical issues with thermal power plants. This forced the DISCOMS to procure from unallocated pools of power and spot markets. Rajasthan’s coal vs. RE installed capacity ratio stands at 1.27. This is in favour of coal, although its REs capacity has grown by 47% since FY 2017, to reach 38% of the state’s total installed capacity in 2019.

Policy to meet RE potentialThe new solar policy aims for additional 25 GW grid-connected installed capacity by FY 2021-22, equivalent to current total installed capacity of the state. The peak electricity demand in the state is projected to be 14.4 GW in FY2021-22, an increase of 1815 MW from today, for which 25 GW planned from solar, coupled with energy storage, will be adequate. The new hybrid RE (solar & wind combined) plants policy also aims for 500 MW of installed capacity by FY 2021-22. The state can utilise its large RE potential to feed into the inter-state transmission grid.

Scale of price balance in favour of RERajasthan procured coal power in 2018-19 at an average cost of Rs. 3.56/kWh (US$0.048) and at Rs. 5.07/kWh (US$0.068) from renewables due to existing PPAs. Against this, the recent auctions of grid-connected solar in the state have discovered prices of Rs 2.50/kWh (US$0.036), which is much lower than coal power tariffs. Recent auctions for solar have been close to 2017 Bhadla solar park price of Rs 2.44/kWh (US$0.033), which indicates consistency.

“The government is going to introduce a new solar and wind energy to make the state a hub of solar power. Rajasthan is on the third position in the field of solar power and efforts are on to bring it to number one.” – Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot (August 2019).

“The government is bringing a new policy to harness solar, wind and biomass energy to make Rajasthan a leading state in the renewable energy sector. Around 3,300 tonnes of coal is required for generating 1 MW electricity through traditional sources, but now due to renewable energy production, the state is saving 5 lakh tonnes coal every year.” – State Energy Minister, Dr BD Kalla (August 2019).

Coal & Lignite

Gas & Diesel

Nuclear RE HydroTotal

Installed Capacity

Share of RE in Total

Share of Non-Fossil

Fuel in Total

11642.27 824.9 556.74 9182.5 1939.19 24145.6 38.02% 48.36%

Source: CEA, October 2019


Stress in the coal power sectorThe cumulative debt of all electricity procurement and distribution companies (DISCOMs) stands at Rs 22,667 crore (US $ 3.08 billion) at the end of September 2019, which is 27.57% of the total DISCOM debt in the country and the highest amongst all states. Power Finance Corporation India’s (PFC) annual ratings report for Ministry of Power identifies high power purchase cost in the range of Rs 4.68-4.76/kWh (US$0.064-0.065) as a key concern and an actionable item for all the three DISCOMs in Rajasthan.

The average coal plant PLF during FY2019-20 (till October) has been 56.32%, against the national average of 61%. Lignite-based Barsingsar and Bithnok TPPs of 250 MW each are on hold since 2017 due to withdrawal of PPA by DISCOMS, for reasons of increased project cost. Over 5000 MW planned coal capacity in the state has been cancelled since 2010. Kota coal plant of 850 MW capacity is being considered for retirement due to shortage of space for installing emissions control systems and having attained an age of more than 25 years.

Future scenarioThe projected peak electricity demand in 2026-27 will require additional 7511 MW capacity, while the solar policy objective is to set up 50 GW in next 5-6 years. The RE policies point to the state government’s inclination to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, contributing to meeting national RE goals and meeting its RE generation potential. Several people in the state have evinced interest with the Energy Department in leasing out their land for a period of 30 years to set up solar projects on rent. On the other hand, coal projects have been mired in protests by people on issues of land acquisition.

Based on the urgency to reduce DISCOM losses and to take advantage of low RE auction prices, as well as anticipated coal plant shut-downs to install emissions control systems by 2022, it is a reasonable choice for Rajasthan to progressively fulfill its electricity shortage and future growth in demand from RE alone, aided by energy storage systems and hybrid plants.

Karnataka: RE Unstoppable

State ProfileThe state’s installed power capacity in MW, as on October 31st 2019, is as under:

Coal & Lignite

Gas & Diesel


Installed Capacity


Share of Non-Fossil

Fuel in Total

9807.7 25.2 698 14335.35 3586.6 28399.25 50.29% 65.38%


Karnataka has the largest installed RE capacity in the country, which has grown by 92% since FY 2017 to reach 50% of the total installed capacity in 2019, and 63% with large hydro. Coal vs. RE ratio in installed capacity stands at 0.69 - in favour of RE - with a potential of 72 GW still untapped. Till September 2019, RE has provided approximately 38.5% of the electricity requirement in FY2019, while coal has met 32.8%.Despite large installed capacity, its peak demand this year was not fully met and the state has been procuring power from the open market.


RE potential to export to other statesApril-September 2019 generation from RE (solar & wind) in the state has grown by 13.73% from the corresponding period in 2018. Even as it may be bound by long-term PPAs to procure power from conventional sources, further RE development in the state is expected to be for inter-state transmission system (ISTS), as well as internal requirement as coal capacity retires and hydro-electricity falls short of targets. This would require the state to design a new policy that lays strong strong emphasis on energy storage systems, time-of-day-reflective pricing for generators and consumers, as well as strong grid inter-connectivity.

Scale of price balance in favour of REKarnataka procured coal power in 2018-19 at an average cost of Rs. 4.83/kWh (US$0.066) and at Rs. 4.13/kWh (US$0.056) from renewables. Price of RE bundled with large hydro comes in at Rs 2.86/kWh (US$0.039). Against this, recent auctions of grid-connected solar in the state have been at Rs 2.53-2.65/kWh ($0.035-0.037) for RE - much lower than coal.

Stress in the coal power sectorThe cumulative debt of all state DISCOMs was at Rs 5923 crore (US$ 805.86 million), at the end of September 2019. This is 7.21% of the total DISCOM debt in the country. PFC India’s annual ratings report identifies high power purchase cost as a key concern and an actionable item for the 4 out 5 DISCOMS in the state.The coal plant load factor (PLF/utilisation) in Karnataka during FY2019-20 till October has been a meagre 26.58%, against the national average of 61%. Further RE capacity addition will lead to reduction in coal power demand even as DISCOMs incur fixed costs for contracted power capacity, thus, surplus power needs evacuation infrastructure. Lack of adequate water has affected power operations such as in Raichur power plant. Over 19.4 6W of planned coal capacity has been cancelled in the state since 2010.

Future scenarioThere is concern due to very low PLF of thermal power plants, as well as emissions control installation-induced shut-downs or retirement. The Raichur coal plant of 1720 MW capacity is being considered for retirement due to shortage of space for installing emissions control systems and attaining an age of more than 25 years. The plant was also shut down due to water shortage. Fixed costs that must be paid for unutilised power capacity are also stressing DISCOM financials.

The peak electricity requirement in 2021-22 is going to increase by 1571 MW and by 5781 MW in 2027. RE’s current growth rate in the state will be sufficient to meet this additional requirement, with full potential yet to be realised. The state’s RE policies are reaching their end-term and are due for renewal, and provisions for energy storage and export of RE to other states will be a good source of revenue.

Gujarat: At the U-turn

“In the meeting yesterday, it was decided that we will no more be going for any new coal capacities. We are going very high on solar renewable.” – State Energy Minister Saurab Patel (September 2019).



Coal & Lignite

Gas & Diesel


Installed Capacity


Share of Non-Fossil

Fuel in Total

16620.86 6562 559 10030.99 772 34545 29.04% 32.89%


It indicates that Gujarat’s coal vs. RE ratio stands at 1.7. However, it has excellent RE reserves, with a solar energy potential of 36 GW and wind energy potential of 84.43 GW. Its RE installed capacity has grown by 50% since FY 2017-18 and 112 GW of RE potential still remains untapped, affording enough room to meet the state’s annual growth in electricity demand from renewables alone. At present, its peak power demand was missed by a small margin despite extensive planning – which makes the case for flexible generation capacity.

RE potentialThe state has raised its target for RE to 30 GW and is likely to add 46 GW of RE capacity by 2029-30, by when RE’s share in its installed power capacity is projected to rise to 70.3% from 29% today, and in actual generation to 48.1%. Meanwhile coal’s share in installed capacity is projected to drop to 17.8% and in power output to 33.8%.

Scale of price balance in favour of REThe power procurement price in Gujarat for 2019-20 from coal is at Rs. 3.43/kWh (US$0.047) and at Rs. 4.42/kWh (US$0.060) from renewables due to previously signed PPAs. Recent auction prices of wind and solar have reached Rs 2.80/kWh (US$0.038) and Rs 2.65-2.75/kWh (US$0.036-0.037), respectively.

Stress in the coal power sectorWhile coal power for Gujarat has been cheaper (existing PPAs) than RE, yet, the state is exposed to price fluctuations and supply bottlenecks because of heavy coal imports. In 2018 it even allowed Tata Power to pass on the higher costs of coal imports for its Mundra plant to its customers, as it was accumulating heavy losses and falling PLFs. If allowed for other developers, the high transportation cost (>Rs 1.9 (US$0.026)/unit) would inevitably raise tariffs. The World Bank group’s IFC-financed Mundra plant has also been embroiled in a complaint by fishermen and farmers impacted by the project. However, the US Supreme Court has ruled that IFC can be sued for its reckless lending to the plant, without adequate protections in place.

35.27 GW of coal capacity has been cancelled in the state since 2010. The 60MW Sabarmati coal plant was retired in September 2019. More plants of 3237 MW capacity are under consideration for retirement by 2027 due to age, inefficiency and inability to meet emissions control standards. The FGD installation works for compliance with SOx emissions standards by 2022 will also cause coal plants to temporarily shut-down.

Future scenarioGujarat’s annual per capita energy consumption for 2016-17 was 2279 kWh, against the national average of 1122 kWh, making it one of the top power consuming states. Its 8-10% annual growth in demand can be met with rapid scale-up of RE with ESS (energy storage as a service). This is entirely achievable, given that its RE


Coal & Lignite

Gas & Diesel


Installed Capacity


Share of Non-Fossil

Fuel in Total

13103.65 0 48 537.85 220 13909.5 3.87% 5.45%


targets have been increased recently and its vast potential for off-shore wind is yet to be utilised. The official announcement by the Gujarat state government on no new coal will thus provide a clear policy roadmap to power developers.

Chhattisgarh: Coal is Old, & No More Gold

“For long term, solar and wind energy with storage is cheaper than thermal power. To achieve the state Chief Minister’s vision of affordable power, solar energy with storage of Rs 4 (US$ 0.054) per unit is being explored with new MoUs, and further improvement in technology.” – Shailendra Shukla, Chairman, Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company (October 2019).


One of India’s largest coal mining states, with 16% of India’s coal reserves, is over-loaded with 30 coal power plants that are mostly private sector-owned. It has a coal vs. RE ratio in installed capacity at 24.36, vastly in favour of coal. However, its peak demand of 4746 MW in the year 2019 since April has not been met, possibly because most of its coal power is intended for export to other states.

CEA reports indicate the availability of 4405 MW only for the internal consumption of the state. Procurement cost for coal power by Chhattisgarh in 2019-20 is at Rs. 3.13/kWh (US$0.043) and at Rs. 6.88/kWh (US$0.094) from renewables. Coal power is vastly cheaper here as the power plants do not have to spend on transporting coal over long distances.

Due to the issue of land availability, the state electricity regulator has started to place emphasis on grid-interactive distributed renewable sources instead of mega solar parks or large scale solar installations, although similar issues are relevant for coal power plants permitted and under construction in the state.

RE PotentialChhattisgarh’s RE has recently started to grow to reach 3.87% of the total installed capacity in 2019, and 5.45% with large hydro, despite the fact that the state has RE reserves with a total potential of over 19000 MW. This would provide a replacement ratio of 1.5 for every MW of installed coal capacity. Coal India Limited (CIL) has recently issued an Expression of Interest (EoI) to set up a 100 MW solar pilot project in Chhattisgarh for captive consumption. It’s a step towards the state-owned mining company meeting its 3000 MW solar capacity and the net-zero emissions targets set by the government.


Stress in the StateThe state’s average coal plant load factor (PLF) during FY2019-20 till September has been 58.63%, indicating over-capacity. Over 36 GW of planned coal capacity has been cancelled since 2010 and a capacity of 10.9 GW under construction is either under stress or facing an uncertain future with delays due to various issues, including financial constraints, lack of coal supply or power purchase agreements. 3380 MW of coal capacity has also been identified for retirement due to old age, inefficiency and inability to comply with emissions control standards. Due to late commencement of the process of installing FGD emissions control systems, certain units will miss the 2022 deadline and be shut-down during that phase.

Korban district in the state, where several coal power plants are located, has been identified as a critically polluted area by the Central Pollution Control Board. Out of the identified stressed capacity, over 6300 MW capacity is in high water stress areas. In 6 years, the state has moved from low to high water stress.

Figure 2: Change in water stress levels across Chhattisgarh 2013-19

Source: Aqueduct, WRI

Future scenarioThere is concern in the power exporting state due to several plants under the stress of operational uncertainty and the possibility of retirement, while having to deal with pollution and protest from people in surrounding areas. The over-reliance on coal plants is likely to turn the status of power surplus around with FGD installation-forced shut-downs. Electricity requirement in 2021-22 is going to increase, requiring additional 1462 MW in 2 years. With full state potential of existing coal plants and RE sources yet to be realised, the state does not need new coal capacity. The Coal Vision 2030 report commissioned by Coal India Limited, the leading coal mining company, has observed that solar could soon become the substitute for coal-fired power in the country and emphasized the uncertainties surrounding the future of coal in India, including coal mining states such as Chhattisgarh.


S C O P E O F R E F O R F U T U R E D E M A N D A N D N E A R - P E R F E C T O V E R L A P S

The 4 states featured in this paper – Rajasthan, Karnataka, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh – are illustrated in ‘Figure 3: REPower’ to denote the potential of their RE reserves to meet their future demand for electricity in 2027 (as projected by the National Electricity Plan).

In figures 4a,b&c, the states with high RE potential, as noted by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy(GoI), states with high cost of coal supply, and states with thermal power plants located in high-water stressed areas are illustrated. There is a near-perfect overlap amongst these states, which sends a clear message that coal plants are not needed, as well as not suitable for these states.

Rajasthan, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab and other states in the ‘No New Coal States of India’ matrix feature amongst these overlaps, as indicated in the three maps.

Figure 3: Ratio of RE reserves to future electricity demand in 2027 showcasing potential of renewables

Figure 4b: States with high cost of coal supply Figure 4c: States with coal plants located in high water stress areas

Figure 4a: States with high solar potential

Source: NISE, MNRE

Source: WRI Aqueduct & IEEFASource: Brookings India

WORKING PAPER | January 2018 | 5

Parched Power: Water Demands, Risks, and Opportunities for India’s Power Sector

Figure ES-4 | India’s Freshwater-Cooled Thermal Utilities Mapped against Baseline Water Stress and Distribution in Installed Capacity by Water Stress Level by State

Note: Symbol size reflects the power plant’s relative installed capacity.Source: WRI authors.

Disclaimer: This map is for illustrative purposes and does not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of WRI concerning the legal status of any country or territory or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.

Delhi

Mumbai

Chennai

KolkataAhmedabad

Bangalore

Hyderabad

Low (<10%)

Low to Medium (10–20%)

Medium to High (20–40%)

High (40–80%)

Extremely High (>80%)

Arid & Low Water-Use

Freshwater Dry Cooling

Freshwater Once-Through

Freshwater Recirculating

0

5

10

15

20

25

Kera

la

Assa

m

Tripu

ra

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Biha

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b

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Karn

atak

a

Jhar

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Tam

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10 Refer to Appendix 2 for details of power plants selected.

cost for various states in India. The map does not reflect the weighted average cost for a given state10 but only isolates the likely transportation costs based upon the assumption of identical specific coal consumption of a single power plant located in a particular state.

LegendTransport Cost - Rs./kWh

0.00 - 0.10

0.10 - 0.20

0.20 - 0.30

0.30 - 0.40

0.40 - 0.50

0.50 - 0.60

0.60 - 0.70

0.70 - 0.80

0.80 - 0.90

0.90 - 1.01

1.01 - 1.11

1.11 - 1.21

1.21 - 1.31

1.31 - 1.41

1.41 - 1.51

1.51 - 1.61

1.61 - 1.71

1.71 - 1.81

1.81 - 1.91

1.91 - 2.01

Note: White means either no coal power plants or no transportation via railways. Map is not to scale. Source: Brookings India analysis.

Figure 11: State-wise indicative range of per kWh transportation cost (FY 2017)

22

Rajasthan20 : 1 GW

Chhattisgarh5 : 1 GW

Karnataka12 : 1 GW

Gujarat11 : 1 GW

REPower the StatesRE Potential : Future Demand (ratio)


A N N E X U R E

RE targets proposed for states by NITI Aayog to meet 175 GW of RE target by 2022

State/UTs Solar Power (MW) Wind (MW) SHP (MW) Biomass Power (MW)

Delhi 2,762 Haryana 4,142 25 209Himachal Pradesh 776 1,500Jammu and Kashmir 1,155 150Punjab 4,772 50 244Rajasthan 5,762 8,600Uttar Pradesh 10,697 25 3,499Uttarakhand 900 700 197Chandigarh 153Northern Region 31,120 8,600 2,450 4,149Goa 358Gujarat 8,020 8,800 25 288Chattisgarh 1,783 25Madhya Pradesh 5,675 6,200 25 118Maharashtra 11,926 7,600 50 2,469D. & N. Haveli 449Daman & Diu 199Western Region 28,410 22,600 125 2,875Andhra Pradesh 9,834 8,100 543Telangana 2,000Karnataka 5,697 6,200 1,500 1,420Kerala 1,870 100Tamil Nadu 8,884 11,900 75 649Puducherry 246Southern Region 26,531 28,200 1,675 2,612Bihar 2,493 25 244Jharkhand 1,995 10 Orissa 2,377West Bengal 5,336 50Sikkim 36 50Eastern Region 12,237 135 244Assam 663 25Manipur 105Meghalaya 161 50Nagaland 61 15Tripura 105Arunachal Pradesh 39 500Mizoram 72 25North Eastern Region 1,205 615Andaman & Nicobar Islands 27Lakshadweep 4Other (New States) 600 120All India 99,533 60,000 5,000 10,000

Source: https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/175-GW-Renewable-Energy.pdf


B I B L I O G R A P H YWinds of Changewww.cea.nic.in › reports › committee › nep › nep_jan_2018

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emission-adani-clean-energy-5975547/https://qz.com/india/1709483/after-gujarat-indias-chhattisgarh-wont-build-coal-power-plants/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-assam-wants-a-power-plant-unplugged/article2994

6596.ece#

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State_DISCOMs/7th_Rating_Booklet_Final_13-10-2019.pdfhttp://cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/generation/2019/September/actual/opm_16.pdfhttp://cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/broadstatus/2019/broad_status-08.pdfhttps://endcoal.org/global-coal-plant-tracker/summary-statistics/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kgKFch4U7r1g6EbKTj0IYQicQyWTO1Z79MeLEjt4E_I/

edit#gid=1447606057https://www.praapti.in/http://www.vidyutpravah.in/state-data/rajasthanhttps://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/29/indias-solar-power-potential-estimated-750-gw/https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements

1. Rajasthan http://www.rerc.rajasthan.gov.in/TariffOrders/Order291.pdf https://mercomindia.com/seci-750-solar-auction-rajasthan/ https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/rajasthan-cm-plans-state-hub-solar-energy https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/rajasthan-working-on-a-new-renewable-energy-

policy-energy-minister http://energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/energy/rrecl/pdf/Common/Rajasthan%20Solar%20

Energy%20Policy%202019%20.pdf http://energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/energy/rrecl/pdf/Common/Rajasthan%20Wind%20

%26%20Wind-Solar%20Hybrid%20Policy%202019.pdf

2. Karnataka https://mercomindia.com/karnataka-halt-solar-auctions-for-now/ https://mercomindia.com/seci-auctions-solar-tender-lowest-tariff/ https://mercomindia.com/karnataka-solar-policy-amended/ https://www.karnataka.gov.in/kerc/Tarifforders2019/Tariff%20Order%202019/BESCOM/11-%20

BESCOM%20Annexure-1%20PP%20State%20for%20FY-20%20%201(i).pdf https://www.karnataka.gov.in/kerc/Tarifforders2019/Tariff%20Order%202019/MESCOM/7-MESCOM%

20-%20CHAPTER%20-%205.pdf


3. Gujarat https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/region__ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/south+asia/

countries/frequently+asked+questions https://www.cenfa.org/projects-in-focus/tata-mundra-ultra-mega-project/ https://www.gercin.org/wp-content/uploads/document/d1cce662-68f1-4e36-a87d-70d21b603b0e.pdf

4. Chhattisgarh https://cspdcl.co.in/cseb/(S(bvdqjvsllhjb4cbvobatif1d))/frmElectricityTariff.aspx https://mercomindia.com/coal-india-invites-expression-interest-solar-project-chhattisgarh/ https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/chhattisgarh-relies-on-solar-wind-power-1608330-

2019-10-11

Scope of RE for Future Demand and Near-Perfect Overlapshttps://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Statewise-Solar-Potential-NISE.pdfhttps://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Railways-and-coal.pdfhttps://www.wri.org/publication/parched-power https://www.wri.org/aqueducthttps://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Risks-Growing-for-India-Coal-Sector_September-2019.pdf

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WINDS OF CHANGE: NO NEW COAL STATES OF INDIA€¦ · 04 WINDS OF CHANGE: NO NEW COAL STATES OF INDIA Stress in the coal power sector The cumulative debt of all electricity procurement