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Winter Annual and Summer Annual Fertilization Strategies
T. Wade Green
Twiggs County Extension
April, 29, 2008
Basics of Forage Management
Thou Shalt Soil Test
The #1 cause of poor stands at establishment – poor soil fertility or low soil pH.
The First Step
• It’s always better to make fertility recommendations based on a soil sample.
• Phosphorus and Potassium are simply “best guesses” without knowing actual soil levels.
• It doesn’t matter how much fertilizer you dump out there if the pH is 4.5 things are still gonna look terrible.
Winter Annual Forage Systems
Overseeding Winter Annuals into BermudaRyegrass (Annual)RyeOatsWheatTriticale
Arrowleaf Clover
Crimson Clover
Red Clover
Fertilization requirements for winter annual grasses and legumes Grown Alone1 P3 K4
Winter AnnualAtPlanting Winter
EarlySpring Low Med High Low Med High
----- lbs N/acre ----- --- lbs P2O5/acre --- --- lbs K2O/acre ---
Grasses
Ryegrass 50 50 50 100 50 0 100 50 0
Rye 50 50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Wheat 50 50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Oats 50 50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Triticale 50 50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Clovers
Arrowleaf - - - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Ball - - - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Berseem - - - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Crimson - - - 100 50 0 100 50 0
1 Grown as a single species.3 Phoshorus. Low = soil test levels of 0-30 lbs/A (Coastal Plain) or 0-20 lbs/A (Piedmont); Medium = 31-60
lbs/A (Coast) or 21-40 lbs/A (Pied); High = 61+ lbs/A (Coast) or 41+ lbs/A (Pied).4 K=Potassium. Low = soil test levels of 0-60 lbs/A (Coastal Plain) or 0-100 lbs/A (Piedmont); Medium = 61-150 lbs/A (Coast) or 101-200 lbs/A (Pied); High = 151+ lbs/A (Coast) or 201+ lbs/A (Pied).
Fertilization requirements for winter annual grasses and legumes Grown in Mixture2 P3 K4
Winter AnnualAtPlanting Winter
EarlySpring Low Med High Low Med High
----- lbs N/acre ----- --- lbs P2O5/acre --- --- lbs K2O/acre ---
Grasses
Ryegrass 50 50 50 100 50 0 100 50 0
Rye 50 50 50 100 50 0 100 50 0
Wheat 50 50 50 100 50 0 100 50 0
Oats 50 50 50 100 50 0 100 50 0
Triticale 50 50 50 100 50 0 100 50 0
Clovers
Arrowleaf 30-50 0-50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Ball 30-50 0-50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Berseem 30-50 0-50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
Crimson 30-50 0-50 - 100 50 0 100 50 0
1 Grown as a single species.
2 Nitrogen (N) is only needed in spring when winter annual grass mixtures include ryegrass. If annual clovers are mixed with annual grasses, apply 30-50 lbs N/acre at planting and 50 lbs N/acre in late winter only if the stand contains less than 40-50% clover.
3 Phoshorus. Low = soil test levels of 0-30 lbs/A (Coastal Plain) or 0-20 lbs/A (Piedmont); Medium = 31-60 lbs/A
(Coast) or 21-40 lbs/A (Pied); High = 61+ lbs/A (Coast) or 41+ lbs/A (Pied).4 K=Potassium. Low = soil test levels of 0-60 lbs/A (Coastal Plain) or 0-100 lbs/A (Piedmont); Medium = 61-150 lbs/A (Coast) or 101-200 lbs/A (Pied); High = 151+ lbs/A (Coast) or 201+ lbs/A (Pied).
Fertilization of Winter and Summer Annual ForagesProduction Distribution of Small Grains Relative to
Annual Ryegrass
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Janua
ry
Febru
ary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
neJu
ly
August
Septe
mbe
r
Octob
er
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Pro
du
cti
on
(lb
s/a
cre
)
Oats
Wheat
Rye
Triticale
Ann. Ryegrass
Summer Annual Forage Systems
• Brown top Millet
• Pearl Millet
• Sorghum Sudan Hybrids
• Others???
Pearl Millet Pennisetum glaucum (others)
• Soil pH 6.0 (can tolerate lower pH)
• 180-240 pounds nitrogen (N) per acre
• Grazing – 40 lbs @ establishment & 50 lbs/month while grazing
• Hay or Silage - 40 lbs @ plant., 60 lbs after establishment and 60 lbs/acre after each cutting
Phosphorus (P3) Potassium (K4 )
LowCoast: 0-30 lbs/A
Pied: 0-20 lbs/A
MedCoast: 31-60 lbs/A
Pied: 21-40 lbs/A
HighCoast: 61-100 lbs/A
Pied: 41-75 lbs/A
LowCoast: 0-60 lbs/A
Pied: 0-100 lbs/A
MedCoast: 61-150 lbs/A
Pied: 101-200 lbs/A
HighCoast: 151-250 lbs/A
Pied: 201-350 lbs/A
--- lbs P2O5/acre --- --- lbs K2O/acre ---
60 40 20 100 80 60
*Increase Phosporus and Potassium 25% if more than one cutting anticipated
Sorghum Sudan Grass
• Soil pH 6.0 (not tolerant to acid soils)
• 180-240 pounds nitrogen (N) per acre
• Grazing – 40 lbs @ establishment & 50 lbs/month while grazing
• Hay or Silage - 40 lbs @ plant., 60 lbs after establishment and 60 lbs/acre after each cutting
Phosphorus (P3) Potassium (K4 )
LowCoast: 0-30 lbs/A
Pied: 0-20 lbs/A
MedCoast: 31-60 lbs/A
Pied: 21-40 lbs/A
HighCoast: 61-100 lbs/A
Pied: 41-75 lbs/A
LowCoast: 0-60 lbs/A
Pied: 0-100 lbs/A
MedCoast: 61-150 lbs/A
Pied: 101-200 lbs/A
HighCoast: 151-250 lbs/A
Pied: 201-350 lbs/A
--- lbs P2O5/acre --- --- lbs K2O/acre ---
60 40 20 100 80 60
*Increase Phosporus and Potassium 25% if more than one cutting anticipated
Browntop Millet Panicum ramosum
• Soil pH 6.0 • 60 Lbs. N/acre
Phosphorus (P3) Potassium (K4 )
LowCoast: 0-30 lbs/A
Pied: 0-20 lbs/A
MedCoast: 31-60 lbs/A
Pied: 21-40 lbs/A
HighCoast: 61-100 lbs/A
Pied: 41-75 lbs/A
LowCoast: 0-60 lbs/A
Pied: 0-100 lbs/A
MedCoast: 61-150 lbs/A
Pied: 101-200 lbs/A
HighCoast: 151-250 lbs/A
Pied: 201-350 lbs/A
--- lbs P2O5/acre --- --- lbs K2O/acre ---
60 40 20 100 80 60
Liebig's Law of the Minimum